Journal of Structural Engineering Vol.

57A (March 2011) JSCE

Evaluation of shear failure of strain hardening cementitious composite beams

Y.X. ZHANG*, N. UEDA**, Y. UMEDA***, H. NAKAMURA**** and M. KUNIEDA*****

* M. of Eng., Doctor Candidate, Dept. of Civil Eng., Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603
** M. of Eng., Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Eng., Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603
** *B. of Eng., Master Candidate, Dept. of Civil Eng., Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603
**** Dr. of Eng., Professor, Dept. of Civil Eng., Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603
* ****Dr. of Eng., Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Eng., Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603

The mechanical behavior and fracture mechanisms of SHCC member failed in diagonal
shear were evaluated both experimentally and analytically. Ultra High Performance Strain
Hardening Cementitious Composite (UHP-SHCC), which is one of SHCC, was applied as
structural material. In the analysis, shear transfer model for SHCC was proposed based on its
characteristics of cracking, that is, multiple fine cracking were considered during strain
hardening region and localization in one crack during strain softening region. As a result, it
was confirmed that the proposed model was suitable for the mechanisms of shear transfer of
SHCC and it is reasonable to predict the behavior of SHCC beam failed in diagonal shear.
Keywords: SHCC, UHP-SHCC, shear transfer model, multiple fine cracks, localization

1. INTRODUCTION investigated in which Ultra High Performance Strain Hardening

Fiber reinforced cementitious composites with higher
ductility, such as strain hardening cementitious composites
(SHCC), are attractive materials used for repairing and
strengthening. Several investigations on the advantages of
structures repaired by SHCC have been carried out. Lim and Li
found the mechanical advantages of an interface crack trapping
mechanism within SHCC/RC composites1). Horii et al. and Li et
al. applied SHCC to the repair or strengthening of concrete
structures and confirmed the effect of ductility of the repair
materials on the structural performance2,3).
Recently, SHCC has been tried to use as the structural
members. Committee of Japan Society of Civil Engineers has
published a guideline for usage of HPFRCC which is one of
SHCC4). However, the mechanical behavior and the structural
performance of SHCC member have not been clarified in detail,
because the fracture mechanisms of SHCC are different from
concrete. Especially, crack propagation behavior of SHCC is
completely different from concrete. It is characterized as
localization after saturating of multiple fine cracks.
In this study, in order to clarify the fracture mechanisms of
SHCC member failed in diagonal shear, SHCC beams were
tested and crack propagation and cracking pattern were
Cementitious Composite (UHP-SHCC) was applied.
In order to evaluate the shear failure mechanism of SHCC
beams, numerical analysis is also required. Up to now, analytical
approaches for evaluation of the shear behavior of cementitious
composite beam have been conducted by some researchers5,6,7).
In their research, shear transfer models were proposed based on
the experimental observation. For example, Suryanto et. al.
analyzed the ECC member by adopting their proposed model,
in which mechanical behavior of ECC for not only shear
transfer behavior but also uniaxial tensile and compressive
behavior. In their model, since the effect of multiple cracking
and bridging of fiber were considered as averaged behavior, the
localized behavior of SHCC which is quite different from
normal concrete was not considered. In this study, shear transfer
model for SHCC was proposed based on the geometrical
features and mechanisms of cracking. In the model, the feature
of crack surface was modeled directly. And cracking process
under tension such as multiple cracking in pre-peak region and
localization into one crack in post-peak region was considered.
By using the proposed model in Finite Element Analysis, the
mechanical behavior of SHCC beam failed in diagonal shear
was simulated qualitatively. Moreover, the influences of the

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 (a) Specimen a for a/d=2 (b) Specimen b for
Fig.1 Details and setup for specimens (unit: mm)
8
ave. property
test
6 Vf=1.5%
Stress(MPa)

0 0.010.02 0.03 0.04

Strain
(a) Stress-strain curves from uniaxial tension (b) Crack pattern
Fig.2 Results obtained from uniaxial tensile tests
200 150

150
100
Load (kN)

Load (kN)

100

50
50

a/d=2 a/d=3
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm)
(a) Specimen with a/d=2 (b) Specimen with a/d=3
Fig.3 Load-disp. curves obtained from shear failure test

proposed shear transfer model on structural behavior of SHCC
beam were discussed.
2. EXPERIMENT OF SHCC BEAMS FAILED IN
DIAGONAL SHEAR CRACK
2.1 Outline of Specimen
Fig.1 shows the sketch of the specimens used for the
experiment of SHCC beams failed in diagonal shear. The
effective depth of both member are 150mm and the shear spans
lengths are 300mm and 450mm, that is a/d=2 and 3 for
specimen a and b respectively. One high tensile strength
deformed bar with diameter of 25mm (<RXQJ¶V PRGXOXV is
200GPa and yield strength is 1050MPa) was arranged as
longitudinal bar and no stirrup was arranged in each beam.
Stirrup in the anchor area didn¶t have effect on the structural
behavior in the preliminary test. Therefore, the longitudinal rebar
was arranged just with the development length of 150mm, and
without any other anchor conditions in the test of these
specimens. Beams were loaded under three-point bending setup.
In the experiment, load and displacement at center of the span
were measured.
2.2 Feature of Material Used (UHP-SHCC)
Ultra High Performance Strain Hardening Cementitious
Composite, that is UHP-SHCC developed by Kunieda et al. 8,9,10),
was used for the beam specimen. UHP-SHCC has significantly
higher tensile strain hardening behavior at peak strength as well
as excellent protective performance. In this study, UHP-SHCC
with fiber contents of 1.5% was used for both specimens. The

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compresVLYH VWUHQJWK DQG <RXQJ¶V PRGXOXV RI 8+3-SHCC where, ǔB , džB are stress and strain at point B, džC is strain at
were 91MPa and 29GPa. Fig.2(a) shows the stress-strain point C. Lelm is element size (mm) and GF is the absorbed energy
relationship obtained from uniaxial tensile tests of dumbbell after peak in uniaxial tensile test (N/mm). By using the
specimens, and the strains were obtained from the elongation stress-strain relationship with element size dependency in
rate in measurement length of 100 mm. Fig.2(b) shows the softening area considering the absorbed energy, a unique
crack pattern of one specimen after test. As shown in Fig.2(a), load-displacement relationship can be obtained independent on
all specimen exhibit significant strain hardening behavior, element size. In the analysis, averaged stress-strain relationships,
however, scattering results are observed. The strain hardening
behavior arises from propagation of multiple fine cracks, and the
uniaxial tensile test specimens failed due to one of the multiple
fine cracks localized.
2.3 Experimental Result (a) Crack pattern of specimen a with
Fig.3 shows the load-displacement relationship of specimen
a and b obtained from shear failure test. Both beams were failed
in shear failure as expected.
Fig.4 shows the crack pattern of both specimens after the (b) Crack pattern of specimen b with
test. For both cases, flexural multiple fine cracks occurred firstly Fig.4 Crack distribution of specimens at the end
at low load level, and then multiple fine cracks occurred in the
middle of shear span with the increasing of load. After that,
multiple fine cracks in shear direction propagated dominantly.
Finally, load dropped suddenly due to the localization of one
of the multiple fine cracks. Collapse of the material near loading
plate was also observed in each specimen. Longitudinal rebar
bonded well with UHP-SHCC until peak load, cracks
propagated along the rebar just in the final stage of post-peak
region.
This behavior is quite different from RC beam and is
affected by the strain hardening behavior including multiple
cracking and localization of UHP-SHCC.

3. ANALYTICAL MODEL OF SHCC BEAMS FAILED

IN DIAGONAL SHEAR
Fig.5 Diagram of Lattice Equivalent Continuum
3.1 Constitutive Model of the Material ı
(1) Introduction of LECOM
B  İ B ,ı B  small
Finite element analyses were performed in order to evaluate ĸ element
the mechanical behavior of SHCC beams. Constitutive model size
used in the analysis is Lattice Equivalent Continuum Model
A  İ A ,ı A 
(LECOM) developed in Nagoya University, which is one of the Ĺ
fixed smeared crack models and consists of combination of ķ
tension, compression and shear lattices, as shown in Fig.5, and C  İ C ,0  H
uniaxial stress-strain relationships are adopted in each lattice 9). Fig.6 Outline of uniaxial tension model
(2) Modeling of strain hardening behavior under tension
The stress-strain relationship of UHP-SHCC under tension
used in the analysis is modeled by tri-linear curve as shown in
Fig.6. In the model, Point A and B are defined by the results of
uniaxial tensile tests such as in Fig.2. The strain of point C is
represented by Eq.(1) considering the absorbed energy in
localized element.
2GF
H C =H B + (1)
V B ˜ Lelm
Fig.7 Uniaxial compression

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 1.0
S(wc) S(wc)
1.0
S(wm) wc Gmax

S(ws)

wm ws wc
(a) Assumed cracked
(b) Relation of contact area and crack width
Fig.8 Shear stress transfer behavior (Gmax: asperity height)
Case1 and 2 wc
wc Proposed wc
V H Model
(Eq.(2))

Case3
"c
HA HB HC H H A  H  HB HB  H
Fig.9 Relationship between crack width and strain
as shown in Fig.2(a), obtained from uniaxial tensile test was
assumed.
In the model, İA and ıA were 0.000143 and 4.15N/mm2, İB
2
and ıB were 0.0160 and 5.80N/mm , GF was1.90 N/mm, which
were obtained from Fig.2(a). The effect of tensile stress strain
relationship on the structural behavior is discussed in section 4.2.
(3) Modeling of compressive behavior
The stress-strain relationship of UHP-SHCC under
compression used in the analysis can be modeled by
compression softening model. In the model, Saenz equation is
used up to the compressive strength and a linear softening
branch is assumed as shown in Fig.7. The slope of linear
softening branch is defined by considering the compression
fracture energy (GFC) in order to avoid element size dependency
as well as tensile behavior.
(4) Modeling of bond and reinforcement
UHP-SHCC material has high bond effect with
reinforcements due to silica fume in UHP-SHCC. Therefore, the
longitudinal reinforcements can be modeled by truss elements
without bond behavior in linkage elements between
UHP-SHCC elements and reinforcement elements, that is
means perfect bond was assumed. The material property of
reinforcement is assumed as linear elastic.
(5) Shear transfer model
In LECOM, shear transfer model is constructed by
considering the mechanism of shear stress transfer11), such as,
shear deformation and aggregate interlocking action on the
crack surface, as shown in Fig.8(a). In the model, crack surface
is modeled as a simple geometry with series of triangle and
contact stress perpendicular to the incline surface is considered.
Parameters which express the shape of crack surface in the
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PRGHODUHWKHDQJOHșDQGWKHDVSHULW\KHLJKW8VXDOO\KDOIRI
maximum coarse aggregate size is assumed as asperity height
for normal FRQFUHWHDQGWKHFRPPRQYDOXHVRIșDQGDVSHULW\
height for normal concrete are 50° and 10mm respectively.
+RZHYHUWKHVXJJHVWHGYDOXHRIșIRUKLJKVWUHQJWKFRQFUHWHLV
35° considering the smooth crack surface12). In the analysis, the
YDOXHRIșIRU8+P-SHCC is assumed as same value of high
strength concrete, 35°, since crack surface was similar with one
of high strength concrete. The asperity height of UHP-SHCC
does not depend on coarse aggregate size (no coarse aggregate
used in UHP-SHCC, only quartz sand with 0.5mm), and 5mm
was assumed in this analysis. The effect of asperity height is
discussed in section 4.1.
Moreover, as an increase of crack width makes contact area
of crack decrease, additional coefficient representing the contact
rate related with crack width is also taken into account, as shown
in Fig.8(b). Fig.8(b) shows the contact rate decreases with the
increasing of crack width, where, S(w) and wc represent contact
rate and crack width respectively. In Fig.8(b), wm is the crack
width for one of multiple fine cracks of fiber cementitious
composites, ws is that for single crack of normal concrete. This
figure shows that the contact rate of SHCC, S(wm), is larger than
that of normal concrete, S(ws), due to multiple fine cracks. Crack
width of UHP-SHCC cannot be obtained directly in the analysis
because occurrence of multiple fine cracks in each element is
assumed. In this study, considering the crack spacing observed
in the experiment, the changing of crack width with strain is
determined as Eq.(2) although multiple fine cracks do not occur
at the same moment. In the Eq.(2), the crack width in the range
RIİAİİB, is defined by the width of one crack of multiple
FUDFNV DQG LQ WKH UDQJH RI İ ! İB, the crack width is for a
localized crack developed from one of multiple cracks, which
 Steel plate Steel plate
25mm*8 25mm*8

30mm*30 30mm*40
(a) Numerical model of specimen a (b) Numerical model of specimen b
Fig.10 Numerical model

Table 1 Analytical cases

Parameters
cases
lj(°) Asperity height(mm)
proposed model 35 5
1 50 10
2 35 5
3 35 5

250 200
test test
2 proposed model proposed model
200 case 1 case 1
150 case 2
case 2 2
case 3 case 3
Load (kN)

150
1 Load (kN)
3 100
100 1
3
50
50

0 3 6 9 12 0 3 6 9 12
Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm)
(a) Specimen a (b) Specimen b
Fig.11 Analytical results of load-displacement relationship
characterized the proposed model, as shown in Fig.9. cracks with crack space of 3mm in element in strain hardening
­ 0 H  HA and tension softening.
° (2)
wc = ® H  H A 
lc HA d H d HB
° H  H 
l + H  H 
L 3.3 Shear Behavior Analysis of UHP-SHCC Beams
¯ B A c B elem H ! HB
Where, wc is crack width, İ is strain, lc is the crack spacing.
In this study, lc is assumed as 3 mm based on the crack pattern
obtained by uniaxial tensile test given in Fig.2(b).
3.2 Analytical Model
UHP-SHCC beams of shear failure as shown in Fig.1 are
simulated. Fig.10 shows the numerical model, the mesh size of
the model was 30mm in longitudinal direction, and 25mm in
vertical direction.
Additional to the proposed shear transfer model, other shear
transfer models as shown in Table 1 were used in the analyses in
order to evaluate the effect of the shear transfer model. For
Case1, crack surface is assumed as normal concrete. For Case 2
and 3, crack surface is assumed as UHP-SHCC but changing of
crack width with strain was different, as shown in Fig.9.
Proposed model has some numbers of multiple fine cracks with
crack space of 3mm in element during strain hardening, and one
of them localizes in tension softening, expressed as Eq.(2). Case
1 and 2 both have only one crack in strain hardening and tension
softening in element. Case 3 has some numbers of multiple fine
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Fig.11 shows the comparison of load-displacement curves
for each specimen. Black lines show the results of the proposed
model and red, blue and green lines show the results of case 1, 2
and 3, respectively. For case1, although crack surface was
assumed as normal concrete one which is much rougher than
UHP-SHCC one, load carrying capacity was underestimated
because the contact surface on the cracks decreased rapidly due
to a consideration of localized single crack in each element. For
case2, the load carrying capacity was smaller than proposed
model, because multiple fine cracks considered in strain
hardening phase of proposed model, while localized single crack
considered in case 2. The smaller crack width due to multiple
fine cracks can transfer higher shear stress than the case of
localized single crack. For case3 and proposed model, the
behaviors are almost the same until peak load. In post peak
region, softening blanch of proposed model was steeper than
case3 in both cases. It means that the load carrying capacity
depends on the shear transfer behavior and localization in tensile
behavior also has much effect on the mechanical behavior of the
beam. An agreement of load carrying capacity can be seen
 (a) Specimen a (Point 1) (a) Specimen b (Point 1)

(b) Specimen a (Point 2) (b) Specimen b (Point 2)

(c) Specimen a (Point 3) (c) Specimen b (Point 3)

Fig.12 Localized crack distribution pattern of specimen a Fig.13 Localized crack distribution pattern of specimen b
250 200
test test
asperity height: 0.25mm asperity height: 0.25mm
200 asperity height: 5mm asperity height: 5mm
150
asperity height: 25mm asperity height: 25mm
Load (kN)

Load (kN)

150
100
100
50
50

0 3 6 9 12 0 3 6 9 12
Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm)
(a) Specimen a (b) Specimen b
Fig.14 Analytical results of load-displacement relationship

between the results of experiment and proposed model in both
cases.
Fig.12 and 13 show the crack pattern at pre-peak, peak, and
post-peak regions (point 1, 2 and 3 in Fig.11) obtained in the
analysis for specimen a and b. Red line shows the cracking
element in which strain value is less than džB (multiple fine
cracks), and blue line shows localized crack which the strain
value is larger than džB. It can be clearly seen that the multiple
fine cracks occurred in post-peak region. And both of the crack
patterns are similar to the experiment as shown in Fig.4.
It is confirmed that the proposed model is reasonable to
simulate the behavior of SHCC beams failed in diagonal shear.
4. DISCUSSION ON PARAMETER SENSITIVITY FOR
THE PROPOSED MODEL IN ANALYSYS ON
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR
4.1 Effect of Asperity Height on Crack Surface
In previous chapter, asperity height of shear transfer model
for SHCC was proposed as 5mm. In this section, the effect of
asperity height on the structural behavior is discussed.
Three types of asperity height were assumed including the
proposed model, that is, 0.25 mm (half of quart size), 5
mm( proposed model) and 25 mm. Fig.14 shows the analytical
results of load-displacement curves of the proposed model with
different asperity height for each specimen, and compared with
the test ones. Green, blue and red lines show the results for
asperity height of 0.25mm, 5mm and 25mm, respectively. In pre
peak region, the difference of load-displacement curve was very
small, because multiple fine cracks occur in this region, and
seldom cracks localized. That is, the effect of asperity height is
not significant for the smaller crack width. Since the crack width
of one of the multiple fine cracks beginning to localize is about
0.048mm which is much smaller than the asperity height of 0.25
mm, 5 mm and 25 mm, the asperity height GRHVQ¶W have much
effect on the peak load although localization occurred in some
elements. In post peak region, the softening branches were
different due to the localization of multiple cracks. However, the
difference was not so large and it is confirmed that the asperity
height does not have much effect on structural behavior
constructed by UHP-SHCC.
4.2 Effect of the Scattering of the Tensile Performances
The mechanical property of SHCC is usually estimated by

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uniaxial tensile test using dumbbell shape specimen. However,
as shown in Fig.15, the scattering of the tensile performances,
such as crack elongation and crack distribution, are sometimes
appeared because of the heterogeneity of the material. In this
section, the effect of the tensile performances on the structural
behavior is discussed.
For the stress-strain relationship in tension, three patterns of
hardening strain model, the averaged model , upper bound
(maximum) and lower bound (minimum), are applied for each
specimen. The values of point A, B, C in tri-linear model of
Fig.6 for each case are summarized in Table2.
Fig.16 shows the analytical results of load-displacement
curves with different uniaxial tensile behavior for each specimen,
and compared with the test ones. Green, blue and red lines show
the results for uniaxial tensile behavior of minimum, average
and maximum properties. For both specimens, load carrying
capacities were different depending on the tensile model.
Because when the maximum tensile stress and its corresponding
8
test
min. property
6 ave. property
max. property
Stress(MPa)
strain decrease, localization occurs earlier. It is clarified that
maximum tensile stress and its ductility of the material have
much effect on the structural behavior. Many researchers
indicate that the material response of SHCC in the structure
might be weaker than that of uniaxial tensile test using dumbbell
specimen due to the size effect10,13). Therefore, in order to secure
the safety of the SHCC structure, it is necessary to use the
material having the property of stable and less scattering.
4.3 Effect of autogenous shrinkage of UHP-SHCC
As UHP-SHCC is a rich cementitious material with 22%
water-bind ratio, there are some possibilities for autogeneous
shrinkage. Therefore, the influence of autogenous shrinkage to
shear behavior of UHP-SHCC beams should be evaluated. In
this section, autogenous shrinkage was introduced as an initial
strain in all elements before load applied.
Fig.17 shows the analytical results of load-displacement
curves of the proposed model with different autogenous
Table2
2 Stress and strain values in tri-linear model
Uniaxial Point A Point B Point C

tension ǔ dž ǔ dž 0 dž
4
minimum 4.60 0.000160 5.33 0.00850 0 0.0150
average 4.60 0.000160 5.80 0.0160 0 0.0325
2
maximum 4.60 0.000160 6.65 0.0230 0 0.0410
Note: the units of stress is N/mm2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Strain
Fig.15 Stress-strain curves from uniaxial
200
250 uniaxial tension : minimum
uniaxial tension : minimum
uniaxial tension : average uniaxial tension : average
200 uniaxial tension : maximum 150 uniaxial tension : maximum
test
test
Load (kN)
Load (kN)

150
100
100
50
50

0 3 6 9 12
0 3 6 9 12
Displacement (mm)
Displacement (mm)
(a) Specimen (b) Specimen
Fig.16 Analytical results of load-displacement
250
shrinkage strain: 0 Ǵ 200
shrinkage strain: 500 Ǵ test
200 shrinkage strain: 1000 Ǵ shrinkage strain: 0 Ǵ
test 150 shrinkage strain: 500 Ǵ
shrinkage strain: 1000 Ǵ
Load (kN)

150
Load (kN)

100
100

50 50

0 3 6 9 12
0 3 6 9 12
Displacement (mm)
Displacement (mm)
(a) Specimen (b) Specimen
Fig.17 Analytical results of load-displacement

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shrinkage strain for each specimen, and compared with the test
ones. Green, blue and red lines show the results for autogenous
VKULQNDJHVWUDLQRIȝȝDQGȝUHVSHFWLYHO\It can be
seen that the load carrying capacities and pre-peak stiffness of
load-displacement curves with different autogenous shrinkage
strain are obviously different, that is, the lager shrinkage strain
gives the lower stiffness and load carrying capacity. It is
suggested that the autogenous shrinkage strain has influence for
shear behavior of UHP-SHCC beams.
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the test of SHCC beams failed in diagonal
shear was investigated, and the behavior of shear failure of
SHCC beams was evaluated numerically considering the
behavior of shear stress transfer and the effect of multiple fine
cracks.
(1) In the shear failure of SHCC beams test, multiple fine
cracks propagated dominantly in shear direction with the
increasing of load level, and load dropped suddenly due to the
localization of one of the multiple fine cracks finally. This
behavior is quietly different from RC beam.
(2) Shear transfer model for SHCC was proposed based
on the shear transfer behavior of crack surface and
characteristics of cracking, that is, multiple fine cracking and
localization in one crack.
(3) The behavior of SHCC beams failed in diagonal shear
could be evaluated numerically by applying proposed shear
transfer model and using the uniaxial tensile behavior.
(4) The structural behavior of SHCC beam was affected
by the strain hardening property under tension and autogeneous
shrinkage of the material. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate
the properties of material used for evaluating the structural
behavior.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
A part of this research was supported by Committee
on Advanced Road Technology in established by
Road Bureau of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism. The authors would like to
express their sincere thanks to their financial support.
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