Research and Reviews: Journal of Ayurvedic Science, Yoga and Naturopathy

Volume 1, Issue 2
www.stmjournals.com

Marana-As a Bio-nanotechnology of Ayurveda

Piyush K Gandhi1*, Anand K Choudhary2, Pradeep K. Prajapati3
1
Department of Rasashatra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, College of Ayurveda and Research Centre,
Akurdi, Pune, Maharashtra, India
2
Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical
Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India
3
Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and
Research in Ayurveda, Gujrat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India

Abstract
Rasashastra; an ancient branch of pharmaceutics and therapeutics which deals with use
of metal and minerals for the wellbeing of human being. Rasashastra elaborated different
procedures like Shodhana, Marana, Jarana, Satvapatana (Extraction), Kupipakva
Rasayana etc. to convert the metal into nontoxic and bioassimible form. Marana
procedure is combination of five unique step like Shodhana, Bhavana (Levigation with
herbal Juices), Pelletisation, Sharava Samputikarana (Special instrument in which Heat
is applied after keeping pellets ), Puta (Application of specific heating pattern).
Repetition of Puta is indicated till the desired characters of Bhasma are achieved like
Varitartva (Floating of Bhasma on steady surface of water), Rekhpurnatva (occupying
the inter ridge space on the skin of finger pad), Niruttha (not to regain its original
elemental metallic form). Thus Marana, a complex procedure converts the elemental,
toxic and non-bio-compatible form of metal and minerals into nano sized organic
complex which are nontoxic and biocompatible.

Keywords: Marana, Puta, Nano particles

*Author for Correspondence E-mail: drpkgandhiji@rediffmail.com

INTRODUCTION chemical form of the drug are the physico-

As per Ayurveda, Panchmabhutas created
every living and nonliving things on this earth
[1]. Same genesis theory insisted use of
nonliving things for the benefits of living thing
which is supported by these quote
“Nanaaushdhibhutam Jagat Kinchit
Dravyaamasti” [2]. But every nonliving thing
is not beneficial to living cells until it is
converted into the assimilable and nontoxic
form. Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana-
ancient discipline of pharmaceutics dealt with
different raw materials (herbal, metal and
mineral origin), different instruments, different
procedures and different techniques required
to utilize the nonliving things for benefits of
living things [3]. Especially metal and
minerals present in the environment having
useful and harmful impact on the living
organism present on this universe. Biological
benefits can be achieved by bringing
physiochemical changes in naturally available
metal and mineral. Particle size, structure and
chemical qualities that have close relation with
different biological activities. Words like
laghutva (lightness), Rekhpurnata(Fineness),
Arasa (Tastelessness), Shigravyapti (Quick
absorption) and Mrutani Lohani rasibhavanti
(Good bio-viability)quoted in Ayurveda
describe physicochemical and biological
properties of medicine used [4,5]. These
properties can be achieved in metal and
minerals of universe by using different
procedures like Shodhana, Marana,
Satvapatana, Kupipkava, Pottali with their
proper sequence. Marana brings many
physico-chemical changes like reduction in
particle size to gain biological benefits [4].
One of the ancient scholar mentioned
formation of Vichitragunadepti (Miraculous
properties) in bhasma [6]. In today’s area
everybody gets surprised with biological
effects of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are the
particles with one or more dimensions at the
nanoscale, i.e., 100 nm or less as per British

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Marana-As a Bio-Nanotechnology of Ayurveda
Standard Institution. Nanoparticles between 1
to 100 nm are the intermediates between
atomic or molecular state and bulk state in
which material exhibit unexpected and unusual
new properties which can’t be defined by
classical laws of physics [7].
Marana: The process which converts the
purified metals and minerals into Bhasma
(Ash) after subjecting them to levigation and
incineration is called as Marana [8].
PROCEDURE OF MARANA IS CARR
IED OUT IN SEVEN UNIQUE STEPS.
Step 1: Shodhana of Metal and Minerals
This is the first and very important step in the
process of Marana. Shodhana is a technique
which involves many procedures with an aim
to remove impure and toxic material from
drugs [9] or to potentiate the qualities of the
drug or to bring physicochemical changes to
make the drug suitable for the further
processing. Shodhana contain different
procedures like Shoshana (Drying), Bharjana
(Roasting/Frying), Bhavana (Wet Trituration),
Nirvapa (Quenching) etc. with different aims.
For example, intake of improperly Shodhita
iron produces seven defects in the body like
heaviness (Jadyata), nausea (Hrulasa) etc.
[10]. But during process of shodhan
quenching of the iron in the different media
like Sesame oil leads to reduction in the
particle size of iron and may converted into
the martensite form which is hard and brittle
[11]. Repeated heating of iron in Samanya and
Vishesh Shodhana leads to microcracks on the
surface of iron. These microcracks not only
helpful to incorporate nanostructure feature
but also to improve reactivity with herbal
constitutes. Shodhana of iron removes oxides
of Fe+3 by forming complexation with the
herbal and animal products. Thus Shodhana of
iron leads to removing of the ill effects of iron
and to bring the physiochemical changes
useful for the further processing [12].
Step 2: Bhavana (Trituration of Metal and
Minerals with herbal juices)
Shodhita material is triturated with specific
herbal juices till doughy mass is obtained,
which is soft and easily converted into Varti
(Roll) form without breaking and cracking
even after drying. It is the wastage of energy
to do the excessive Mardana (trituration) for
RRJoAsYN (2014) 12-18 © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Gandhi et al.
longer duration. Acharyas also warned not to
use only water instead of Marana Dravya or
specific herbal juice just to form doughy mass
to convert it into Chakrika (pellets) [13].
Hence it seems that use of herbal juice in
specific quantity and trituration for specific
duration has direct role in the Bhasma
formation. Sometimes Bhavana procedures are
done as part of Shodhana with an aim to
remove the toxic material from drug. Still we
have to repeat the Bhavana procedure as part
of Marana process. But during the bhavana as
a part of Marana procedure we have to use
Maraka dravya. Sometimes herbal drug used
in the Shodhana and Marana Process may be
same as in the case of Kasis [14,15].
Step 3: Chakrika Nirmana (Pellatisation)
The doughy mass is converted into Chakrika
(Pellets) and kept for drying. The prepared
pellets must be flat in shape and weighs not
more than 10 to 20 grams [16]. Moist Pellets
subjected to puta results into abnormal color
of Bhasma and become hard. Flat shape of
Pellets facilitates the uniform and homogenous
heating as pellets gets more surface area and
lesser thickness.
Step 4: Sharava Samputikarana
Dry flat pellets were kept on the flat surface of
earthen saucers and covered with another
earthen saucer. The joint of both earthen
saucers is closed with mud smeared cloth and
allowed to dry. This specific arrangement was
denoted as Puta Yantra by ancient scholars
[17]. Some ancient scholar mentioned not to
close the joint of two earthen saucers only for
those puta which contains gaseous material
like sulphar, arsenic.
Step 5: Puta (Application of specific heat
Pattern)
Puta Yantra is subjected to Puta (A specific
heating pattern for specific duration).
Application of the Puta is the important
procedure in the process of Marana. Puta are
divided into different types depending upon
the source of heat [18], direct and indirect
application of heat, source of fuel and of
course its own dimension. Variation in the
temperature pattern due to different size of pits
and number of cow dung cakes further divides
Agniputa in the different types as under
mentioned in Table 1.
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Research and Reviews: Journal of Ayurvedic Science, Yoga and Naturopathy
Volume 1, Issue 2

Ancient scholars recommended different Puta
for the different Material like Gaja Puta for
iron [20]. Some scholar recommended first
Puta of maximum temperature followed by
Puta of lower temperature for the preparation
of quality bhasma of Abhrak, Tamra and
Lauha. Reverse method of applying puta was
told in Swarana, Rajat and Naga bhasma
preparation [21].
Step 6: Trituration: Collected pellets were
examined for its consistency and all pellets are
converted in to fine powder by trituration.
Step 7: Repetition of above procedure till
desired physico-chemico-biological changes
takes place in the material whose Marana is
done.
A. Physical Changes – In ancient time
lightness, fineness, softness, and
smoothness qualities of Bhasma were
confirmed by conducting tests which are
mentioned in Table 2.
B. Chemical Changes – Following test
mentioned in Table 3 confirms the
formation of specific compound and its
structure, absence of original elemental
and other unwanted substance.
C. Biological Changes – Following properties
mentioned in Table 4 indicates biological
changes mainly depend on physiochemical
changes.

Table 1: Depicting Details of Different Puta- Agniputa [19].

Dimensions Heating Rate Holding Self-cooling
Name of the Number of cow
Metric System (Maximum Time duration
Puta Classical dung cake
(In Cu cm) Temp.) (°C) (In h) (In h)
Mahaputa 2 Hasta 91x91x91 1500 1000 1 10
Gajaputa 1.25 Hasta 57x57x57 1000 1000 1 10
Kukkuta Puta 2 Vitasti 46x46x46 100 1000 ½ 7
VarahaPuta 1 Aratni 42x42x42 150 1000 ½ 6
Laghu Puta - 23x23x23 8 800 ½ 3.5
Bhudhra
- 20x20x20 - 140 ½ 9
Puta
Husk or cow dung
Bhanda Puta Bruhat Bhanda - 800 8 28
Powder
Gobara Puta 1Vitasti height 23x23x23 Cowdung Powder 800 4 23
Valuka Puta Bruhat Bhanda - - 800 6 28

Table 2: Tests Indicating Different Physical Properties of Bhasma.

Name of the Test Description Uses
Varitaratva [4] Float on the surface of water Lightness
Unam [4] Float on the surface of water even after placing grain over it Lightness
Rekhapurnata [4] Occupying the inter ridge space on the skin of finger pad Fineness
Shalshnatva Soft and smooth to touch Fineness
Anjanasannibh Soft and very fine form like Anjana Fineness

Table 3: Tests Indicating Different Chemical Properties of Bhasma.

Name of the Test of Bhasma Description Uses
Varna means specific colour of bhasma Specific Compound of Metal
Gatrastva devoid of any taste Conversion of Metal into specific Compound
Nishchandrikatva absence of any type of luster Conversion of Metal into specific Compound
Nirdhuma No fumes when kept over fire No free unwanted material like S, As.
incapability to regain the original
complete conversion of elemental metal into its
Apunarbhavatva [22] elemental metallic form when heated
compound
with Dravak Gana
not to regain its original elemental
complete conversion of elemental metal into its
Niruthatva [23] metallic form when heated with piece of
compound
silver.

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Marana-As a Bio-Nanotechnology of Ayurveda
Table 4: Properties Indicating the Biological Impact of Bhasma.
Biological Property of Bhasma
Shigravyapati [4]
Mrutani Lohani rasibhavanti [4]
Vichitragunadepti
DISCUSSIONS
Acharyas mentioned the ill effects of metal
and minerals if they used in natural form i.e.
ionic form. This justifies the rationale behind
the use of specific method and techniques
required to convert them into nonionic,
nontoxic and assimilable form. Shodhana,
Marana, Satvapatana, Kupipakva Rasayana
are the different methods and techniques
mentioned in the classics for utilization of
metal and minerals for the benefits of human
being. Marana technique converts toxic, ionic,
large particle of metal into the nontoxic,
nonionic, nano sized particles. Technique of
Marana consists of five unique steps. Simple
changes not only in any of five steps but also
in ingredients alter the action, indication and
efficacy of Bhasma. So we have to consider
each and every step and its role in the
preparation of
Bhasma: Repeated Heating and quenching
during shodhana converts Tamra into coarse
powder of cupric oxide [24] and hexagonal
form into monoclinic form [25]. Herbal
Media- lime water used during Samnya
shodhana of tin helpful in converting Sn to
Sn(OH)4 [26]. Calcium present in
carbonaceous material of turmeric used during
Vishesh shodhana brings stability of SnO2
crystals formed during puta [27].
The process and media –herbal drugs used
during Shodhana plays important role in size
reduction, removing the ill effects, particular
chemical compound formation and stability of
compound formed in next process.
Trituration of metal and minerals with herbal
juices leads to reduction in particle size which
indirectly increases the solid –fluid
interactions at the external surface of solid
[28–32] Trituration with herbal juices forms
organic complexes with metals which are safe
and compatible with living cells. Iron forms
complexes with corilagin, chebulagic acid and
ellagic acid which are key constitutes of
RRJoAsYN (2014) 12-18 © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Gandhi et al.
Description
Quick Absorption
can reach blood very quickly
produce unexpected therapeutic results
Triphala decoction to preserve iron molecules
in biocompatible form. This organic complex
will be converted into gallic acids, which
possess hepato protective activity [33].
Bhavana helps in the stability of compounds
formed during Puta method. Calcium present
in tamarind nut shells used along with aloe
vera juice is helpful in the stability of crystals
of tin oxide formed during puta. Carbon
formed due to conversion of herbal ingredients
would be responsible for the passivity of
cupric oxide and may not only result in
decreasing its toxicity but also imparting the
therapeutic value to the copper oxide formed
in the Tamra Bhasma [34]. Herbal media also
act as source of essential micro elements like
Potassium, Magnesium, Zinc found in Bhasma
which increase therapeutic efficacy of Bhasma
[35,36].
Thin, flat and round shape facilitates the
application of heat to each and every particle
agglomerated in pellets, which is helpful in
proper and full conversion of material into
specific compound. Agglomeration of material
in pellets may bring proper conjugation of
metal with other material and herbal juices
used for levigation, which may enhance
chances of chemical reaction between them.
Samputikarana prevents contamination of
material with ash of cow dung cakes. Low
cost, inertness, good conductivity and heat
stability makes earthen saucer as ideal choice
for Samputikarana.
The heat or temperature generated in the puta
can be divided in to three parts.
1. Heating Rate: It includes maximum
temperature and time required to attain it
in that specific puta. Maximum
temperature required for the
decomposition of the original hard
material which must be below the melting
point of metal or mineral whose bhasma is
to be prepared.
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Research and Reviews: Journal of Ayurvedic Science, Yoga and Naturopathy
Volume 1, Issue 2
2. Holding Time: It is the time for which
maximum temperature is maintained. This
time period bring complete decomposition
of the original hard particle and converting
it into the proper form and structure.
3. Cooling Rate: Intensity of heat and mode
of cooling brings variation in the structure
of the compound. Self-cooling or slow
cooling may have impact on the stability
of crystal of newly formed chemical
compound during heating temperature.
Sudden cooling may cause defects in the
crystal structure formed.
Thermodynamics of Puta: Heat flows in the
Sarava Samputa by the mechanism of
conduction due to temperature gradient formed
by application of heat from all sides. Selection
of Puta depends upon the quality of metal and
minerals, other materials used for levigation
and final composition to be formed. Hess law
explains selection of specific Puta for different
material. Less heat is required for chemical
changes of easily fusible material like lead, tin
and more heat is required for chemical
changes of hard and tough material. Vanga
(Tin) bhasma can be prepared by using
Gajaputa, Ardhagajaputa and Laghu Puta [37,
38]. Ardhagaja puta found to be very effective
to prepare quality Vanga Bhasma than
Gajputa [39]. Different temperature pattern
(600 and 750°C temperature for 1 h) is
required to prepare iron Bhasma [40,41].
650°C temperature is required for the
dissociation of Hingula (Cinnabar) and iron
bhasma is formed after only cycling of puta
for seven times. Hingula (Cinnabar) may cause
early breaking of raw iron into its smaller
particles. 600°C temperature is sufficient when
decoction of Triphala is used during
calcination but more cycling, (i.e., 21) of puta
is required. So nature and type of material
cause variation in heating rate, holding time
and number of cycling of puta required for the
preparation of Bhasma.
This can be explained by Enthalpy change for
a reaction which is independent of the number
of ways to be required to obtain a product, if
the initial and final conditions are same [43].
Sulphide and oxides of lead found in the
analysis of Naga Bhasma prepared by
different methods. Change in final
RRJoAsYN (2014) 12-18 © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
composition also leads to change in final heat
of enthalpy required to prepare particular
product. Heat of formation of specific
compound, specific heat of the metal must be
considered while selecting the specific Puta.
There is always temperature lag between
temperature set in muffle furnace or
temperature recorded after burning of cow
dung cakes and temperature with in Sharava
Samputa in which actual medicine is kept. In
Gajaputa temperature above 720°C inside the
Sharava Samputa leads to CaO formation
while preparing the Shankh Bhasma. Then Ca0
combine with moisture in the atmosphere and
gets converted into Ca(OH) which is irritating
to the oral mucosa [43], so proper formation of
final compound depends upon temperature
inside the Sharva Samputa.
Only Acharya Yadavji mentioned quantity of
material to be taken for the preparation of
Bhasma [44]. As per metallurgy increase in
batch size cause differences in activity due to
increased differences in surface area. Samples
from the same raw material are converted into
different products by variation of the batch
size during calcination. So Batch size is
important while preparing the Bhasma.
Cycling the Puta not only bring qualities to
treat diseases but also to bring Rasayana
(Rejuvenating) and Yogvahi (Catalytic)
properties. Cycling the Puta for 500 and 1000
times brings aphrodisiac and Rasayana
qualities simultaneously [45]. Sahastra puti
and Sataputi Lauha Bhasma contain very fine
particles with four and two times more surface
area simultaneously than ordinarily prepared
bhasma [46]. Increase in surface of Bhamsa
particle increases the bioavaibilty. Cycling of
puta brings step wise completion of SnO2
formation through its hydroxide formation
[27]. Cycling of puta converts total amount of
raw element of metal into the biocompatible
and nontoxic form.
CONCLUSION
Any Pharmaceutics not only deals with
potentiating effect of drug but also to reduce
its ill effect on body. The same is true with
ancient pharmaceutics-Rasashastra and
Bhaishajaya Kalpana. Marana is the core
Page 16
Marana-As a Bio-Nanotechnology of Ayurveda
method of preparation of medicines from
metal and minerals. In short we can call
complex procedure of Marana as a Bio-
nanotechnology used by Ayurvedic scientist in
the 8th B.C. century.
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