Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Twophase
Twophase
Twophase
The laws governing two phase flow are identical to those for single phase flow. However,
the equations are more complex and/or more numerous than those of single phase flow. In
today’s lecture I shall describe the types of behaviour found in liquid gas flows and shall
say something of the methods by which we analyse such flows. In our next lecture, we
shall look further at the analysis techniques to show how pressure drops can be predicted
using experimental correlations based on simple analytical models. If we have time we may
mention some problems associated with solid/fluid flows.
de−wetting
jG
small ripples
m/s Annular
10
Impossible
Churn
Flooding
1 Slug
jF Annular
m/s 0.1 Bubble
−1 −0.1 0.01 0.1 1.0
Bubble jF
m/s
−1
Annular Impossible
−10
de−wetting
jG
small ripples
m/s
Map of Flow Regimes: Air−water at STP flowing in a vertical, 2.5cm diameter tube
Upward velocities are positive
Let us look at each section of the flow in turn.
We shall use the notation jG and jF to denote the superficial velocity of the gas and liquid
respectively.
2) Slug Flow
– this is chaotic
– slugs form and immediately break up
– not amenable to theoretical analysis.
4) Annular Flow
j
G
Horizontal Flow
Dispersed Bubble
3
j 1 Plug
F Slug
m/s
0.2
0.1
Wave
0.01
0.1 1.0 4 10 100
j m/s
G
Again there are a range of flow regimes dependant on jG and jf
j
F
j
G
3) Slug Flow
4) Stratified Flow
gas
liquid
5) Wave Flow
gas
liquid
6) Annlar Mist
j
G
j
F
Analysis of two-phase flows
How do we analyse two-phase flows? Let us consider 1-Dimensional analysis techniques.
These divide into the following categories.
a) Simple Correlations
– based on experiment
– often quoted in dimensionless form
– may or may not have scientific/physical basis
– often restricted in area of application
1) Homogeneous model
∗ take average of properties for both phases
∗ used, e.g., for suspension, foam, mist, dispersed bubble
∗ no detail of the flow considered
2) Separated flow model
∗ assume phases flow side by side
∗ use separate equations for each phase
∗ consider interation between the phases
3) Drift flux model
∗ focuses on relative motion between phases
c) Integral Analysis
d) Differential Analysis
e) Universal Phenomena
NB ∆ρ = ρF − ρG which is often ≈ ρF
4gd ∆ρ
Drag coefficient cD = 3u2 ρF
Froude Number Fr = √u
gd
ρF ud
Reynolds Number Re = µF
ρF u2 d
Weber Number We = σ
gµF4
Morton Number M= ρF σ3
3 1
ρF σ 2 ρF 2
Archimedes Number Ar = 1 1 = ∆ρM
µF2 g 2 ∆ρ 2
ρF gd2
Eötvös Number Eö = σ
d3 gρF ∆ρ
Grashof Number Gr = µF2
1 3 1
g 2 d 2 ρF ρF 2
Inverse Viscosity Number NF = µF
= ∆ρ
Gr
√
δ δ τw ρF
Dimensionless film thickness δ+ = y∗
= µF
Two Phase Flow
Homogeneous 1D model for two phase flow
Suitable average properties are determined and the mixture is treated as a single fluid in the
equations of motion
Nomenclature
A cross-sectional area of flow channel
2τw
cf friction factor ( ρ.v 2)
mass flowrate W = W1 + W2
mass flux G = G1 + G2
volumetric flowrate Q = Q1 + Q2
Q1 Q2
superficial velocity j = j1 + j 2 = +
A A
jF j2
actual velocity vF = v2 =
1−α α
G W
v= =
ρm Aρm
W1 = Q1 .ρ1 W2 = Q2 .ρ2
j1 v1 1 − α
= .
j2 v2 α
G1 W1 1−x
= =
G2 W2 x
Continuity:
W = ρm .v.A = const
Momentum:
dv dP
W = −A − P.τw − Aρm g.sinθ
dz dz
Energy:
dqe dw d v2
− = W. (h + + gz)
dz dz dz 2
2cf G2 x 1 − x dx 1 1 d 1 d 1 x 1 − x 1 dA g.sinθ
=− ( + )−G2 { ( − )+x ( )+(1−x) ( )}+G2( + ) − x
D ρ2 ρ1 dz ρ2 ρ1 dz ρ2 dz ρ1 ρ2 ρ1 A dz ( ρ2 + 1−x
ρ1
)
2cf G2 dx dv2 dv1 1 dA g.sinθ
=− (v2 x+v1 (1−x))−G2 { (v2 −v1 )+x +(1−x) }+G2(v2 x+v1 (1−x)) −
D dz dz dz A dz (v2 x + v1 (1 − x))
2cf G2 dx dP dv2 dv1 1 dA g.sinθ
=− (v2 x+v1 (1−x))−G2 { (v2 −v1 )+ .{x +(1−x) }}+G2 (v2 x+v1 (1−x)) −
D dz dz dP dP A dz (v2 x + v1 (1 − x))
dP
rearranging in terms of dz
2 g.sinθ
dP − 2cD
fG
(v2 x + v1 (1 − x)) − G2 dx (v − v1 ) + G2 (v2 x + v1 (1 − x)) A1 dA
dz 2 dz
− (v2 x+v1 (1−x))
= dv dv
dz 1 + G2 (x dP2 + (1 − x) dP1 )