Review Article

Emergence of diabetes education and capacity‑building

programs for primary care physicians in India
Rakesh Mehra1, Shivangi Vats1, Rahul Kumar1, Haresh R. Chandwani1,
Sandeep Bhalla1, Pushkar Kumar1, Viswanathan Mohan2
1
Training Division, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India, 2Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu, India

A bstract
Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death globally. India is home to the second‑largest population suffering from diabetes.
This underscores the need to build capacity of primary care physicians (PCPs) for better disease management. This narrative review
article aims to describe the emergence of diabetes education and capacity‑building programs for PCPs and its current situation in
India. The review highlighted that major emphasis on diabetes was given only when the WHO estimated that morbidity and mortality
due to diabetes would increase to 35% in India. As a result, National Diabetes Control Program was launched in 1987. Yet, very
little attention was paid to diabetology in under‑graduation. In the last decade, few public and private institutions have developed
diabetes related capacity‑building programs for PCPs independently or in collaborations. These programs include 16 fellowships, 4
diplomas, 12 certificate programs, and 6 other diabetes training programs, which have their own pros and cons. As medical science
is changing rapidly, PCPs need to upgrade their skills and knowledge regularly to manage NCDs such as diabetes more effectively
and efficiently. This can be possible only if scientific, evidence‑based, and quality‑oriented capacity‑building programs are provided
to the healthcare workforce.

Keywords: Capacity building, Diabetes, education, primary care physicians

Introduction According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF), India

Diabetes was earlier considered as a disease of the affluent, older
age group, and urban population.[1,2] However, the scenario has
changed in the last few decades as the disorder is moving to the
poorer section of the society, youth and children; and to the rural
population, resulting in premature mortality.[3] Diabetes is one
of the leading causes of death, with a global prevalence of 8.5%
among the adult population.[3] The number of people living with
diabetes has increased fourfold in the last three decades[4] as the
disease spread to low‑ and middle‑income countries.[5]
Address for correspondence: Dr. Rakesh Mehra,
Plot No 47, Sector 44, Institutional Area, Gurugram,
Haryana ‑ 122 002, India.
E‑mail: rakeshmehra13@gmail.com
Received: 09‑04‑2021 Revised: 05‑07‑2021
Accepted: 30‑07‑2021 Published: 10-03-2022
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is home to 77.0 million people suffering from diabetes and
projections indicate that the number will increase to 134.2 million
by 2045.[6] Additionally, type 1 diabetes among children and
adolescents is the highest in India (171,300) and gestational
diabetes mellitus is also on the rise among Indian women.[6] Being
a lifelong and burgeoning health problem, diabetes imposes a
huge socioeconomic burden on individuals, society, and the
country as a whole.[7]
India, which accounts for 87.9% of adults with diabetes in the
region, spent USD 92 per person in 2019.[6] According to the
World Health Organization diabetes country‑specific profiles,
being the world’s diabetes capital, India has already developed
national guidelines along with operational strategies and action
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How to cite this article: Mehra R, Vats S, Kumar R, Chandwani HR, Bhalla S,
DOI: Kumar P, et al. Emergence of diabetes education and capacity‑building
10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_669_21 programs for primary care physicians in India. J Family Med Prim Care
2022;11:839-46.

© 2022 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care | Published by Wolters Kluwer ‑ Medknow 839
 Mehra, et al.: Emergence of diabetes education India
plan for evidence‑based diabetes management.[8] However,
the existing status of diabetes care quality services is far from
satisfactory level in both urban as well as in rural areas.[9‑11]
Moreover, the quality care of diabetes depends on the knowledge,
expertise, attitude, and practice of health care professionals.[12]
In India, majority of initial diagnosis is made by primary care
physicians (PCPs) due to uneven distribution of specialists,
where over 80% of whom practice in urban areas while 72%
of the population lives in rural areas.[13] On the other hand, the
quality of care provided by PCPs remains suboptimal because
of a lack of knowledge and facilities to screen for diabetes and
its complications.[10] This underscores the need to build capacity
of PCPs for better disease management.[14]
Capacity building is the process by which organizations change
and improve how individuals within an organization develop
and retain the competencies (knowledge, skills, and attitudes)
needed to carry out their duties at least competently and
ideally beyond the minimum standard.[15] Diabetes education
and capacity‑building programs are essential for handling the
growing burden of diabetes in resource constraint countries.[16‑18]
Therefore, this narrative review article aims to describe the
emergence of diabetes education and capacity‑building programs
for PCPs and its current situation in India.
Diabetes in India
Diabetes, which has now emerged as an epidemic, is a
well‑described disease in Ayurveda.[19] The estimation of the
extent of diabetes in ancient India was impossible due to the
lack of epidemiological records at that time.[20] However, the first
epidemiological study recorded in India was by Chakravarthy A.,
who assessed and documented the prevalence of glycosuria in a
hospital‑based study in Kolkata in 1938.[21]
Indian Council of Medical Research conducted the first national
level, multicentric study to assess the prevalence of diabetes in
urban (2%–3%) and rural (1%–1.5%) parts of the country during
1972–75.[22] Thereafter, many studies were undertaken by various
researchers to estimate the prevalence and incidence of diabetes
to identify the various risk factors associated with diabetes.
These studies range from small‑city surveys to metacentric
large‑scale surveys, case‑control studies, cross‑sectional studies
and various surveys covering different geographical areas.[23]
Diabetes Education in Pre‑independence Era
Bhore Committee laid the foundation of health care services
in India before independence. In 1946, the committee reported
that 19 medical colleges with an annual intake of 1200 students
were not sufficient to tackle the healthcare needs of 400 million
people. The facilities for post‑graduation (MD, MS, and diploma)
in different medical colleges were few and there was no governing
body to coordinate and foster post‑graduate education in the
then‑existing universities. Also, governments and universities did
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 840 Volume 11 : Issue 3 : March 2022
not put any effort to start refresher courses for physicians. Though
certain universities and colleges provided specialization (in
anatomy, physiology, bacteriology, ophthalmology, orthopedics,
psychological medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, radiology,
dermatology, pediatrics, tuberculosis, oto‑rhino‑laryngology,
anesthesia, and venereology), diabetes was not in focus at that
time.[24]
Diabetes Education in Post‑independence Era
Post‑independence, the planning commission had the
responsibility of development, execution, and monitoring of
all the developmental plans, including the healthcare delivery
system in the country. In the initial five‑year plans, the priority
areas were population control, maternal and child health, and
communicable diseases in the health sector. Re‑orientation of
medical education was initiated in the sixth plan but the focus
was on rural health. The noncommunicable diseases (cancer,
coronary heart diseases, hypertension, diabetes and traffic, and
other accidents) were considered as the emerging health problems
for the first time only in the seventh plan. Hence, development of
need‑based, problem‑centered, and community‑oriented medical
training and education for doctors and paramedical personnel
for the prevention and control of NCD was stressed. As a result,
National Diabetes Control Program was launched in 1987 as a
central sector health program in the districts of Salem and South
Arcot in Tamil Nadu, and Jammu and Kashmir, on a pilot basis,
and learning resource materials were developed for the training
of nurses and primary health care workers.[25]
In subsequent five‑year plans, policymakers gave more
importance to NCDs as the WHO estimates showed that
morbidity and mortality due to communicable diseases will
decrease by 15% whereas noncommunicable diseases would
increase by 18% and that for diabetes by 35%. This resulted in the
development of an integrated National Program for Prevention
and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases,
and Stroke (NCPCDCS) through improving infrastructure,
up‑gradation of health care providers’ skills, and creation of an
epidemiological database of noncommunicable diseases. In this
integrated program, priority was given to cancer, cardiovascular
diseases, stroke, and mental health.[26]
Diabetes Education in National Health
Policies
In 1983, the first national health policy came into existence in
response to the Alma Ata declaration to achieve “Health for All”
by 2000. Nutrition, prevention of food adulteration, maintenance
of quality of drugs, water supply and sanitation, environment
protection, immunization program, maternal and child health
services, family planning, communicable diseases, school health
program, and occupational health services were given priority
in the national health policy. Public health educational programs
also focused on nutrition, family planning, and maternal and
child health.[27]
 Mehra, et al.: Emergence of diabetes education India
In the next twenty years, lifestyle disorders and noncommunicable
diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases cancer, and
others increased due to rapid epidemiological transition.[22] This
compelled the policymakers to review policies and assess the
current health needs of the population. As a result, the second
national health policy was formulated in 2002. The main objective
of the policy was to provide an equitable and acceptable standard
of good health via establishing new infrastructure in deficient
areas and upgrading of the existing infrastructure, involvement
of the private sector, and decentralization of the public health
system. A need‑based skill‑oriented syllabus with more significant
component of practical training and periodic skills up‑gradation
of working health professionals through a system of continuing
medical education was recommended. School health program,
IEC activities for mass education, worksite wellness programs,
strengthening of medical colleges, and integrated NCD clinics
in medical colleges and district hospitals were recommended
for prevention and control of NCD[28] but very little emphasis
was given to improve and upgrade of knowledge and skills of
primary health care providers.
Diabetes Education in Indian Guidelines for
Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
India’s first guideline for the management of type  2 diabetes
mellitus was developed as a result of the national workshop on
guidelines for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus conducted
by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the
World Health Organization (WHO) in Chennai in May 2003.
The objectives behind the development of these guidelines
were to establish a standard diagnostic criterion for diabetes,
glucose intolerance and gestational diabetes, self‑monitoring
and annual follow‑ups, screening of asymptomatic and high‑risk
individuals, various treatment modalities including diet and
lifestyle modification, medical interventions, and early detection
of complications with appropriate measures to arrest and reverse
them. Emphasis was given on diabetes education for people
living with diabetes which, by definition means empowering
people with diabetes with knowledge and providing tools crucial
for making them an active partner in the diabetes management
team[29], but the guidelines did not address strategies to train and
build the capacity of PCPs and general practitioners who bear
the majority of the burden of diabetes management in India.
As a result, the need for proper strategies for evolution and
implementation of national guidelines on diabetes and related
disorders was felt by several researchers.[30] In recent years,
various Indian scientific bodies and diabetes research groups
have developed diabetes treatment guidelines and clinical practice
recommendations for better patient outcomes but these too are
clinically oriented.
Diabetes Education in National Programs
The “National Diabetes Control Program” was launched during
the seventh five‑year plan in 1987 in some districts of Tamil
Nadu, J and K, and Karnataka. The main thrust during the
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 841 Volume 11 : Issue 3 : March 2022
seventh plan was to develop an appropriate model for care and
control of diabetes mellitus at the district level. The objectives
of the program were 1) prevention of diabetes through
identification of high‑risk subjects and early intervention in
the form of health education; 2) early diagnosis of disease and
appropriate treatment morbidity and mortality with reference to
high‑risk group; 3) prevention of acute and chronic metabolic,
cardiovascular, renal, and ocular complication of the disease;
4) provision of equal opportunity for physical attainment
and scholastic achievement for the diabetic patients; and 5)
rehabilitation of those partially or totally handicapped diabetes
people. However, due to shortage of funds, this program could
not be expanded further in subsequent years.[31]
On the other hand, due to rapidly increasing NCD burden
and recommendations of National Health Policy 2002 for the
development of integrated strategies, the “National Program
for Prevention and Control of Diabetes, Cardiovascular diseases
and Stroke” was launched as pilot in 10 districts of 10 states
on January 4, 2008. The objectives of the program are risk
reduction for prevention of NCDs and early diagnosis and
appropriate management of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases,
and stroke via health promotion for the general population and
disease prevention for the high‑risk groups. Now, the program
has been expanded to include cancer and is being implemented
across all the states in the country and operational guidelines for
implementation of the program are in place.[32]
Diabetes Education in Medical Education
In India, the first medical institution named Medical College,
Bengal was established by the British East India Company in
1835 at Kolkata with an annual intake of 49 students. Currently,
the numbers have increased to nearly 83000 students and there are
554 medical colleges including both government and private all
across the country.[33] Very little attention is paid to endocrinology
or diabetology during their undergraduate study.[34] More focused
and specialized post‑graduate courses are providing a more
detailed description of endocrinology, including diabetes, but
the intake/seats are very limited. These courses include MD
medicine, DM endocrinology, Diploma in diabetology[33], and
DNB endocrinology/general medicine.[35] The specialization‑wise
colleges and seat distribution are shown in Table 1.
Diabetes Capacity‑Building Programs in India
In the last ten years, few public and private institutions have
developed diabetes education and training programs for PCPs
independently or in collaboration with other like‑minded
institutions. These programs include 16 fellowships [Table 2],
4 diplomas [Table 3], 12 certificate programs  [Table 4], and
6 other diabetes training programs [Table 5]. These programs
are meant for medical graduates only. The mode of delivery of
these programs varies from institution to institution; some are
full‑time, while others are offered through different modes such
as regular, distance, online, and contact session‑based.
 Mehra, et al.: Emergence of diabetes education India

Discussion ratio in India is less than the WHO‑prescribed limit where each
government allopathic doctor serves 11000 people.[66] In such
Considering the chronic nature of noncommunicable diseases a situation, it becomes very difficult for the physicians to give
and similar prevention strategies, primary healthcare continues proper care and counseling about lifestyle, diet, physical activity,
to be the cornerstone in the prevention and management of health communication, and other methods of prevention to the
diabetes.[64] However, most physicians are unable in providing patients and their caretakers for better disease management.[17]
evidence‑based care because of inadequate attention to diabetes Hence, capacity building of primary care physicians becomes
during their undergraduate programs and they need to invest imperative to halt the rising burden of diabetes.
almost 11.5 years to become a specialist of the subject.[34] The
majority of these specialists are concentrated in urban areas or Recognizing these issues and challenges, few organizations/
metro cities. Estimates from studies indicate that there are about institutes both government and private started diabetes education
four times as many allopathic doctors per 10,000 population in and capacity‑building programs for PCPs in India. These pioneer
urban areas as compared to rural areas.[65] Thus PCPs become initiatives need to be encouraged and appreciated. Most of
the key care providers for patients suffering from diabetes in the these programs are full‑time and consist of regular fellowships
country especially in rural areas. or diplomas in diabetes. Such programs provide deep insights
toward the subject and practical exposure, but one has to leave
It is evident that tight glycemic control and early initiation of his/her clinical practice to receive the benefit and to get enrolled
insulin can delay the onset of diabetes‑related complications; yet, in these programs. Additionally, the number of institutions as
PCPs delay insulin initiation due to poor or limited knowledge well as the annual intake capacity of these programs is very low.
about insulin therapy.[14] Furthermore, the doctor‑to‑patient
Some of these organizations offer online capacity‑building
Table 1: Medical colleges and seat distribution programs. These online programs either adopt prerecorded
Degree No. of colleges Annual intake lectures or live streaming of the sessions as teaching methodology.
MBBS 554 82950 Online courses can result in greater educational opportunities but
MD general medicine 333 4076 require a certain level of human and infrastructural resources.[67]
DNB general medicine 254 674 In a country like India, the online mode of education has its own
DM endocrinology 32 102 limitations because of poor Internet connectivity, limited access
DNB endocrinology 10 19 to digital media, and electricity cuts in rural and remote areas.
Diploma in diabetology 2 4
Moreover, online sessions are time‑bound and there is little scope

Table 2: Fellowship programs in diabetes

Institute Course name Eligibility Mode Duration
M V Hospital for Diabetes and The Tamil Nadu Post Doc Fellowship in Diabetology MD/DNB Full time 1 year
Dr. MGR University[36]
M V Hospital for Diabetes and The Tamil Nadu Post Doc Fellowship in Podiatry MS Full time 1 year
Dr. MGR University[36]
M V Hospital for Diabetes and The Tamil Nadu Post Graduate Fellowship in Medical Science MBBS Full time 2 year
Dr. MGR University[36] (Clinical Diabetology)
Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Education Academy & The Post‑Doctoral Fellowship in Diabetology MD/DNB Full time 1 year
Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University[37]
Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Education Academy[37] Fellowship in Diabetology MBBS Full time 2 years
Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Education Academy[37] Fellowship in Eye Disorder of Diabetes MBBS with PG Full time 1 year
Ophthalmology
Dr. A. Ramachandran’s Diabetes Hospitals & The Fellowship in clinical diabetology MBBS Full time 2 year
Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University[38]
CMC Vellore[39] Distance Fellowship in Diabetes Management MD/DNB Distance 1 year
CMC Vellore[40] Post Doc Fellowship in Diabetology MD/DNB Full time 1 year
CMC Vellore[40] Post graduate Fellowship in diabetes MBBS Full time 2 year
Maharashtra University of health sciences, Nasik[41] Fellowship Course in Diabetology MD Full time 1 year
Kanungo Institute of Diabetes Specialities[42] Fellowship in Diabetology MBBS Full time 1 year
Dr. Mayur Patel Swasthya Diabetes Care, All Fellowship in Diabetology MBBS Full time 2 years
India Institute of Diabetes and Research & Yash
Diabetes Specialities Center[43]
Apollo & MeDvarsity[44] Fellowship in Diabetes Mellitus MBBS Online 1 year
Indian Medical Association ‑ TNSB[45] Fellowship certification in diabetology MBBS Contact classes and 1 year
hands‑on experience
Indian Medical Association ‑ CGP[46] Fellowship in Diabetes Mellitus MBBS Online 1 year

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 842 Volume 11 : Issue 3 : March 2022
 Mehra, et al.: Emergence of diabetes education India

Table 3: Diploma programs in diabetes

Institute Course name Eligibility Mode Duration
Madras Medical College[47] Diploma in Diabetology MBBS Full time 2 years
Topiwala National Medical College & B. Y. L. Diploma in Diabetology MBBS Full time 2 years
Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai[48]
The Tamilnadu Dr. MGR Medical University[49] Post Doc Diploma in Diabetology MD Full time 1 year
Apollo & MeDvarsity[44] Diploma in Diabetes Management MBBD or MD Online 6 months

Table 4: Certificate programs in diabetes

Institute Course name Eligibility Mode Duration
BMJ/Royal College of Physicians/Fortis Certification course in diabetes MBBS Online 6 months
C‑DOC[50]
PHFI/DMDEA[51] Certificate course in evidence‑based diabetes MBBS Online Contact 1 year
management sessions
PHFI/DMDEA[52] Certificate course in gestational diabetes mellitus MBBS Online Contact 4 months
sessions
PHFI/DMDEA/Arvind Eye Care Certificate course in evidence management of MBBS Online 4 months
System[53] diabetic retinopathy sessions
PHFI/CDI[54] Advanced certificate course in prevention and MBBS Online Contact 6 months
management of diabetes and cardiovascular disease sessions
Indian Academy of Diabetes & Boolean Certificate Course in Diabetes Management MBBS Online 4 months
Education[55]
Apollo & MeDvarsity[44] Certificate in diabetes management MBBS Online 3 months
RSSDI[56] Certificate Course in diabetology MBBS/MD Full time 1 year for MD and
2 years for MBBS
IMA AKN Sinha Institute[57] Post Graduate Certificate Course in Clinical MBBS Distance 6 months to 2 years
Diabetes
Nizam institute of Medical Sciences and Post Graduate Certificate of Competences in MBBS Online
WHO Collaborating Center for Diabetes Diabetology/WebCME
in Developing Countries[58]
Cleveland Clinic[59] Advanced Certificate Course in Diabetes MBBS Regular 2 days
Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital[60] Certificate Course in Diabetology MBBS Regular 1 year

Table 5: Other diabetes training programs

Institute Course name Eligibility Mode Duration
Coimbatore Diabetes Foundation & ADA[61] Clinical diabetology course & training Program MBBS Contact sessions 6 months
Nizam institute of Medical Sciences[56] P G Course in Diabetes MBBS 1 year
CMC Vellore[40] Short course for doctors in Diabetes Mellitus MBBS Regular 6 days
The Tamilnadu Dr. MGR Medical University[49] Refresher course in Diabetology MBBS Distance 6 months
University of South Wales, UK[62] Post Graduate Diploma in Diabetes MBBS Online 6 weeks
Cardiff University[63] Postgraduate Diabetes Diploma MBBS Online 2 years

for participants to clarify their doubts and discuss their queries leading world‑renowned academic partners like Dr. Mohan’s
with the tutor/faculty alongside their clinical responsibilities. Diabetes Education Academy (DMDEA).[68]

Considering the busy schedule of practicing doctors and
following the guru‑shishya system of education, few organizations
developed contact‑based capacity‑building programs. PCPs can
continue their clinical practices and attend the contact sessions
at their nearest center on the day of the contact session. During
the contact session, enrolled participants get the opportunity
to interact with the faculty and discuss their doubts about
specific situations. Similarly, the Public Health Foundation
of India (PHFI) has developed the capacity of more than
15000 primary care physician with its various diabetes‑related
capacity‑building programs since 2010 in collaboration with
Another issue with these programs is recognition or affiliation
from councils or universities. The Medical Council of India
accredits all the courses offered in medical colleges. Most of the
fellowships and diplomas, no matter how extensive and efficient
the curriculum and modality is, have not received recognition
or affiliation of medical councils or universities which needs
to be addressed as this is a long‑felt need in the community. As
none of the online and contact session‑based capacity‑building
programs are accredited, this raises the question on the quality of
their program delivery. Participating physicians are also looking
for some recognition or affiliation while entering into these

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 843 Volume 11 : Issue 3 : March 2022
 Mehra, et al.: Emergence of diabetes education India
programs and often misuse the training received and claimed
they are specialized.
According to the DAWN2 study, healthcare professionals
strongly feel that the curriculum at the graduation level is not
adequate to build the capacity of these medical graduates to
efficiently manage diabetes at the community level. It is evident
that these short‑term capacity‑building programs are effective
in improving the knowledge and skills of PCPs in diabetes
management.[69,70] So, these capacity‑building initiatives can play a
major role in building the capacity and skills of newly graduated
professionals for better patient outcomes. These initiatives have
high potential for scaling up while optimally addressing the
scarcity of trained mental health professionals in high population
density settings like India. These can prove to be a sustainable
model while strengthening the linkages between community and
existing government programs.
Apart from this, the Indian health system is currently more
designed to tackle communicable diseases and maternal and
child health issues. However, due to rapid epidemiological
transition, the disease burden has shifted from communicable
to noncommunicable diseases. Building the capacity of PCPs in
NCD prevention and control along with community awareness
generation programs is the need of an hour to manage lifelong
diseases like diabetes. Therefore, it is necessary to shift the focus
of health planning, policies and programs in India and then
keep it to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal target 3.4,
which calls for reducing premature death from NCDs, including
diabetes, by 30% by 2030.[71]
Conclusion
As medical science is changing very rapidly, medical professionals
need to upgrade their skills and knowledge regularly to manage
diseases in more effective and efficient ways. This can be possible
only if scientific and evidence‑based capacity‑building programs
are provided to the healthcare workforce. This becomes more
imperative in the case of noncommunicable diseases like diabetes
which require lifelong and continuous care.
Although a range of diabetes education and capacity‑building
initiatives are available for PCPs in India, there is a need to keep
a check on the quality of the program both in terms of content
and delivery. The organizations should develop and/or upgrade
their respective programs as per the physicians’ need as capacity
building is one of the key strategies to enable and empower the
healthcare workforce to go on consistently performing at a larger
scale and to have a greater impact.
Therefore, a customized training program—if conceptualized,
designed, and implemented meticulously while considering the
need of the community and the physicians’ clinical settings—can
help in bridging the gap of trained healthcare specialists among
the densely and diversely populated community setting like India.
If continuous efforts are put in, the knowledge and skills gained
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 844 Volume 11 : Issue 3 : March 2022
can be sustained for a long time. The learning from these training
programs can be used in the development and implementation
of similar programs in other low‑ and middle‑income countries
that face an alarming burden of noncommunicable diseases and
a shortage of trained physicians.
A major target of the WHO global action plan for prevention
and control of noncommunicable diseases is to “halt the rise
in diabetes and obesity.” To achieve this, several measures to
strengthen primary care are imperative. We believe that the
comprehensive list of diabetes education and capacity‑building
programs in this article will help PCPs in accessing the
appropriate program and thereby enhancing their knowledge
and skills for better diabetes management and patient outcome in
resource‑limited countries.
Key Messages
As medical science is changing rapidly, PCPs need to upgrade
their skills and knowledge regularly to manage NCDs such as
diabetes more effectively and efficiently. The comprehensive list
of diabetes education and capacity‑building programs in this
article will help PCPs in accessing the appropriate program as per
their need. The article will also help academicians, researchers
and policymakers to access the comprehensive information on
the educational programs launched so far in the field of diabetes
and endocrinology in the country. This will further help in
modifiying and develop the necessary training programs for the
healthcare workforce in the respective field in future.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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