CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE attention away from the here and now into
a private world or make-believe; the urge
• Consciousness is a state of awareness of
the external environment of our own
thoughts, feelings, sensations and
perceptions.
• Awareness of an external and internal
stimuli at any given time.
• Consciousness is an awareness which
allows us to attend and exert some
control over our actions toward the
stimuli (arenas, 2004).
Nature of Consciousness
• Nature of consciousness range from
being wide awake to being in the
deepest state of sleep, with wide
variation on how aware of us on outside
stimuli.
Natural States of Consciousness
• Normal waking consciousness – the total
awareness of the outside world. It is
classified into focused consciousness,
flowing consciousness , and divided
consciousness.
• Focused consciousness – a
state of normal waking
consciousness that is directed
toward a single focus.
• Flowing consciousness – our
consciousness pass from one
focused consciousness to
daydreaming. Mentally absent
• Divided consciousness – two
conscious activities occur at the
same time.
Daydreams
• Fantasies that people construct while
awake; apparently effortless shifts in
to daydream seems to come in waves,
surging about every 90 minutes and
peaking between noon and 2pm.
Day dreaming or fantasy or “mind wandering” is
an involuntary but controllable state of
consciousness directed to achieve certain
purposes
People day dream in order to satisfy or fulfill an
unsatisfied need or desire.
Day dream provides mental and emotional
relaxation to our body and mind.
Day dreaming is normal and desirable but when
done excessively, it is detrimental to our mind,
body and quality of life.
Kinds of Day Dreaming
(Fantasy)
• 1. Realistic fantasy – the day dreamer
dreams on real-life problems and
difficulties. This is a family oriented
fantasy
• 2. Autistic fantasy – the daydreamer is
indifferent to external realities.
• 3. Reverie – the daydreamer is being
absorbed in dreamlike contemplation or
unrelated images, scenes, events or
memories that may extremely confuse
the daydreamer.
• 4. Hypnopompic image – the person
produce vivid dreamlike images when
he starts waking up
Sleep
• Definition: Innate, biological rhythm
WHY DO WE SLEEP?
• Repair and restoration theory – body
has to be repaired and restored after
the whole day work after whatever has
 been worn out.
• Adaptive respond theory or
evolutionary theory – the individual has
a regular pattern of waking up and
sleeping as means of protection
Stage 1:INTRODUCTION TO SLEEP
• They keep drifting in and out of sleep and
can easily be awakened. The eyes have
some muscle activity because they
usually move slowly.
Stage 2: BEGINNING OF SLEEP
• The second stage is characterized by the
slowing down of the eye movement while
the brain waves also slow
down. ALONG WITH MOMENTARY
INTERRUPTIONS OF “SLEEP SPINDLES.”
Stage 3: SLOW WAVE SLEEP: the brain waves
are much slower and these are referred to as
delta waves. They are combined with faster
waves which are smaller in size.
Stage 4: DEEP SLEEP: they are in a state of deep
sleep It is quite hard to wake them up and the
waves produced are the delta waves. so deep
that some children wet their beds, sleep walk or
even experience night terrors.
STAGE 5: REM (RAPID EYE MOVEMENT): Sleep
occupying 20% of an adult’s sleeping time, The
REM stage is the last stage in the cycle. During
this stage, the eyes usually move fast in
different directions while our breathing
pattern becomes irregular. Our limbs may also
become paralyzed though the feeling is
temporary. Blood pressure also rises since the
heart rate increases. This may lead to erections
in males. People who are awoken from this
stage may have bizarre tales or wild dreams.
SLEEP DISORDERS
INSOMNIA
• Sleep disorder characterized by
difficulty in falling asleep or remaining
asleep throughout the night
NARCOLEPSY
• Hereditary sleep disorder characterized
by sudden nodding off during the day and
sudden loss of muscle tone, often
following moments of emotional
excitement.
SLEEP APNEA
• Sleep disorder characterized by
breathing difficulty during the night
and feelings of exhaustion during
the day.
• Interrupted breathing during
sleep; cause of very loud snoring
• Hypersomnia: extreme daytime
sleepiness
• Apnea can be treated by
• Surgery
 • Weight loss may occur in adults

• Breathing mask SLEEP TALKING AND SLEEP WALKING

NIGHTMARES • Occurs during stage 4; common

among children than adults; boys are
• Frightening dreams that occur
more
during REM sleep and remembered.
likely to walk in their sleep than
• Ex. Falling, running
girls. TEETH GRINDING
May occur once or twice a month; brief
• Characterized a unusual sound in the
and easily (unfortunately) remembered
mouth caused by the movement of the
Imagery rehearsal: mentally rehearse the upper and lower jaw at any time of the
changed dream before you go to sleep sleep cycle. It is not true that teeth
again; may help to eliminate nightmares grinding is caused by the parasites
living in the persons intestines.
•
NIGHT TERRORS

• Frightening, often terrifying dreams

that occur during NREM (stage 4) sleep
from which a person is difficult to
awaken and doesn’t remember the
content.

• Most common in childhood;

may occur in adults

Nightmares vs. Night terrors

• Nightmares: Bad dreams

• Occur during REM sleep FIGURE 5.3 Development of sleep

• May occur once or twice a
month; brief and easily
(unfortunately) remembered
• Imagery Rehearsal: Mentally
rehearse the changed dream
before you go to sleep again;
may help to eliminate
nightmares
• Night Terrors: Total panic and
hallucinations may occur
patterns. Short cycles of sleep and
waking gradually become the night-day
cycle of an adult. While most adults
don’t take naps, midafternoon
sleepiness is a natural part of the sleep
cycle.
Measuring Sleep Changes
• Electroencephalograph (EEG): brain
wave machine; amplifies and records
electrical activity in the brain

• Occurs during Stage 4 sleep • Beta waves: small fast waves associated
with alertness and being awake
• Most common in childhood;
 • Alpha waves: larger, slower waves
associated with relaxation and just
before falling asleep
• Delta waves: very large and slow waves
associated with a move to deeper sleep
and a further loss of consciousness.
FIGURE 5.6 (a) Average proportion of time
adults spend daily in REM sleep and NREM
sleep. REM periods add up to about 20 percent
of total sleep time. (b) Typical changes in stages
of sleep during the night. Notice that dreams
mostly coincide with REM periods.
Physiological Sleep Problems
• Sleep Apnea: Interrupted breathing
during sleep; cause of very loud
snoring
• Hypersomnia: Extreme daytime
sleepiness
• Apnea can be treated by
• Surgery
• Weight loss
• Breathing mask
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS;
Crib Death): Sudden, unexplained death of
healthy infant (infants should sleep on back
or on side to try to prevent)
Dreams
• REM rebound: extra rapid eye
movement sleep following REM sleep
deprivation
• Psychodynamic (freudian) theory:
emphasizes internal conflicts, motives,
and unconscious forces
• Wish fulfillment: freudian belief that
many dreams are expressions of
unconscious desires
• Manifest content vs. Latent content
• Dream symbols: images that have a
deeper symbolic meaning
• Activation-synthesis hypothesis: dream
content may be affected by motor
commands in the brain (that occur
during sleep) that are not carried
out Dreams: Fritz Perls
• Most dreams are a special message about
what is missing in our lives, what we
avoid doing when awake, or feelings
that we need to re-own
Lucid Dreaming
• Person feels fully awake within the
dream and feels capable of normal
thought and action
Hypnosis
• Altered state of consciousness
characterized by intensely narrowed
attention and increased openness to
suggestion
• Mesmer: Believed he could
cure diseases by passing
magnets over body; true
“animal magnetism”
(“mesmerize” means to
hypnotize)
• Must cooperate to become
hypnotized
• Hypnotic Susceptibility: How easily a
person can be hypnotized—this is a
stable, measurable trait
Hypnosis Can’s and Cannot’s • The Hypnosis Label Disinhibits:
On stage, once you are “in a
• Hypnosis CAN
hypnotic trance,” your
• Help people relax responsibility for actions is
removed; you can do whatever
• Reduce pain
you want!
• Get people to make better
More Stage Hypnosis
progress in therapy
“Tricks of the Trade”
• Hypnosis CANNOT
• Hypnotist as Director: Once they are in a
• Produce acts of superhuman trance, the “volunteers” are suddenly the
strength show’s stars, and they will act like it. The
hypnotists only need to direct
• Produce age regression them.
• Force you to do things against • Stage Hypnotists Use Tricks: Stage
your will hypnosis is 50% deception and 50%
taking advantage of the situation

Meditation

• Mental exercise designed to produce

relaxation or heightened awareness

• Concentrative Meditation: Attention is

paid to a single focal point (i.e., object,
thought, etc.)

• Produces relaxation response

and thus works to reduce stress
• Receptive Meditation: Based on
widening attention span to become
aware of everything experienced at a
Stage Hypnosis
given moment
• Simulation of hypnotic effects.
• Mantra: Word(s) or sound(s) repeated
• Tricks of the Trade: silently during concentrative meditation

• Waking Suggestibility: People • Relaxation Response: Occurs at time of

on stage do not want to spoil relaxation; internal response that
the act, so they will follow any prevents activation of adrenal glands
instruction.

• Selection of Responsive Sensory Deprivation (SD)

Subjects: Any “volunteer” who
does not get hypnotized in the • Any major reduction in amount or
stage group and does not follow variety of sensory stimulation
instructions is “voted off.”
 • Benefits
• Sensory enhancement
• Relaxation
• Changing habits
• REST: Restricted Environmental
Stimulation Theory: Makes it easier to
change bad habits
Drugs and Altered States of Consciousness
• Psychoactive Drug: Substance capable
of altering attention, judgment,
memory, time sense, self-control,
emotion, or perception
• Stimulant: Substance that increases
activity in body and nervous system
• Depressant: Substance that decreases
activity in body and nervous system
Psychological Dependence
• Psychological Dependence: Drug
dependence based on psychological or
emotional needs
• Usually crave drug
• Can be as powerful as
physiological addiction
Stimulants (Uppers)
• Amphetamine: Synthetic stimulants
that excite nervous system
• Dexedrine and
Methamphetamine are two
types of stimulants
• Amphetamine Psychosis: Loss of
contact with reality because of
amphetamine use; user tends to have
paranoid delusions
Cocaine
• Central Nervous System stimulant
derived from leaves of coca plant; also
used as local anesthetic
• From 1886-1906, Coca-Cola did
indeed have cocaine in it!
• Highly addictive drug
• Anhedonia (Inability to Feel
Pleasure): Common after
cocaine withdrawal
Designer Drugs
• Chemically engineered version of an
existing drug; made to skirt drug laws
• MDMA (Ecstasy): Chemically similar to
amphetamine; created by small
variations in a drug’s structure
• Risks of using MDMA are
unclear
• May cause severe liver damage
• Repeated use damages
serotonergic brain cells
Caffeine hallucinogenic effects; also an
anesthetic and has stimulant and
• Most frequently used psychoactive drug in
depressant effects
North America; present in colas,
chocolate, coffee, tea Marijuana

• Causes hand tremors, sweating, • Cannabis Sativa (Marijuana; Pot):

talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses Leaves and flowers of the hemp plant
fatigue or sleepiness, increases
• Active chemical: THC
alertness
• Effects: Relaxation, time
• May be hazardous to pregnant
distortion, perceptual
women if used excessively
distortions
• Caffeinism: Physiological dependence on
• Psychologically, NOT
caffeine
physiologically, addictive
• Symptoms: Insomnia, Some Health Risks of Using Marijuana
irritability, loss of appetite,
• Causes precancerous changes in lung
chills, racing heart, elevated
cells.
body temperature
• Can suppress immune system, perhaps
Nicotine
increasing risk of disease.
• Natural stimulant found mainly in
• Activity levels in the cerebellum are
tobacco; known carcinogen
lower than normal in pot users.
• May cause stomach pain, vomiting,
• Pot may damage some of the brain’s
diarrhea, confusion, tremors
memory centers.
• Addictive
Sedatives: Barbiturates
• Responsible for 97% of lung cancer
• Barbiturates: Sedative drugs that
deaths in men, 74% in women
depress brain activity
• Sum: DON’T SMOKE; SMOKING KILLS
two types :
(SO DOES CHEWING TOBACCO)
Seconal and Amytal
Some Hallucinogens
Sedatives: Tranquilizers
• Hallucinogen: Substance that alters or
distorts sensory perceptions • Tranquilizers: Lower anxiety and reduce
tension
• Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD):
Hallucinogen that can produce • Valium, Xanax, and Librium are
hallucinations and other psychotic three types
symptoms
• Rohypnol: Related to Valium;
• Mescaline (Peyote) and Psilocybin lowers inhibitions and produces
(Magic Mushrooms) relaxation or intoxication.
Larger doses can induce short
• PCP (Angel Dust): Initially can have
 term amnesia and sleep fermented and distilled liquors

• Date rape drug because • NOT a stimulant but DOES

it’s odorless and lower inhibitions
tasteless
• Depressant
• Drug Interaction: One drug increases
• Binge Drinking: Consuming five or more
the effect of another
drinks in a short time; four or more for
GHB women

• GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate): • Serious sign of alcohol abuse

Central Nervous System (CNS)
depressant that relaxes and sedates;
combination of degreasing solvent and
drain cleaner
• Sedative effects may result in
nausea, loss of muscle control,
and either sleep or a loss of
consciousness

• Inhibits gag reflex, so some

choke to death on their own
vomit
FIGURE 5.12 The behavioral effects of alcohol
• Addictive and deadly are related to blood alcohol content and the
resulting suppression of higher mental
Alcohol function. Arrows indicate the typical threshold
for legal intoxication in the United States.
• Ethyl Alcohol: Intoxicating element in
How a Drinking Problem
May Develop (Jellinek, 1960)

• Initial Phase: Social drinker

turns to alcohol to relieve
tension or feel good

• Crucial Phase: Person begins

to lose control over
drinking

• Chronic Phase: Person is now

alcohol dependent

Treatment for
Alcohol Abuse and Dependence

• Detoxification: Withdrawal
of the person from alcohol;
occurs in a
 medical setting and is tightly
controlled; often necessary
before long-term
treatment begins

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

• Alcoholics Anonymous (AA):

Worldwide self-help organization
composed of
recovering alcoholics; emphasizes
admitting powerlessness over
alcohol usage and wanting to
recover.

Narcotics Anonymous

• was built in response to the

need for support groups for
other substances.

Prepared by:

Cherub Angenique R. Encabo

Instructor I