ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Some Basic Principles and Techniques NOTES 1

1 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
some basic Principles and Techniques

by Dr. M.K. JAIN (HOD- CHEMISTRY)
CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Classification of Organic Compounds
(i) Aliphatic or open chain compounds :
(ii) Cyclic or Closed Chain compounds :
Homocyclic compounds :
Saturated hydrocarbons :
Alicyclic compounds :
Unsaturated hydrocarbons :
1 M.K. JAIN CLASSES PVT. LTD. (NEET/ IIT-JEE/ KVPY) 9414301104 | www.mkjainclasses.com
CHEMISTRY Some Basic Principles & Techniques
Aromatic Compounds : NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

I. U.P.A.C. System
Heterocyclic Compounds :
Rules for IUPAC nomenclature :

Groups
Longest chain rule :
Normal group :
Iso group :
Side chains :
Secondary Group :
Tertiary Group :
Neo group :
Numbering :
(II) For compounds having functional groups :
For saturated hydrocarbons :
Chart Showing IUPAC Names for uni functional groups :

Important Points :
IUPAC Nomenclature of single, double and triple bonds :
Rules for IUPAC names for the compound having poly

functional groups :
Bond-line notation of organic compounds.
NOMENCLATURE OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

Nuclear substituted :
Side-chain substituted : NOMENCLATURE OF BICYCLIC COMPOUNDS
Homologous Series
Characteristics of Homologous Series :
REACTION MECHANISM
Organic Reactions
Types of Bond Fission or Cleavage

(Breaking of a Covalent Bond)
(B) Heterolytic (Unsymmetrical) fission or Heterolysis : Electron Displacement

(a) Inductive Effect
-effect :
Classification of Reagents
(A) Electrophiles or electrophilic reagents (E+) :
+I Effect :
Applications of inductive effect

Reactivity of alkyl halides :
(B) Nucleophilic reagents or Nucleophiles (Nu-) :
Acid Strength :
(a) Charged Nucleophiles :

Basicity of amines :
Basicity of aliphatic primary amines :
(b) Neutral Nucleophiles :
(b) Electromeric Effect (E-effect)
Types of electromeric effect:
+E-effect :
-E-effect : Applications of Resonance :
(c) Resonance
Resonance energy :
Bond order :
Conditions for Resonance : Ex.
(d) Mesomeric Effect Effects of hyperconjugation :

(i) Stability of alkenes
Types of Mesomeric effect :
+M effect :
-M effect :
(ii) Bond lengths
(iii) Stability of alkyl free radicals :

(e) Hyperconiugation, Baker - Nathan Effect
(No bond Resonance)
(iv) Stability of alkyl carbonium ions :
(v) Directive influence of groups :
(vi) Stability of alkyl benzene
3
(A) Free Radicals
INTERMEDIATES
(A) Free Radicals (B) Carbonium ion or Carbocation
Types of free radicals :

Types of carbocations :
Formation of free radicals :

Formation of Carbonium ion :
Reactions :
Reactions :
Stability of carbonium ions :

Stability of free radials (reasons) :
Order of stability of free radicals :
Stability on the basis of resonance :

Resonance in allyl carbocation :
The order is :
Interconversion of Carbonium ion :
Resonance in allyl free radical :
Geometry, Hybridisation :- Trigonal planar (sp2 hybrid)
Geometry, Hybridisation :
3
(D) Carbene C -(Biradical)

(C) Carbanion
Formation of Carbene :
(a) Types of carbanion :
(b) Formation of Carbanion :

Reactions :
Two forms of carbenes :

(i) Singlet carbene :
(c) Reactions :
(ii) Triplet :
(d) Formation of carbanion :
Organic metallic compound acts as carbanion :
(E) Nitrene
Stability of Carbanion : Reasons
Geometry :
3
TYPES OF ORGANIC REACTIONS
(c) Electrophilic substitution :
1. Substitution or Displacement Reactions :
(I) SE1 Reaction Mechanism :
Mechanism of substitution reactions : (II) SE2 Reaction Mechanism :

(a) Free radical substitution reactions :
Chlorination of methane :
(b) Nucleophilic substitution :

(2) Addition Reactions :
(i) SN2 Reactions :
(ii) SN1 Reactions : Mechanism of addition reaction :
(a) Electrophilic addition reactions :
3
(b) Nucleophilic addition reactions : ISOMERISM
CLASSIFICATION OR TYPES OF ISOMERISM

I. STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM
(c) Free radical addition reaction :
(a) Chain Isomerism (Skeleton or Nuclear

Isomerism)
For example :
(3) Elimination Reactions :
(b) Position Isomerism :
(c) Functional Group Isomerism :

(4) Rearrangement Reactions :
(d) Metamerism
3
(e) Tautomerism :
(ii) E-Z system of designation configuration:
The number of geometrical isomers for alkenes.

(a) If alkene has one double bond,
II. STEREO ISOMERISM
(b) If alkene has two or more double bonds :
(a) Geometrical Isomerism :
(b) Optical Isomersim :

Nomenclature of Geometrical Isomerism
3
Eclipsed conformation :
Staggered conformation :
Conformers of ethane :
Definition and examples of Optical Isomerism : Sawhorse projection formulae :
Newman Projection formulae :

Asymmetric carbon atom :
Chirality :
Conformation
3
Miscellaneous Solved Examples
3

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1 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

some basic Principles and Techniques

CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

(i) Aliphatic or open chain compounds :

(ii) Cyclic or Closed Chain compounds :

Aromatic Compounds : NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Rules for IUPAC nomenclature :

Chart Showing IUPAC Names for uni functional groups :

IUPAC Nomenclature of single, double and triple bonds :

Rules for IUPAC names for the compound having poly

Bond-line notation of organic compounds.

NOMENCLATURE OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

Side-chain substituted : NOMENCLATURE OF BICYCLIC COMPOUNDS

Characteristics of Homologous Series :

Types of Bond Fission or Cleavage

(B) Heterolytic (Unsymmetrical) fission or Heterolysis : Electron Displacement

Applications of inductive effect

(B) Nucleophilic reagents or Nucleophiles (Nu-) :

(a) Charged Nucleophiles :

(b) Neutral Nucleophiles :

(b) Electromeric Effect (E-effect)

Types of electromeric effect:

-E-effect : Applications of Resonance :

Conditions for Resonance : Ex.

(d) Mesomeric Effect Effects of hyperconjugation :

Types of Mesomeric effect :

(ii) Bond lengths

(iii) Stability of alkyl free radicals :

(iv) Stability of alkyl carbonium ions :

(v) Directive influence of groups :

(vi) Stability of alkyl benzene

(A) Free Radicals

Types of free radicals :

Formation of free radicals :

Stability of carbonium ions :

Order of stability of free radicals :

Stability on the basis of resonance :

Resonance in allyl free radical :

Geometry, Hybridisation :- Trigonal planar (sp2 hybrid)

(D) Carbene C -(Biradical)

(a) Types of carbanion :

(b) Formation of Carbanion :

Two forms of carbenes :

(d) Formation of carbanion :

Organic metallic compound acts as carbanion :

TYPES OF ORGANIC REACTIONS

(c) Electrophilic substitution :

1. Substitution or Displacement Reactions :

(I) SE1 Reaction Mechanism :

Mechanism of substitution reactions : (II) SE2 Reaction Mechanism :

(b) Nucleophilic substitution :

(i) SN2 Reactions :

(ii) SN1 Reactions : Mechanism of addition reaction :

(a) Electrophilic addition reactions :

(b) Nucleophilic addition reactions : ISOMERISM

CLASSIFICATION OR TYPES OF ISOMERISM

(a) Chain Isomerism (Skeleton or Nuclear