 TITLE

EXPERIMENT 1: NEUTRALIZATION REACTION HEAT

 INTRODUCTION

Thermochemistry is defined as the branch of thermodynamics that focuses on the changes

that occur during chemical reactions. For thermochemical purposes, chemical reactions are
understood to include not only reactions in which the product has a different chemical
composition from the reaction starting material, but also reactions that result in a physical
change in the aggregate state of a chemical entity, such as evaporation, sublimation, fusion
or phase transition between two different crystalline states.

The final reason is that a chemical compound in its gas phase has completely different
thermodynamic properties from its concentrated phase, and each phase actually
corresponds to a different thermodynamic entity. The standard enthalpy change of
neutralization is the enthalpy change when solutions of an acid and an alkali react together
under standard conditions to produce 1 mole of water. Notice that enthalpy change of
neutralization is always measured per mole of water formed

Many chemical reactions release energy in the form of heat, light or sound. This is an
exothermic response. Exothermic reactions can occur spontaneously and can lead to
random or higher entropy (ΔS > 0) of the system. They are characterized by negative heat
flux (heat lost to the environment) and decreased enthalpy (ΔH < 0). In the laboratory,
exothermic reactions generate heat or even explode.

There are other chemical reactions that need to absorb energy to do this. This is an
endothermic response. Endothermic reactions may not occur spontaneously. Efforts must be
made to maintain this response. When an endothermic reaction involves energy, the
temperature drop during the reaction is measured. Endothermic reactions are characterized
by positive heat flux (in the reaction) and an increase in enthalpy (+H). An endothermic
reaction is a chemical reaction in which the reactants absorb heat from the surroundings to
form products.

These reactions reduce the temperature of the surrounding area, creating a cooling effect.
Physical processes can also be endothermic - ice cubes absorb heat from the environment
and melt to form meltwater (without breaking or forming chemical bonds). An exothermic
reaction is a chemical reaction that produces heat (which has a negative H). In other words,
the activation energy required to start the reaction is less than the energy emitted.
Examples of exothermic reactions include neutralization reactions, the Haber process,
thermal reactions, and combustion reactions.

The flip side of the exothermic response is the endothermic response. Endothermic
reactions absorb more heat from the surroundings than are released. Exothermic and
endothermic reactions are types of exergonal and endergonic reactions. In exergonal and
endergonic reactions, the net energy (heat, light or sound) is higher (exergonal) or lower
(endergonic) than the energy required to follow the reaction.

Enthalpy changes of neutralization are always negative - heat is released when an acid and
and alkali react. For reactions involving strong acids and alkalis, the values are always very
closely similar, with values between -57 and -58 kJ mol-1. That varies slightly depending on
the acid-alkali combination (and also on what source you look it up in.

 DISCUSSION

In this practice, the heat value of neutralization is usually lower than the theoretical value.
This is because some of the heat of neutralization has been released into the environment or
has been absorbed by the thermometer as well as the plastic of the cup during the reaction.
The acid and alkali solutions used in this practice are strong acids and alkalis. Therefore,
during the thermal reaction of neutralization, the strong acid reacts with ions (ionize) as a
whole in the water. Acids and alkalis will react to produce salt and water. For examples in
this practice,

Acid + Base Salt + Water

EC1 + EC3 : HCl (aq) + NaOH

(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
 EC2 + EC3 : H2SO4 (aq)
+ 2NaOH (aq) → NaSO4 (aq) +
2H2O(l)
EC4 + EC5 : HNO3 (aq)
+ KOH (aq) → KNO3 (aq) +
H2O(l)
EC1 + EC3 : HCl (aq) + NaOH
(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
EC2 + EC3 : H2SO4 (aq)
+ 2NaOH (aq) → NaSO4 (aq) +
2H2O(l)
EC4 + EC5 : HNO3 (aq)
+ KOH (aq) → KNO3 (aq) +
H2O(l)
EC1 + EC3 : HCl (aq) + NaOH
(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
 EC2 + EC3 : H2SO4 (aq)
+ 2NaOH (aq) → NaSO4 (aq) +
2H2O(l)
EC4 + EC5 : HNO3 (aq)
+ KOH (aq) → KNO3 (aq) +
H2O(l)
EC1 + EC3 : HCl (aq) + NaOH
(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
EC2 + EC3 : H2SO4 (aq)
+ 2NaOH (aq) → NaSO4 (aq) +
2H2O(l)
EC4 + EC5 : HNO3 (aq)
+ KOH (aq) → KNO3 (aq) +
H2O(l)
EC1 + EC3: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

EC2 + EC3: H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → NaSO4 (aq) + 2H2O(l)

EC4 + EC5: HNO3 (aq) + KOH (aq) → KNO3 (aq) + H2O(l)

In this reaction, it is called the neutralization reaction. The heat energy released is the heat
of neutralization. During the heat of neutralization reaction, water was produced as per the
equation shown above. This is because the H+ ion from the acid has combined with the OH-
ion from the alkali to produce the water molecule which is H 2O. In this practice, the ionic
equation is as follows: