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Presentation2 130918234532 Phpapp01
Presentation2 130918234532 Phpapp01
Pharmacology Course
2
Definition of Pharmacology
• is the study of drugs and its origin,
chemical structure, preparation,
administration, action, metabolism and
excretion.
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Implication of Pharmacology
to Nursing
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Basic Concepts of
Pharmacology
• Drugs
– are chemicals that
alter
physiochemical
processes in body
cells.
– They can stimulate
or inhibit normal
cellular functions.
– Used
interchangeably with
medicines.
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Drug Names
1. Generic or Nonproprietary Name:
name approved by the Medical or Pharmaceutical
Associations in the original country of
manufacture and is adopted by all countries.
e.g. Paracetamol
2. Brand name or trade name:
name given by the manufacturer of the drug
e.g. Adol or Panadol
3. Chemical name
name that describes the atomic or chemical
strucuture
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Pharmacology AY
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2013-2014
Drug Names
Pharmacology AY
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2013-2014
Example
Exercise 1: Reading the Label
Pharmacology
2013-2014
AY
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Pharmacokinetics
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Pharmacokinetics-activities
within the body
• It includes:
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Absorption
• Involves the way a drug enters the body and
passes into the fluids and tissues.
– Passive transport
– Active transport
– Pinocytosis
• Rate of Absorption:
– Drug Solubility –
• water soluble drugs
• lipodystrophy
– Route of Administration – IV, IM, SC, Oral
– Degree of blood flow
through the tissues 13
Factors affecting
Absorption
– Drug Solubility –
• water soluble drugs
• lipodystrophy
– Bioavailability- the extent to which active ingredients
are absorbed and transported to sites of action.
– pH
– Drug concentration
– Circulation to site of absorption
– Absorbing surface
– Route of administration 14
– Presence of body conditions
Distribution
• Is defined as the way the drug moves from the
circulating body fluids to its site of action.
Note: The greater the blood supply in a body organ,
the faster the medication is absorbed
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Bioavailability
• is defined as the extent to which active ingredients are
absorbed and transported to sites of action.
• Factors
1. Drug solubility
2. Pharmaceutical formulation
3. pH
4. Food
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Metabolism or
Biotransformation
• is defined as the process by which drug is
converted by the liver to inactive compounds
through a series of chemical reactions.
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Excretion
• Is the elimination of drugs from the
body
Pharmacology
2013-2014
AY
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Half-life
• Refers to the time required for the body to eliminate 50% of
the drug.
– It is important in planning the frequency of dosing.
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Half-life
• Liver and kidney disease patients may have
problems of excreting a drug.
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Pharmacodynamics
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PHARMACODYNAMICS
• Is the study of biochemical, and
physiological and effect of drugs.
• “what the drug does to the body”
Pharmacology 25
AY 2013-2014
Pharmacology AY
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2013-2014
Basics of Drug Action
• Desired action – the expected response of a
medication
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Common Drug Interactions
Pharmacology
Alcohol + aspirin= Pain relief
2013-2014
AY
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Common Drug Interactions
Pharmacology
– Protamine sulphate to counteract heparin
toxicity
2013-2014
AY
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Common Drug Interactions
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Common Drug Interactions
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Common Drug Interactions
Pharmacology
• Synergistic effect takes place when the
2013-2014
effect of 2 drugs taken at the same time is
greater than the sum of each drug given
alone.
AY
blockers to lower the BP
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09/19/13 Pharmacology Unit 1 Class 34
Session 1Pharmacology
Pharmacology AY
35
2013-2014
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacotherapeutics
• Is defined as the use of drugs to treat
diseases.
Depends on:
Severity
Urgency
Prognosis of patient’s condition
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Routes of Drug
Administration
1: Enteral Medications
• administered directly into the G.I.T.
through the oral, nasogastric (NG) or
rectal routes
Advantages:
Convenience for nurse & patient
Most medications are available in oral route
Inexpensive to make oral preparations
Can be removed by gastric lavage or make
to vomit
09/19/13 Pharmacology Unit 1 Class Session 1Pharmacology 38
Disadvantages
• cannot be administered to very
nauseated/vomiting or
unconscious persons
• some loose their effectiveness if
mixed with gastric secretions
• onset of action may vary due to
changes in absorption in the GIT
Pharmacology
hard preparation of various shapes &
sizes.
2013-2014
• Suspensions- are liquids w/ solid,
insoluble drug particles dispersed
AY
throughout.
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Forms of Oral Medication
• Syrups-are liquids w/ a high sugar content
designed to disguise the bitter taste of a
drug. Pediatric use.
• SUBCUTANEOUS- 45 °
– Placing medications in the loose connective
tissue under the dermis
• INTRADERMAL- 15 °
Inactive (excreted)
Protein Binding
• Most drugs are bound to some extent to
proteins in the blood to be carried into
circulation.