Interview Questions

“POWER TRANSMISSION”

Made By: Azeem Sajid

Electrical Engineer |HSE | Controls & Automation
linkedin.com/in/azeemsajid53

 azeemsajid53@gmail.com
Dated: 20-05-2023
1) What is the material used for overhead transmission lines?

ACSR conductors are employed.

2) What are the problems associated with EHV transmission?

The problems associated with EHV (Extra High Voltage) transmission are corona loss and
radio interference, requirement of heavy supporting structures and insulation requirements.

3) Why does surge impedance loading (SIL) increase with increase in

voltage level?

SIL varies as the square of the operating voltage, so SIL increases with increase in voltage
level.

4) What are the factors that limit the maximum power transfer capability
in a transmission line?
Some of the factors which limits the maximum power transfer are:

1. Electrical phase shift

2. Voltage drops.
3. Thermal effects in the line

5) Explain some of the methods to improve the strength of transmission

system?

• Introducing or adding new transmission lines into the system to avoid the
overloading of the existing lines.
• Application of devices such as series capacitors in the right location of power
system which helps in increase in the power transfer capability.
• Upgradation of the existing transmission system.
• Adoption of multi-voltage levels and multi-circuits in the existing ac transmission
system.

6) Why is phase shift kept low for transmission of power for large
distances?

Generally, δ is kept low (around 30o) because any disturbance can affect the stability of the
system if δ value is high.
 7) Why Is Alternating Current Used for Transmission?

AC is used for transmission because transformers can step it as much as

excessive voltage for long distance, and right down to low voltage for local
distribution and use. The output of energy stations comes from a rotary turbine,
which via its nature is AC and therefore requires no power electronics to
transform to DC Also, it's miles lots less difficult to exchange the voltage of
AC electricity for transmission and distribution and the value of plant
associated with AC transmission (circuit breakers, trans formers and so forth)
is a great deal lower than the equal of DC transmission. AC transmission offers
several technical benefits. When a fault inside the network occurs, huge fault
contemporary flows. In an AC device, this will become a good deal simpler t o
break, because the sine wave current will evidently tend to zero in some
unspecified time in the future making the modern -day easier to break.

8) What Is Corona?

The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone gas in
an overhead transmission line is known as Corona.

9) What Is Skin Effect?

The tendency of alternating modern-day to pay attention close to the floor of a
conductor is referred to as Skin Effect

10) Why Is Voltage Stepped Up Before Transmission?

Voltage is stepped up earlier than transmission due to the subsequent motives:

• Reduces volume of conductor cloth.

• Increases transmission performance.

• Decreases percent line drop.

• Power Electronics Tutorial.

11) What Are Standard Transmission and Distribution Voltages?

Primary Transmission: 66 kV, 132 KV, 220 kV and 400 kV
Secondary Transmission: 33 kV
Primary Distribution: 11 kV, 3 -section, 3-twine
Secondary Distribution: 400 V between stages (three-phase, 4-wire) and 230 V
between any individual segment and impartial
12) Explain Transmission and Distribution Systems?
Electric-energy transmission is used for bulk switch of l electricity, from producing
power flow to electrical substations positioned near demand facilities. The specific
structures of transmission are:

DC device:

Single section AC gadget

Two phase AC device
Three segment AC machine
A part of electricity machine which distributes electric powered energy for
neighborhood use is known as Distribution System.

The one-of-a-kind distribution structures are:

• AC Distribution system

Primary distribution device

Secondary distribution device

• DC Distribution machine

2 twine DC system
3 twine DC gadget

13) What are the equipment’s used In Sub- Station?

The factors of a sub- station are:

Primary energy strains.

Ground twine.
Overhead strains.
Transformer for size of electric voltage
Disconnect switch
Circuit breaker
Current transformer
Lightning arrester
Main transformer
Control building
Security fence
Secondary power strains.
14) What Is the Difference Between Relay and Fuse?
A relay is a transfer; it isn't normally supposed to open below fault situations (high
modern).

A fuse is a fault protection device. If a short circuit devel ops, big currents will go
with the flow, and the fuse link will soften, causing the circuit to open.

15) What Is PLCC?

Power line verbal exchange or strength line service (PLC), additionally known as
electricity line digital subscriber line (PDSL), mains communique, strength line
telecom (PLT), energy line networking (PLN), or broadband over power traces (BPL)
are systems for sporting facts on a conductor and are also used for electric electricity
transmission. A wide range of electricity line commun ication technology are needed
for distinctive packages, starting from home automation to Internet get entry to

16) What Are Lightning Arrestors?

A Lightning Arrestor is a tool used in electric energy systems to protect the insulation
on the machine from the dangerous impact of lightning .

17) What Are Standard Transmission And Distribution Voltages?

Primary Transmission: 66 kV, 132 KV, 220 kV and 400 kV
Secondary Transmission: 33 kV
Primary Distribution: 11 kV, 3 -section, 3-twine
Secondary Distribution: 400 V between stages (three-phase, 4-wire) and 230 V
between any individual segment and impartial .

18) What is the difference between Relay and Fuse?

A relay is a transfer; it isn't normally supposed to open below fault situations (high
modern).

A fuse is a fault protection device. If a short circuit develops, big currents will go
with the flow, and the fuse link will soften, causing the circuit to open.

19) What Is PLCC?

Power line verbal exchange or strength line service (PLC), additionally known as
electricity line digital subscriber line (PDSL), mains communique, strength line
telecom (PLT), energy line networking (PLN), or broadband over power traces (BPL)
are systems for sporting facts on a conductor and are also used for electric electricity
transmission. A wide range of electricity line communication technology are needed
for distinctive packages, starting from home automation to Internet get entry to

20) What is three-phase Supply?

It is a type of poly section gadget and is the maximum commonplace method utilized
by grids worldwide to transfer electricity. In a three -section system, 3 circuit
conductors convey three alternating currents (of the equal frequency) which reach
their immediate peak values at one -of-a-kind times.

21) Why do we require Protection against?

The lightning surges may also cause critical harm to the high-priced equipment’s in
the strength gadget (e.g. Turbines, transformers and so on.) either via direct strokes
on the device or with the aid of the strokes at the transmission lines that reach the
equipment as journeying waves.

22) What Is Transmission Cable Made Up Of?

The foremost insulating substances utilized in cables are rubber, impregnated paper,
varnished cambric and polyvinyl chloride.

23) What will happen when the power factor is leading in distribution
of power?
If there's a high energy issue, i.e. If the energy component is close to one Losses
inside the form of heat might be decreased, Cable turns into less cumbersome and
easy to carry, and really cheap to come up with the money for, & It also reduces
over heating of transformers.

24) What are the faults in A Three Phase Line?

The styles of faults in a three-section line are:

Phase-To-Earth Fault
Phase-To-Phase Fault
Phase-To-Phase-To-Earth Fault
Three-Phase Fault
Three-Phase-To-Earth Fault
Phase-To-Pilot Fault
Pilot-To-Earth Fault
25) What is Current Chopping?
Current Chopping in CB is the incident of arc modern interruption earlier than
everyday current zero is reached. If this cutting -edge is sufficient to supply a voltage
which is more than restriking voltage, then the arc will retain once more. But
progressively the modern falls and surely the voltage also reduces and ultimately falls
down the restriking voltage and ultimately arc is extinguished. It results in voltage
oscillation within the line which affects the electrical equipment’s.

26) Which Circuit Breaker uses Current Chopping Circuit?

Vacuum circuit breakers use modern-day reducing circuit.

27) Why do we use a Wave Trap?

Line entice is also referred to as Wave entice. It allows trapping the excessive
frequency conversation alerts dispatched on the line from the faraway substation and
diverting them to the telecom/ tele-safety panel within the substation manage room
(thru coupling capacitor and LMU). The Line entrance offers high impedance to the
high frequency conversation indicators that obstructs the go with the flow of those
alerts into the substation Bus bars.

28) Which are Preferred – Underground or Overhead cables?

Although many low voltage, neighborhood electric distribution traces are buried
underground, nearly all high-voltage electric transmission traces are attempted to be
located as overhead cables due to the price distinction.

29) What is the basic structure of a Rotating Electrical Machine?

It particularly includes the following circuits:

Magnetic circuit
Electric circuit
Dielectric circuit
Thermal circuit
Mechanical parts
Thermal Power Plant Interview Questions

30) What is Specific Electric Loading?

The number of Armature (and Stator) Amperage Conductors in line with Meter of
Armature (and Stator) periphery at the air hole is known as Specific Electric Loading.
31) What is Specific Magnetic Loading?
The common flux density over the air gap of a device is known as Specific Magnetic
Loading.

32) What are the various types of Ratings of a Machine?

The one-of-a-kind sorts of scores are:

Continuous duty
Short time obligation
Intermittent periodic obligation
Intermittent periodic duty with beginning
Intermittent periodic obligation with beginning and braking
Continuous responsibility with intermittent periodic obligation
Continuous responsibility with starting and braking
Continuous responsibility with periodic speed modifications.

33) What is runaway Speed?

It is defined as the velocity which the top mover might have, if it is all at once
unloaded while working at its rated load.

34) What are modes of heat Dissipation?

The warmness can be dissipated via

Conduction
Convection
Radiation

35) What is Field Form Factor?

It is the ratio of the common flux density over the pole pitch to the most flux density.
It is also called flux distribution aspect.

36) What Is Window Space Factor?

It is defined as the ratio of copper vicinity inside the window of the total window
region.
37) What are the Different Types of Cores?
Different Types of cores are:

Rectangular center
Square core
Stepped center

38) What is ACSR cable and where we use it?

ACSR means Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced, this conductor is used in transmission &
distribution.

39) What will happen when the power factor is leading in the distribution of
power?

If there is a high power factor, i.e. if the power factor is close to one:
a. Losses in the form of heat will be reduced,
b. Cable becomes less bulky and easy to carry, and very cheap to afford, &
c. It also reduces overheating of transformers.

40) Why are Delta Star Transformers used for Lighting Loads?

For lighting loads, the neutral conductor is must and hence the secondary must be star winding.
and this lighting load is always unbalanced in all three phases.
To minimize the current unbalance in the primary we use delta winding in the primary. So
delta/star transformer is used for lighting loads.

41) What is the difference between the Transmission line and distribution line?

The main work of transmission line and distribution line is to transfer power from one place to
another but the difference between transmission and distribution line is based on the factors like
the type of phase, the distribution line because the wire for transmission line is thick and for
distribution line is thin, the transmission line requires three phase supply for carrying electricity
and distribution line requires single phase supply for carrying electricity.

42) Write down the classification of the transmission line?

Depending upon the voltage and length of the conductor the classification of the transmission line
is as follows:
1. A.C Transmission Line.

o Short transmission line.

o Medium transmission line.
o Pi model of a medium transmission line.
o T model of a medium transmission line.
o Long transmission line.

2. D.C Transmission Line.

43) What is a load curve?

A. The curve showing the variation of load on the power station with respect to (w.r.t) time is
known as a load curve.

44) What is the difference between base load and peak load?
A. Base load: The unvarying load which occurs almost the whole day on the station is known as
base load.
Peak load: The various peak demands of load over and above the base load of the station is
known as peak load.

45) What is the power factor?

A. The cosine of angle between voltage and current in an a.c. circuit is known as power factor.

46) What are the disadvantages of low power factor and how to improve it?
A. Disadvantages: Large KVA rating of equipment, Greater conductor size, High copper losses,
Poor voltage regulation
The low power factor is mainly because most of the power loads are inductive and, therefore,
take lagging currents. In order to improve the power factor, some device taking leading power
should be connected in parallel with the load. One such device can be a capacitor. The capacitor
draws a leading current and partly or completely neutralizes the lagging reactive component of
load current. This raises the power factor of the load.
47) Why is AC transmission preferred over DC transmission?
A. 1. The power can be generated at high voltages.
2. The maintenance of a.c. sub-stations is easy and cheaper.
3. The a.c. voltage can be stepped up or stepped down by transformers with ease and efficiency.
Although AC transmission is preferred due to the above reasons DC transmission is superior (2
conductors instead of 3, no inductance, capacitance, no corona, no skin effect etc.).

48) Why is electric power transmitted at higher voltages?

Higher the transmission voltage lesser will be the volume of conductor required.
Efficiency will be high at higher voltages.
Percentage line drop will be less.

49) What are the different types of insulators in Overhead lines?

Pin type insulators, Suspension type insulators, Strain insulators, Shackle insulators.

50) What is string efficiency?

The ratio of voltage across the whole string to the product of number of discs and the voltage
across the disc nearest to the conductor is known as string efficiency.

51) What are the different methods used to improve string efficiency?
String efficiency can be improved by using longer cross arms, by grading the insulators and by
using guard rings.

52) How to reduce the corona effect?

Corona effect can be reduced by
1. Increasing the conductor size
2. Increasing the conductor spacing

53) What is the skin effect?

The tendency of alternating current to concentrate near the surface of a conductor is known as the
skin effect.

54) What is sag? Explain its importance?

The difference in level between points of supports and the lowest point on the conductor is called
sag.
If the conductors are too much stretched between supports in a bid to save conductor material, the
stress in the conductor may reach unsafe value and in certain cases the conductor may break due
to excessive tension. In order to permit safe tension in the conductors, they are not fully stretched
but are allowed to have a dip or sag.