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5.lecture 1 - 5 - Cold N Hot Water in Buildings
5.lecture 1 - 5 - Cold N Hot Water in Buildings
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WATER DEMAND: is the measure of the total amount
of water used by the customers within the water system
Types of demand
Average daily demand Maximum momentary demand
Building type Measured in liters per person
Types of plumbing fixtures per day
Hours of operation Demand by individual
Measured in gallons per person plumbing fixtures
per day ⚫ Measured in liters per minute
Peak demand
Demand during critical periods
of the day
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WATER DISTRIBUTION
Municipal street main
Depth 2 – 7 ft. from grade (1ft= 30.48cm)
Pressure ranges from 50 to 70 psi(pound per
square inch)
Usually adequate for low-rise buildings
Pumped up feed
⚫ Water fed to the fixtures in a building by increasing the pressure of the
supply water using additional pumps.
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WATER DISTRIBUTION
Downfeed distribution
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Building piping
Piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids and
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gases) from one location to another. It includes pipe, fittings, valves,
and other piping components.
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Water distribution
City water supply is distributed through street mains. There are large pipes
that run underground below the streets.
The water flows under pressure that must be great enough to overcome the
frictional resistance and static pressure of the distribution system.
Upfeed distribution
When water is fed to fixtures in a building by the incoming pressure of , it
water is called upfeed distribution.
The water in the storage tank feeds fixtures below due to the force
of gravity.
UPFEED DISTRIBUTION
UPFEED WITH PUMP
DOWNFEED DISTRIBUTION
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Supply piping materials
Water pipes and fittings may be of brass, black steel, copper,
galvanized steel, or plastic. However, the specific type of materials may be
used for each particular piping system.
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Steel and Galvanized steel
Steel and Galvanized steel may be used for supply when water is
noncorrosive. It is made from mild carbon steel.
In order to prevent rust and corrosion, the steel pipe is /put in a hot bath of
molten zinc. This process is known as galvanizing. Nominal sizes* of galvanized
steel pipe range from 1/8 inch to 12 inch, in several wall thicknesses. (1 inch=
2.54cm).
Nominal size or trade size used for purposes of general identification; the actual size of a part
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will be approximately the same as the nominal size but need not be exactly the same.
The pipe wall thickness is usually described using
terms Schedule 40, for standard wall and Schedule 80, for
extra strong wall. Schedule 40 is normally used for plumbing
applications.
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Plastic
Plastic is most used in Rwanda in modern plumbing.
Plastic pipes are produced from synthetic resins derived from fossil fuels.
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Four types of plastics are commonly used for plumbing pipes and fittings:
(1) polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
(2) chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC),
(3) acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and
(4) polyethylene (PE).
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WATER DISTRIBUTION
Cross-connection and backflow
Backflow prevention
Air gap
Atmospheric Vacuum breaker
Pressure Vacuum breaker
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SUPPLY PIPING MATERIALS
Steel and galvanized steel
Copper
Plastic
Valves (Gate valve - Globe valve - Check valve - Ball valve - Butterfly
valve)
Water hammer arrestor
Insulation
Pipe expansion
Pipe support
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SUPPLY PIPING MATERIALS
Need for piping
To transport water from source to the locations of use
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SUPPLY PIPING MATERIALS
Materials:
Steel: inexpensive, used only where water is
non- corrosive.
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SUPPLY PIPING MATERIALS
Brass, red: expensive, corrosion resistant to a certain
extent.
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, in proportions
which can be varied to achieve varying mechanical and
electrical properties.
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SUPPLY PIPING MATERIALS
Plastic: Corrosion resistant, special types
required for hot water. CPVC stands for
chlorinated polyvinyl chloride. It is often
(but not always) a cream-colored or off-white
plastic.
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SIZING OF SUPPLY PIPES
Some definitions (additional information)
Fixture pressure : Pressure required to operate a
fixture; varies from 5 to 15 psi
PSI: pound(s) per square inch
gpm: gallon(s) per minute
Fixture unit: An index of water demand by a fixture
Pipe size
To be determined using the sizing graph or By using this formula: Pf =
(4.52*Q1.85)/C1.85*ð4.87) (Check the Hydraulics Course).
Both friction loss and demand calculations will be required to find sizes
Clean-out plug
Drain-waste-vent system
Soil stack
Plumbing fixtures
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Terms: Plumbing Fixtures
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Terms
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What is a plumbing system and how does it work?
The plumbing system is really made
up of two systems:
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What is a plumbing system and how does it work?
(cont,)
2. Drain-waste-vent system that takes out
used water and sewage. The drain-waste-
vent system, commonly abbreviated DWV,
also lets air in and waste gases out.
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What is a plumbing system and how does it work?
(cont,)
When designing a plumbing system, first consult the Rwanda
Building Code so that the requirements are met as the design is
developed.
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What is a plumbing system and how does it work?
(cont,)
In some cases, plumbing must be done by a
licensed plumber.
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What is a plumbing system and how does it work?
(cont,)
Every plumbing system design begins with identification of needs.
Consider the kind and number of fixtures along with the quantity of
both hot and cold water that will likely be used.
With these needs in mind, select adequate piping for water supply
and DWV for each fixture.
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What is needed for the plumbing supply system?
Water pressure is created by using a water pump to pump water, or
by allowing water to flow by gravity from a water tower.
Water towers are filled by pumping water into them.
Tall buildings may use the water tower principle and store water in
a storage tank on the roof of the building.
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What is needed for the plumbing supply system?
To maintain water pressure, design and run supply lines as short and
direct as possible using a minimum number of fittings.
Use pipe of adequate size, but do not use pipe larger than needed.
The correct size supply line is determined by estimating the demand for
water at each fixture.
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What is needed for the plumbing supply system?
The most common size of supply line is ½ inch.
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What is needed for the plumbing supply system?
The types of pipe suitable for supply lines
include: PVC (polyvinyl-chloride) and CPVC
(chlorinated polyvinyl-chloride) plastic,
copper tubing, and galvanized iron.
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What is needed for the plumbing supply system?
When the supply lines are drawn in the plan, care
should be taken to place the hot water line on the
left and the cold water on the right.
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What is needed for the plumbing drain-waste-vent
system?
Rural properties require the installation of a
septic tank and filter field.
The ideal slope is ¼ inch per foot of run. If the drain lines are too small they
will tend to clog.
If drain lines are too large, they are more difficult to install, cost more, and
are not efficient in carrying away the waste.
Waste solids tend to settle in oversized pipes. 43
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What is needed for the plumbing drain-waste-vent
system?
The amount of liquid that can flow from a fixture is the basis for
determining the size of drain-waste piping.
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What is needed for the plumbing drain-waste-vent
system?
Venting is vertical piping that is used to permit air
to circulate into the piping resulting in a
relatively constant air pressure throughout the
system and allows the exhaust of sewer gas
buildup above the roof.
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What is needed for the plumbing drain-waste-vent
system?
Traps also help stop air from entering
the waste pipe while liquid is flowing and
thus eliminate noise. Traps may be P, S,
or drum.
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What is needed for the plumbing drain-waste-vent
system?
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Water supply accessories and controls
Valve is a device used on a piping system to control the flow of fluid
within that system. It is desirable to install a valve to control individual
fixtures, branch supply lines and every riser (i.e., vertical supply line).
The globe valve has small ports, an “S” flow pattern, and relatively
high pressure drop.
Globe valve
symbol
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Check valve is a device that prevents the flow of
water in a direction reverse to the normal flow.
Swing-type Lift-type
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Ball valve symbol
Rotating ball
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Butterfly valve has a rotating disk that controls the water flow.
When fully open, the disk is aligned with the water flow. To close
the disk is rotated at a right angle so that it fully blocks the flow.
They are used mostly on pipes that are 3 inches or larger in size.
Butterfly valve
symbol
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Water hammer arrestor
When a water supply valve or a
fixture in a supply system is
closed quickly, the force
exerted by the fast flowing
water causes the pipe to shake
and rattle. This is known as
water hammer. It can be
prevented by closing the valve slowly
or be controlled by using a “water
hammer arrestor”.
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Pipe expansion joint is an
assembly designed to safely
absorb the heat-induced
expansion and contraction of
construction materials, to
absorb vibration, to hold
parts together, or to allow
movement.
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Sizing of supply pipes
Total water demand
In order to determine the size of water supply main to a building and the
subsequent branch sizes, it is necessary to determine the maximum load that the
supply main should carry.
This demand can be calculated form the total supply fixture units for all the
plumbing fixtures installed in a building have been calculated, the total water
demand can then be found out in terms of GPM
Water velocity
Water flowing through supply pipes tends to produce noise due to friction.
The higher the velocity, the greater the noise and the pressure drop.
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Water velocity (cont.)
Recommended velocity (1) Main: 8 m/s (2) Risers and Branches: 6 m/s
Q AV D2V
D f (Q,V )
4
L V2 PMajor
PMajor f D 2g g(V , D, pipe material)
L
VD
Re
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Moody diagram
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Example 1
¾” S40 PVC pipe delivers10 GPM of water. Calculate pressure drop per
length of water flow.
D@ D 3/4" 0.804"(0.0204m )
V Q / A
nominal
Unit conversion:
1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gpm = 3.785 L/m,
2300 Laminar
VD 2300 Re
Re
4000
Transition
4000 Turbulent
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Example:
f D 2 3.55 kPa / m
L 0.0204 2
0.039
PMajor
3.55 kPa / m 10.82 psi /100'
L
where ρ is the density of the fluid, V is the average velocity in the pipe, fD is the
friction factor from the Moody chart, L is the length of the pipe and D is the pipe
diameter.
The chart plots Darcy–Weisbach friction factor fD against Reynolds number Re
for a variety of relative roughnesses, the ratio of the mean height of roughness of the
pipe to the pipe diameter or ε / D .
The Moody chart can be divided into two regimes of flow: laminar and turbulent.
For the laminar flow regime (Re < ~3000), roughness has no discernible effect.
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Example 2
1” S40 galvanized steel pipe delivers 20 GPM of water. Calculate pressure
drop per length of water flow using Moody diagram.
D@ D1" 1.049"(0.02664m )
nominal
V Q / A
Q 20 GPM (0.001262 m3 / s) 7.42 fps
A D2 0.006001 ft 2 (0.0005574 m2 ) 4 2.264m / s
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Example 2 (cont.)
VD
Re 60,011
f 0.032
(from Moody diagram)
e / D 0.00563
2300 Laminar
VD 2300 Re
Re Transition
4000 Turbulent
4000
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Moody diagram
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Example 2 (cont.)
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Plumbing system design
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Plumbing fixtures
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Supply Fixture Units (SFU) Demand for water by
a plumbing fixture varies according to its type and the
occupancy category of the building in which it is
installed.
Public lavatories 8 1 8
Drinking foundtains 3 0.25 0.75
Total 98
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Supply GPM
The Supply Fixture Units - FSU - are used to determine the water
demand in water supply systems. One FSU for a single unit corresponds
to one GPM.
1 SFU = 1 GPM
This conversion can only be used for one or a few fixtures. When the
total amount for many fixtures are added up, the number must be
compensated due to the intermittent use of the fixtures. This is normal
taken care of in the figures or tables available for sizing supply pipe lines.
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Total SFU to water supply demand in gallons per minute (supply
GPM) 1 GPM = 3.79 liter/min
Note: Read solid-line curves for residential and commercial occupancies;
use the dashed curves for large assembly occupancies (for examples: stadium, theater)
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Source:
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Example 4
Select the sizes of PVC pipe for the pluming system (Tank-type WC).
The main supply pipe velocity should not exceed 8 fps, and the riser and
the branch velocities should not exceed 6 fps.
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Branch
5
30 SFU
30 SFU 3
4
Riser 60
SFU
2
Main
1 Pipe # SFU GPM Pipe size Velocity
1 120 25.9 1 1/4" <8.0
2 60 18.4 1" <6.0
3 30 14.7 1" <6.0
4 60 18.4 1" <6.0
5 30 14.7 1" <6.0
6 30 14.7 1" <6.0
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A private building with 10 water closets (Gravity tank type), 3
urinals (flush valve type), 2 bathroom group (Gravity tank type)
and 4 lavatories. Calculate:
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Pump selection
is based on two
parameters:
Flow Rate (Total water demand: GPM)
Pumps are selected for the peak flow rate. The peak flow rate is the sum of
water demands for all plumbing fixtures, i.e. the total water demand.
Total dynamics head of the pump is the head difference between the summation
of total head loss HL, static head loss HS, and desired discharge head HD and
supply main head HM.
TDH = HL + HS + HD – HM
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Pressure head
is a term that represents a fluid pressure per specific weight (height of fluid
column).
Pressure Head
Imperial
33.7 ftH2O
14.6 psi
SI
101.325 kPa 10.33 mH2O
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Pump input power
is the power consumed by a pump in order to move and increase
pressure of a fluid.
Phydraulic Pshaft pump
Q H P
Pelec
Pshaft Pelec motor
Shaft power
Pump Coupling
Motor
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Pump energy consumption (cont.)
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Review / Summary
Define the plumbing system and show how it works.
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Industrial Water Supply : Basic Systems and
Schemes:
Industrial Water Use:
Cooling
Washing (production, premises)
Vapor generation
Transportation (materials, products, wastes)
Production ingredient
Production media
Drinking
Fire fighting
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Industrial Water Supply Requirements:
1. Water quantity requirements
- depend on:
Industrial water supply norms Water use
Potable water supply norms Water reuse (if any)
for workers 3. ater regime requirements -
Water losses depend on:
2.Water quality requirements - Industrial technology kind
depend on: Industrial technology regime
Water source
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Industrial Water Supply Requirements:
4. Water head requirements - depend on:
⚫ Industrial technology kind
⚫ Industrial equipment
⚫ Industrial buildings height
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