SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU PELAYARAN JAKARTA

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BUSINESS ENGLISH
WAREHOUSE
1. What are the most common types of warehouse storage
systems?
Answer :
The most common warehouse storage systems include pallet racks, multi-tier racks, static shelving,
mobile shelving, and mezzanine flooring. Below you’ll find a definition for each system, as well
as specific use cases that work best for these techniques.

Pallet racks

At busy warehousing centers, pallet racks often become the center of the operation. Most pallet
racking systems are made from wood, metal, or plastic and are used to hold inventory that’s
shipped in large boxes. Depending on the height of these shipments, boxes are placed on your
pallet racks using either forklift automation or another comparable mechanism.

You should know that pallet racking is an umbrella term with a number of subcategories
underneath: coil racking, cantilever racking, double deep racking, carton flow racking, narrow
aisle racking, and push back racking (just to name a few). More often than not, warehouses will
choose a style of pallet racking according to its weight limits, adaptability, and whether or not it
requires a change to their existing infrastructure.

For those reasons, pallet racks are popular at warehouses with a variety of SKUs and where they
experience a high volume of product movement or turnover. This system is generally
recommended for small- or medium-sized storage facilities, and for those storing bulky products.

Multi-tier racks

Multi-tier storage racks excel at using vertical space. This type of storage system optimizes the
height of your warehouse by creating different levels of manual loading aisles (which your team
can access by stairs). For example, picking shelves can be coordinated at all different levels and
heights. In turn, you can dramatically increase your warehouse storage capacity while still giving
your employees easy, direct access to all the SKUs they’re looking for.

The use cases for multi-tier warehouse racks are actually quite varied. This system is a great choice
for large inventory quantities that have small unit sizes. In addition, it pairs well with relatively
lightweight products that are picked (and organized) manually. Lastly, multi-tier racks are a perfect
companion for warehouses with limited floor space but tons of available height.

And because every warehouse has its own unique layout and aesthetic, multi-tier racks offer
amazing flexibility and the option to add/remove tiers based on your needs at that time.

Static shelving
Static shelving is exactly what its name suggests—structures that are designed to stay put and
occupy a consistent place within your warehouse. Whereas some shelving can hold thousands of
pounds, static shelves are meant for inventory that’s fairly lightweight (i.e. they hold maybe a few
hundred pounds per shelf). With these weight limits in mind, static shelving is most often used for
storing inventory with continuous replenishment cycles.

Static shelving is not compatible with forklifts or similar warehouse machinery. Instead, inventory
on static shelves must be picked, packed, and organized by hand (thus creating a bit more work
for your warehouse team). While that’s not necessarily cause for avoiding static shelving, it’s good
to keep in mind as you’re weighing all your storage options and deciding which system is most in
tune with your needs.

Mobile shelving

A mobile shelving system can optimize your entire warehouse by eliminating individual access
aisles. As opposed to a static setup, this strategy uses mobile bases that enable access to multiple
shelves from a single working aisle. These bases slide laterally (and autonomously) over rails that
are directly installed in your floors. Many times, they’ll also incorporate motors or control devices
to ensure shelf movement is safe, smooth, and convenient for your workers.

The main benefit of mobile racking systems is that they reduce the total number of aisles while
allowing you to store a larger number of pallets. And they do all of this within a very limited space,
and without sacrificing direct access to your manually-picked products. Simply put, mobile
shelving can hold more inventory in a smaller amount of space.

Although mobile shelves can be used in facilities operating at any temperature, they’re especially
helpful for refrigerated and deep freeze storage—which is why so many food businesses prefer
this method.

Mezzanine flooring

Mezzanine flooring at a warehouse is an elevated, free-standing platform that provides an

additional floor between your ground level and the ceiling. Typically made out of metal, mezzanine
floors are great for increasing both storage and working space within your warehouse facility. In
some cases, mezzanine flooring adds a second, third, or even fourth level that’s constructed above
your main warehouse area.

2. Describe what you know about Warehousing!.

Answer :

Warehousing is the process of storing goods until they're ready for transport to retailers,
distributors or customers. Businesses can benefit from warehousing in several ways, including
more efficiently managing inventory and optimizing the shipment process. Learning what
warehousing is and exploring the different types available can help you decide if upgrading to a
warehouse is worth the initial investment.
 Warehousing is an essential part of the supply chain for most types of businesses that deal in
physical goods. This could be consumer businesses holding a product that eventually makes its
way to an end retail customer, or it could be business to business (B2B) companies storing products
that eventually make it to business customers.

For retail and ecommerce businesses, warehousing allows:

 The purchase of wholesale goods in bulk that may not fit in a physical retail store or yet be
purchased by an end consumer online.
 Large bulk orders - which allow these businesses to negotiate lower prices with their suppliers,
thus improving their margins when selling to customers.
 Keeping inventory available as demand fluctuates to ensure products stay in stock.

In addition, warehousing allows businesses to store products in strategic geographic areas to

reduce delivery times and shipping costs. For example, if a business is selling a product directly
to consumers across the US, they may want to store inventory in multiple different regions of the
country.

Similarly, if they’re selling to consumers around the globe, they’ll want to strategically place
warehouses in different countries to speed up deliveries and minimize shipments that must go
through customs.

With over 20,000 warehouses around the US and consumers now very accustomed to same-day
delivery, this is becoming an ever more important aspect of businesses shipping directly to
customers.

The elements of warehousing

While warehousing may seem simple since it mainly involves leaving products in storage, there
are several processes involved to ensure it’s done efficiently and inventory can be moved in and
out quickly, including:

 Capacity planning
Space is the key resource. Therefore, when a shipment of products is expected, staff need to plan
for where the products are going to be stored to make the most efficient use of the space.
 Receiving inbound shipments
When products arrive at the warehouse, staff will need to receive the items and carefully move
them to a staging area for processing.
 Tracking inventory
As items flow in and out of the warehouse, they need to be registered in the warehouse inventory
 management system to ensure administrators can track what’s currently in inventory and plan for
future changes.
 Storing products
After products have been received and processed, they need to be stored. This can involve
putting the products in bins and pallets and then using moving equipment to transport them to
their appropriate storage space.
 Controlling climate
Depending on the nature of the products, factors like temperature, humidity, or pressure may
need to be kept constant. For example, frozen goods will need to be stored in areas where the
temperature is below freezing. These requirements will affect how and where products are stored
within the facilities to ensure proper quality.
 Reorganizing
As new products are brought in, existing inventory may need to be moved to make sure the
whole space is being most efficiently utilized. Any changes need to be tracked and updated in the
inventory management systems.
 Retrieving and outbound shipping
Finally, when products need to go out of the warehouse for shipment, staff needs to retrieve,
process, package, load them, and then release them from inventory to allow space for new
inbound products.

3. Can you figure out the criteria of modern warehouses?

Answer :
Certainly! Modern warehouses often incorporate various criteria to meet the demands of today's
supply chain operations. Here are some key criteria of modern warehouses:
1. Location: Modern warehouses are strategically located to optimize transportation and
distribution efficiency. They are often positioned near major transportation routes, ports, or
urban areas to minimize transportation costs and facilitate faster order fulfillment.
2. Size and Layout: Modern warehouses are designed with optimal space utilization in mind. They
typically have larger square footage to accommodate a wide range of products and equipment.
The layout is carefully planned to maximize storage capacity, streamline material flow, and
minimize travel distances within the facility.
3. Technology Integration: Technology plays a vital role in modern warehouses. They incorporate
advanced warehouse management systems (WMS) that enable real-time inventory tracking,
order processing, and data analysis. Automation technologies such as robotics, conveyor
systems, and automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS) are also employed to improve
efficiency, accuracy, and productivity.
4. Sustainability: Modern warehouses often emphasize sustainability and environmental
responsibility. They may incorporate energy-efficient lighting systems, utilize renewable
energy sources, implement waste management practices, and promote recycling initiatives to
reduce their carbon footprint.
5. Security and Safety: Security measures are a priority in modern warehouses to protect goods
and assets. They employ advanced surveillance systems, access control mechanisms, burglar
alarms, and fire prevention systems to ensure the safety and security of stored products.
6. Flexibility and Scalability: Modern warehouses are designed to be flexible and scalable to
accommodate changing business needs. They can easily adapt to fluctuations in inventory
levels, seasonal demand, or changes in product assortments. This flexibility allows for efficient
space utilization and cost optimization.
7. Integration with E-commerce: With the growth of e-commerce, modern warehouses are often
equipped to handle online order fulfillment. They integrate with e-commerce platforms and
implement processes to efficiently pick, pack, and ship individual orders to customers,
including the ability to handle returns and exchanges seamlessly.
8. Data Analytics: Modern warehouses leverage data analytics to gain insights into inventory
management, demand forecasting, and operational efficiency. They utilize data from various
sources, such as WMS, RFID tags, and sensors, to make informed decisions, optimize
workflows, and enhance overall performance.
9. Collaboration and Visibility: Modern warehouses focus on collaboration and visibility across
the supply chain. They integrate their systems with suppliers, customers, and logistics partners
to enhance communication, share real-time information, and improve overall supply chain
visibility.
10. Employee Well-being: Modern warehouses prioritize the well-being of their employees.
They provide a safe working environment, implement ergonomic equipment and processes,
offer training programs, and promote a positive workplace culture to enhance productivity and
employee satisfaction.
These criteria reflect the evolving nature of warehousing to meet the demands of fast-paced
supply chains, changing customer expectations, and advancements in technology.

4. How come having a large and complex supply chain

containing many warehouses may be costly?.
Answer :
Having a large and complex supply chain containing many warehouses can be costly due to several
reasons:
1. Infrastructure Costs: Establishing and maintaining multiple warehouses requires significant
investment in infrastructure. This includes purchasing or leasing warehouse space, constructing
or retrofitting buildings to meet specific requirements, installing material handling equipment,
and implementing technology systems. The cost of acquiring or renting multiple locations,
along with their associated maintenance and utilities expenses, can add up quickly.
2. Inventory Management Costs: With multiple warehouses, there is a higher likelihood of
inventory fragmentation. Each warehouse may need to stock a certain amount of safety stock
or buffer inventory to ensure availability and meet customer demand. This can lead to increased
inventory carrying costs, including storage costs, insurance, handling, and obsolescence.
Managing and synchronizing inventory levels across multiple warehouses can be complex and
requires sophisticated inventory management systems and processes, which can also contribute
to the overall cost.
3. Transportation Costs: In a large and complex supply chain, products may need to be transported
between warehouses to fulfill customer orders or redistribute inventory. Transportation costs,
including shipping, fuel, and handling fees, can increase significantly with the distance and
frequency of inter-warehouse transfers. Coordinating transportation logistics, managing carrier
contracts, and optimizing routes become more challenging as the number of warehouses
increases, resulting in additional costs.
4. Staffing and Labor Costs: Operating multiple warehouses requires a larger workforce to handle
various tasks such as receiving, picking, packing, and shipping. Hiring and training personnel
for each
location, along with providing benefits and managing payroll, can be costly. Additionally,
managing a distributed workforce and ensuring consistent performance and quality across multiple
warehouses may require additional resources and oversight, contributing to increased labor costs.
5. Technology and Systems Integration: A complex supply chain with multiple warehouses often
necessitates advanced technology systems, including warehouse management systems (WMS),
inventory management software, and data analytics tools. Implementing and integrating these
systems across different locations can be expensive. Additionally, ongoing maintenance,
upgrades, and support for these systems add to the overall costs.
6. Complexity and Coordination: Managing a large and complex supply chain with multiple
warehouses involves intricate coordination and communication. Ensuring efficient flow of
goods, coordinating inventory levels, and synchronizing operations across warehouses require
robust processes and effective coordination among different teams and locations. Complexity
and the need for extensive coordination can increase operational costs, including administrative
overhead, management resources, and potential inefficiencies.
7. Risk and Flexibility: A large supply chain with multiple warehouses increases the risk exposure
to external factors such as natural disasters, disruptions in transportation, or changes in
regulations. Maintaining redundancy or safety stock in multiple locations to mitigate these risks
can incur additional costs. Furthermore, a complex supply chain may have less flexibility to
respond quickly to changing market dynamics or adapt to shifts in demand patterns, potentially
resulting in missed opportunities or increased costs.
While having multiple warehouses can provide benefits such as improved customer service and
reduced lead times, the associated costs should be carefully evaluated and managed to ensure
overall supply chain efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
5. What is meant by WMS?
Answer :
WMS stands for Warehouse Management System. It is a software application or platform that
helps manage and control warehouse operations and inventory. A WMS provides real-time
visibility into inventory levels, automates warehouse processes, and enables efficient tracking and
management of goods throughout the warehouse.
Here are some key features and functionalities of a Warehouse Management System (WMS):
1. Inventory Management: A WMS provides detailed visibility into inventory levels, locations,
and stock movements within the warehouse. It helps track the quantity, location, and status of
each item, enabling accurate inventory control and reducing stockouts or overstocks.
2. Order Management: WMS facilitates order processing and fulfillment by managing customer
orders and optimizing picking, packing, and shipping processes. It helps prioritize orders,
allocate inventory, and generate packing lists or shipping labels, improving order accuracy and
fulfillment speed.
3. Warehouse Layout and Slotting: A WMS helps optimize the layout and slotting of goods within
the warehouse. It considers factors such as product characteristics, demand patterns, and storage
capacity to determine the most efficient location for each item. This minimizes travel distances
and maximizes space utilization.
4. Receiving and Putaway: WMS streamlines the receiving and putaway processes. It captures
information about incoming shipments, performs checks for accuracy and quality, and directs
the movement and storage of received goods within the warehouse. This ensures efficient
utilization of receiving docks and storage space.
5. Picking and Packing: WMS supports efficient picking and packing operations. It provides
picking instructions to warehouse staff, guiding them through optimized routes to retrieve items
from their assigned locations. It also generates packing instructions based on order
requirements, improving accuracy and speed in the packing process.
6. Shipping and Manifesting: WMS helps streamline the shipping process by generating shipping
labels, manifests, and documentation required for outbound shipments. It integrates with
shipping carriers to automatically select the appropriate carrier, calculate shipping costs, and
generate shipping labels or electronic manifests.
7. Task Management and Labor Allocation: A WMS helps manage and allocate warehouse tasks
to employees. It assigns tasks based on priority, availability, and skills, optimizing labor
resources and improving productivity. It also provides visibility into task progress and
performance metrics.
8. Barcode and RFID Integration: WMS integrates with barcode or RFID technology to capture
and track product information accurately. Barcode or RFID scanning devices are used to scan
items during receiving, picking, and shipping processes, ensuring real-time data capture and
minimizing errors.
9. Reporting and Analytics: WMS provides a range of reports and analytics to monitor warehouse
performance, including inventory accuracy, order fulfillment rates, labor productivity, and
space utilization. These insights help identify areas for improvement, optimize processes, and
make data-driven decisions.
10. Integration with other Systems: WMS can integrate with other business systems such as
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, Transportation Management Systems (TMS), and
e-commerce platforms. This allows for seamless data exchange, end-to-end visibility, and
streamlined operations across the supply chain.
Overall, a Warehouse Management System (WMS) enhances warehouse efficiency, accuracy,
and productivity by automating and optimizing various warehouse operations and providing real-
time visibility into inventory and processes.

6. Explain how some warehouses are completely

automated, with no workers working inside!.
Answer :
Some warehouses have evolved to become fully automated facilities, often referred to as lights-
out or dark warehouses, where operations are entirely handled by automated systems and
machinery, without the need for human intervention inside the warehouse. This level of automation
is made possible by advancements in robotics, artificial intelligence, and other technologies. Here's
an explanation of how these completely automated warehouses operate:
1. Robotic Systems: Automated warehouses employ various types of robots for different tasks.
These robots can perform functions such as picking, packing, sorting, and transporting goods
within the warehouse. They are equipped with advanced sensors, computer vision, and machine
learning capabilities to navigate the warehouse environment, identify and handle items, and
interact with other machinery.
2. Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (AS/RS): AS/RS systems are a key component of
fully automated warehouses. They consist of high-speed automated cranes or robotic shuttles
that retrieve items from designated storage locations and deliver them to picking stations or
conveyor systems. AS/RS systems optimize storage density and ensure fast and accurate
retrieval of items without human involvement.
3. Conveyor Systems: Conveyor systems are used to transport goods within the warehouse. They
can be integrated with other automated systems, such as AS/RS or robotic picking stations, to
move items efficiently throughout the facility. Conveyor systems eliminate the need for manual
material handling and streamline the flow of goods.
4. Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs): AGVs are autonomous vehicles that can transport goods
between different areas within the warehouse, including loading docks, picking stations, and
storage locations. They navigate using various methods such as laser guidance or magnetic
strips embedded in the warehouse floor. AGV senable seamless material movement without the
need for human-operated forklifts or pallet jacks.
5. Automated Sorting Systems: For warehouses handling a large volume of goods, automated
sorting systems are employed to separate items based on their destinations. These systems use
sensors, barcode scanning, or image recognition technology to identify and sort items onto
appropriate conveyor lines or chutes, ensuring accurate and efficient order fulfillment.
6. Warehouse Management System (WMS): A robust Warehouse Management System plays a
critical role in coordinating and controlling the operations of a fully automated warehouse. It
manages inventory, tracks item locations, optimizes workflows, and communicates with various
automated systems within the facility. The WMS integrates with other business systems, such
as ERP or order management systems, to facilitate seamless end-to-end operations.
7. Monitoring and Control: Fully automated warehouses rely on sophisticated monitoring and
control systems to ensure smooth operations. These systems continuously monitor equipment
performance, inventory levels, and environmental conditions within the facility. They provide
real-time alerts and insights, allowing operators to address issues promptly and optimize system
efficiency.
By eliminating the need for human workers inside the warehouse, fully automated facilities offer
several advantages, including increased operational efficiency, improved accuracy, reduced labor
costs, enhanced safety, and the ability to operate 24/7. However, transitioning to a completely
automated warehouse requires significant investment, careful planning, and integration of various
technologies to create a reliable and efficient system.

7. How has internet had an influence on warehouses

recently?
Answer :
The internet has had a significant influence on warehouses in recent years, transforming various
aspects of warehouse operations and logistics. Here are some key ways the internet has impacted
warehouses:
1. E-commerce and Online Shopping: The rise of e-commerce and online shopping has driven a
surge in warehouse demand. Warehouses now play a crucial role in storing, managing, and
fulfilling online orders. The internet has enabled the seamless integration of online platforms
with warehouse systems, allowing for real-time order processing, inventory management, and
order tracking.
2. Inventory Visibility and Real-Time Updates: The internet has enabled warehouses to have
greater visibility into inventory levels and movement. Warehouse management systems (WMS)
and other software applications can provide real-time updates on inventory status, allowing for
accurate stock management, better demand forecasting, and improved order fulfillment.
3. Cloud Computing and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): Cloud-based WMS and other logistics
software solutions have become more prevalent. The internet allows warehouses to access these
systems remotely, reducing the need for on-premises infrastructure and improving scalability
and flexibility. Cloud-based systems also facilitate seamless integration with other business
systems and provide real-time data access across multiple locations or warehouses.
4. Internet of Things (IoT) and Sensor Integration: The IoT has enabled the integration of sensors
and connected devices within warehouses. IoT devices such as RFID tags, barcode scanners,
and sensors can track and monitor inventory, equipment, and environmental conditions in real-
time. This data can be used for inventory accuracy, predictive maintenance, and optimizing
warehouse processes.
5. Warehouse Automation: The internet has played a pivotal role in the automation of warehouse
operations. Robotics, automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS), and conveyor systems
are increasingly connected to the internet, allowing for centralized control and real-time
monitoring. Automation technologies can be remotely monitored, updated, and optimized
through internet connectivity, improving efficiency, accuracy, and productivity.
6. Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (AI): The internet has enabled warehouses to leverage
data analytics and AI to gain insights into warehouse operations. By analyzing large volumes
of data collected from various sources, warehouses can optimize inventory management,
demand forecasting, and process efficiency. AI-powered algorithms can automate decision-
making processes, such as optimizing picking routes or inventory replenishment, leading to
improved warehouse performance.
7. Collaboration and Supply Chain Visibility: The internet has facilitated greater collaboration and
visibility across the supply chain. Warehouses can exchange real-time data and information with
suppliers, customers, and logistics partners, improving coordination, order accuracy, and
overall supply chain efficiency. Electronic data interchange (EDI) and application programming
interfaces (APIs) enable seamless integration and data sharing between different systems and
stakeholders.
8. Mobile Technology: The internet has enabled the use of mobile devices and applications within
warehouses. Warehouse staff can use smartphones, tablets, or wearable devices to access
 inventory data, scan barcodes, receive picking instructions, and update inventory status in real-
time. Mobile technology improves accuracy, speed, and overall operational efficiency.
The internet's influence on warehouses is ongoing and continues to evolve. As technology
advances, innovations such as 5G connectivity, edge computing, and blockchain have the potential
to further transform warehouse operations and drive efficiency in the supply chain.

8. Desribe how you define the term ‘ASRS’!

Answer :
AS/RS stands for Automated Storage and Retrieval System. It refers to a sophisticated system
used in warehouses and distribution centers to automate the storage and retrieval of goods and
materials. AS/RS systems are designed to maximize storage density, improve inventory
management, and increase operational efficiency. Here's a breakdown of the components and
functioning of an AS/RS:
1. Storage and Retrieval Equipment: AS/RS systems typically consist of high-speed automated
cranes or robotic shuttles that move vertically and horizontally within the warehouse. These
equipment types are responsible for storing and retrieving items from designated storage
locations. They can navigate aisles, racks, or shelves to access specific storage positions based
on commands received from the control system.
2. Racking and Shelving: AS/RS systems are integrated with specialized racks or shelving
structures that are designed to accommodate the automated equipment. These structures are
often configured with high storage density in mind, utilizing vertical space efficiently. They can
be customized to suit various types of products, including pallets, cartons, totes, or individual
items.
3. Control System: The control system acts as the brain of the AS/RS and manages the overall
operations. It receives instructions from the warehouse management system (WMS) or other
integrated software and translates them into commands for the automated equipment. The
control system optimizes storage and retrieval processes, manages inventory locations, and
ensures the smooth functioning of the AS/RS.
4. Inventory Management: AS/RS systems provide real-time visibility into inventory levels and
locations. They track the storage positions of items within the warehouse, ensuring accurate
inventory management and reducing the risk of stockouts or overstocks. The control system
maintains a database of stored items, enabling efficient storage allocation and retrieval based
on demand.
5. Material Handling and Transportation: AS/RS systems eliminate the need for manual material
handling, as the automated equipment takes care of storing and retrieving goods. This
minimizes the dependence on forklifts or manual labor, improving safety and reducing labor
 costs. The automated equipment transports items from receiving areas to designated storage
locations and later retrieves them for order fulfillment or shipping.
6. Integration with Warehouse Systems: AS/RS systems are typically integrated with other
warehouse systems, such as the WMS or order management systems. This integration enables
seamless data exchange, inventory synchronization, and coordinated operations within the
warehouse. AS/RS systems can receive picking instructions, update inventory records, and
provide real-time data to the integrated systems.
7. Safety Measures: AS/RS systems incorporate various safety features to prevent accidents and
protect both personnel and goods. These features include sensors, limit switches, safety barriers,
and emergency stop buttons. The automated equipment is programmed to follow strict safety
protocols to avoid collisions or damage to the infrastructure or stored items.

AS/RS systems offer several benefits, including increased storage capacity, efficient space
utilization, faster order fulfillment, improved inventory accuracy, and reduced labor costs. By
automating the storage and retrieval processes, AS/RS systems optimize warehouse operations,
enhance productivity, and support the overall efficiency of supply chain management.