Intellectual Revolution

Objectives:
 Discuss paradigm shifts through history
 Explain how intellectual revolution changed how humans see the world

The Man who moved the Sun

The way people think about Solar System has changed many times throughout history. Before the
development of telescope astronomy beliefs were based on what can be seen by the naked eye. One of the
earliest ideas on how Solar System was structured was introduced by Claudius Ptolemy. He posited that
planets as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth, a concept which is
known as geo-centrism. This geocentric model, considered to be one of the greatest discoveries of all time, was
widely accepted by the people and became the astronomical dogma in Western civilization for 1,400 years.
In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the geocentric model by putting sun at the center of
the solar system and known as the concept of heliocentrism. This idea was rejected at first by the public. It
appalled many since their religious belief had taught them that the Earth was created first before all other things.
Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic.

Occult Science 4.0 - Heliocentric vs. Geocentric Astrology - YouTube", 2019

Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who studied variation in plants, animals and fossils during a
five-year voyage around the world in the 19th century. Darwin's theory of evolution challenged the idea that
God made all the animals and plants that live on Earth in a single day, which contradicted the commonly held
Christian views of his era. He did not publish his scientific work and ideas until 28 years after his voyage.
Finally, as a result of Darwin's world expedition and observations, which were enhanced by many years of
experimentation, his discussions with like-minded scientists and his developing knowledge of geology and
fossils, he proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin proposed that: individual organisms
within a particular species show a wide range of variation for a characteristic, individuals with characteristics
most suited to the environment are more likely to survive to breed successfully; and the characteristics that
have enabled these individuals to survive are then passed on to the next generation. This is called Theory of
Evolution by Natural Selection
 Tree of Evolution ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

The Father of Psychoanalysis

In the past, the field of Psychology was always classified under philosophy. Psychology was considered
more of an art rather than a science. In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people’s
perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis.
Psychoanalysis is the study of human behavior. In his theory, Freud explained that there are many
conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and emotions. He also argued that personality is
a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego and superego.
Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science since concepts were viewed
as philosophical and supernatural. Many believed that Freud’s theory has no scientific basis as no empirical or
experimental data could support it. Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on refining his theory and
in fact tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating some mental disorders. Soon
enough, people were able to understand the concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in classifying
psychology as a science.