SI-5243 Sustainable Urban Transport

Kuliah mgg 14

Sustainable City and

Livable City
PROGRAM S2-TEKNIK SIPIL TRANSPORTASI
Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
 Cities – Background
• For the first time in history, more than half the
world’s population is living in towns and cities, and
by 2030 two thirds of the world’s population are
projected to be urban dwellers.
• As more and more people move to cities, the quality
of life offered in cities will have major impacts on
health and the environment.
 Cities – Background (cont’d)
• Low-income countries, in particular, are facing important
challenges as a result of increasing urbanization.
• Studies indicate that the way our communities are built
impacts noncommunicable diseases, injury, air pollution,
climate change, our ability to be gainfully employed, and our
ability to interact and build relationships with our neighbours.
• As low-income countries try to tackle these major problems,
ensuring cities are livable, which creates supportive
environments for healthy behaviors, is critically important.
 Urbanization
Our urbanizing world:
• Urbanization = the movement of people from rural to urban
areas
 This represents the greatest change of human society since its
transition to a sedentary agricultural lifestyle.
• Urban areas are growing rapidly due to:
 The growing human population, and
 More people are moving to urban areas.
• Urbanization began when agricultural surpluses allowed
people to leave their farms.
 Urbanization (cont’d)
Global Urbanizing Trends:
• In 1950, 30% of the population was urban, today it’s 49%.
• In developed nations, urbanization has slowed.
 Suburbs = the smaller communities that ring cities.
• Developing nations are urbanizing rapidly.
 People are searching for jobs and urban lifestyles.
 Urbanization (cont’d)
Today’s urban centers are unprecedented:
• Urban centers have been part of human culture for thousands
of years.
 The sheer scale of today’s urban areas is unprecedented.
• Today, 20 cities are home to more than 10 million residents.
 Tokyo, Japan, is home to 35 million people.
 Mexico City and New York City, each hold 19 million.
• The majority of urban dwellers live in smaller cities.
 Urbanization (cont’d)
Urban growth has often been rapid.
• American cities grew rapidly
 Due to increased trade.
 Crowding and deteriorating economic conditions occurred.
 Residents moved to the suburbs.
• Cities in southern and western states have grown
 People in northern and eastern states moved in search of warmer
weather or more space.
Urbanization (cont’d)
 Cities – Background

Urbanization in developing countries

• Most fast-growing cities are in developing countries
 Less need for farm labor due to industrialization
 Wars, conflict, and ecological degradation
• Many of these cities face overcrowding, pollution, growth.
 Urbanization (cont’d)
Factors influence the geography of urban areas:
• Climate, topography, and the configuration of waterways help
determine if a small settlement becomes a large city.
• Many well-located cities are linchpins in trading networks:
 They funnel in resources from agricultural regions.
 Portland, Oregon; and Chicago, Illinois
Urbanization (cont’d)
 Urbanization (cont’d)
Spatial patterns of urbanization change:
• Today, population centers are decentralizing:
 Global commerce, jet travel, television, cell phones,
the Internet…
 Businesses don’t need to be in urban areas.
 Highway networks make it easier to commute.
 Urbanization (cont’d)
People have moved to suburbs:
• By the mid-1900s, the U.S. and other countries had accumu-
lated more people than jobs.
 Unemployment caused poverty and crime.
 Affluent city dwellers moved to cleaner, less-crowded suburbs.
• Suburbs had advantages of space and privacy:
 More space, better economic conditions, cheaper real estate, less
crime, and better schools
• But natural space decreased with increasing suburbs:
 People had to drive everywhere, increasing traffic congestion.
 Urban Sprawl
Urban Sprawl:
• Houses and roads supplant more than 2 million ha (2.5 million
acres) of U.S. land per year.
• Sprawl = the spread of low-density urban or suburban
development outward from an urban center.
 Physical spread of development is greater than the rate of population
growth.
 Phoenix, Arizona’s land area grew 27 times larger, while its population
grew 12 times larger between 1950 and 2002.
• People in suburbs take up more space.
Urban Sprawl (cont’d)
 Urban Sprawl (cont’d)

• Each person in a suburban region takes up an

average of 11 times as much space as does a
resident of the city proper.
 Urban Sprawl (cont’d)
• Several types of development lead to urban sprawl:
 Urban Sprawl (cont’d)
Urban sprawl has several causes:
• Human population growth.
• Per Capita Land Consumption: more land per person.
 The amount of sprawl = the number of people added to an area times
the amount of land the average person occupies.
 Interstate highways.
 Technologies (telecommunications and the Internet) free businesses
from dependence on the centralized infrastructure and workers can
live wherever they desire.
 Urban Sprawl (cont’d)
• People like their space and privacy.
• Economists, politicians, and city boosters have encour-
aged it.
 “Growth is good”.
 Urban Sprawl (cont’d)
What is wrong with urban sprawl?
• Transportation: people are forced to drive cars.
 Pressure to own cars and drive greater distances.
 Increases dependence on nonrenewable petroleum.
 Lack of mass transit options.
 More traffic accidents .
 Urban Sprawl (cont’d)
• Pollution from sprawl’s effects on transportation:
 Carbon dioxide, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing air pollutants.
 Motor oil and road salt from roads and parking lots.
 Urban Sprawl (cont’d)
What else is wrong with urban sprawl?
• Health: promotes physical inactivity because driving cars
replaces walking.
 Increases obesity and high blood pressure.
• Land use: less land is left as forests, fields, farmland, or
ranchland.
 Loss of ecosystem services, recreation, aesthetic beauty, wildlife habitat.
• Economics: drains tax dollars from communities.
 For roads, water and sewer systems, electricity, police and fire services,
schools in new developments.
 City/Regional Planning
City and regional planning:
• City planning = the professional pursuit that attempts to
design cities so as to maximize their efficiency, functionality,
and beauty.
 Planners advise policymakers on development options, transportation
needs, public parks, etc.
• Daniel Burnham’s 1909 Plan of Chicago = the first thorough
plan for an American city.
 City/Regional Planning

The Plan of Chicago:

• Expanded city parks, playgrounds.
• Streamlined traffic systems.
• Removed industry and railroads from Lake Michigan.
City/Regional Planning
 City/Regional Planning
City and regional planning:
• City planning grew throughout 20th century:
 Expanding urban populations.
 Decay of inner cities.
 Wealthier residents fled to suburbs.
• Regional planning = deals with same issues as city
planning, but with broader geographic scales that must
coordinate with multiple municipal governments.
 City/Regional Planning
• Zoning:
 City/Regional Planning
• Zoning = the practice of classifying areas for different
types of development and land use.
 Can restrict areas to a single use or can allow a combination of
residential and commercial use.
• Opponents say that zoning’s government restriction
violates individual freedoms.
• Proponents say government can set limits for the good of
the community.
 City/Regional Planning

Urban growth boundaries (UGBs):

• Limits sprawl: keeps growth in existing urbanized areas.
 Revitalize downtowns.
 Protect farms, forests, and their industries.
 Ensure urban dwellers some access to open space.
• May reduce infrastructure costs.
 City/Regional Planning
• Disadvantages:
 Increases housing prices within their boundaries.
 Restricts development outside the urban growth boundaries
(UGB).
 Increases the density of new housing inside the UGB.
• Increasing pressure to expand boundaries.
 City/Regional Planning
Oregon’s urban growth boundary:
• The long-term goal was to prevent growth of a
megalopolis stretching from Eugene to Seattle.
City/Regional Planning
 City/Regional Planning
Smart growth:
• Smart growth = urban growth boundaries and other land
use policies to control growth.
• Proponents promote:
 Healthy neighborhoods and communities.
 Jobs and economic development.
 Transportation options.
 Environmental quality.
 City/Regional Planning

• Building “up, not out”

 Focusing development in existing areas.
 Favoring multistory shop-houses and high-rises.
 City/Regional Planning
• Principles of smart growth:
• Mixed land uses;
• Compact building design;
• Range of housing
opportunities and choices;
• Walkable neighborhoods;
• Distinctive, attractive
neighborhoods;
• Preserve open space;
• Develop existing
communities;
• A variety of transportation
choices;
• Predictable development
decisions; and
• Community collaboration in
development decisions.
 New Urbanism
New urbanism:
• New urbanism = neighborhoods are designed on a
walkable scale.
 Homes, businesses, and schools are close together.
• Functional neighborhoods in which most of a family’s
needs can be met without the use of a car.
New Urbanism
 New Urbanism
Transit-oriented development:
• Transit-oriented development = communities arrayed
around stops on a major rail transit line.
 People can travel by train and foot alone.
• Zoning rules must cooperate with new urbanism.
 Denser development must be allowed.
 New Urbanism
Mass transportation:
• A key in improvement of quality of urban life.
• Options include:
 Public buses.
 Trains and subways.
 Light rail = smaller rail systems powered by electricity.
• Cheaper, more energy efficient, and cleaner.
• Traffic congestion is eased.
New Urbanism
 New Urbanism

Train and bus systems:

• The most-used train and bus systems in the U.S. are in
the largest cities.
 Carry more than 25% of each city’s daily commuters.
• Most countries have bus systems more accessible than in
the U.S.
• Light rail systems are rapidly increasing.
New Urbanism (cont’d)
 New Urbanism (cont’d)
Problems with mass transport:
• Expensive to replace existing roads.
• Types of mass transit differ in their effectiveness.
 Depends on city size, and size of the transit system.
 New Urbanism (cont’d)
• Governments can encourage mass transit:
 Raise fuel taxes.
 Tax inefficient modes of transport.
 Reward carpoolers.
 Encourage bicycle use and bus ridership.
 Charge trucks for road damage.
 Stimulate investment in renewed urban centers.
 New Urbanism (cont’d)
Parks and open spaces are key elements:
• City dwellers want to escape from noise, commotion, and
stress of urban life.
• Natural lands, public parks, and open space provide
greenery, scenic beauty, freedom, and recreation.
• Protecting natural lands becomes more important with
increased urbanization.
 Because urban dwellers become more isolated and disconnected
with nature.
 New Urbanism (cont’d)
City Parks:
• Originated in America at the end of the 19th century.
 People wanted to make dirty, crowded cities more livable.
 Began in eastern cities.
 Lawns, groves, and curved pathways originated with European
ideals.
 New Urbanism (cont’d)
City Parks:
 New Urbanism (cont’d)
Conflicts between the wealthy and labor classes:
• Conflicts over park’s intended purposes arose.
 Rich citizens wanted aesthetic “pleasure grounds” .
 Carriage rides
 Poor citizens were interested in active recreation.
 Ballgames
New Urbanism (cont’d)
 New Urbanism (cont’d)
Smaller public spaces are also important:
• Small spaces can make a big difference.
 Playgrounds, community gardens
New Urbanism (cont’d)
 New Urbanism (cont’d)
Greenways:
• Greenways = strips of land that connect parks or
neighborhoods.
 Protect water quality.
 Boost property values.
 Corridors for wildlife movement.
 New Urbanism (cont’d)
• Ecological restoration in cities.
 Enhances “naturalness” of cities.
• San Francisco’s Presidio area is being restored to native
dune communities.
 Urbanization

Urbanization impacts the environment:

• Resource sinks = cities must import resources from long
distances.
 We rely on large expanses of land elsewhere for resources.
 We need natural land for ecosystem services (air and water
purification, nutrient cycling, water treatment).
New Urbanization (cont’d)
 Urbanization (cont’d)
People don’t feel the consequences of choices:
• Isolated urban residents don’t feel the environmental
impact of their choices.
• Long distance transportation of resources requires a
great deal of fossil fuels.
• But, a world without cities would require more fossil
fuels.
 Urbanization (cont’d)
Efficiency in urban areas:
• Efficiency = the concentration of people in cities allows
efficient consumption of resources.
 City density facilitates social services that improve the quality of life.
• Medical services, education, water and sewer systems,
waste disposal, transportation.
 Urbanization (cont’d)
Consumption in urban areas:
• Consumption = heavy use of outside resources extends
ecological footprints of cities to a level far beyond their
actual sizes.
 Cities take up only 2% of the land surface, but consume more than
75% of the world’s resources.
 Urban dwellers have far larger ecological footprints that rural
dwellers.
 But, urban residents tend to be wealthier, and wealth correlates
with consumption.
 Urbanization (cont’d)
Cities preserve land but export pollution:
• Because people are packed densely in cities, more land outside
cities is left undeveloped.
• If cities did not exist, we would have much less room for agriculture,
wilderness, biodiversity, or privacy.
• Cities export wastes and transfer the costs of activities to other
regions.
• Citizens are exposed to pollution such as heavy metals and chemicals.
• The poor bear the brunt of pollution because they are too poor
to move.
 Urbanization (cont’d)
Cities have noise and light pollution:
• Noise pollution = undesired ambient sound.
 Degrades aesthetic surroundings.
 Can induce stress and harm hearing.
• Light pollution = lights obscure the night sky, impairing
the visibility of stars.
 Urbanization (cont’d)
Urban centers foster innovation:
• Cities promote a flourishing cultural life:
 They spark innovation and creativity.
 Promote education and scientific research.
 They are engines of technological and artistic inventiveness.
• They serve as markets for organic produce, recycling, and
education.
 Urbanization (cont’d)
Some seek sustainability for cities:
• Cities must replace the one-way linear metabolism of
importing resources and exporting wastes.
 Destabilizes environmental systems and are not sustainable.
• Urban ecology = cities can be viewed explicitly as
ecosystems.
• Fundamentals of ecology and systems apply to cities.
 Urban Sustainability
To achieve urban sustainability: cities should…
• Use resources efficiently;
• Recycle;
• Develop environmentally friendly technologies;
• Account fully for external costs;
• Offer tax incentives for sustainable practices;
• Use locally produced resources;
• Use organic waste and wastewater to restore soil fertility; and
• Encourage urban agriculture.
 Urban Sustainability
Cities can become sustainable:
• Singapore, Japan, produces all its own meat.
• Curitiba, Brazil, has a highly effective bus network, as well
as provides recycling, environmental education, job
training, and free health care.
• Developed countries should invest in resource-efficient
technologies to reduce their impacts.
• Developing countries should invest in basic infrastructure to
improve health and living conditions.
 Urban Sustainability
Conclusions:
• As half the human population has moved to urban lifestyles,
our environmental impact has changed.
• Resources must be delivered over long distances.
• Urban sustainability makes urban areas better places to live.
 Expanding transportation options to relieve congestion.
 Ensuring access to park lands and greenspaces prevents us from
becoming isolated from nature.
• American cities are becoming more livable.
 Community Livability
• Community Livability refers to the environmental and social quality of an
area as perceived by residents, employees, customers and visitors.
• This includes safety and health (traffic safety, personal security, public
health), local environmental conditions (cleanliness, noise, dust, air quality,
water quality), the quality of social interactions (neighborliness, fairness,
respect, community identity and pride), opportunities for recreation and
enter- tainment, aesthetics, and existence of unique cultural and
environmental resources (e.g., historic structures, mature trees, traditional
architectural styles).
 Community Livability
Figure 1. Livability and Other Sustainability Issues.

Livability refers to the subset of sustainability issues that directly affect community residents.
 Community Livability
• Community livability directly benefits people who live in,
work in or visit an area, increases property values and
business activity, and it can improve public health and
safety.
• Conversely, improving community livability can help
achieve transport planning objectives such as reduced
automobile travel, increased use of other modes, and
more compact land use development [Holian and Kahn,
2012].
 Community Livability
• Livability is largely affected by conditions in the public realm,
places where people naturally interact with each other and
their community, including streets, parks, transportation
terminals and other public facilities, and so is affected by
public policy and planning decisions.
 Transportation Impacts on Livability

• Transportation decisions can have major impacts on

community livability. Streetscapes that are attractive,
safe and suitable for a variety of transportation modes
(particularly walking) are a key factor in community
livability.
• Commute travel time and congestion tend to reduce
life satisfaction [Choi et al., 2013].
 Transportation Impacts on Livability
• Traffic safety, traffic noise and local air pollution,
affordability, impervious surface coverage (i.e., the
portion of land devoted to roads and parking),
preservation of environmental and cultural structures,
and opportunities for recreation are all livability factors
often affected by transportation policies and practices.
Transportation Impacts on Livability
• Transportation decisions can also affect social interactions and
community cohesion [Forkenbrock and Weisbrod, 2001].
• Pedestrian-friendly streets create opportunities for people to
meet and interact, helping to create community networks.
• A classic study by Appleyard [1981] and Hart [2008] found
that residents of higher traffic volume streets are less likely to
know their neighbors, and show less concern over their local
environment than residents of streets with lower traffic
volumes and speeds.
 Transportation Impacts on Livability
• Traditional transportation planning tends to emphasize vehicle
mobility improvements over other community livability objectives.
• Streets were designed primarily to maximize traffic flow, and
buildings were designed to maximize parking convenience. Far
greater resources were devoted to automobile facilities (road and
parking) than for nonmotorized modes.
• Funding was available to landscape freeways, but not neighborhood
streets. Important environmental and social features, and
sometimes whole communities, were destroyed during highway
construction.
 Transportation Impacts on Livability
• There is now increasing appreciation of the importance
of community livability objectives.
• Planners realize that roads often play multiple roles as
both travel corridors and places for community
interaction.
• Many communities now favor roadway improvements
that reduce traffic speeds and limit traffic volumes for
the sake of livability.
 Transportation Impacts on Livability
• Transportation Demand Management can help achieve
many community Livability objectives, including
improved Walking and Cycling conditions; Basic Access,
improved Accessibility and transportation affordability;
increased Security, Health and Safety; Emission
Reductions; improved opportunities for community
interaction and recreation; and preservation of
greenspace and cultural artifacts.
 Transportation Impacts on Livability

• Many of the Active Community Environment factors

advocated by the U.S. Center for Disease Control, such
more walkable communities and incentives for reduced
automobile travel, are supported by transportation
demand management [Killingsworth and Lamming,
2001].
Strategies for Improving Community Livability
• The following TDM strategies tend to be particularly
effective at achieving Livability objectives.
Nonmotorized Transportation Improvements
• Pedestrian Improvements and Bicycle Improvements can help
create attractive, safe and vibrant streets and improve
transportation choice. Nonmotorized Transportation Encour-
agement programs can help overcome specific barriers to
cycling and walking and increase the number of people using
these modes.
Strategies for Improving Community Livability
Land Use Management Strategies
• Land use management strategies such as New Urbanism and
Smart Growth are the basis for creating more Accessibility
communities with attractive, walkable neighborhoods and a
variety of Transportation Choices. Location-Efficient Mortgages
can make urban infill development more affordable and
financially attractive, leading to mixed-use and mixed-income
communities. Land use planning is often an opportunity for
communities to establish livability objectives and implement
programs to achieve these objectives (Land Use Evaluation).
Strategies for Improving Community Livability
Complete Streets Policies
• Complete Streets refers to roadway design and operating
practices intended to safely accommodate diverse users and
activities including pedestrians, cyclists, motorists, public
transport users, people with disabilities, plus adjacent
businesses and residents. Complete Streets policies are a
practical ways to improve Transportation Options and Safety.
Strategies for Improving Community Livability
Traffic Calming
• Traffic Calming includes a variety of roadway design features
that reduce vehicle traffic speeds and volumes. This can
reduce traffic Speed, noise and air pollution, and improve
safety, particularly for residents. It is often implemented in
conjunction with other roadway environmental improvements
such as landscaping and Road Space Reallocation.
Strategies for Improving Community Livability
Car-Free Planning and Vehicle Restrictions
• Comprehensive Car-free Planning and Vehicle
Restrictions that support other TDM strategies
(nonmotorized transport,
transit, efficient land use, etc.) can significantly improve
livability by reducing vehicle traffic and improving
nonmotorized accessibility. Campus Transportation Manage-
ment can be a way to create and improve Car-Free areas in
campus areas.
Strategies for Improving Community Livability

Parking Management
• Parking Management can be an important way to support
community livability. It can create more attractive landscapes,
improve accessibility and walkability, preserve greenspace
and increase housing affordability.
Strategies for Improving Community Livability

Universal Design
• Universal Design refers to facility designs that accommodate
the widest range of potential users, including people with
disabilities and other special needs. Universal Design supports
accessibility, community cohesion, and equity objectives.
Strategies for Improving Community Livability
Tourist Transportation Management
• Livability factors, such as local environmental quality,
walkability and preservation of important artifacts, can be
particularly important in resort communities. Tourist
Transportation Management can help preserve the attributes
that attract visitors to a recreational area, improve visitors’
transportation choices, and mitigate problems for residents
and employees, such as seasonal traffic congestion and
parking problems.
Strategies for Improving Community Livability

Special Event Transportation Management

• Special Event Transportation Management involves encour-
aging the use of alternative modes to events such as fairs,
concerts and games. This can make such events more
enjoyable and affordable, and mitigate problems such as
traffic congestion.
Strategies for Improving Community Livability
School Trip Management
• School Trip Management encourages parents, students and staff
to reduce automobile trips and use alternative modes for travel
to and from schools. This can support community livability
objectives including transportation choice, accessibility,
walkability, affordability, community interaction and reduced
traffic on local streets. It can be a catalyst for more efficient land
use, Nonmotorized Transportation Planning, and other strategies
that support livability objectives.
Strategies for Improving Community Livability
Address Security Concerns
• Efforts to Address Security Concerns can improve personal
safety, which directly increases community livability and
supports other objectives such as transportation choice,
community interaction and reduced automobile traffic.
Increasing Transportation SystemResilience can improve
security for individuals and communities.
Strategies for Improving Community Livability

Transit Improvements
• Transit service quality and affordability are important for
many livability objectives, including transportation choice,
affordability and reduced automobile traffic. Transit Oriented
Development can be a catalyst for more livable community
development, such as urban neighborhood redevelopment.
On the other hand, heavy diesel bus traffic can reduce
streetscape environmental quality.
Strategies for Improving Community Livability
Designing for Community Cohesion
• Community cohesion refers to the quantity and quality of
interaction between people in a community. Human society is
adaptable. Communities can function in all sorts of
conditions, from rural villages to tower apartments. But some
work better than others. Community cohesion improves with:
• An attractive public realm – which encourages interaction.
• Walkability – which brings people outside in areas where they can
interact.
• Mixed Land Use – which brings services close to people.
Strategies for Improving Community Livability

Transportation Services
• Ridesharing (carpooling and vanpooling) and Carsharing
(automobile rental services intended to substitute for private
vehicle ownership) and Taxi Service Improvements can help
support livability objectives, including transportation choice,
affordability and reduced automobile traffic.
Strategies for Improving Community Livability

Shuttle Services
• Shuttle Services include a variety of transportation services
that use small buses or vans to provide public mobility. This
can help support livability objectives, including transportation
choice and affordability, and is particularly appropriate for
local, community-based mobility programs.
Strategies for Improving Community Livability
Telework
• Telework involves the use of telecommunications to
substitute for physical travel. It includes telecommuting,
employees with mobile work (e.g., sales staff or field workers
who rely heavily on telecommunications), and people who are
self-employed and able to work from a home office due to
efficient communications. This can help support livability
objectives, including transportation choice, affordability and
reduced automobile traffic.
Strategies for Improving Community Livability

Transportation Management Association

• Transportation Management Associations are private, non-
profit, member-controlled organizations that provide trans-
portation services in a particular area, such as a business
district, mall, medical center or industrial park. They can
provide a framework for implementing a wide range of
specific transportation strategies that achieve livability
objectives in a specific district or neighborhood.
Strategies for Improving Community Livability

Institutional Reforms
• Institutional reforms such as Least Cost Planning and more
flexible road and parking design standards [FHWA, 1998] can
help support community livability objectives.
Strategies for Improving Community Livability

Sustainable Transportation
• Sustainable Transportation refers to transportation systems
that respond to long-term and indirect economic, social and
environmental objectives. Sustainable Transportation plan-
ning can provide a framework for implementing community
livability improvements.
 Evaluating Community Livability
• Livability can be difficult evaluate.
• A variety of factors affect perceived environmental and social conditions,
many of which are difficult to measure.
• People often have different preferences and priorities regarding
community livability. Some factors, such as safety, aesthetics and
friendliness, are important livability attributes in their own right, and as
indicators of residents’ pride and consideration, which are also livability
attributes, and so it may be difficult to determine which factors are the
most important.
 Evaluating Community Livability

• Despite these obstacles, livability can be evaluated using various

indicators.
• The list below indicates general community livability objectives.
This list can be modified and prioritized based on community
surveys and public involvement techniques.
• The results can be used to create evaluation criteria and indicators
for evaluating specific transportation and land use decisions (TDM
Planning and Implementation).
 Community Livability Objectives
• Perception of public safety.
• Attractive streetscapes and other public facilities.
• Community character. A livable community tends to value
having a unique identify that makes it special and instills a
sense of community pride.
• Friendliness and consideration. Positive personal inter-
actions between people (including residents, employees and
visitors) contribute to community livability.
 Community Livability Objectives
• Community cohesion. This refers to the degree of social
networking in a community, including the degree to which
residents cooperate and interact.
• Walkability. Walking is a primary way that people travel,
interact and experience their community.
• Convenience, Accessibility andTransportation Choice, which
increase people’s opportunities for employment, shopping and
recreation, and support equity objectives.
• Quiet, fresh air and cleanliness.
 Community Livability Objectives
• Quality of independent mobility for children, elders and
people with special needs.
• Recreation. Opportunities for fun, exercise and informal
community interaction.
• Affordability allows people of all income classes to be part of
a community, and reduces stress and uncertainty on
residents.
• Equity. Respect, fairness and consideration of people with
special needs are important for community livability.
 Community Livability Objectives
• The European Commission report Kids on the Move [EC, 2002] emphasizes
the importance of designing urban communities that accommodate
children’s physical exercise, independent mobility, and ability to explore
their environment.
• It states, “all too often, our towns and cities seem to have been designed
without any regard for children and young people. Public spaces and
modes of transport – devised by healthy adults for, at best, other healthy
adults – neglect the needs of children just as they neglect the needs of
other ‘minorities’. This poses a threat to children’s independence and has a
serious effect on their development and well-being.”
 Community Livability Objectives
• The degree to which urban landscapes and transportation
systems accommodate the needs of children and other
people with special needs can be considered an indicator of
community livability.
 Community Livability Objectives
Fabish and Haas [2011] recommend the following livability
program performance indicators:
• Program commitment delivery (did the program accomplish what
was intended?)
• Portion of regional development in targeted areas (did the program
encourage developed where desired?)
• Leveraged funding (did the program close the financing gap?)
• Transportation targets (did it increase transit ridership, improve
pedestrian and bicycle access, achieve intended cost efficiencies, etc.).
 Livability Best Practices
• Livability impacts should be treated seriously in transportation
planning. Planning and investment practices should give traffic
reduction and management strategies intended to achieve community
livability objectives equal consideration as roadway and parking
capacity expansion.
• Comprehensive Transportation Planning should include atten- tion to
livability impacts, including effects on walking conditions, streetscape
aesthetics, safety, affordability, recreation opportun- ities, community
cohesion, and other special community attributes. Techniques should
be developed and used that help stakeholders understand such
impacts.
 Livability Best Practices
• Public involvement should be used to develop community
livability priorities and objectives for use in transportation
and land use planning.
• Planning and funding practices should be reformed to
correct any biases that favor high-speed, highway travel
over lower-speed, local travel.
 Sustainable City
• A sustainable city, or eco-city is a city designed with
consideration of environmental impact, inhabited by people
dedicated to minimization of required inputs of energy, water
and food, and waste output of heat, air pollution  CO2,
methane, and water pollution.
• Richard Register first coined the term "eco-city" in his 1987
book, Ecocity Berkeley: Building Cities for a Healthy Future
[Register, 1987].
• The field of industrial ecology is sometimes used in planning
these cities.
 Sustainable City
• There remains no completely agreed upon definition for what
a sustainable city should be or completely agreed upon
paradigm for what components should be included.
• Generally, developmental experts agree that a sustainable city
should meet the needs of the present without sacrificing the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• The ambiguity within this idea leads to a great deal of
variation in terms of how cities carry out their attempts to
become sustainable [Magilavy, 2011].
 Sustainable City
• However, a sustainable city should be able to feed itself with
minimal reliance on the surrounding countryside, and power
itself with renewable sources of energy.
• The crux of this is to create the smallest possible ecological
footprint, and to produce the lowest quantity of pollution
possible, to efficiently use land; compost used materials,
recycle it or convert waste-to-energy, and thus the city's
overall contribution to climate change will be minimal, if such
practices are adhered to.
 Sustainable City
• It is estimated that over 50% of the world’s population now
lives in cities and urban areas.
• These large communities provide both challenges and
opportunities for environmentally-conscious developers,
and there are distinct advantages to further defining and
working towards the goals of sustainable cities.
• Humans are social creatures and thrive in urban spaces that
foster social connections.
 Sustainable City
• Because of this, a shift to more dense, urban living would
provide an outlet for social interaction and conditions
under which humans can prosper.
• Contrary to common belief, urban systems can be more
environmentally sustainable than rural or suburban
living.
 Sustainable City
• With people and resource located so close to one
another it is possible to save energy and resources things
such as food transportation and mass transit systems.
• Finally, cities benefit the economy by locating human
capital in one relatively small geographic area where
ideas can be generated.
 Practical Achievement
These ecological cities are achieved through various means,
such as:
• Different agricultural systems such as agricultural plots within the city
(suburbs or center). This reduces the distance food has to travel from
field to fork. Practical work out of this may be done by either small
scale/private farming plots or through larger scale agriculture (e.g.,
farmscrapers).
• Renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines, solar panels, or bio-
gas created from sewage. Cities provide economies of scale that make
such energy sources viable.
 Practical Achievement
• Various methods to reduce the need for air conditioning (a
massive energy demand), such as planting trees and
lightening surface colors, natural ventilation systems, an
increase in water features, and green spaces equaling at least
20% of the city's surface. These measures counter the “heat
island effect” caused by an abundance of tarmac and asphalt,
which can make urban areas several degrees warmer than
surrounding rural areas—as much as six degrees Celsius
during the evening.
 Practical Achievement
• Improved public transport and an increase in
pedestrianization to reduce car emissions. This requires a
radically different approach to city planning, with
integrated business, industrial, and residential zones.
Roads may be designed to make driving difficult.
• Optimal building density to make public transport viable
but avoid the creation of urban heat islands.
 Practical Achievement
• Solutions to decrease urban sprawl, by seeking new ways
of allowing people to live closer to the workspace. Since
the workplace tends to be in the city, downtown, or
urban center, they are seeking a way to increase density
by changing the antiquated attitudes many suburbanites
have towards inner-city areas. One of the new ways to
achieve this is by solutions worked out by the Smart
Growth Movement.
 Practical Achievement
• Green (vegetated) roofs.
• Sustainable transport.
• Zero-energy building.
• Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS).
• Energy conservation systems/devices.
• Xeriscaping  garden and landscape design for water conserva-
tion.
• Key Performance Indicators  development and operational
management tool providing guidance and measurement and
verification (M&V) for city administrators.
 Architecture
• Buildings provide the infrastructure for a functioning city
and allow for many opportunities to demonstrate a
commitment to sustainability.
• A commitment to sustainable architecture encompasses
all phases of building including the planning, building,
and restructuring.
 Eco-Industrial Park
• The purpose of an eco-industrial park is to connect a
number of firms and organizations to work together to
decrease their environmental impact while simultaneously
improving their economic performance [Lowe, 2001].
• The community of businesses accomplishes this goal
through collaboration in managing environmental and
resource issues, such as energy, water, and materials [Lowe,
2001].
 Eco-Industrial Park
• The components for building an eco-industrial park
include natural systems, more efficient use of energy, and
more efficient material and water flows [Lowe, 2001].
• Industrial parks should be built to fit into their natural
settings in order to reduce environmental impacts, which
can be accomplished through plant design, landscaping,
and choice of materials.
 Eco-Industrial Park
• For instance, there is an industrial park in Michigan built
by Phoenix Designs that is made almost entirely from
recycled materials [Indigo Development, undated].
• The landscaping of the building will include native trees,
grasses, and flowers, and the landscaping design will also
act as climate shelter for the facility [Indigo
Development, undated].
 Eco-Industrial Park
• In choosing the materials for building an eco-industrial
park, designers must consider the life-cycle analysis of
each medium that goes into the building to assess their
true impact on the environment and to ensure that they
are using it from one plant to another, steam connections
from firms to provide heating for homes in the area, and
using renewable energy such as wind and solar power
[Lowe, 2001].
 Eco-Industrial Park
• In terms of material flows, the companies in an eco-industrial
park may have common waste treatment facilities, a means
for transporting by-products from one plant to another, or
anchoring the park around resource recovery companies that
are recruited to the location or started from scratch [Lowe,
2001].
• To create more efficient water flows in industrial parks, the
processed water from one plant can be reused by another
plant and the parks infrastructure can include a way to collect
and reuse storm water runoff [Lowe, 2001].
 Urban Farming
• Urban farming is the process of growing and
distributing food, as well as raising animals, in and
around a city or in urban area.
 Urban Farming
• According to the RUAF Foundation, urban farming is different from
rural agriculture because “it is integrated into the urban economic
and ecological system: urban agriculture is embedded in  and
interacting with  the urban ecosystem. Such linkages include the
use of urban residents as laborers, use of typical urban resources
(like organic waste as compost and urban wastewater for
irrigation), direct links with urban consumers, direct impacts on
urban ecology (positive and negative), being part of the urban
food system, competing for land with other urban functions, being
influenced by urban policies and plans, etc.” [Resource Centres on
Urban Agriculture and Food Security, undated].
 Urban Farming
• There are many motivations behind urban agriculture, but in the
context of creating a sustainable city, this method of food
cultivation saves energy in food transportation and saves costs.
• In order for urban farming to be a successful method of sustain-
able food growth, cities must allot a common area for
community gardens or farms, as well as a common area for a
farmers market in which the foodstuffs grown within the city can
be sold to the residents of the urban system [Resource Centres
on Urban Agriculture and Food Security, undated].
 Urban Infill
• Many cities are currently in a shift from the suburban
sprawl model of development to a return to urban dense
living. This shift in geographic distribution of population
leads to a denser core of city residents. These residents
provide a growing demand in many sectors that is reflect-
ed in the architectural fabric of the city.
 Urban Infill
• This new demand can be supplied by new construction or
historic rehabilitation. Sustainable cities will opt for
historical rehabilitation wherever possible. Having people
live in higher densities not only gives economies of scale
but also allows for infrastructure to be more efficient.
 Walkable Urbanism
• Walkable urbanism is a development strategy in opposition to
suburban sprawl.
• It advocates housing for a diverse population, a full mix of
uses, walkable streets, positive public space, integrated civic
and commercial centers, transit orientation and accessible open
space.
• It also advocates for density and accessibility of commercial and
government activity.
 New Urbanism
• The most clearly defined form of walkable urbanism is
known as the Charter of New Urbanism.
• It is an approach for successfully reducing environmental
impacts by altering the built environment to create and
preserve smart cities which support sustainable
transport.
 New Urbanism
• Residents in compact urban neighborhoods drive fewer miles,
and have significantly lower environmental impacts across a
range of measures, compared with those living in sprawling
suburbs [Ewing, undated].
• The concept of Circular flow land use management has also
been introduced in Europe to promote sustainable land use
patterns that strive for compact cities and a reduction of
greenfield land take by urban sprawl.
 New Urbanism
• In sustainable architecture, the recent movement of New
Classical Architecture promotes a sustainable approach towards
construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth,
walkability, architectural tradition and classical design [Charter
on the New Urbanism, undated; Traditional Architecture Group,
undated].
• This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture,
as well as opposing solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl
[American Institute of Architects, undated]. Both trends started
in the 1980s.
 Individual Buildings (LEED)
• LEED, or Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, is
an internationally recognized green building certification
system.
• LEED recognizes whole building sustainable design by
identifying key areas of excellence including: Sustainable
Sites, Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials
and Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, Locations &
Linkages, Awareness and Education, Innovation in Design,
Regional Priority [USGBC, undated].
 Individual Buildings (LEED)
• In order for a building to become LEED certified sustain-
ability needs to be prioritized in design, construction, and
use.
• One example of sustainable design would be including a
certified wood like bamboo. Bamboo is fast-growing and
has an incredible replacement rate after being harvested.
 Individual Buildings (LEED)
• By far the most credits are rewarded for optimizing
energy performance. This promotes innovative thinking
about alternative forms of energy and encourages
increased efficiency.
 Transportation
• As major focus of the sustainable cities, sustainable transpor-
tation attempts to reduce a city’s reliance and use of green-
house emitting gases by utilizing eco-friendly urban planning,
low environmental impact vehicles, and residential proximity to
create an urban center that has greater environmental
responsibility and social equity.
• Due to the significant impact that transportation services have
on a city’s energy consumption, the last decade has seen an
increasing emphasis on sustainable transportation by develop-
mental experts.
 Transportation
• Currently, transportation systems account for nearly a
quarter of the world’s energy consumption and carbon
dioxide emission.
• In order to reduce the environmental impact caused by
transportation in metropolitan areas, sustainable
transportation has three widely agreed upon pillars that
it utilizes to create more healthy and productive urban
centers.
 Carfree City
• The concept of Car-free cities or a city with large pedes-
trian areas is often part of the design of a sustainable
city.
• A large amount of the carbon footprint of a city is gener-
ated from cars so it is often consider being an integral
part of the design of a sustainable city.
 Emphasis on Proximity
• Created by eco-friendly urban planning, the concept of urban
proximity is an essential element of current and future
sustainable transportation systems.
• This requires that cities be built and added onto with
appropriate population and landmark density so that
destinations are reached with reduced time in transit. This
reduced time in transit allows for reduced fuel expenditure
and also opens the door to alternative means of
transportation such as bike riding and walking [Public
Transport Systems, undated].
 Emphasis on Proximity
• Furthermore, close proximity of residents and major
landmarks allows for the creation of efficient public
transportation by eliminating long sprawled out routes and
reducing commute time.
• This in turn decreases the social cost to residents who
choose to live in these cities by allowing them more time
with families and friends instead by eliminating a part of
their commute time.
Diversity in Modes of Transportation
• Sustainable transportation emphasizes the use of a
diversity of fuel-efficient transportation vehicles in order
to reduce greenhouse emissions and diversity fuel
demand.
• Due to the increasingly expensive and volatile cost of
energy, this strategy has become very important because
it allows a way for city residents to be less susceptible to
varying highs and lows in various energy prices.
Diversity in Modes of Transportation
• Among the different modes of transportation, the use
alternative energy cars and widespread instillation of
refueling stations has gained increasing notoriety.
• Also, the creation of centralized bike and walking paths
remains a staple of the sustainable transportation
movement.
 Transportation Access
• In order to maintain the aspect of social responsibility
inherent within the concept of sustainable cities,
implementing sustainable transportation must include
access to transportation by all levels of society.
• Due to the fact that car and fuel cost are often too
expensive for lower income urban residents, completing
this aspect often revolves around efficient and accessible
public transportation.
Diversity in Modes of Transportation
• In order to make public transportation more accessible,
the cost of rides must be affordable and stations must be
located no more than walking distance in each part of
the city.
• As studies have shown, this accessibility creates a great
increase in social and productive opportunity for city
residents.
Diversity in Modes of Transportation
• By allowing lower income residents cheap and available
transportation, it allows for individuals to seek employ-
ment opportunities all over the urban center rather than
simply the area in which they live.
• This in turn reduces unemployment and a number of
associated social problems such as crime, drug use, and
violence [Sustainable Transport City, undated].
 Urban Strategic Planning
• Although there is not an international policy regarding
sustainable cities and there are not established
international standards, there is an organization, the
United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG) that is
working to establish universal urban strategic guidelines.
 Urban Strategic Planning
• The UCLC a democratic and decentralized structure that
operates in Africa, Asia, Eurasia, Europe, Latin America,
North America, Middle East, West Asian and a Metropolitan
section work to promote a more sustainable society [17].
• The 60 members of the UCLG committee evaluate urban
development strategies and debate these experiences to
make the best recommendations. Additionally, the UCLG
accounts for differences in regional and national context.
 Development
• Recently, local and national governments and regional bodies
such as the European Union have recognized the need for a
holistic understanding of urban planning.
• This is instrumental to establishing an international policy that
focuses on cities challenges and the role of the local
authorities responses.
• Generally, in terms of urban planning, the responsibility of
local governments are limited to land use and infrastructure
provision excluding inclusive urban development strategies.
 Development
• The advantages of urban based-management, clearly
identify the challenges facing local community and more
effectively responding on a local level rather than
national government and finally it improves institutional
responses and local decision making [17].
 Development
• Additionally, it increases dialogue between stakeholders
and develops consensus-based solutions, establishing
continuity between sustainability plans and the change in
local government, it places environmental issues as the
priority for the sustainable development of the city and
serves as a platform to develop concepts and new
models of housing, energy and mobility.
 Obstacles
• The City Development Strategies (CDS) has evolved to
address new challenges and to provide space for
innovative polices that involves all stakeholders.
• The inequality in spatial development and socio-
economic classes paired with recent concerns of poverty
reduction and climate change are new factors in
achieving global sustainable cities.
 Obstacles
• According to the UCLG, there are differences between
regional and national conditions, framework and practice that
are overcome in the international commitment to
communication and negotiation with other governments,
communities and the private sector, to continue to develop
through innovative and participatory approaches in strategic
decisions, building consensus and monitoring performance
management and raising investment.
 Social Factors of Sustainable Cities
• According to the UN Habitat, around half of the world’s population is
concentrated in cities that is set to rise to 60% within a couple decades.
• The UCLG has specifically identified 13 global challenges to estab-
lishing sustainable cities: demographic change and migration, globali-
zation of the job market, poverty and unmet Millennium Development
Goals, segregation, spatial patterns and urban growth, metropolization
and the rise of urban regions, more political power for local authorities,
new actors for developing a city and providing services, decline in
public funding for development, the environment and climate change,
new and accessible building technologies, preparing for uncertainty
and limits of growth and global communications and partnerships.
 Thank You
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