Useful for

T NP SC | T NUSRB | TNTET | T RB|

RRB | T NEB |TNFUSRC | MHC BASIC CIRCLE 2.0
FORCE MOTION AND ENERGY
1. Mechanics is one of the oldest branches of physics. It deals with the study of particles or bodies
when they are at rest or in motion.
2. Mechanics can be divided into statics and dynamics.
3. Statics is the study of objects at rest; this requires the idea of forces in e quilibrium.
4. Dynamics is the study of moving objects. It comes from the Greek word dynamis which means
power.
5. Dynamics is further subdivided into kinematics and kinetics.
6. Kinematics is the study of the relationship between displacement, velocity, acceleration and
time of a given motion, without considering the forces that cause the motion.
7. Kinetics deals with the relationship between the motion of bodies and forces acting on them.
8. Gravity – Force of attraction between an object and the centre of Earth, due to their masses.
9. Motion is the change in the position of an object with respect to its surrounding. Everything in
the universe is in motion.
10. Types of motion
I) Based on Axis
a) One dimensional motion is the motion of a particle moving along a straight line.
b) If a particle is moving along a curved path in a plane, then it is said to be in two dimensional
motion.
c) A particle moving in usual three dimensional space has three dimensional motion.
II) Based on direction
a) An object is said to be in linear motion if it moves in a straight line.
b) Circular motion is defined as a motion described by an object traversing a circular path.
c) If an object or particle executes a to–and– fro motion about a fixed point, it is said to be in
vibratory motion. This is sometimes also called oscillatory motion.
d) If any object moves in a rotational motion about an axis, the motion is called ‘rotation’.
During rotation every point in the object transverses a circular path about an axis, (except
the points located on the axis).
e) Random Motion – Movement of an object in random manner.
III) Based on distance and time
a) An object is said to be in uniform motion if it covers equal distances in equal intervals of
time.
b) An object is said to be in Non-uniform motion if it covers unequal distances in equal
intervals of time.
c) Projectile given an initial velocity in the horizontal direction (horizontal projection)
Ex: A ball thrown from tower, man jumping from ledge.
d) Projectile given an initial velocity at an angle to the horizontal (angular projection)
Ex: Water ejected out of a hose pipe held obliquely, cannon fired in a battle ground.
11. Examples of Projectile Motion:
i. An object dropped from window of a moving train.
ii. A bullet fired from a rifle.
iii. A ball thrown in any direction.

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iv. A javelin or shot put thrown by an athlete.

v. A jet of water issuing from a hole near the bottom of a water tank.
12. EQUATIONS OF MOTION
i. v = u + at
ii. s = ut + ½ a t2
iii. v2 = u2 + 2as
13. MOTION OF FREELY FALLING BODY
i. When objects are dropped in the absence of air medium (vacuum), all
would have reached the ground at the same time.
ii. For a freely falling body which is initially at rest, u = 0.
iii. v = gt
iv. s = ½ gt2
v. v2 = 2gh
14. Distance – The actual length of the path travelled by a moving body irrespective of the direction
is called the distance travelled by the body.
15. Displacement defined as the shortest distance between these two positions of the object. It is
a vector quantity having both magnitude and direction.
16. Speed is the rate of change of distance or the distance travelled in unit time.
17. Velocity is the rate of change of displacement. It is the displacement in unit time.
18. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity or it is the change of velocity in unit time.
19. Radian describes the planar angle subtended by a circular arc at the centre of a circle.
20. The angle described by the particle about the axis of rotation (or centre O) in a given time is
called angular displacement.
21. For circular motion, a constant force should act on the body, along the radius towards the
centre and perpendicular to the velocity of the body. This force is known as centripetal force.
22. The equal and opposite reaction to the centripetal force is called centrifugal reaction or force,
because it tends to take the body away from the centre.
23. FORCE
i. Force is an external effort in the form of push or pull, which:
▪ produces or tries to produce the motion of a static body.
▪ stops or tries to stop a moving body.
▪ changes or tries to change the direction of motion of a moving body.
ii. Force has both magnitude and direction.
iii. So, it is a vector quantity.
24. Like parallel forces: Two or more forces of equal or unequal magnitude acting along the Same
direction, parallel to each other are called like parallel forces.
25. Unlike parallel forces: If two or more equal forces or unequal forces act along opposite
directions parallel to each other, then they are called unlike parallel forces.
26. Resultant Force: When several forces act simultaneously on the same body, then the combined
effect of the multiple forces can be represented by a single force, which is termed as ‘resultant
force’.
27. If the resultant force of all the forces acting on a body is equal to zero, then the body will be in
equilibrium. Such forces are called balanced forces.
28. If the resultant force is not equal to zero, then it causes the motion of the body due to
unbalanced forces.

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29. Newton’s First Law: Every object continues to be in the state of rest or of uniform motion
(constant velocity) unless there is external force acting on it. It gives the definition of force as
well as inertia.
30. Inertia: Inertia is that property of a body by virtue of which the body is unable to change its
state by itself in the absence of external force.
31. Newton’s Second Law: “the force acting on a body is directly proportional to the rate of change
of linear momentum of the body and the change in momentum takes place in the direction of
the force”.
32. F = m x a
33. Newton’s Third Law: Newton’s third law states that for every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
34. SI unit of force is newton (N) and in C.G.S system its unit is dyne.
35. In the SI system of units, gravitational unit of force is kilogram force, represented by kg f.
36. A large force acting for a very short interval of time is called as ‘Impulsive force’ .
37. Newton’s Law of Gravitation: Every particle of matter in this universe attracts every other
particle with a force. This force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centres of these masses.
38. F =(G x m1 x m2) / 𝑟 2
39. G = 6.674 × 10-11 N 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔 −2
40. Mass of a body is defined as the quantity of matter contained in the body.
41. Weight of a body is defined as the gravitational force exerted on a body due to the gravity.
42. g = acceleration due to gravity for Earth (at sea level) = 9.8 𝑚𝑠 −2
43. Momentum is defined as the amount of motion occurring in something that is moving, or the
force that drives something forward to keep it moving.
44. An example of momentum is how quickly a car is moving down a hill.
45. The product of mass and velocity of a moving body gives the magnitude of linear momentum.
46. Linear Momentum acts in the direction of the velocity of the object.
47. Linear momentum is a vector quantity.
48. Linear Momentum = mass × velocity, p = mv.
49. Unit of momentum in SI system is kg m s–1 and in C.G.S system its unit is g cm s -1
50. PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
In the absence of an external force, the algebraic sum of the momentum after collision is
numerically equal to sum of the momentum before collision.
51. TORQUE: The rotating or turning effect of a force about a fixed point or fixed axis is called
moment of the force about that point or torque (τ).
52. COUPLE: Two equal and unlike parallel forces applied simultaneously at two distinct points
constitute a couple.
53. Moment of inertia is defined as the tendency of an object to remain in a state of rest or of a
constant rotational velocity.
54. FRICTION: Force which always opposes the relative motion between an object and the surface
where it is placed.
55. Work is said to be done, when a force acts on a body and the point of application of the force
is displaced in the direction of force.
56. Energy is defined as the capacity to do work.

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57. Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be
changed from one form to another.’
58. Types of energy
• Mechanical energy
• Electrical energy
• Heat energy
• Light energy
• Sound energy
59. The energy acquired by objects upon which work is done is known as mechanical energy
60. Energy possessed by an object due to its motion (or velocity) is called kinetic energy.KE = ½
mv2
61. The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or due to a state of strain, is called
potential energy. PE = mgh
62. Power (P) is defined as ‘the rate of doing work’. It can also be defined as ‘the work done per
unit time’.
63. Power (P) is calculated by dividing the work done (W) by the time taken (t) to do that work. P =
W/t
64. Power is a scalar quantity. Its dimension is [M𝐿2 𝑇 −3]
65. The SI unit of power is watt (W)
66. One watt is defined as the power when one joule of work is done in one second,
67. 1 W = 1 J 𝑠 −1
68. 1kW = 1000 W = 103 watt
69. 1MW = 106 watt
70. 1GW = 109 watt
71. 1 hp = 746 W
72. Collision is a common phenomenon that happens around us every now and then. For example,
carom, billiards, marbles, etc.
73. Collisions can happen between two bodies with or without physical contacts.
74. In any collision process, the total linear momentum and total energy are always conserved
whereas the total kinetic energy need not be conserved always.
75. The centre of mass of a body is defined as a point where the entire mass of the body appears
to be concentrated. This point can represent the entire body.
76. Equilibrium a state of balance between opposing forces or actions.
77. A rigid body is said to be in mechanical equilibrium when both its linear momentum and angular
momentum remain constant.
78. Whenever a body or a person falls freely under the action of Earth’s gravitational force alone,
it appears to have zero weight. This state is referred to as ‘weightlessness’.
79. There are two kinds of friction namely 1) Static friction and 2) Kinetic friction.
80. Friction (f) α N (Force applied), f = µ N (µ - Coefficient of friction.

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