English STRUCTURE1

ENGLISH
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION:

STRATEGIES AND LESSONS
GRAMMAR REVIEW : PARTS OF SPEECH
• Article: refer to a specific noun or a noun in the general sense. There are only three of
them: “a,” “an,” and “the.”
Complement(s)
a word or words that are needed to complete the meaning of an expression. A
complement is any word or phrase that completes the sense of a subject, an
object, or a verb
 A subject complement follows a linking verb; it is normally an adjective or a
noun that renames or defines in some way the subject.
A glacier is a huge body of ice.
Glaciers are beautiful and potentially dangerous at the same time.
This glacier is not yet fully formed. (verb form acting as an adjective, a
participle)
Complement(s)
 An object complement follows and modifies or refers to a direct object. It
can be a noun or adjective or any word acting as a noun or adjective.
The convention named Dogbreath Vice President to keep him happy.
(The noun "Vice President" complements the direct object "Dogbreath"; the
adjective "happy" complements the object "him.")
The clown got the children too excited.

(The participle "excited" complements the object "children.")
GRAMMAR REVIEW : SENTENCE
Complement(s)
 A verb complement is a direct or indirect object of a verb.
Granny left Raoul all her money.
(Both "money" [the direct object] and "Raoul" [the indirect object] are
said to be the verb complements of this sentence.)
s
✓A direct object is the receiver of action within a sentence

✓The indirect object identifies to or for whom or what the action of the verb is performed
Ex: The instructor gave his students A's.
Grandfather left Rosalita and Raoul all his money.
Jo-Bob sold me her boat.
(The direct objects in the sentences are in boldface; the indirect objects are in italics.)
Modifier
is a word, phrase, or clause that modifies—that is, gives information about—
another word in the same sentence.
Example:
I'm going to the Saturn Café for a vegetarian burger
The modifier "vegetarian" gives extra information about what kind of burger it is.
The word "burger" is modified by the word "vegetarian"
Modifier
can be an adjective (a word that modifies a noun, like "burger"), but it can also
be an adverb (a word that modifies a verb)
Example:
The student carefully proofread her draft.
The adverb "carefully" is the modifier — it modifies the verb "proofread," giving
important details about how the proofreading was conducted
SENTENCE:
SUBJECT – VERB – (OBJECT)
CLAUSE
A clause is the combination of a subject and a verb. When you

have a subject and verb, you have a clause
 Independent clause: a subject and verb that make a complete

thought. Independent clauses are called independent because they
can stand on their own and make sense.
 Dependent clause: a subject and verb that don’t make a complete
thought. Dependent clauses always need to be attached to an
independent clause (they’re too weak to stand alone).
The Object
A person, animal, place, thing, or concept that receives the action. Determine the object in a sentence by
asking the question “The subject did what?” or “To whom?/For whom?”
 Compound subject (two subjects related to the same verb):

Javier and his colleagues collaborated on the research article.
 Compound verb (two verbs related to the same subject):
Javier conducted the experiment and documented the results.
 Compound subject with compound verb:
Javier, his colleagues, and their advisor drafted and revised the
article several times.
PATTERN 1: SIMPLE SENTENCE
One independent clause (SV.)
 Mr. Potato Head eats monkeys.
 I refuse.
PATTERN 2: COMPOUND SENTENCE

Two or more independent clauses. They can be arranged in these ways: (SV, and SV.) or (SV;
however, SV.)
Connectors with a comma, the FANBOYS (The acronym FANBOYS stands for those short
connecting words (technical term: coordinating conjunctions): For, And, Nor, But,Or, Yet, So
Connectors with a semicolon and comma: however, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless,
therefore
 Mr. Potato Head eats them for breakfast every day, but I don’t see the attraction.
 Eating them makes him happy; however, he can’t persuade me.
Pattern 3: Complex Sentence
One independent clause PLUS one or more dependent clauses. They can be arranged in these ways: (SV
because SV.) or (Because SV, SV.) or (S, because SV, V.)
Connectors are always at the beginning of the dependent clause. They show how the dependent
clause is related to the independent clause.
This list shows different types of relationships along with the connectors that indicate those
relationships:
 Cause/Effect: because, since, so that
 Comparison/Contrast: although, even though, though, whereas, while
 Place/Manner: where, wherever, how, however
 Possibility/Conditions: if, whether, unless
 Relation: that, which, who, whom
 Time: after, as, before, since, when, whenever, while, until
Pattern 3: Complex Sentence
 He recommends them highly because they taste like chicken when they are
hot.
 Although chicken always appeals to me, I still feel skeptical about monkey.
 Mrs. Potato Head, because she loves us so much, has offered to make her
special monkey souffle for us.
 She can cook it however she wants.
 Although I am curious, I am still skeptical.
Pattern 4: Compound-Complex Sentence
Two or more independent clauses PLUS one or more dependent clauses. They can be arranged
in these ways: (SV, and SV because SV.) or (Because SV, SV, but SV.)
Connectors listed under Patterns 2 & 3 are used here. Find the connectors, then find the
verbs and subjects that are part of each clause.
 Mr. Potato Head said that he would share the secret recipe; however, if he does, Mrs.
Potato Head will feed him to the piranhas, so we are both safer and happier if I don’t eat
monkeys or steal recipes.
Things to remember about subject-verb agreement (Worcester, hal. 2)

Missing Subjects, Verbs, Objects, and Complements

Clauses with There and It

Some clauses begin with the introductory words there or it rather than with the
subject of the sentence. These introductory words are sometimes called
expletives.
The expletive there shows that someone or something exists, usually at a
particular time or place. These sentences generally follow the pattern
there + verb to be + subject
 There are many skyscrapers in New York City.
 There was a good movie on television last night.
Clauses with There and It

The expletive It is used in a number of different situations and patterns:
 It is important to be punctual for appointments.
(with the verb to be + adjective + infinitive)
 It was in 1959 that Alaska became a state.
(with the verb to be + adverbial + noun clause)
 It takes a long time to learn a language.
(with the verb to take + time phrase + infinitive)
 It was David who did most of the work.
(with the verb to be + noun + relative clause)
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ENGLISH

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION:

The clown got the children too excited.

✓A direct object is the receiver of action within a sentence

A clause is the combination of a subject and a verb. When you

 Independent clause: a subject and verb that make a complete

 Compound subject (two subjects related to the same verb):

PATTERN 2: COMPOUND SENTENCE

Things to remember about subject-verb agreement (Worcester, hal. 2)

Missing Subjects, Verbs, Objects, and Complements

Clauses with There and It

Clauses with There and It

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