TICK-TALK: AN INTERVENTION PROGRAM ON

INCIVILITY AND SEXY SELF-PRESENTATION ON

FACEBOOK OF GRADE 10 STUDENTS OF TAGBACAN
NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL (TNHS)

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

2023
Volume: 10
Pages: 80-87
Document ID: 2023PEMJ835
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8087713
Manuscript Accepted: 2023-25-6
Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 80-87, Document ID:2023 PEMJ835, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8087713, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Tick-Talk: An Intervention Program on Incivility and Sexy Self-Presentation

onFacebook of Grade 10 Students of Tagbacan National High School (TNHS)
Angerryco D. Rocela*
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
As enthusiastic social media users, adolescents are particularly susceptible to sexualization influences
and exposure to risky contents on social networking sites. Hence, the main purpose of this research is
to identify the implication of Tick-Talk as an intervention program on incivility and sexy self-
presentation of Grade 10 learners of Tagbacan National High School for the school year 2020-2021.
The study utilized a descriptive method employing qualitative approach to look into the implication
of Tick-Talk on incivility and sexy self-presentation on Facebook of the respondents. Further,
underlying reason/s of the respondents’ social media behavior was explored. This paper was
administered to the students using interviews and data were analyzed and interpreted using coding
and problimatique analysis. FINDINGS: Results revealed that Tick-Talk has reduced the instances of
incivility and sexy self-presentation posts on Facebook accounts of the respondents. It means that
they were made aware of the risks involved in posting such content in Facebook due to the
intervention program. Moreover, the study revealed that the root cause of such social media behavior
is due to peer pressure and minimal supervision from parents. RESEARCH
LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: The study was purposively made among five (5) Grade 10
students of TNHS for SY 2020 – 2021 with incivility and sexy self-presentation posts on Facebook.
Parents and peers of the main respondents served as validators on the implication of the program
provided among pre-identified respondents. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This research endeavor
provided insights on incivility and self-presentation of teenagers in TNHS and the effectiveness of the
intervention program.

Keywords: incivility, sexy self-presentation, tick-talk, social media users

Introduction characterized by sexy stances and sexually

Understanding how people express themselves to
others through social media presents a valuable
opportunity. Users view it as a self-presentation
platform that allows them to showcase their identities
to others (Chua & Chang, 2016). Teenagers are avid
users of social media, and the majority of them use it
daily or practically constantly, so there is a higher
danger of exposing them to obscene materials and
language, including profanity and swear words that are
unsuitable for their age.
Incivility, according to Maity et al. (2018), is the act of
harassing or threatening someone via text message or
email, making disparaging remarks about them on a
website or social networking site like Facebook (FB),
Twitter, or other comparable sites, or intimidating
them physically in a variety of online settings. As a
result, incivility is frequently seen as falling along a
scale, with politeness on one end, impoliteness or
slightly uncivil language like insults in the middle, and
highly uncivil language like racial slurs and obscenity
on the other (Sydnor, 2018).
On the other side, sexy self-presentation, as described
by Baumgartner, Sumter, Peter, and Valkenburg
(2015), is self-presentation on social networking sites
like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, which is
suggestive—but not explicit—body display. Because
of their developmental stage, during which peer and
romantic interactions become increasingly essential,
adolescents are sadly frequently exposed to sexualized
messages and images and are particularly sensitive
about their appearance (Ouytsel et al., 2020). They
might therefore be more prone to publish sexualized
content because doing so could boost their self-
confidence and give them a chance to play with their
sexuality online (Lippman, 2014 as quoted in Ouytsel
et al., 2020).
The opinions of friends take on greater importance
during adolescence due to strong peer pressure. In
addition to them, parents can also be a significant
provider of social norms for teenagers. While other
parents may have less restricted attitudes on their
children's social media behavior, some parents may
forbid their kids from sharing sexually explicit
ph oto grap h s and content on social media
(Vanwesenbeeck et al., 2018). In general, parental
mediation tends to happen less frequently and to a
lesser extent as kids get older. Peers and teachers at
school play a larger role in a child's socialization as
they become older and spend more time away from
home, whereas parental influence tends to decline
(Shin & Lwin, 2017).

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Research Article
Sanchez (2020) published that there were almost 74
million Facebook users in the Philippines as of 2019.
In addition, the country ranked third as regards internet
freedom in Asia according to the Freedom House
Index in 2019 with recent reports indicating that 93–
97% of 13–17-year-olds use at least one social media
platform (Peter Research Center, 2018).
In relation thereto, as a teacher of students situated in a
remote area, deprived with internet connectivity, the
researcher has observed the phenomenon where
learners manage to get access to social networking site
such as Facebook in order to post and share contents
that have obscene and offensive languages, and
contents that are inappropriate that contains incivility
and sexy self-presentation. Thus, this study was
crafted to uncover the underlying reasons on incivility
and sexy self-presentation on Facebook among Grade
10 learners of TNHS and provide an intervention
program using Tick-Talk—an informative
document/pamphlet that highlights the advantages,
disadvantages, risks and opportunities of social media.
Research Questions
This study on Tick-Talk as an intervention program on
incivility and sexy self-presentation on Facebook of
Grade 10 students in TNHS is geared towards
revealing the following research questions:
1. What self-image do the respondents wish to present
in Facebook?
2. What is the root-cause of incivility and self-
presentation on Facebook of the respondents?
3. What is the implication of TICK-TALK on
incivility and self-presentation on Facebook of the
respondents?
Literature Review
Adolescence is a time when sexual attitudes,
behaviors, and self-concepts are still forming, and
teenagers frequently use the sexual conduct of their
peers as a model (Van de Bongardt, Yu, Dekovic, &
Meeus, 2015). For teenagers looking for normative
standards of sexual behavior, social media may be a
particularly useful medium. Additionally, Van Oosten,
de Vries, and Peter (2015) emphasized that there is
some evidence to suggest that teenagers' exploration of
their sexual self-concept may happen through sexual
self-disclosure or self-presentation in social media.
Teenagers are especially vulnerable because of this to
potential sexualization effects that could appear on
social media.
Angerryco D. Rocela
The conduct of teenagers on social networking sites
(SNS) has drawn increasing attention in recent years.
Scholars have paid growing attention to teenagers'
sexual activity on SNSs, particularly in the form of
visual sexy self-presentation (e.g., Crescenzi, Araüna,
& Tortajada, 2013; Kapidzic & Herring, 2015; as
referenced in Van Oosten, Vandenbosch, & Peter,
2017). On SNSs, sexy self-presentation entails posting
photos of oneself doing sexy or seductive gazing,
posing in a way that signals sexual readiness, having a
sexy appearance, or wearing scant clothing.
As it dealt with teenage behaviors about erotic self-
presentation on SNS, the current study is connected to
the earlier research that the authors cite. However, the
current study differs from previous ones in that it
exclusively examines respondents' use of Facebook as
a social networking site. This study also aims to shed
light on the underlying behavior of respondents who
engage in sexy sexual presentation.
Researchers have begun looking into factors that
predict how adolescents portray themselves sexually.
These include adolescents' exposure to sexy self-
presentations of others, such as the sexual
objectification of women, instrumental attitudes
toward sex, and sexual experience (van Oosten, Peter,
& Boot, 2015); gender, sexual experience, and sexual
interest; and subjective peer norms (Baumgartner,
Sumter, Peter, & Valkenburg, 2015). However, one
particularly important predisposing factor, namely
teenagers' acceptance of traditional gender roles, has
still gone unmentioned in the research.
The predictors mentioned by the authors are pertinent
to the current investigation since participants may have
mentioned them when providing information. The
developmental stage of those who participated in both
studies makes them comparable, although the current
study is only focused on Facebook as an SNS used by
TNHS grade 10 students.
The longitudinal research study by Van Oosten, de
Vries, and Peter (2015) found that the sexier self-
presentation adolescents engaged in online, the more
they valued having a sexy appearance and acting wild
and flirtatious as important traits for their self-
concepts. In addition, other women and girls tend to
view girls and women who portray themselves in a
seductive way as less beautiful and capable in social
situations. When one uses a sexy self-presentation on
social networking sites, it suggests that a higher
importance is placed on being attractive, at the
expense of other abilities and traits.
The permanence and durability of online information
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can cause the target as well as spectators to read the
account holder's statements over and over again,
having extremely negative impacts because it spread
quickly and has a larger audience. It may ultimately
result in actual suicides among those being targeted,
which could have catastrophic psychological
repercussions like sadness and low self-esteem. Due to
their high levels of exposure to and enthusiasm for
social media use, teenagers are really most affected by
this (Maity et al., 2018). These materials might either
include attractive self-presentations from peers and
beloved celebrities, or they could include statements
made by Facebook friends, anonymous accounts, or
sites.
Regarding Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, which
was cited in Van Oosten, J. (2018) Young people are
more prone to adopt these behaviors when they
observe how their favorite celebrities display
themselves in a seductive way in the media and how
this behavior is rewarded with attention, status, and
admiration. It also holds true for content and actions
published by teenagers' favorite celebrities on social
networking platforms.
The longitudinal research on self-presentation on
social media and the social cognitive theory that was
cited by the authors are related to the current study
because participants of both studies are in adolescence
period and that some of the respondents are women.
The social factor mentioned such as celebrities can be
used as basis whether grade 10 students of TNHS are
influenced of the former as regards sexy self-
presentation on Facebook.
While it is true that adolescents are hypothesized to
bring to the social media context their offline
developmental issues related to identity, autonomy,
peer relationships, sexuality, risk taking and sensation
seeking, the prominence and significance of social
media to them are likely results from the increasing
salience of identity exploration, self-expression,
friendships, and peer acceptance that occurs during
this developmental stage (Vannucci et al., 2020).
According to the "super peer" idea described by
Vannucci et al. (2020), media (in contrast to in-person
interactions) serves as a "super peer" by having a
particularly strong influence and applying excessive
pressure to adolescents to engage in risky activities
that are portrayed as normal. Additionally, the social
media context, in particular, has been proposed to
amplify these peer influence mechanisms in
comparison to traditional media or offline contexts due
to an increased volume of content portraying risky
Angerryco D. Rocela
behaviors, the quantifiable reinforcement for
externalizing behaviors in the form of peer "likes" and
comments, and exposure to a wider network of people
outside of immediacy. This is according to the
Facebook influence model (Moreno & Whitehill,
2014). Through exposure to social media content that
frames these hazardous activities as exciting and
joyful, the social media setting may also contribute to
increase other developmental markers of risky
behavior, such as adolescent sensation seeking.
While it is true that incivility can range from mild,
which consists only of disrespect and venting
frustrations, to severe, which consists of strong
derogatory language, & cursing, online incivility
frequently falls within the severe end of this
continuum because people typically feel less
constrained than in face-to-face interactions (Lu &
Myrick, 2016).
In their writings, Vannucci and other academics
addressed the dangers of Facebook influence as well as
peer pressure during the formative years of youth.
Because both studies specifically focus on Facebook
as a social networking site used by teenagers, they are
connected to the current project. But the new study
differs because it aims to shed light on the underlying
causes of respondents' sexy Facebook self-
presentations.
Methodology
This research employed qualitative descriptive
research because it aimed to describe and explain in
detail the root causes of incivility and sexy self-
presentation among Grade 10 respondents of TNHS.
The choice of this type of research geared towards
revealing a variety of qualitative information with a
thorough and nuance to describe the nature of a thing,
condition, or phenomenon, not limited to data
collection, but rather include analysis and
interpretation of the data.
In addition, descriptive qualitative approach sees that
everything in the form of a non-existent system should
be underestimated, all important and influential and
connected with others. In this way, it can be explained
by a more comprehensive understanding of a study.
Participants
Grade 10 learners of Tagbacan NHS served as the
study’s main participants. They were chosen based on
the following criteria: (a) enrolled as Grade 10 student
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during SY 2020-2021; (b) has access and an active
social media account on Facebook; and, (c) has posted
sexy self-image and/or obscene, vulgar, and
derogatory comments about someone on Facebook.
Procedure
The study employed purposive non-probability
sampling technique as it is considered more capable of
obtaining complete data in the face of various realities
in relation to the purpose of the study. Five (5) learners
were purposively chosen according to the criteria set
by the researcher. Data were collected using
interviews, focus group discussions, and document
analysis to extract useful information on the
phenomenon. Consent was obtained from learners’
parents/guardian prior to the actual interviews with
adherence to safety and health protocol.
In order to analyze and interpret the collected data, the
researcher utilized coding method and problematique
analysis to put emphasis on the accurate description of
interrelationships of factors or problem symptoms and
causes from the respondents’ lived experiences and
statements. Also, the researcher conducted cross
reference interviews from secondary respondents such
as peers and parents of the main informants to reveal
the implication of Tick-Talk on respondents’ behavior
on Facebook.
Ethical Issues
Taking data privacy act into account, data gathering
procedure were administered by the researcher
following research ethics and did not divulge any
information to those not involved in the research
study. In addition, the purpose of the study was clearly
established among respondents prior to the actual
interviews.
Results
Students’ statements during interviews were collected,
grouped according to content, and then were given
labels according to categories. These responses were
classified based on their perception of self-image they
want to portray on Facebook and the underlying
reasons for such social media behavior. These include:
(1) fun and excitement; (2) going with the trend; (3)
validation from Facebook friends; and, (4) escape from
home problems. These perceptions are assessed in the
following and in the conclusion
Fun and exciting. This category refers to students’
Angerryco D. Rocela
responses that posting incivility and sexy self-
presentation displays their image on Facebook as such.
“Yung Facebook account ko po ay minsan ko lang
inabuksan pero masasaya lang po mga inalagay ko dun
para hindi boring tingnan kapag may nag-stalk sa wall.
Kaya inaabot din kami ng gabi sa signal ay, pero ayos
lang, nalilibang naman sa ibang mga posts.”
“Kapag napapadpad ako sir sa signal, naga-check
muna ako ng kung anu-ano sa FB. May mga page po
dun na masaya ang nakalagay, may medyo bastos, may
jokes, kaya minsan yun ang ina-share ko agad kahit
m e m e s l an g k a h i t m a s a m a an g l a m a n .
Mapapagkamalan din namang walang inapagdaanan
na problema kapag masaya ang laman ng wall”
Malik & Khan's (2015) study, in which the authors
emphasized that teenagers are willing to compromise
their health, social lives, and studies for the sake of fun
and enjoyment or whatever satisfaction they derive
from using Facebook, supports the responses.
Additionally, this is consistent with the principles of
mood management theory, which holds that people
utilize particular media to regulate their emotional
states, cultivate a more positive mood, and achieve the
ideal degree of arousal. The responses can then be
used to infer that the respondents' rude and sexy self-
presentation posts were created to project a cheerful
attitude in order to escape tension and boredom.
Going with the trend. This category refers to
students’ responses that posting incivility and sexy
self-presentation allows them to be seen as “in” and
updated with social media.
“Ang mga inalagay ko po sa wall ay di yung mga viral.
Madami po yun sa mga pages ng madaming reactions
lalo na post at memes ng mga artista tsaka mga nasa
Tiktok.”.
“gusto ko po yung “IN”, sunod sa uso tulad nung mga
artista sa Tiktok at FB, may bagong pinapakita.”
“Para naman po hindi hitsurang taga-linang, nasunod
po ako sa uso. Kahit bastos tingnan yung laman”.
The findings of Van Oosten's (2018) study, which
found that youth adopt behaviors reinforced by social
media posts from celebrities, support similar
responses. Additionally, the importance of social
media among teenagers is probably a result of the
growing importance of friendship and peer acceptance
(Vannucci et al., 2020; Baumgartner, Sumter, Peter, &
Valkenburg, 2015). Teenagers frequently use their
peers as role models for sexual behavior (Van de
Bongardt, Yu, Dekovic, & Meeus, 2015). Therefore, it
can be inferred from the responses that respondents
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place a high value on following trends and feeling up

to date. “Nakaka-stress naman sir kapag puro problema
mababasa nila sa account ko. Masaya lang dapat”.
Validation from Facebook friends. This category
“Minsan sir pantanggal umay din. Problemado ka na,
refers to students’ responses that posting incivility and
ga-seryoso ka pa. Double kill po yun”.
sexy self-presentation on Facebook makes them feel
“Hindi naman po kita sa bahay ang mga post ko tsaka
they exist as other people respond to their post by
takas laang ngani po sa problema”.
means of diverse reactions.
“Ina-except ko po sila para di nila kita na kung anu-
ano mga post ko. Sina mama naman pati po ay walang
“Mas madami pong “haha” kapag bastos ang ina-share
FB.”
ko kaysa kung ano laang mga post na memes.”
“Nung minsan po ay ang dami kong friend request,
The responses from informants are congruent to the
naga-pm kung taga saan ako”
mechanisms of mood management theory introduced
“Masaya po kapag maraming naga-react sa post ko
by Cauberghe et al. (2017). In the study it confirmed
lalo na kapag kilala ko talaga”
that media usage is driven by the need to self-regulate
“Ayos lang man sir na bastos ang post, lalaki naman
one’s negative emotions to feel better, to actively face
ako. Tsaka alam naman nilang biro laang yun. Naga-
the situation, relieved their feelings of distress and
haha nga sila”.
anxiety to some degree, increasing happiness feelings.
According to Moreno & Whitehill (2014), who Thus, the data implies that posting incivility and sexy
discussed their Facebook influence model, an self-presentation on Facebook serves as an outlet
individual is exposed to more information depicting among the respondents to vent out their negative
risky behaviors due to the "likes" and comments they emotions in order to feel better.
receive as well as the bigger network of people they
are exposed to. Additionally, the social media setting
can contribute to heighten other developmental factors
that predict risky behavior, and exposure to social
media content may make it perilous to frame these
risky activities as exciting and enjoyable.

Additionally, according to the social influence theory,

compliance happens when a person believes that a
social actor wants him or her to carry out a particular
conduct and the social actor can reward the behavior in
this sense through "likes" and other reactions (Cheung
et al., 2011).
On a different note, the response "ayos lang man sir na
bastos ang post, lalaki naman ako" is in line with Van
Oosten, Peter, and Boot's (2015) hypothesis, which
claimed that adolescents' acceptance of stereotypical
gender roles is one particularly relevant inclining
factor to sexy self-presentation. The more individuals
engaged in sexy self-presentation, the more they
valued having a sexy appearance and being wild and
flirty as essential qualities for their self-concepts.
Therefore, it can be inferred from the data that the
more rudeness and sexy self-presentation they engage
in as a normative behavior, the more they feel
validated by reactions and comments.
Escape from home problems. This category refers to
students’ responses that posting incivility and sexy
self-presentation on Facebook makes the informants
forget their domestic problems/undertakings.
Figure 2. Problimatique analysis on the root-cause of
incivility and sexy-self presentation on Facebook of
Grade 10 learners of TNHS.
Presented in Figure 2 is the root-cause analysis of
incivility and sexy-self presentation on Facebook as
result of the responses provided by the informants. The
result shows minimal supervision form parents as one
of the root causes is similar with Shin & Lwin (2017)
has pointed out. The authors stressed that as children
grow older, parental mediation tend to decrease with
significant decrease with regards to influence and that
peer pressure becomes increasingly important
(Vanwesenbeeck et al., 2018; Ouytsel et al., 2020;
Vannucci et al., 2020). Thus, it can be deduced from
the data that peer pressure and minimal supervision
from parents have significant impact on social media
behavior of the respondents.

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Upon validation on the implication of Tick-Talk to the
respondents’ online behavior, most of the responses
from secondary informants confirmed that they rarely
see posts from respondents with incivility and sexy
self-presentation content.
“Wala na po ako masyadong napapansing bastos na
post ni R***el”
“Hindi na sir naga-share ng malaswa. Baka po takot
dahil alam na inabantayan mga post niya.”
Hence, the intervention provided to the respondents is
effective. However, since the sample is quite small,
findings of the study cannot be generalized to a greater
population. Even so, the study presents us with initial
insights into the way students behave in social
networking site such as Facebook.
Discussion
The research's principal goal is to explore what self-
image do participants wish to present in Facebook,
explore the root-cause of incivility and sexy self-
presentation on Facebook, and determine the
implication of Tick-Talk as an intervention program
on incivility and sexy self-presentation on Facebook of
Grade 10 learners of TNHS. Thus, this study utilized
qualitative descriptive research because it aimed to
describe and explain in detail the root causes of
incivility and sexy self-presentation among Grade 10
students of TNHS. The research also established the
magnitude of peer pressure and minimal supervision
from parents on the social media behavior of the
participants. Specifically, it established a substantial
positive implication of the intervention program,Tick-
Talk, on the participants social media behavior.
Conclusion
Based on the gathered data and findings of the study,
the researcher arrived at the following conclusions: (1)
The self-image Grade 10 students of TNHS wish to
display on Facebook is fun and exciting, and someone
that goes with the trend; (2) Incivility and sexy self-
presentation on Facebook of the respondents is
primarily due to peer pressure and minimal
supervision from parents; (3) With the introduction of
Tick-Talk, Grade 10 students rarely post contents with
incivility and sexy self-presentation on Facebook.
Angerryco D. Rocela
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Affiliations and Corresponding Information
Angerryco D. Rocela
Alejandro P. Libao National High School
Department of Education - Philippines

Vanwesenbeeck, I., Ponnet, K., Walrave, M., & Ouytsel, J. (2018).

Parents’ Role in Adolescents’ Sexting Behavior In Sexting: Motives

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