THERMODYNAMICS 2

Prepared by Gulyaz Najafova

 Chapter 3. Refrigeration Cycles

• Refrigerators and heat pump

• Ideal and Actual vapor-compression refrigeration cycle
• Heat-pump system

Reference: "Thermodynamics, an engineering approach" Eighth edition. Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles. Chapter 11
 REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS

The objective of a refrigerator is to remove heat (QL) from the cold medium;
The objective of a heat pump is to supply heat (QH) to a warm medium.
 REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS

The objective of a refrigerator is to remove heat (QL) from the cold medium;
The objective of a heat pump is to supply heat (QH) to a warm medium.

The performance of refrigerators and heat pumps is expressed in

terms of the coefficient of performance (COP), defined as

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑄 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑)

𝐶𝑂𝑃 𝑅 = = =
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊 𝑛𝑒𝑡

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑄 𝐻 (𝐻𝑜𝑡 )

𝐶𝑂𝑃 𝐻𝑃 = = =
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊 𝑛𝑒𝑡
THE REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE
THE REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE
THE REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE
 THE REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE

The coefficients of performance of Carnot refrigerators and heat pumps are

1 1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 𝑅, 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 𝐶𝑂𝑃 𝐻𝑃 ,𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 =
𝑇 𝐻 /𝑇 𝐶 −1 1− 𝑇 𝐻 /𝑇 𝐶

COP increase as the difference between the two temperatures decreases, that is, as TC rises or TH falls.
 THE IDEAL VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE
The vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is essentially a modified Rankine cycle operating in
reverse
 THE IDEAL VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE
The vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is essentially a modified Rankine cycle operating in
reverse

1-2 Isentropic compression in a compressor

2-3 Constant-pressure heat rejection in a condenser
3-4 Throttling in an expansion device
4-1 Constant-pressure heat absorption in an evaporator
 THE IDEAL VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE
The vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is essentially a modified Rankine cycle operating in
reverse
 THE IDEAL VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE
The vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is essentially a modified Rankine cycle operating in
reverse

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 ACTUAL VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE

• In the ideal cycle, the refrigerant leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor
as saturated vapor. In practice, however, it may not be possible to control the state
of the refrigerant so precisely. The refrigerant is slightly superheated at the
compressor inlet
 ACTUAL VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE

• In the ideal cycle, the refrigerant leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor
as saturated vapor. In practice, however, it may not be possible to control the state
of the refrigerant so precisely.
• The compression process in the ideal cycle is internally reversible and adiabatic, and
thus isentropic. The actual compression process, however, involves frictional effects,
which increase the entropy, and heat transfer, which may increase or decrease the
entropy, depending on the direction.
 ACTUAL VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE

• In the ideal cycle, the refrigerant leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor
as saturated vapor. In practice, however, it may not be possible to control the state
of the refrigerant so precisely.
• The compression process in the ideal cycle is internally reversible and adiabatic, and
thus isentropic. The actual compression process, however, involves frictional effects,
which increase the entropy, and heat transfer, which may increase or decrease the
entropy, depending on the direction.
• In the ideal case, the refrigerant is assumed to leave the condenser as saturated
liquid at the compressor exit pressure. In reality, however, it is unavoidable to have
some pressure drop in the condenser as well as in the lines connecting the
condenser to the compressor and to the throttling valve.
HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

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