by

Alvy Mayrina Pribadi

S200160071
 Concept of Situational
Discourse Context

Background
Knowledge
Context

Co-textual
context
Discourse Content in
Analysis Language Use
Conversation
Analysis

Ethnography of
Communication
Cooperative Principle
Approaches to
Discourse & Implicature
Analysis
Pragmatics
Speech Act
 Stubbs (1983: 1)
Discourse
• Discourse is language above
Sentence
sentence level.
Clause
Fairlough (1992: 28)
Phrase

• Discourse is more than just

Word
language use, whether speech
Mor or writing, seen as a type of
pheme
Pho
social practices.
neme
Stubbs (1983:1)

• Discourse analysis is concerned with language

use in social contexts, and in particular with
interaction or dialogue between speakers.

Brown and Yule (1983: 1)

• Discourse analysis is the analysis of language

use.
 Background
Situational Knowledge
Context Co-Textual
Context Context
• what the
• what speakers speakers know
• what they know
know about what about each other
about what they
they can see and the world
have been saying
around them (cultural/interper
sonal)
 Conversation Speech Act
Analysis Theory

Ethnography of
Pragmatics
Communication
CA attempts to describe the orderliness, structure and sequential
patterns of interaction (institutional or casual conversation)

Aspects marked in conversation analysis:

• the opportunity to speak at the same point during a
Turn conversation

Turn- • the change of speaker during conversation

taking

• more than one speaker talking at the same time in

Overlap conversation
Tinker Bell : “You saw it.”
“Didn’t you, FAWN?”
((Tink is flying toward Fawn,
because she feels that she saw her
sparkled wings.))
Fawn : (0,2) “O… No.”
((Fawn is staring confused. She
feels that she never saw it.))

 the next speaker, Tinker Bell asks the

question directly by call the next speaker’s
name
 The Ethnography of communication (EoC) is a
method of discourse analysis which draws on
the anthropological field of ethnography.

 Methodology used in EoC is

Hymes’s SPEAKING Theory
 • Setting refers to the “time and place of a
speech act” (physical circumstance)
Setting and
• Scene is the "psychological setting" or
Scene
"cultural definition" of a scene.

Participants • Participants consist of speaker and

audience

Ends • Purposes, goals, and outcomes

Act Sequence • Form and order of event.

 • Cues that establish the "tone, manner, or
Key spirit" of the speech act.

• Forms and styles of speech. For example,

Instrumenta- formal, casual.
lities

• Social rules governing the event and the

Norms participants' actions and reaction.

• The kind of speech act or event.

Genre
 Pragmatics is the study of the conditions of
human language uses as these are
determined by the context of society

 Terms to Cover in Pragmatics :

1. Cooperation and Implication
2. Speech Act
 1. Cooperative Principle
- is basic assumption in conversation that each participant
will attempt to contribute appropriately, at the required
time, to the current exchange of talk.

There are four maxims in cooperative principle:

Maxim of The Maxim of

Maxim of Quality Maxim of Manner
Quantity Relation

•Make your •Should be true. •Be relevant •Clear

contribution as •Do not say what •Avoid ambiguity
informative as is you believe to be
required false.
- Implicature is an inference about speaker’s intention.
- It can be divided into two types: Conversational and
conventional implicature.

Conversational Implicature

• Conversational implicatures are the

assumptions suggested by the speaker and
inferred by the hearer in an exchange
situation.

• e.g. A : Are you going to John’s party?

• B : I have heard Mary is going.
Conventional Implicatures

• not based on the cooperative principle or maxim.

• not depend on special contexts
• It is associated with specific words

• e.g.
• “Mary is crying but she is glad”.
• The sentence “A but B” will be based on the relationship
between A and B and an implicature between the
information in A and B. “Mary is crying is contrast to “she is
glad”
  Speech act is an action performed by the use
of an utterance to communicate.

The action performed by producing an utterance will consist of

three related acts; they are:

• act of saying Illocutionary

something • the
• producing a • an act of consequence/actual
meaningful linguistic utterance with effect of recognizing
expression
some kind of illocutionary act
function in
Locutionary mind Perlocutionary
 LOCUTION
Close the window!

It is cold.
ILLOCUTION

The action of closing the

window. PERLOCUTION
 Approaches to Studying
Discourse Focus of Research Research Question

Structural CA Sequences of talk Why say that at that

moment?

Functional Ethnography of Communication as cultural How does discourse

Communication behaviour reflect culture?

Pragmatics Meaning in interaction What does the

speaker mean?
Cutting, Joan. 2002. Pragmatics and Discourse: A Resource Book for
Students. London and New York: Routledge
Fasold, R. W. 1990. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Massachusetts:
Blackwell.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar: 2nd
edn. London: Edward Arnold.
Mey, J. 1993. Pragmatics: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
Nunan, David. 1993. Introducing Discourse Analysis. London: Penguin
English.
Schiffrin, Deborah. 1994. Approaches to Discourse. Cambrifge:
Blackwell Publishers Michigan Press.
Stubbs, Michael. 1983. Discourse Analysis: the Sociolinguistic Analysis
of Language. England: Basil Blackwell Publisher Limited.
Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
THANK YOU…