MAT B42

Calculus of Several Variables

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Notes
 MAT B42: Techniques of the Calculus of Several Variables II (Winter
2023)
Welcome to Week 7 of the course.
Questions? Thoughts? Comments?

News and Reminders:

▶ Homework #4 is due next week on Friday March 10th at 13:59 (EST).

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Notes
 Surface Area of Graphs
Question
Suppose that z = f (x, y ) is a graph of a C 1 function. Find its surface area.

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Notes
 The Area of a Surface from a Graph
Question
2
Find the area of z = f (u, v ) = sin(u) + cos(v ) over D = 0, π2 .


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Notes
 Surfaces of Revolution
Question
Suppose that S is obtain from revolving a C 1 function y = f (x) around the x-axis.
How do we parametrize S in a nice way?

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Notes
 Area of a Surface of Revolution
Question
Find the area of a surface of revolution for y = f (x).

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Notes
 A Bit of A Nicer Formula

ZZ q
A(s) = (ff ′ )2 + (f cos(v ))2 + (f sin(v ))2 dudv

ZDZ q
= |f | (f ′ )2 + 1dudv
D
Z b Z 2π q
= |f | (f ′ )2 + 1dvdu
a 0
Z b q
= 2π |f | (f ′ )2 + 1du
a

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Notes
 Surface Area of Sphere (as a Surface of Revolution)
Question
Find the area of the unit sphere.

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Notes
 Spherical Coordinates Review

Definition (M&T p.54)

A point in spherical coordinates is given by:

(x, y , z) = (ρ sin ϕ cos θ, ρ sin ϕ cos θ, ρ cos ϕ)

where 0 ≤ ρ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, and 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π← Why not 2π?

This can be re-written as:

    
x cos θ − sin θ 0 ρ sin ϕ
y  =  sin θ cos θ 0  0 
z 0 0 1 ρ cos ϕ

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Notes
 Area on Spheres in Spherical Coordinates
Question
What’s the area element ∥Tθ × Tϕ ∥ on a sphere of radius ρ?

We get:

Tθ = (−ρ sin θ sin ϕ, ρ sin ϕ cos θ, 0) Tϕ = (ρ cos ϕ cos θ, ρ cos ϕ sin θ, −ρ sin ϕ)

Calculating the normal vector, we get:

 
i j k
n = −ρ sin θ sin ϕ ρ sin ϕ cos θ 0 
ρ cos ϕ cos θ ρ cos ϕ sin θ −ρ sin ϕ

This gives:

n = (−ρ2 sin2 ϕ cos θ, −ρ2 sin2 ϕ sin θ, −ρ2 sin2 θ cos ϕ sin ϕ − ρ2 cos ϕ sin ϕ cos2 θ)

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Notes
 Area on Spheres in Spherical Coordinates (Continued)
We use the normal

n = (−ρ2 sin2 ϕ cos θ, −ρ2 sin2 ϕ sin θ, −ρ2 sin2 θ cos ϕ sin ϕ − ρ2 cos ϕ sin ϕ cos2 θ)
= (−ρ2 sin2 ϕ cos θ, −ρ2 sin2 ϕ sin θ, −ρ2 cos ϕ sin ϕ)

to calculate ∥n∥ = ∥Tϕ × Tθ ∥.

q
∥Tϕ × Tθ ∥ = (ρ2 sin2 ϕ cos θ)2 + (−ρ2 sin2 ϕ sin θ)2 + (−ρ2 cos ϕ sin ϕ)2
q
= ρ4 sin4 ϕ + ρ4 cos2 ϕ sin2 ϕ
q
= ρ4 sin2 ϕ(sin2 ϕ + cos2 ϕ)
= ρ2 | sin ϕ|

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Notes
 The Area of a Sphere (in Spherical Coordinates)
Question
Find the area of a sphere of radius ρ.

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Notes
 Line Integrals and Surface Integrals

R
Curve c(t) → Line Integral c F · d s

Surface Φ(u, v ) → Surface Integral

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Notes
 Orientation
Definition (M&T p.402)
An oriented surface is a two-sided surface with one side called the outside / positive
side and the other side called the inside / negative side. For such a surface there are
two unit normals n1 and n2 at each point.

n1 = −n2

Question
What is the corresponding statement for curves c?

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Notes
 Orientation Preserving / Reversing
Definition (M&T p. 403)
A parametrization of S is orientation-preserving if:

Tu × Tv
n (Φ(u, v )) =
∥Tu × Tv ∥

It is orientation-reversing if:

Tu × T v
n (Φ(u, v )) = −
∥Tu × Tv ∥

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Notes
 The Sphere
Example
The sphere S = {(x, y , z) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1} is orientable.

Question
Consider the orientation n(x, y , z) = (x, y , z) and the parametrization:

Φ(u, v ) = (cos u sin v , sin u sin v , cos v )

for D = [0, 2π] × [0, π]. Is Φ orientation-preserving or orientation-reversing for n?

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Notes
 The Standard Orientation / Parametrization of the Sphere
Definition
We define the orientation to be n(x, y , z) = (x, y , z) and:

Φ(u, v ) = (cos v sin u, sin v sin u, cos u)

for D = [0, π] × [0, 2π]. This definition has (u, v ) switched to be compatible with n.

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Notes
 The Surface Integral
Definition (M&T p.400)
Suppose that F is a vector field on S and Φ is a nice parametrization of S.
ZZ Z
F · dS = F · (Tu × Tv ) dudv
Φ D

▶ This measures the “correlation” of F and Tu × Tv .

▶ If F represents velocity of fluid flow, then it is the amount of F passing through S.

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Notes
 Reducing Surface Integrals of Vector Fields to Scalar Integrals
Suppose that Tu × Tv ̸= ⃗0. (We have this assumption for any regular surface.)
We get:
ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F · (Tu × Tv )dudv
Φ D
 
Tu × Tv
ZZ
= F· ∥Tu × Tv ∥ dudv
∥Tu × Tv ∥
D
ZZ  
Tu × Tv
= F· ∥Tu × Tv ∥ dudv
∥Tu × Tv ∥
ZDZ
= (F · n)dS # Theorem 5 in M&T p. 406
D

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Notes
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields to Scalar Integrals
Theorem (M&T p.405)
Suppose that Φ1 and Φ2 both parametrize S. If Φ1 is orientation-preserving and Φ2 is
orientation-reversing then:
ZZ ZZ
F · dS = − F · dS
Φ1 Φ2

ZZ ZZ
F · dS = (F · n)dS
Φ1 D
ZZ
= − (F · (−n))dS

ZDZ
= − F · dS
Φ2
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Notes
 An Example
Question
Integrate F = (x, y , z) over the triangle with vertices {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)}
using the orientation n = √13 (1, 1, 1).

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Notes
 Another Example (M&T §7.6 Q4)
Question
Let F = (2x, −2y , z 2 ) and S = 2 2
Z Z{(x, y , z) : x + y = 4 0 ≤ z ≤ 4}.
Compute the surface integral F · dS by parametrizing and picking n.
S

Can you guess the value without computing?

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Notes
 The Same Example (M&T §7.6 Q4)
Question
Let F = (2x, −2y , z 2 ) and S = 2 2
Z Z{(x, y , z) : x + y = 4 0 ≤ z ≤ 4}.
Compute the surface integral F · dS directly using the definition.
S

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Notes