Capacity planning strategies

It’s hard to plan how much capacity you’re going to have or need for a certain task, project,
moment, or scenario in most areas of life. Many people adjust as they go, making room where
they can. 
While this is a somewhat unfortunate truth of life, it doesn’t have to be one in business. Though
there’s no way to know for sure how much product to order in six months or how many workers
you’ll need in a year, there is something that can get you as close to these answers as you can
possibly be: capacity planning.
Capacity planning strategies are used to ensure that organizations have the capacity to meet their
demand and provide users with services. They include forecasting demand and quantifying
resources, estimating the investment in infrastructure and personnel required to effectively meet
the service demands, and assessing the return on the investment. Strategies can also involve
characterizing current and future system requirements, reviewing existing capacity, assessing
available options, and planning for contingencies. Capacity planning is closely related to
capacity management which monitors and adjusts to changes in external and internal factors.
Tagalog:
Ang capacity planning strategies ay ginagamit para maensure na ang isang organization ay
capable or may kapasidad naimeet and demands at para makapagprovide sa mga users ng
kanilang services. Kasama dito ang forecasting demand and quantifying resources, estimating the
investment in infrastructure and personnel required to effectively meet the service demands, and
assessing the return on the investment. Sa strategies syempre meron din involve na pag
kacharacterize ng current and future system requirements, pagreview ng mga existing capacity,
assessing available options, and planning for contingencies. Related din ang capacity planning sa
capacity management which monitors and adjusts to changes in external and internal factors.

The three main components of a capacity planning strategy are lag, lead, and match.
Lag: lag takes a reactive approach to managing capacity. Kapag ginamit yung lag strategy, yung
capacity is aadjust tuwing may changes sa demand. This type of strategy is often used when
there is a lot of uncertainty about the future and when the organization does not want to invest
too heavily in capacity that may not be needed. This capacity planning technique is advantageous
for smaller firms with limited capacity requirements.
Tagalog:
Lag takes a reactive approach to managing capacity. Kapag ginamit yung lag strategy, yung
capacity is aadjust tuwing may changes sa demand. Itong type ng strategy is kadalasang
ginagamit kapaga madaming uncertainty about sa future at kapag ayaw ng organization na mag
invest sa kapasidad na baka hindi naman kailangan. This capacity planning technique is
advantageous para sa mga smaller firms na may limited capacity requirements.
Lead: The lead element of a capacity planning strategy takes a proactive approach to managing
capacity. When using a lead strategy, capacity is increased in anticipation of future demand. This
type of strategy minimizes the risk of being under-prepared for sudden increases in demand.
Tagalog:
The lead element of a capacity planning strategy takes a proactive approach to managing
capacity. Kapag ginagamit yung lead strategy, ang kapasidad ng isang org. ay tumataas base sa
future demand. Itong strategy na to is miniminimize nya yung risk of being under-prepared for
sudden increases in demand
Match: This technique combines the lead and lag capacity planning approaches When using a
match strategy, capacity is increased or decreased gradually, so as to match current and
anticipated demand. This type of strategy is often used when the organization is expecting
steady, but not necessarily rapid, growth. In this instance, project managers must monitor actual
demand, demand planning estimates, and market developments to modify capacity increase
based on changes in the market situation.
Tagalog:
Itong technique na to ay pinagsamang lead and lag capacity planning approaches, kapag
ginagamit yung match strategy, ang kapasidad ay tumataas o bumababa ng unti-unti, so para
mamatch ang current and anticipated demand, this type of strategy is kadalasang ginagamit ng
org. kapag naeexpect ng steady pero hindi naman kailangan ng rapid growth. In instance, dapat
kailangan mamonitor ang actual demand ng mga project managers, kasama pa dito ang mga
demand planning estimates, and market developments para mamodify ang pagtaas ng kapasidad
base sa pag iiba ng situation sa market.

Structural Operation Strategies

This strategy involves analyzing, designing, and improving the tangible structures of the processes in
order to increase efficiency, reduce cost, and increase customer satisfaction. It can incorporate elements
such as facility design, workstation design, process layout, and product design. The main focus of this
strategy is to make the production processes more efficient, reducing bottleneck points, hence improving
production capability. Additionally, this strategy can also look at improving the products manufactured by
the company. This involves improving the features and design of the products, thereby increasing
customer satisfaction and expanding the potential customer base. Different variations of structural
operation strategies include the following:

1. Process design strategy

Every firm that produces a good or a service will do so by the use of a process.  This process will
use the firm’s resources in order to transform the primary inputs into some type of output.
Variations of process design strategies include the following:
Tagalog:
Lahat ng firm na nagpoproduce ng goods or service ay gumagamit ng process. Ang process na to
ay ginagamit ang mga resources ng firm para itransform and pangunahing inputs into some type
of output. Variations of process design strategies include the following:
1. Project process design strategy
A one-time event, such as construction of an apartment building, implementation of a new ERP
system, or writing a book, would all be considered a project type of process. Each of these
projects have a high degree of customization, substantial use of resources, and a complex set of
related activities. There is only a single output at the end of the project.

Tagalog:
A one-time event, katulad ng construction ng apartment building, implementation of a new ERP
system, or writing a book, lahat ng ito ay considered na project type of process. Bawat isa ng
mga projects na ay merong mataas na degree ng customization, substantial use of resources, and
a complex set of related activities. There is only a single output at the end of the project.

2. Jobbing process design strategy

Many businesses have a job shop type of process. This is most commonly used when the product
being produced is unique for each customer. It is a make-to-order type of business where
production is intermittent (i.e. rather than one entire product being completed at a time, work will
continue on multiple products as time permits). Often the product has unique characteristics for
each customer. The workers in this type of business are very highly skilled in their craft or trade.
Often they are referred to as craftsmen or makers. The volume of output is low in a job shop. The
equipment used is quite general purpose. Examples include a small bakery that produces
beautiful custom wedding cakes, or a business that makes custom guitars or bicycles based on
the customers measurements and preferences of materials and components.
Tagalog:
Halos karamihan ng business ay merong job shop type of process. Ito ay pinaka at karaniwang
ginagamit kapag ang product ay pinoproduce ay unique para sa bawat customer. Ito yung mga
make-to-order type of business where production is intermittent ibig sabihin, rather than one
entire product being completed at a time, work will continue on multiple products as time
permits. Kadalasan yung mga product ay may mga unique na characteristics bawat order ng
customer. And mga workers sa ganitong business type is tinatawag na craftsmen or makers.
Example nito ay yung mga small bakery na nagpapaorder ng customize cake.
3. Batch process design strategy
Some businesses are in the situation where they make groups of identical products on a regular
basis.  These groups are referred to as a batch. The batch will progress through a set of steps to
be completed from the start to the end. An organization may have multiple batches at different
stages coming through the process.  This type of processing is also intermittent. (start, stop,
start)  There is less variety in this type of business (compared to a job shop) and the equipment
used will be relatively general purpose and suited to the industry that they are in. Employees
need to be skilled and experienced at operating that equipment and producing these products.
Examples of products made using batch production are baked goods, aircraft parts, clothing, and
vaccines. An important decision by these firms is how big the batch should be.

Tagalog:

Ilang businesses naman ang mga nasa situation kung saan nag poproduce sila ng mga groups of
identical products sa regular basis. Ang tawag sa groups na to ay batch, ang batch ay will
progress through a set of steps to be completed from the start to the end. Ang org. is pwedeng
magkaroon ng mga maramihang batches at stages coming through the process. This type of
processing is also intermittent. (start, stop, start). kumpara sa job shop type ng business at sa mga
equipment na gagamitin will be relatively general purpose and suited to the industry that they are
in. at ang mga employees ay kailangang skilled at experienced sapag operate ng equipment at
pagproduce ng mga products, example nito yung mga baked goods, aircraft parts, clothing, and
vaccines. An important decision by these firms is how big the batch should be.

4. Mass process design strategy

This type of business produces products that are more standardized in nature. Usually the output
is high. Since the goods are quite standardized, the equipment used tends to be quite specialized
and often highly customized for that process. The skill level of the employees is usually low
because the steps are highly standardized. Although these types of jobs may not require a trade
or extensive experience, they often do require skills such as multi-tasking, concentration,
problem solving, and teamwork. Often, these processes use flexible automation that allows for
customization such as the addition of upgraded features. Examples of a repetitive process include
assembly lines such as assembling automobiles or electronics, a carwash, or a cafeteria line.
Tagalog:
Ang ganitong uri ng negosyo ay gumagawa ng mga produkto na mas standardized in nature.
Kadalasan ang output ay mataas. Since yung goods ay medyo na-standardize, and often highly
customized for that process. The skill level of the employees is usually low dahil ang mga step
ay standardize. Although ang mga ganitong uri ng trabaho ay maaaring hindi nangangailangan
ng trade o malawak na karanasan, kadalasan ay nangangailangan sila ng mga kasanayan such as
multi-tasking, concentration, problem solving, and teamwork Kadalasan, ang mga prosesong ito
ay gumagamit ng flexible automation na nagbibigay-daan para sa customozation gaya ng
pagdaragdag ng mga na-upgrade na feature. Examples of a repetitive process include assembly
lines such as assembling automobiles or electronics, a carwash, or a cafeteria line.

5. Continuous process design strategy

A continuous process is when a very high volume of standardized product is produced.  The type
of product being made is described as non-discrete. This means that these businesses do not
produce individual products, rather a product that is often a liquid or a product such as sugar,
gasoline, or steel. An example of this type of process is an oil refinery. There are not separate
individual workstations, rather the product flows from one step to the next within the system.
The equipment in this type of process is highly complex and designed solely for that product at
that facility.  There are very few workers except for those that are responsible for process
monitoring, maintenance, and cleaning.
Tagalog:
A continuous process is when a very high volume of standardized product is produced. Ang uri
ng produktong ginagawa ay inilarawan bilang non-discrete. It measn na ang mga negosyong ito
ay hindi gumagawa ng mga indibidwal na produkto, sa halip ay isang produkto na kadalasang
liquid or a product such as sugar, gasoline, o bakal. Ang isang halimbawa ng ganitong uri ng
proseso ay isang refinery ng langis. There are not separate individual workstations, rather the
product flows from one step to the next within the system. The equipment in this type of process
is highly complex and designed solely for that product at that facility. There are very few
workers except for those that are responsible for process monitoring, maintenance, and cleaning.

Layout Design Strategies

Layout planning involves making decisions that affect the physical design of a facility and the allocation
of resources, equipment, and staff. It is concerned with both the static arrangement of resources and the
dynamic movements and interactions of workers and materials. Layout designs are required to meet the
customer's needs in terms of product quality, delivery times, cost and safety. It also optimizes resources
by reducing non-value-added activities, such as search, wait time, and material movement. The goal of
good layout is to reduce the amount of space, labor, materials handling, and related costs necessary for
the production of goods and services. Layout design is critical for process optimization since it affects the
speed and efficiency of production. Effective layout should facilitate rapid movement of materials and
personnel to ensure that processes are quick with minimal interference. By considering factors such as
customer requirements, cost, safety, work flow, and aesthetics, the most effective layout design can be
developed. The layout design strategy is classified according to facility layout strategies.

Tagalog:
Layout planning involves making decisions that affect the physical design of a facility and the allocation
of resources, equipment, and staff. It is concerned with both the static arrangement of resources and the
dynamic movements and interactions of workers and materials. Ang mga disenyo ng layout ay
kinakailangan upang matugunan ang mga pangangailangan ng customer in terms sa kalidad ng
produkto, oras ng paghahatid, gastos at kaligtasan. Ino-optimize din nito ang mga mapagkukunan
sa pamamagitan ng pagbabawas ng Non-value added na activities, tulad ng search, wait time, at
material movement. Ang layunin ng good layout ay bawasan ang dami ng space, labor, materials
handling, and related costs necessary for the production of goods and services. Ang design ng layout ay
kritikal para sa pag-optimize ng proseso dahil nakakaapekto ito sa bilis at efficiency ng
produksyon. Ang effective layout ay dapat na mapadali ang mabilis na paggalaw ng mga
materyales at tauhan upang matiyak na ang mga proseso ay mabilis with minimal interference. Sa
pamamagitan ng pagsasaalang-alang sa mga salik tulad ng mga kinakailangan ng customer
requirements, cost, safety, work flow, and aesthetics, ang pinakaepektibong disenyo ng layout ay
maaaring mabuo. The layout design strategy is classified according to facility layout strategies.

Facility Layout Strategies

Facility layout strategy is a way of designing the layout of equipment and furniture in a facility, such as a
factory, warehouse, or office. The strategy is used to maximize efficiency and increase productivity by
reducing traveling distances. Additionally, this strategy ensures that all departments are interconnected in
a way that will allow for efficient communication and collaboration. The strategy also considers the
safety of workers in the facility to ensure a safe and organised workspace. This may include considering
lighting, noise levels, and traffic flow. Finally, the layout should consider the type of materials and
services being offered by the facility, such as shipping, storage, and production. The variations of
facility layout strategies include the following:
Facility layout strategy is a way of designing the layout ng mga equipment and furniture sa
isang facility, tulad ng pabrika, bodega, o opisina. Ginagamit ito upang ma-maxime yung
efficiency and increae productivity sa pamamagitan ng pagbawas sa traveling distances. The
strategy also considers the safety of workers in the facility to ensure a safe and organised workspace. This
may include considering lighting, noise levels, and traffic flow. The variations of facility layout
strategies include the following:

1. Fixed-position layout strategy

Fixed-position layout strategy is a production strategy in which production and material handling
equipment are placed in specific locations, with all workers and equipment working in the same
location throughout the course of a project. This strategy is used when there is a need to focus on
large, complex items that are too large or heavy to be easily moved, as well as when the cost of
frequent equipment relocation is too high. The fixed-position layout strategy is also often used
when there are highly specialized processes that must be completed in the same location for all
products. Generally, the fixed-position layout strategy is most effective when there is a large
number of similar items being produced in a relatively small volume. This strategy allows for
short assembly times, since workers are familiar with the same environment. It also enables
businesses to bring together personnel with specialized skills in a shared environment. Finally,
fixed-position layout strategy is often used when close monitoring is necessary for product
quality or safety reasons. For example, ships, a highway, a bridge, a house, and an operating
table in a hospital operating room.
Tagalog:
Fixed-position layout strategy is a production strategy kung saan ang mga kagamitan sa
paghawak ng produksyon at materyal ay inilalagay sa mga partikular na lokasyon, kung saan ang
lahat ng manggagawa at kagamitan ay nagtatrabaho sa parehong lokasyon sa buong kurso ng
isang proyekto. Ginagamit ang strategy na ito kapag kailangan magfocus sa malalaki, complex
item na napakalaki o mabigat para madaling ilipat, gayundin kapag masyadong mataas ang
halaga ng madalas na paglilipat ng kagamitan. The fixed-position layout strategy ay madalas
ding ginagamit kapag may mga napaka-espesyal na proseso na dapat kumpletuhin sa parehong
lokasyon para sa lahat ng produkto. Ang fixed-position layout strategy ay pinakamabisa kapag
may malaking bilang ng mga katulad na item na ginagawa sa medyo maliit na volume. Ang
strategy na ito ay nagbibigay-daan para sa maikling oras ng pagpupulong, dahil ang mga
manggagawa ay pamilyar sa parehong kapaligiran. Binibigyang-daan din nito ang mga negosyo
na pagsama-samahin ang mga tauhan na may espesyal na kasanayan sa shared environment.
Finally, fixed-position layout strategy ay kadalasang ginagamit kapag close monitor ay
kinakailangan para sa kalidad ng produkto o mga kadahilanang pangkaligtasan. Example, mga
barko, highway, tulay, bahay, at operating table sa operating room ng ospital
2. Functional layout strategy
A functional layout strategy is a type of management system wherein departments are structured
and organized according to their primary functions. This type of structure is used to maximize
efficiency by grouping together employees who perform similar tasks and processes. Generally,
a functional layout strategy allows for better alignment of skills, resources, and processes.
Additionally, this strategy can help to minimize redundancies and maximize employee
productivity. This type of organizational strategy may involve the creation of central and
dedicated departments for each of the primary functions, as well as regular collaboration between
departments. This type of system also helps to provide clear authority and responsibility in each
department.
Tagalog:
A functional layout strategy ay isang uri ng sistema ng pamamahala kung saan ang mga structure
ay organized at nakaayos ayon sa kanilang mga pangunahing tungkulin. This type of structure ay
ginagamit upang i-maximize ang kahusayan sa pamamagitan ng pagsasama-sama ng mga
empleyado na nagsasagawa ng katulad na mga gawain at proseso. Generally, ang isang
functional na strategy layout allows for better alignment para sa skills, resources, and processes.
Additionally, ang strategy na to ay maaaring makatulong upang mabawasan ang mga redundancy
at i-maximize ang pagiging produktibo ng empleyado. This type of organizational strategy may
involve the creation of central and dedicated departments for each of the primary functions,
gayundin ang regular na pakikipagtulungan sa pagitan ng mga departament. Ang ganitong uri ng
sistema ay tumutulong din sa pagbibigay ng malinaw na awtoridad at responsibilidad sa bawat
departament.
3. Cell-layout strategy
Cellular layout strategy in management is an approach for organizing a business's processes and
resources in order to facilitate more efficient workflows and proactively address production
issues. It is based on the principles of cellular manufacturing, which recognize the need to divide
the production process into distinct stages and use certain resources to focus on each stage. The
end goal is to improve productivity, reduce costs, and increase quality. To achieve these goals,
the layout of the cellular organization should be designed to ensure maximum efficiency. In
practice, this often means that some cells are dedicated to one specific production process while
other cells are a combination of multiple processes. Additionally, cells should be strategically
placed in order to ensure a smooth flow of resources and materials throughout the entire system.
A key component of cellular design strategy is the implementation of standardized workflows
and processes, which help to eliminate waste and reduce production time. Additionally, it is also
important to ensure that the layout is flexible so that it can easily be adapted to changing market
needs. Cells may need to be modified or new ones added in order to meet new demands. Finally,
this strategy should be supported by high-quality management tools, systems, and training to
ensure that each cell is functioning optimally.
Tagalog:
Cell layout strategy ay isang strategu para sa pag-aayos ng mga proseso at mapagkukunan ng
resources upang mapadali ang mas mahusay na mga daloy ng trabaho at proactive na matugunan
ang mga isyu sa produksyon. based sa principles of cell manufacturing, which recognize the need
to divide the production process into distinct stages and use certain resources to focus on each
stage. The end goal is to improve productivity, reduce costs, and increase quality. To achieve
these goals, ang layout ng cell organization ay dapat na idinisenyo upang matiyak ang maximum
efficiency.A key component of cellular design strategy is the implementation of standardized
workflows and processes, which help to eliminate waste and reduce production time. It is also
important na maensure yung layout ay flexible para madaling maadapt ng changing market
needs.
4. Product layout strategy
A product layout can be described as the process through which a product goes through before
the final stage. In simple words it means, it is an assembly line through which the works are done
in the production process. It clearly defines which work should be done first and which one
should precede it. A well-defined product layout plays a vital role in the product management of
the firm.

A product layout helps in maintaining the uniformity of products produced under a product line.
There is minimal variation and maximum utilization of resources during the production process.
Tagalog:

A product layout can be described as the process through which a product goes through before
the final stage. Meaning, it is an assembly line through which the works are done in the
production process. It defines which work should be done first at kung alin ang dapat mauna
dito. Ang product layout ay tumutulong sa pagmaintain ng uniformity ng mga products na
nagawa under product line. Meron mga minimal variations and maximum utilization of resources
during the production process.

.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D) STRATEGY
Research & Development (R&D) strategy is the set of activities and decisions that organizations make in
order to increase their ability to create new products or services. It includes activities related to research,
product development, and engineering. The strategy should align business goals and objectives with the
resources and capabilities of the organization. The strategy should describe how the organization will
acquire, develop, and apply technological capabilities. An R&D strategy is a crucial part of any
successful organization, as it defines the focus of the development efforts and provides direction in
planning, budgeting, and long-term objectives. It is particularly important in industries that require
frequent innovation and adaptation to changing customer needs and trends. The following are the
variations in research and development strategies:
Research & Development (R&D) strategy is the set of activities and decisions that organizations. upang
madagdagan ang kanilang kakayahang lumikha ng mga bagong produkto o serbisyo. Kasama
dito ang mga activity na may kaugnayan sa pananaliksik, pag-unlad ng produkto, at engineering.
It includes activities related to research, product development, and engineering. The strategy should align
business goals and objectives with the resources and capabilities of the organization . The strategy should
describe how the organization will acquire, develop, and apply technological capabilities. R&D strategy
ay isang mahalagang bahagi ng anumang matagumpay na organization, dahil tinukoy nito ang
pokus ng mga pagsisikap sa pag-unlad at nagbibigay ng direksyon sa pagpaplano, pagbabadyet,
at pangmatagalang mga layunin. Ito ay partikular na mahalaga sa mga industriya na
nangangailangan ng madalas na pagbabago at pagbagay sa pagbabago ng mga pangangailangan
at mga trends sa customer.
1. Basic research strategy

It can involve exploring theoretical concepts, practical techniques, or industrial solutions. Companies use
an R&D strategy to gain an understanding of techniques and concepts that can be used to create new
products or services, or to improve existing ones. This strategy is important as it helps companies stay
competitive in an ever changing market. An R&D strategy can involve researching trends in a given
industry and testing and iterating on ideas and products. It also often involves working with partners and
vendors to bring new ideas to market. By conducting research and development, companies can stay
ahead of the competition by understanding what their customers need and by being proactive in creating
or adapting products and services to meet those needs.
 Gumagamit ang mga kumpanya ng R&D strategy upang makakuha ng isang pag-unawa sa techniques at
concepts na pwedeng magamit para makacreate ng new products or services, or to improve existing ones.
Mahalaga ang strategy na ito dahil nakakatulong ito sa mga kumpanya na manatiling mapagkumpitensya
in an ever changing market. Ang R&D strategy ay maaaring involve researching trends in a given
industry and testing and iterating on ideas and products. . It also often involves working with partners and
vendors to bring new ideas to market. By conducting research and development, companies can stay
ahead of the competition by understanding what their customers need.

2. Applied research strategy

This strategy involves the identification of customer needs for a specific product, identifying potential
methods or approaches to meet those needs, and then selecting the most appropriate method or approach
to address the customer's need. This could involve researching customer feedback, conducting focus
groups, and gathering data from market studies. The goal of this strategy is to select the best approach to
meet a customer’s need in an efficient and cost-effective manner. This strategy can help businesses
understand customer needs and develop effective product features that meet their needs, improving
customer satisfaction and overall business success.
This strategy involves the identification of customer needs for a specific product, identifying potential
methods or approaches to meet those needs, and then selecting the most appropriate method or approach
to address the customer's need. This could involve researching customer feedback, conducting focus
groups, and gathering data from market studies. Ang layunin ng strategy na ito ay upang piliin ang
pinakamahusay na strategy upang matugunan ang pangangailangan ng isang customer sa isang mahusay
at epektibong paraan. Ang diskarte na ito ay makakatulong sa mga negosyo na maunawaan ang mga
pangangailangan ng customer at pagpapabuti ng kasiyahan ng customer at pangkalahatang tagumpay sa
negosyo.

3. Development research strategy

An R&D strategy is a plan or approach used to research, develop, and innovate new products or
processes. This strategy is usually implemented by a research and development team, which typically
utilizes a combination of in-house resources and tools, as well as external partners and resources to
achieve the desired results. It involves the integration of resources, personnel, tools, and activities into a
unified whole that can be used to create new products or processes. This strategy is designed to reduce
costs, increase quality, and speed up time to market. It also allows for the exploration of new ideas to be
tested and refined, fostering continual innovation.
This R&D strategy is a plan or approach used to innovate new products or processes. It involves the
integration of resources, personnel, tools, and activities into a unified whole that can be used to create
new products or processes. This strategy is designed to reduce costs, increase quality, and speed up time
to market. It also allows for the exploration of new ideas to be tested and refined, fostering continual
innovation

Tecnology strategy
A technology strategy is a plan for an organization to achieve specific objectives through the use of
technology. The plan will typically involve a combination of hardware, software, data, infrastructure, and
personnel. It should be aligned with the organization's overall business strategy and consider the current
and future technology environment. The purpose of a technology strategy is to ensure technological
improvements and investments strengthen the business and don’t become outdated. By evaluating
existing assets, the technology strategy will be able to identify opportunities to create value from
technology investments by making them as efficient and effective as possible. It should also consider the
risks associated with the use of technology, such as security threats and data breaches. The creation of
value to a company can be achieved through the following measures:
A technology strategy is a plan for an organization to achieve specific objectivces pamamagitan ng
paggamit ng teknolohiya. Ang plano ay typically involve combination ng hardware, software,
data, imprastraktura, at personnel. It should be aligned with the organization's overall business strategy
at isaalang-alang ang kasalukuyang at hinaharap na environment sa teknolohiya. The purpose of a
technology strategy is to ensure technological improvements and investments strengthen the business and
don’t become outdated. By evaluating existing assets, the technology strategy will be able to identify
opportunities to create value from technology investments by making them as efficient and effective as
possible. Dapat ding isaalang-alang ang mga panganib na nauugnay sa paggamit ng teknolohiya,
tulad ng mga banta sa seguridad at data breaches.The creation of value to a company can be
achieved through the following measures:
1. Maintain the present technological capabilities in the production and delivery of products and
in different functional areas with minimal improvement.
2. Adopt product or process innovation as the company expands its market.
3. Source out technological capabilities to gain technological distinctiveness.

Powerpoint presentation
Capacity Planning Strategies
A capacity planning strategy aims to produce and maintain enough products to meet customer
demand which will resolve the issue of inventory shortage or overage. The different variations of
this strategy include the following:
1. Lead capacity strategy
In this strategy, a company aggressively increases its production capacity in anticipation of an
expected increase in market demand resulting in inventory overage.
2. Lag capacity strategy
In the lag capacity strategy, a company does not increase its production level in anticipation of a
demand increase; it only increases production based on the actual market demand.
3. Match capacity strategy
The match capacity strategy does not boost a company's production capacity based on the
expected or actual demand; rather, it makes a small incremental capacity increase based on
changes in the market situation

Structural Operation Strategies

A structural operation strategy considers the tangible shape and architecture of producing goods
or providing services. The objective of this strategy is to improve the tangible structures of the
production process such as the product design, process layout, or facility layout to add value to a
product in order to achieve a competitive advantage. Different variations of structural operation
strategies include the following:
1. Process design strategy
2. Layout design strategy
Process Design Strategies
Process design is the selection of requirements, resources, and processing methods to convert
inputs (eg, raw materials, labor, and overhead) to outputs (eg, finished product or rendered
services). This strategy aims to produce a product with customer value that will provide a
competitive advantage to a company. Variations of process design strategies include the
following:
1. Project process design strategy
This strategy aims to produce a highly customized product over a relatively long period of time
with a company's resources exclusively devoted to the product.

2. Jobbing process design strategy

Instead of exclusively devoting a company's resources to a highly customized product in the
project process design strategy, the aim of the jobbing process design strategy is to distribute a
company's resources to more highly customized products.
3. Batch process design strategy
A company may adopt the batch process design strategy when it aims to produce several
products that will undergo similar, repetitive processes.

4. Mass process design strategy

This strategy is adopted when the aim of a company is to produce a high volume of projects with
narrow or limited designs such as the production of motor vehicles.

5. Continuous process design strategy

Similar to the mass process design strategy, the continuous process design strategy is also
intended to produce a high volume of products over a longer period of time.

Layout Design Strategies

Layout is the physical arrangement of resources and the process that transforms and transfers
goods. The objective of the layout design strategy is to design a process flow or physical layout
that transforms resources efficiently relative to other tasks or process flows. The layout design
strategy is classified according to facility layout strategies.

Facility Layout Strategies

The aim of a facility layout strategy is to ensure that there is an efficient and smooth flow of
production of resources, manpower, and equipment following the principles of flexibility,
optimum space utilization, and minimal cost. It is highly influenced by the nature of a company
and the products delivered to a market. The variations of facility layout strategies include the
following:
1. Fixed-position layout strategy
In the fixed-position layout strategy, the aim is not to move the product or resources; instead, it is
the equipment, materials, and other transforming facilities that are being moved to a product.
2. Functional layout strategy
A company adopts the functional layout strategy when processed products are transferred or
moved to the next station based on their requirements. Products with different needs will be
moved to different locations.
3. Cell-layout strategy
In this strategy, a product being processed enters a certain part (or cell) for further processing
and, then, moves or joins other products in another part of an operation.
4. Product layout strategy
This layout strategy efficiently arranges the transformation of resources (e.g., equipment and
machines) so that raw materials or products flow through a prearranged route.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D) STRATEGY

Research and development strategies aim to introduce improvement and innovation to business
procedures and products which ultimately lead to new processes and products. This increases
profitability levels, improves future business growth, and sustains competitive advantage. The
following are the variations in research and development strategies:
1. Basic research strategy
In this R&D strategy, the aim of the research is to gain a deeper understanding and build a body
of knowledge regarding the subject matter of inquiry for the future use of a company.
2. Applied research strategy
In this strategy, the objective is to determine a particular method or approach to address a
specific need of the customers relative to a product.
3. Development research strategy
This R&D strategy addresses the need to develop or innovate a new product or process.

TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY
A technology strategy aims to create value to a company through the use of technology in the
production and operation processes, including the development of a product. The creation of
value to a company can be achieved through the following measures:
1. Maintain the present technological capabilities in the production and delivery of products and
in different functional areas with minimal improvement.
2. Adopt product or process innovation as the company expands its market.
3. Source out technological capabilities to gain technological distinctiveness.