Essential Calculus

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Skills Practice Workbook

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Essential Calculus Skills Practice Workbook with Full Solutions
Improve Your Math Fluency
Chris McMullen, Ph.D.
copyright @ 20L8,202L Chris McMullen, Ph.D.
www.monkeyphysicsblog.wordp ress. com

www.improveyourmathfl uen ry. com
vwyw.chrismcmullen.wordpres s. com
Zishka Publishing
All rights reserved.
ISBN:978-1‐ 941691… 24… 3
Textbooks ) Math ) Calculus

Study Guides ) Workbooks) Math
Education ) Math ) Calculus
⊂ONTENTS
Introduction iv
Chapter 1 - Derivatives of Polynomials 5
Chapter 2 - The Chain Rule, Product Rule, and Quotient Rule LI

Chapter 3 - Derivatives of Trig Functions L7
Chapter 4 - Derivatives of Exponentials 23
Chapter 5 - Derivatives of Logarithms 27
Chapter 6 - Second Derivatives 31
Chapter 7 - Extreme Values 35
Chapter 8 - Limits and l'Hdpital's Rule 39
Chapter 9 - Integrals of Polynomials 43
Chapter 10 - Definite Integrals 49
Chapter 1"1 - Integrals of Trig Functions 53
Chapter L2 - lntegrals of Exponentials and Logarithms 55
Chapter 13 - Integration by Polynomial Substitution 57
Chapter L4 - Integration by Trigonometric Substitution 65
Chapter L5 - Integration by Parts 73
Chapter 16 - Multiple Integrals 79
Solutions B5
INTRODU⊂丁10N
This workbook is designed to help practice essential calculus techniques, especially
the art of finding derivatives and performing integrals. Each chapter focuses on one
main topic such as how to apply the chain rule or how to perform an integral with a
trigonometric substitution.
Every chapter begins with a concise explanation of the main concep! followed
by a few examples. The examples are fully solved step-by-step with explanations,
and should serve as a valuable guide for solving the practice problems. The solution
to every practice exercise is tabulated at the back of the book
A variety of essential calculus skills are covered in this workbook. The first
chapter starts out simple with derivatives of pollmomials, and the difficulty of the
lessons progresses as the book continues. Students will learn:
. how to find derivatives and anti-derivatives of polynomials
. how to find derivatives and anti-derivatives of trigonometric functions
o how to find derivatives and anti-derivatives of logarithms and exponentials
o how to perform definite integrals
o how to perform multiple integrals
o a variety of integration techniques
May you (or your students) find this workbook useful and become more fluent
with these essential calculus skills.
l DERiVA丁 iVES OF POLYNOIMI:ALS
Given a polynomial term of the form axb (wbere a is a constant coefficient and b is a
constant exponent), to take a derivative with respect to the variable x, first multiply
the coefficient a by the exponent b, and, then reduce the exponent by 1 according to
the following formula:
d
fi(axb) - boxb-7
Note that a few special exponents can make a polynomial look somewhat different:
o If you see a variable in a denominator, you may bring it to the numerator by
negating its exponent according to the following rule:
t
xn
=*-n
. If you see a squareroot rewrite it using an exponentof L/2:
fr = xt/z
o If no coefficient or exponent is observed, the number f. is implied:
x=Lx7 ,'-1:*-,
x
It may help to recall the following rules of algebra regarding exponents:
ym+TL, **
xo:L , (x*):x*n
*n:2itrl-n ,
xmxn -=26rn+n =
(ax)* = a*x* , (amxn)o : smPynP , ,lax: (ax)1/2 - a7/2xr/2

If a polynomial includes multiple terms, find the derivative of each term individually
and then add the results together:
d dv. dv" dv-
a*4, * yz * "' * y") =
# ;;
+ * "' *
#
: : :
For example, if y, 4x2, lz -3x, and y3 6, this means:
dd_dd
3x * 6) :
dx@x2 - *(4x') + dx(-sx) + i;G)
Note that the derivative of a constant equals zero:
d
0
-c:
clx
Chapter 1 - Derivatives of Polynomials
Exanaple:Perfornl the fo1lowing derivative with respect to χ
ニイ5χ 3)
―
αχ
Compare 5x3 with the general form axb to see that the coefficient is a = 5 and the
″ _ ,__ , ・ヵ
exponentis b==3.Plug α==5 and b=3 into the forinula百 (α χ′)==bα χυ
万
月
3):=:(3)(5)χ 3-11=15χ 2
111(5χ
Exanaple:Perfornl the fo1lowing derivative with respect to t.
岳 (ι
4)
Note that this derivative is with respect to t(instead ofthe usual χ).Simply replace
χ with t in the brmula¨ 生 χb)=bα χb l tO get the brmula■
(α ιb)=bα ιb ・ (α .
compare 4 With the general brm b tO See that the COefnCientiS

ι αι α =1(SinCe the
number l is inlplied when no coemcient is present:lι 4=ι 4)and the eXpOnent iS
b:=:4.Plug α==l and b:=:4intothefornlulaif:(α ι わ
b)==bα ι ・
.
」
4)==(4)(1)ι 4-1==4ι 3
ji,(ι
Example: Perform the following derivative with respect to r

α
2/3)
αχ
(6χ
Compare 6x2/z with the general form axb to see that the coefficient is a = 6 and the
exponentis b=2/3.Plug α=6 and b=2/3 into the formulaヵ (α
°・
ノ)=bα χ .
2/3)=〓 2/3-■ 〓
=4χ
1/3
::7(6χ (:)(6)χ
Note that rヱ｀
ヽ3ノ
(6)=ヱ
｀ ′
1=1ユ =4 and thatユ
31 3 3
ー1=ニ
3
ー3三=ヱ3ニ
ユ=_l frecall
that the
3 ｀
way to subtract[actionsis to make a common denominat。っ.since χ-1/3=房 I万 ′
the
answer may alternatively be expressed as
4χ
・
/3_- τ4
χ1/3
=T
6
Exan■ ple:Perforlll the following derivative with respect to 2

α/7ヽ
i高i5ノ
Note that this derivative is with respect to z (instead of the usual x). Simply replace
χWith lι in the fOrnlula」 χ わ
χ
b)==bα -l tO get the fOrnlula」 b):=:bα Zb-1・ lι
;7(α II(α
・
Rewrite子 as 7■ using the fact that u 1==;.Cornpare 72 ・ with the general forln
α2b to see that the coefficient is α :=7 and the exponentis b:=-1.Plug α :=7 and
b=-l intO the brmula扇 (α ab)=bα ab 1.
」
争)==::(72 1)==(-1)(7)2 ・
(子
ι=_石フ
1==-71′ -2二
Note that(-1)(7)=-7,that-1-1=-2,and that u-2=_■ .
Exanlple:Perforrn the fo1lowing derivative with respect to χ .
携(0
Rewrite 、 /37 as (3χ ')1/2 using tlle fact tllat 、
/5テ ==y■
/2. 7「 1lell re■ vrite (3χ
)1/2 aS
■
3・ /2χ /2 using the rule(σ χ
η 1/2 With the general brm αχわ
)れ =cπ χ .compare 31/2χ
to see that the coefficientis α=3・ /2 and the exponentis b=1/2.Plug α=31/2 and
b=1/2 into the brmula二 (α χb)=bα χb ・ .
:::i(、
/憂両
7)==::F(3・ /2χ 1/2)==(::)(31/2)χ 1/2-11==三 :∠:.χ -1/2
Note that rl｀ /2、

=11■ and that l_1=1_2=1二乙
=_l 2 freCall that the WaV ′tO
f3・｀
ヽ2ノヽノ 2 2 2 2 2
-1/2=房
subtract"actions is to lnake a common denonlinator).since χ 五万 =馬房 and
3・ /2=v百 ′the anSWer may alternatiVely be eXpreSSed aS:

口
:■ /2
_1ノ , √ √ √ √√ V覇
ン
‐`′
2χ
γ
一 21 2、 /72、 /死 √ 2χ
^厚 _ _
We multiplied by tt in order to rationalize the denominator.Note that Vχ Vχ =

,,1 x' : x and that 1E\E : .,13x according to the rule J O^li : JW
7
ExaコnpleI Perfornl the fo1lowing derivative with respect to χ

.
″
3_12χ )
舌:7(6χ
Since this expression has t、 ″o terlns(6χ 3and_12χ )′ we inay ind the derivative of
eaCh terFn indiVidually and then add the reSultS tOgether aCCOrding tO the fO110Wing
forinula′ w′ here y.==6χ 3and y2=: 12χ :
岳 (y■ +・ y2)=:1::・ +1#;

Find the t、 ″o individual derivatives:
● Cornpare 6χ 3 with the general fornl αχb to see that the coefficient is α =:6
and the exponentis b=3.Plug α =6 and b=3 into the formula扇 (α χ

b)=
b 1.
bα χ
3)=:(3)(6)χ 3-1==18χ 2
==::7(6χ
1::;・
● Conlpare-12χ b to see tllat the coefficient is

vvith tlle general fornil αχ α ==
-12 and the exponentis b:=1(recall that an exponent of l is ilnplied when
no exponent is present:χ l=χ
).Plug α =-12 and b=l into the forlnula
生 χb)=bα χb ・ .Recall iom algebra that
― χ°=1.
(α
´J^. ´
J
-12χ °==-12
量22・ 1=〓
:=ぢ (-12χ )==(1)(-12)χ・
場
Now substitute三 ∠
■1=ル
(6χ
3):=:18χ 2aind二 ∠
■
==_f与 (_12χ )==-12 into the eqllatioll
濃O■ +y2)=争 +讐 :
y2)== 爾 24-(-12)==:18χ 2_12

「讐 ==18χ
卜
::(yl+・裏
0ur final answer is:
」
3_12χ 2_12
二一
百万(6χ )=18χ
8
Chapter 1 Exercises - Part A

Directions: Perform each derivative with respect to the indicated variable.
ｄ一
●
ガ
4) -2)==
赦
(8χ ②
::,(5χ
α一
④
／１ヽ
ヽ︱ノ
８
〓
χ
01ル (:)= 働
じ¨
α一
０
⑤二撃、
′
２
〓
ｆヽ
山
¨
r王=
ι
αχ＼。ノ
ｄ一
√
０
o単
り
f4)=
′︰ヽ
〓
″
αχ＼Vχ /
*Checkyour answers at the back of the book.

9
Chapter 1 Exercises - Part B

ガ
3+_4χ 2_3χ ‐
+2)==
0 歳 (5χ
⑩
l l;::(1-2)==
α
3/2+12χ 1/2)==
0 αχ
(4χ
ｄ一
１二 ι
√
⑫
ヽ１
′
′
〓
凌
一
︱
１ノ
ヽ
′
ヽ
* Check your answers at the back of the book.

10
2丁 HE CHAIN RULE′ PRODU⊂ 丁RULE′ AND QUOI丁IENT RULE
lf f (u) is a function of one variable u, and it u(x) is itself a function of a second

variable x, then the chain rule may be applied in order to find a derivative of the
function f ("(*)) with respect to the second variable x:
df df du
dx dudx
Note the following:
. f (u) is called the outside function.
o u(x) is called the inside function.
o The chain rule basically states rhat#equals the product of the derivatives of
the outside tunction (#) inside function (#)
^"Othe
o The chain rule is often helpful when taking derivatives of functions like these:
d α l 却
_:L‐
(3χ -2)20 2χ 2+1 , _― sin(4χ 5+3)
αχ dχ αχχ2_4χ +5 αχ
The product rule allows you to take a derivative of two different functions, f (x) and
g(x), of the same argument (x), when the functions are multiplied together:
ddfdo
*Uo)=s*+f d".
The quotient rule allows you to take a derivative of two different functions, f (x) and
g(x), of the same argument (r), when the functions are being divided:
d/fヽ 4二 _fニユ
α
υ ′
αχ αχ
扇ヽ =
フ θ
2
The product rule is useful when taking derivatives like these

ガガ
2_2 d
+3)8(χ 2_1)5 ′モ 8χ +3 3 sin(2χ
)
;)(2χ :;:(5χ dttχ
The quotient rule is useful when taking derivatives like these:
dx2+4 d ,li dtan(Ax)
dx x-3 dχ 3χ -4 αχ χ
Chapter 2 - The Chain Rule, Product Rule, and Quotient Rule
Example: Perform the following derivative with respect to x.

d
- 5)s dx(Lxz
It would be tedious to multiply (2x' - 5) by itself multiple times. The chain rule lets
you avoid multiplying(2x2 - 5)s out. We will make the following definition in order
to apply the chain rule:
u=2x2 -5
Now the problena looks like this
α√
f(2)=25 π(χ )=2χ 2_5, ?
dχ
Apply the chain rule:
df df du r ′1 ■r ″
J ■
2_5)l:=:(51ι 4)(4χ 4
):=20χ
dx dudx ￨lj:I(25)ll::,(2χ
lι
Substitute u: Zxz - 5 into the previous expression to complete the solution

y:Zox(2xz
dx - 5)*
Example: Perform the following derivative with respect to t.

d
ι3_8
dι
We will make the following definition in order to apply the chain rule:
u:t3 -B
Now the problelln looks like thisI
f(2)=v2=2■ /2 2(3)=ι 3_8′ 三 =?

dι
二
〔1li==ラ
誓=“ 争=陽 01/2)]眺 (ι
3_13)
l==(:2-1/2)(3ι
2)=:三
1:三 :l;フ
α
f 3ι
2
dt Zr/u
Recall thatz-n: { such thatu-L/z : #.Also recall thatuT/z : ,li.Substitute u :
t3 - B into the previous expression to complete the solution:
df 3tz 3*
αι 2、/石 2-
12
Exalmple:Perforin the following derivative with respect to χ .
ガ
4_7)(2χ 3_6)
舌
We wili n■ ake the fo1lowing definitions in order to apply the product rule:
f(χ )=3χ
"(3χ 4_7
′ θ(χ )=2χ
3_6
Now the problenllooks like this:
4_7 ′ θ(χ )=2χ 3_6′
ガ
f(χ )=3χ
爾 (ヵ )=?
,万
Apply the product rule:
::(fθ
)==θ
::+・
■
1::==(2χ
3_6)[:与
(3χ
4_7)]+(3χ 4_7)[::F(2χ 3_6)l
=(2χ 3_6)(12χ 3)+(3χ 4_7)(6χ

2)=24χ 6_72χ 3+18χ 6_42χ 2
=42χ 6_72χ 3_42χ 2
Alternatively′ this exanlple could be solved without applying the product rule,by
nlultiplガ ng(3χ 4_7)(2χ 3_6)bebre taking the derivative:
″
4_7)(2χ 3_6)=百″ (6χ 7_18χ 4_14χ 3+42)=42χ 6_72χ 3_42χ 2
(3χ
百万万
Exannple:Perfornl the folloⅥ ′

ing derivative with respect to χ .
α χ4+3χ 2_6
dx x2 +').
We will make the following definitions in order to apply the quotient rule:
f(x) x4 + 3x2: - 6,
g(x) = x2 + L
Now the problem looks like this:
α一
ｆ生 θ
／ｆ
4+3χ 2_6
歳
g(x):x2+1
？・
︲ヽ
f(χ )=χ
、
Apply the quotient rule:
d/ハ `gi;f― ル
:￨::
2
αχヽ
θノ θ
2+1)[￨;::(χ 4+3χ 2_6)]― 4+3χ 2_6)[iJ:;(χ 2+1)]
(χ (χ
2+1)2
(χ
2+1)(4χ 3+6χ 4+3χ 2_6)(2χ
(χ )― (χ )
χ4+2χ 2+1
4χ
5+6χ 3+4χ 3+6χ -2χ 5_6χ 3+12χ 2χ 5+4χ 3+18χ
χ4+2χ 2+1 χ4+2χ 2+1
13
0万万(χ 3_3χ 2+4χ -5)8=
α 1
②
αι -3ι +6
0半 (4χ 2_6)、
αχ
｀ /死 =
_ α 3-2χ 2
ZD―
dχ =
4-3χ 2
―

1.4

0嘉傷
ヽ
=≡ 石
り=
0,シ (4‐十
χ
ガ
)9(2-χ )5E=
0洗 (√ 雨)=
ガ
α χ4
0 dχ
―
i.Check your answers at the back ofthe book.
15
Chapter 2 Exercises - Part C
0 」
:7(2χ
5/2_8χ 3/2)6==
d χ2+3χ -4
⑩
αχ 2χ +5
,「
l
①ヵィ
″
2+、 /χ =
月
2_9)(ι 4+8ι 2_3)9=
⑫ (4ι
面
.1. Check your answers at the back of the book.

L6
3 DERIVATiVES OF TRIG FUN⊂ 丁10NS
The derivatives of the basic trig functions are:

dd :cos9, : d
θ==sec2 θ
mcosO -sin0,
tan
*sin? 万
zテ
dd : sec0tan? d
*csce - -csc0cot0, d.sec0
′
αθcotθ
=_csc2 θ
7「
he derivatives of the inverse trig functions are:
岳
・ (χ
sin― )=而暑フ where国 <1,岳・ (χ
cOs― )=:両著
フ
where И <1
::7tan 1(χ
):==百:フ ′岳 COt ・ (χ )==T千
与
1 d -1
_生 sec_1(χ
)== 2_1
Where国 >1′ CSC ・ (χ )=・ Where H>1
αχ 濃菱可
lχ χ 面再
Recall the following trigonometric relations and identities:
sinO L L 1- cos0
tan? =aoap ' csc0=*r, ' sect:rou ' cot0:r^*:ring
sinz 0 * cosz 0 = L, tanz 0 + L: sec20, 1 + cot2 0 : cscz 0
sin20= 2sin 0 cos?, cos20 = cos2 0 - sin20
ExanQlple:Perforlll the following derivative Ⅵrith respect to θ .
α
4sin 3θ
万θ
We lArill rnake the fo1lowing definition in order to apply the chain rulel
π =3θ
df
f (u) = 4sinu 2(θ )=3θ
αθ
?

df df α2 7
′ ■ ′J ■
『『
)lllj:テ (3θ )l==(4 cosll)(3)==12 coslヵ :=:12 cos 3θ
αθ αυαθ li;:7(4`sin l■
Chapter 3 - Derivatives of Trig Functions
Example: Perform the following derivative with respect to 0.

d
cos' 0
7g2
We will make the following definition in order to apply the chain rule
u=cos0
f (u) : 2u3 , u(e) : cos g 二 =?

αθ
Apply the chain rulel
dF dfd2 3)]l:;:.(COS θ)] =(622)(_sin θ)=_622 Sin θ
αθ απ dθ II::7(21lι
=-6 cos2 θsin θ
Example: Perform the following derivative with respect to 0.

d
tan0
7gsec0
We will make the following definitions in order to apply the product rule:
f (0) : sece , g(e) = tan?
$rra = s#* rH= tan ,(*,u.e) * sec e($*"e)

: tan I (sec 0 tan?) * sec 0 (sec2 0) = tanz 0 sec? + sec3 g
Exan⊆ pleI Perforlll the following derivative with respect to θ

α l+sin θ
de cos 0
We will make the following definitions in order to apply the quotient rule:
f(e) :1 * sin 0 , g(0): cos 0
Apply the quotient rule:
ｄ一
ｆ生ｇ
／卜ｒヽ＜
ヽ１
θ
l;`:― ノ ::;_COSθ lij:,(1+Sin
θ)]― (1+Sin θ)(」
:TCOS
θ
”
)
︰ノ
2
cos2 0
′
θ
cos θ(0+cos θ)_(1+sin θ)(_sin θ) cos2 θ _(_sin θ _sin2 θ)
cos2 θ cosz 0
cosz o * sin o + sinz e 1 *sino
cos2 0 cos2 0
(because sin2 0 * cosz 0 : L)
18

d
64tan-L(x3)
'u: x3
月 r
f (u) : 4tan-lu urχ

｀´)=χ 3 , 量生 =?
αχ
df d√ αZ
(4 ta■ 1 12)][i;:F(χ 3)l==(I… 2)==I::::::万
dχ α2 dχ I:1万 II万万
巧 )(3χ
12χ
2 12χ 2
1+(χ 3)2 1+χ 6
Note that(χ 3)2=χ (3)(2)=χ 6aCCOrding tO(χ m)η =χ πη .
Example: Perform the following derivative with respect to x, where x * *t.

d.1
'xcos 'x 1
;stn
We will make the following definitions in order to apply the product rule:
f (x) : sin-1 x , g(x): cos-1 .x
α一
島σ
／１ｒヽ
ヽ１
+sin_lχ r_:L.cos_.χ ヽ
歳
χ
一
一
χ
Ｓ
J)=θ %+f努
︲
==COS
，ノ
ヽαχ ノ
-1
1
1 cos ^.r sin lχ cos lχ ― sin lχ
: cos '.x
1 .a
+srn -x 、マ
1 1- /爾 vI_χ 2
だ
V■ ― χ乙
「
19

α
① :=
αθ 7tan 5θ
②ヵ3 sin4 θ
″
=
0 」CSC θ
SeC θ
″
==
ib・
d sin0*cos9
④
αθ sin θ
20
Essential Calculus Skills Practice Workbookwith Full Solutions

α一
０
４
＋
”
ｎ
ｎυ
〓
ヽ１ノ
一
υ
Ｃ
Ｏ
Ｓ
0カ 2 cot、 /τ =
0カ θ
ガ
(θ Sin )=
α
0 αθ
* sin
2L
α
O dχ
3 cot-1(4r) =
⑩ χCSC ・ χ=
百万
0-手イ｀sin― ■χ+cos-lχ ´

)=
αχ
d sec-r x
⑫
dxx
--:
{. Check your answers at the back of the book

22
4 DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIALS
The derivative of the basic exponential function is:

d
: a"eo'
&."o*
Two simple cases correspond to setting a- *L:
dd
7;ex=ex , d"*€-x:-e-x
Numerically, Euler's number is e : 2.7L828L828... Recall the following properties
regarding exponentials :
L
ext!-exet , €*-!:gxg-! , e-*=; , (er)o=eax , eo:I
The hyperbolic functions are defined in terms of exponentials:
ex _ e-x e* + e-x sinhx: ex _ e-x
sinh x : , coshr = tanh:r
2 2 coshr ex I e-x
Note the following properties regarding hyperbolic functions:
coshzx - sinhz x : L, cosh(-r) : coshx, sinh(-x) : -sinh(r)
-
sinh0:0 , cosh0:l- , tanh0:0
The derivatives of the hyperbolic functions (not the ordinary trig functions) are:
dddL : sinhx , :
*sinhx: coshx ecoshx fitanhr sech2 * : ,orh, *
Example: Perform the following derivative with respect to r.

L 3"*'
dx
l.t: x2
f (u) :3e" u(x) : x6z 三 =?

αχ
α
f df αじ 2)][::F(χ 2)]:=:(3θ 2)(2χ χ
u==16χ θ2
)==6χ θ
αχ du dχ I:17(3θ
Chapter 4 - Derivatives of Exponentials
Example: Perform the following derivative with respect to f.

d
;otcosht
We will make the following deflnitions in order to applythe product rule
f(t):t , g(t):cosht
d : s df f do /d \ ld \
*(f s) dt+ ;:
cosh, (.a t) + t(Tcosht/
- (cosh 0(1) + f(sinh t) : cosh f * t sinh t
″
Note that the denvaive of hyperbolic cosine′
歳(cosh χ
)=sinh χ ,is posid“ ′
whereas
the derivative of ordinary cosine,
ftrot x
: - sin x, is negative
Exannple:Perfornl the fo1lo、ア

ing derivative with respectto χ,
-2χ
α 2+θ
αχ θ3χ
By realizing that井 =θ -3t We Can reWrite thiS derMtiVe aS:
d2+θ -2χ α -2χ -3χ
3χ [(21-1_lθ )θ ]
αχ θ αχ
We will nnake the fo1lowing definitions in order to apply the product rule:
f(χ )=2+θ -2χ , g(χ )=θ -3χ
:;(√
θ
)==θ
:1'十
ノ==(2+θ
:子
-2χ
):与 θ-3χ
+θ
-3χ
::7(2¨
θ
卜 -2χ
)
-2χ -3χ -2χ
==(2-卜 (θ
)(_3(7-3χ )+θ (()_2θ )
-3χ -2χ -3χ -3χ -2χ
=:(2)(-3)θ _卜
θ (_3)θ +θ (_2)θ
=-6θ -3χ _3θ -5χ _2θ -5χ ==_6θ -3χ _5θ -5χ
Note the following:
. 二_θ -2χ -2χ
and_生 θ3χ 3χ
according υt。 α
χ==α θα
χ
αχ
==_2θ αχ
==3θ
..:L.θ
αχ
.
″ _、
●A derivative of a constantis zero:歳 (2)=0.
y:=θ χ+y.
aCCOrdillg tO θχθ
-2χ -3χ :=:θ -2χ -3χ :=θ -5χ
. θ θ
● 」空乳1聖乳 _生三至三 (the minus sitt distributes),and-6θ -3χ _5θ -5χ are all
correct answers. It's just a matter of preference.
24

ｄ一
①
:
赦
(4e*' - 6e4* + 9)
χ
″
② j:,4・ cosh3 :=
0;:Sinh ιCOSh t==
α
④ sinh[cosh(x)] :
αχ
.!. Check your answers at the back of the book.

25
Chapter 4 - Derivatives of Exponentials
0歳 tanhヽ /房 =
ｄ一
０
ヽノ
〓
洗
＋ι
θ
”
α一
０
赦
ガ 1-slnh χ
可_________ _
■
0扇
α
面hχ
* Check your answers at the back of the book

26
5 DERIVATIVES OF LOGAR:THMS
The derivative of the natural logarithm function is:

d1,
d*ln*:;
Note that a constant multiplying the variable inside of the argument has no effect on
the derivative of a logarithm. We will explore why in one of the examples.
dt
(avanishes)
*ln(ax): -
Recall that a natural logarithm is a function that is used to determine the exponent
in the equation ! = ex. Specifically, the equation lny - x is exactly the same as the
equation ! : exi the only difference is that lny - x lets you solve for the exponent.
Recall the following properties regarding logarithms:
ln(xy):lnx*lny , ,"(;) =lnx-lny , ,"(*) =ln(r-1):-tnx

ln(x'):alnx ,ln(ex)-x , etn*=x , ln(e)=1 , ln(1)=g
The natural logarithm ln x is a logarithm where the base equals Euler's number (e =
2.7L82BLB2B). That is, lnr : log" r. A general logarithm of base b can be related to
the natural logarithm using the change of base formula:
lnx
lc,gax:EE
This allows you to take a derivative of a logarithm of any base (where b is the base):
d dAnxt L d : LL L
=
d*logo*: d.*(lnb/ lnb d.*ln(x) l"b;= *lnb
A natural logarithm is also involved in the derivative of the power function:
dd : : -b-xlnb
d*b'
bxlnb, drb-*
If you set b : e in the above formulas, you get the special cases
ftr. = ex and.
ft"-. = -€-x,which we explored in the previous chapter (note that ln e : L).

Chapter 5 - Derivatives of Logarithms
Example: Show that the constant a has no effect on the following derivative.
d
*ln(ax)
Method 1: We will make the following definition in order to apply the chain rule:
f (u) =lnu , u(x): ax 三 =?・

αχ
α
f αf dZ
χ
)==(:)(α )==:).:=:￨:
In tι
dx dudx (岳 )(1:,α
The constant a canceled out.
Method 2:Apply the identity ln(α χ)=ln(α )+ln(χ ).
)=嘉 α
岳χ In(α )=岳 α
+ln χ 十勇χ
=0+:=:
(In In ln
The deriVatiVe Ofa COnStant equalS ZerO′ and in α iS a COnStant(SinCe α iS COnStant)
Exanlple:Perforlll the fo1lowing derivative with respect to t.

d
ι
ln t
肩
We will口nake the fo1lowing deinitions in order to apply the product rule:
f(t)=t ′ θ(ι )=ln t
f生
(ノ θ):=θ ::+・ fl:::=ln t(1:ι )‐ +― ι ι ‐
)(1)斗 ι ι+1
(::ln t):=(ln (:)==ln

d
x
*logrc
Use the change of base formula with b = 10: logr.o, = #.
d
* : dtlnxt, : 1, d
ln x :
L L:
rr lo;
1
,1, r.o
d*log'o d*h"10/ rn 10 dr
Example: Perform the following derivative with respect to x

α
2χ
αχ
use the fOrnlula fOr the derivative ofthe po、 Arer function with b:=2
d
=-2χ =2χ ln 2
αχ
28

0カ〆 χ=
″
In
″ In ι
② … _
肩 ι
0恭 InlCOSχ l=
④ ln(COSh χ
)==
::τ
i. Check your answers at the back of the book.

29
Chapter 5 - Derivatives of Logarithms

α一
０
赦
Vi面 =
0券 In√ =
ガ
d
0 dι
log2t:
d 2χ
0 dx x2

30
6 SE⊂ OND DERiVATiVES
A second derivative simply means to take two consecutive derivatives, as illustrated

by the following examples.
α2y α
dχ 2 αχ
Exanaple:Perfornl the fo1loル ving derivative with respect to χ .
d2 6)
万死7(2χ
6■
First take a derivative ofy:=:2χ Vith reSpeCt tO χ′and then take a SeCOnd deriVatiVe:
6:=112χ 5
:;￨==::F2χ
α2y d α α
5)=60χ 4
(12χ
dχ 2 dχ αχ
Exalilple:Perfornl the fo1lowing derivative with respect to θ .
」 :i万 (sill
θ)
First take a derivative ofy==sin θ with respectto θ,and then take a second derivative:
dν d
=万 Sin θ=C° Sθ
万び τ
寡=島 (劣)=嘉 θ
)=一 θ (cOs sin

α2/1ヽ
d7k7ノ
First take a derivative ofy:=.上 with respect to χ′and then take a second derivative:
-2=_2χ -3
憬)=万丁χ
`=扇
藤
d2y α
α 6)=(-3)(-2)χ -4=6χ -4=_■
t Zχ
αχ2 ヽノ
αχ dχ χ χ
4
Chapter 6 - Second Derivatives

1,
`7 7_3χ 5+5χ 3_7χ
CDづ
テ
7(χ )==
′一
②
″
cos 3θ
α2
0 αχ2
lnr =
′一
″
一
θ

32
1,
0
α
sin(θ
2)=
αθ2
I,
67
O ijitttanθ :=
α2
0 6Jι
2 (tin t)=
ｄ一
２︼ガレ
0
あ
一２
{.Check your answers at the back ofthe book.

33
Chapter 6 - Second Derivatives

α2 1
0 dxz x
-_:
1,
α
⑩ sec0:
αθ2
α2 ヵ
① 万tan ・ ι=
万
百
0影 ″2
(θ Sin θ
)=

34
7 EXTREME VALUES
To find the relative extrema for a function, f (x), follow these steps (as illustrated by
the example that follows):
1,. Take the first derivative of the function, ff.
2. Set the first derivative equal to zero: ff: O. (Why? The slope of the tangent
line is zero,corresponding to O,at the relative extrema.)

H:
3. Solve for the values of x that make the first derivative zero. Call these x". (A
few books also include points where the slope is vertical or undefined.)
4. Take the second derivative of the function,
?*,Ot taking a derivative of the
algebraic result from step 1-.
5. Evaluate the second derivative at each value of r, found in step 3.
6. For each value of x. obtained in step 3, follow these steps to classify the type
of relative extrema associated with that value of xr:
. ,t#) 0 at r, classiflr that point as a relative (or local) minimum.
. ,f #( 0 at r., classiflr that point as a relative (or local) maximum.
o If #: 0 at x", examine the first derivative just before and just after
x, (as described on the next page).
7. Evaluate the function, f (x), at each value of x. obtained in step 3 corresponding
to a relative minimum or maximum. These are the values of the function at
each relative (or local) extremum.
B. To find the absolute extrema of the function over a specified interval, (a,b),
evaluate the function at the endpoints of the interval, a and b. Follow these
steps:
o Compare the values of f (xr) from step 7. Also compare f (a) and f (b).
The largest of these values is the absolute maximum.
o Compare the values of f (x") from step 7. Also compare f (a) and f (b).
The smallest of these values is the absolute minimum.
Chapter 7 - Extreme Values
If the second derivative equals zero atx", follow these steps:

L. Determine the sign of the first derivative just before r..
2. Determine the sign of the first derivative just after xr.
3. Interpret your answers to steps \-2 as follows:
o The sign of the first derivative changes from positive to negative at a
relative (or local) maximum.
o The sign of the first derivative changes from negative to positive at a
relative (or local) minimum.
o If the first derivative doesn't change sign, this is a point of inflection
(where the second derivative, relating to concavity, changes sign.)
Example: Find the absolute extrema for the function below over the interval (-3,5).
f(x)=x3-Lzx+4
Take a derivative of f (x) with respect to x:
y = +(r, - LZx * 4) :3xz- Lz
dx ax
Set the first derivative equal to zero. Solve for x. Call these values x..
-fi:o
df
-) 3x3-L2:o -) 3xl:12 -) x3:4 -) xc:*2
Take a second derivative of f (x) with respect to x:
#=*(.Y)=ft{r*'-t2) = 6*
Evaluate the second derivative at x" = -2 and xc : 2 (which we found previously).
a'fl al z): -LZ(J*?*;) , #1.=_,:6(2)= r, (J,",Iffi;)
l"L lx=-z --u\
s^-zl /
There is a relative maximum at x, - -l (where the second derivative is negative),

and a relative minimum atx":2 (where the second derivative is positive). Evaluate
the function at x, - -2, xc = 2, and the endpoints (x = -3 and x : 5).
f(-2) : (-2)3 - t2(-2) * 4 : -8 + 24 * 4 : 20
f(2) = 23 - L2(2) +4 : 8 - 24 * 4 : -L2
f(-3) : (-3)3 - 12(-3) * 4 : -27 + 36 * 4 : 13
/(5) : 53 - 12(5) + 4: 125 - 60 + 4: 69
Over the interval (-3,5), the absolute extrema are:
. f (x) has an absolute maximum value of 69 (when x : 5).
. f (x) has an absolute minimum value of -L2 (when x : 2).
36
Chapter 7 Exercises
O f ina the absolute extrema for the function below over the interval (2,4).
f(x) :2x4 - 8x3

37
Chapter 7 - Extreme Values
_ /■ ヽ
O FindtheabsoluteextremaforthefunctionbelowovertheinteⅣ al t:,10リ
4 3
f(χ ) 6
χ χ8
*Check your answers at the back of the book.

3B
8 LIMITS AND L′ HOPITAL′ S RULE
The fO110Wing nOtatiOn lneanS,``What Value dOeS the funCtiOn f(χ )apprOaCh aS the
variable χ approaches c?"The lilΥ lit asks hoⅥ r the function behaves as χ gets closer
and closer to the value ofc.
limf(χ )
χ→ σ
A one¨ sided lilnit asks hoM√ the fllnction behaves as χ approaches c f¥orn a specified
direction:A+sign means to let χ approach σ■oln the right(Ineaning to start with
ValueS Of χ >C and let χ deCreaSe tOWardS C),WhereaS a― Sign meanS tO let χ
apprOaCh C i011l the le■ (lneaning tO Start With ValueS Of χ <C and let χ inCreaSe
tOWardS C).The nOtatiOn br One¨ Sided limitS iS ShOWn be10W.
llp_f(χ )′
llュ √(χ )
Vyhen inding the linlit ofthe ratio oft、 ″o functiOns′ if bOth functiOns apprOach zerO
(or ifboth grow to infinity)′ l'H6pital's rule may help to evaluate the limit:
r′
r`γ
、
〕
讐￨l
αχ l
if limf(χ
χ→
)=O and liln
,ε χ‐
→c
θ(χ )=0
lim l_二11:=:一
高 θ(χ )寧 l if limf(χ )=± ∞and
〇r
χ lχ χ→ σ
lim
χ→ σ
θ(χ )=± ∞
“
=`
Example: Evaluate the following limit.

lim e_r
Note that e-x -l according to the .r;;-" : *.
1
l*"-': l:xa
Ask yourself, "What happens to I ,. x grows very large?" Answer it in two steps:
. As r gets larger and larger, ex gets much larger.
o As er gets much larger,
f S",r much smaller.
The answer is zero: As x grows to infinity ,\ ^pprouches
zero.
lim e-x : 0
Chapter 8 - Limits and l'H6pital's Rule
lxm 6x3 - Bxz
At first glance, it might seem necessary to apply l'H6pital's rule, since 6x3 - 8x2 and
2x3 + 4xz both grow indefinitely as r gets larger and larger. However, this problem
can actually be solved by dividing both the numerator and denominator x3.
6x3 Bxz - g
6-;
6x3 -\xz
)*ft*aa*,:]gffi=Jg#
F-F o'x
Since 9 and ! eachapproach zero as r grows to infinity, the limit simplifies to:
6-9 6-0 6
lim-i-
x+@1,4-2+O-r-r -"
t-i

sln χ
liln―
χ→ O χ
This problem requires l'H6pital's rule because liq sin x : O and lim x : O. (Unlike
the previous example, this problem can't be solved just by algebra.)
α― .I
sln χ
liln―
=「
αχ
sln χ
lχ =0
l
cos xlr=s cos 0 I

χ→ O χ
=
d | - L - L-'
:...................................-:-a-a4
可一 χ
αχ lχ =0
Recall from trig that cos 0 : L. Note that

f x: L for any value of x.

2χ
l17γ ヽ _
χ→Oθ ん ― ■
This problem requires I'Hdpital 's rule because lim2x: χ
-1)==1-1:=0'
χ―
→0
0 and
〃
]93(θ
ｄ一
赦
2χ
2 2
2χ χ=0
び
-_― 12_一“つ _一
χ→0万:7_1= 三 °
liln…
_ -1
生化
｀/_1)￨
′
‖χ
=0 θ
αχ lχ
=0
Recall tllat θ
^
U==1.Notetllatttθ
″
χ χ
:=:θ
_
40

Directions: Evaluate each limit.
√羽T7
2_3χ +6
」、 1.χ
■■ ぉ ,χ 2+3χ
:lm ==
-2 ② lim ′
χ→ 0 == χ∠
= ー
Vリ
０
■１
Ｉ ■
ｎ１
χ
@ limxcosff:
ｌ χ
θ ln χ =
＞
χ ―)π
_ 2χ -8 2_16
χ
0 1im―
お 6χ -4
= O lim
χ―)4 χ -4
“
-3χ ln χ
0 O lim
χ→ ■ χ -1
+9χ
.tCheck your answers at the back of the book.
4T
Chapter 8 - Limits and l'H6pital's Rule

Directions: Evaluate each limit.
tan x っャ4+4χ 2+6_

O lim
χ→0 χ
⑩ l魂 7下茅 +3
χ一
.、 /面 -2
１ｌ χ
・
屁、」
１ ↓
１
ｎ ∞
① uフ lln
χ→O χ
χ χ
5 3 θ ― θ
8χ 3χ
・
１ｌ
ｍ
① O lim
，
2χ 6
χ
9χ 2 χ―
→0 χ
2χ ― π ln χ
O lim π
(D lim
χ→ COS χ x+@ X
フ
{. Check your answers at the back ofthe book.

42
91NTEGRALS OF POLYNC)MIALS
Given a polynomial term of the form axb (where a is a constant coefficient and b is a
constant exponent), to perform an indefinite integral over the variable x, increase
the exponent to b + L and then divide by b + 1- according to the following formulas,
where c is a constant of integration:
r axb+7
(ifb+-t)
Jo*odx:77q*c
ｆｌ
a
α
χ
一
I αχ
-dx:alnx*c
プ
x
Note that a few special exponents can make a polynomial look somewhat different:
. If you see a variable in a denominator, you may bring it to the numerator by
negating its exponent according to the following rule:
L:
xn
*-'
. [f you see a squareroot rewrite it using an exponent of 1/2:
o If no coefficient or exponer,,*ilJ4, the number L is implied:
x:Lx7 ,'-1=*-'
xx'
It may help to recall the following rules of algebra regarding exponents:
**
- ym+n ,
x*xn :x.tILttL
V=76m-n ,
xo=L , (x*):xffifl
=
(ax)* : amx* , (amanlo - q.mPxnP , lax: (ax)712 - aL/2x7/2

If a polynomial includes multiple terms, integrate each term individually and then add
the results together:
f
J",*lz* "'-ry)o*: Iltdx * I r,dx * . Ivndx
For example, if y, : 3x2, lz : -2x, and y3 : 4, this means:
χ ―
χ
r r r
2_2χ
」 (3χ +4・ )α :=」 3χ 2(ガ
」2xdx* I 4dx
Tip: When you finish an indefinite integral, take a derivative to check your answer,
Chapter 9 - lntegrals of Polynomials
Example: Perform the following integral.

「12χ 3α χ
J
Compare l2x3 withthe general form axb to see that the coefficient is a = LZ and the
exponentisb = 3. Plug a = L2 and, b= 3 into the formuUff + r.

Lzx4
[ ,r*, o* -L2x3+7
check:rakea.",,J#:",?*-1*--nl*;"l*J;
d
*tz*n * c):12*z
6
∫αι
7
ι4
Note that this derivative is over t(instead ofthe usual χ).Silnply replace χ、
″ith t in
the Rrmula望望二十 c to getthe brmula型 +σ .Rewrite■ as 6ι -4 uSing the rule

t η ==1≒ .Compare 6ι -4 with the generalform atb to see that the coemcientis α==6
and the eXDOnentiS
二 b=:-4.Plugυ α :〓 6 and b=:-4 into the forlllulaユニー……+a
b+1
Jl::α
ι=:∫ 6ι
-4と
=:.11:1::+ε ==是
:i+c==_2「・ +ε
Check:Take a derivative of 2ι 3_+_C tO CheCk the anSVVer.

三
生(一 -3+c)==6t-4:=:ユ
12ι
Example: Perform the following integral

′
2
αχ
J χ
Rewrite ? as 2x-1 using the rule x-l - 1. Co-pr. e 2x-7 with the general form axb
to see thatthe coefficient is a : 2 andthe exponentis b : -1. Note that b : -l- is a
special case: This integral equals a natural logarithm.
l?O*: Jlr*-rdx=Ztnx*c
Jx
Check: Take a derivative of Zln x * c to check the answer.
d
(21n χ
十‐
c)=〓
つ
dχ :ラ
44

r
」、α
χ /死
Rewrite、 /房 as χ1/2 using the rule χ/2=、 /房 .compare χ■

■ /2輛 th the general brm αχb
tO see thatthe cOemcientis α=l and the exponentis b=1/2.Plug α=l and b=1/2
intOthefOrnlulatlll+σ ・
J・
■
、χ χ
/7α =J・ /2 dχ :=.1王 1∠ill.十 ε;:￨+C=:ヱ≒
=:も
:1+ε
Note that二十
2
1=1+ユ
2 2
=1主
2
二=ユ fadd[actions
2 、
with a common denominator、ノand_上
3/2
=:1‐
・ ::=:1× :==:(tO diVide by a fraCtiOrl,Inultiply by itS reCiprOCal)・
Check: Take a derivative of '*1''

3
* c to check the answer.
生二
」 l竺十C):=(:)(:)χ・/2〓:χ ■
/2=:、 /房
(三
ExanapleI Perfornl the fo1lowing integral.

r
4+922)(』
」 (51ι 1区
since this expression has two terms(524 and 922),We may integrate eaCh term
individually and then add the results tOgether′ where yl==524 and y2==922:
J・
(yl+y2)dχ :=tlylα ‐
χ
十 χ J・
y2α
Find the t,1げ o individual anti― derivatives:
∫4+922)α
(51ι 2:〓
J・
5じ
4α
2+J・ 922 u α
=π =―F― +可 ―+σ =2° +325+σ
百 I十ラ三百1+ε
「
check:Take a derivative of 25+323+C tO CheCk the anSWer.
月
j17(.5+323+c)=:524+922
45
Directions: Perform the following integrals.
o[ ,t*u o* =
63
@
I t, dt:
o [ ,s*''' a* =
一一
一一
@ 4lu-s du =
I

46

6 I'a'--
生√
ｆｌ
@
ノ
o I 4 αz=
Bdx
o I -: *t/3
{. Check your answers at the back of the book

47

@
I(*'-3x*4)dx=
⑩「
J
fム _3α u=
Zノ
ヽ2乙
A [ (tox'r' 1 6x6t/2) dx :
⑫fr√ +4)dt=
J ヽ vι ノ

48
10 DEFINITE INTEGRALS
First, we will will explore definite integrals.

discuss indefinite integrals, and then we
An indefinite integral basically equals the antiderivative of a function, including a
constant of integration. For example, if f (x) equals a derivative of g (x) with respect
to x, then g (r) is the antiderivative of f (x) , apart from a constant of integration:
dr
f(x): *o@ Jf@dx:s(x)+c
To help make this clear, we will rewrite the above equations using g(x) : xa.
4x3:*.r*, t4fdx:x4+c
In the above equations:
. f (x) : 4x3 is the derivative of g(x) : ra with respect to x.
. g(x) : ra is the antiderivative of f (x) : 4x3 . An indefinite integral is the
opposite of a derivative.
A definite integral includes limits, speciflring an interval, (a,b), as shown below.
. I:=*f (x) dx is an example of a definite integral.
. I f @) dx is an example of an indefinite integral.
The fundamental theorem of calculus hrelps to evaluate a definite integral:
′
′︰ヽ
χ
I
I
f αχ
J
1,. To evaluate the definite ira"Jr1l above, first find the antiderivative, g(x), of
the function specified in the integrand, f (x).
2. Next, evaluate the antiderivative at the upper and lower limits, g(b) and g(a).
3. Subtract the answers from step 2, as illustrated in the examples that follow.
b
′
√(χ )dχ =θ (b)一 θ(α )

J
Note: It isn't necessary to ili=frlae the constant of integration in the antiderivative

when performing a definite integral because itwill cancel out in step 3.
Chapter 10 - Definite lntegrals

2
′
」9x2 dx
χ =1
2.
First find the antiderivative of9χ
2 っぅ
2(』
χ:=￨:;≒ 3]勇
=1
:11.￨:=1==121;].I:=11=[3χ
」
χ:9χ
The notation [3x3]]=1 Ir€rnS to evaluate the antiderivative, 3x3, ateach limit and
subtract:
l3x'l',=, : 3(2)3 - 3(1)' = 3(8) - 3(1) = 24 - 3 : 2L
Check the antiderivative: Take a derivative of 3x3 to check the antiderivative.
d
:9x2
*(3x3)
ｌｒｉｌノ一
山一
′
χ
﹁
・一
１一２
ｉ
ｈ
■し
Ｆ
ｈ
．０
〓
ｎ
一
Ｖ
ａ
ｎ
０
ｎ
■し
χ
ｅ
ａ
ｎ
■し
ｅ
ｒ
ｅ
０
ｒ
Ｓ
ノ
′
ι 乙
χ
χαχ
ｌ χ
２〓
４
色
■
■ 一χ
∫ ∫ -2 ・
:= :=1壬 :=￨三 :=[ χ
:1:l・ 4:=￨
４
::争 ::::1:￨・
」 χ=4 L 」χ=4
χ=4 χ=4 L
1112 .
The notation
「
χ
1 到 =4 meanS tO eValuate the antideriVatiVe′
―ルat eaCh limit and
subtract:
■2
L半二___1 TI百
: 3=―-1+3 2 1 0■ 67
1
l一判=4
χ 12 (一 :)
=_」12:4-― 豆 Ч百一 =I百 =τ ∼
′
Note that― wo lninus signs lnake a plus sign.
:):=キ「
(―
■
Checkthe anl日 iderival日 ive:Take a derivative of― χ tO check the antiderivative.
´J
―■ -2)==:χ -2==_二
4
舌
テ￨(_χ )==(_1)(_χ =
50

2
f
o ′
8x3 dx:
x=1
″一
６ｆ
②
３
ｌプ
〓
χ
３
χ
〓
生√
９ｒ
０
〓
ｉＪ
４
〓
@ 6x2t4x-B)d.x:
Ir*-
x=-2
{. Check your answers at the back of the book.

51
Chapter 10 - Definite Integrals
x4
一
6 I Td* -

一
χ=0
﹃
@
t=-3
Iru-2)dt:
o [ &0,:
x=7
θ ｆ
dx
o
プｌ
x
．
χ
〓
* Checkyour answers at the back of the book

52
1l INTEGRALS OF TRIG FUN⊂ 丁10NS
The integrals of the basic trig functions are:
Isine d0 =-cosl *c, [.o, 0d0 :sin6*c

JJ
It^nedg: lnlsecll*c , [.".4 d.0:lnlsec 0*tanll+c
JJ
I cotld0:lnlsinll*c , lrrred.0 =-lnlcscg*cot 0l+c
JJ
Recall the following trigonometric relations and identities:
sin0 L L L cos0
tano: csce-- 0 sece-- cote--=-
cos 0 sin cos 0 tan9 sin 0
sin20+cos2 0 :L, tanze+L:secz0, I+cotz0 =cscz0
sin20 : 2sin0cos?, cos20 : cosz 0-sin2g
n radians : L80"

c/2
I
O=O
COS θαθ
First find the antiderivative of cos 0.

Tt/2
.o, 0 d0 : lsinel;r-o= sin (;) -sino = 1- 0 : l"

/
0=O
Recall from trig that:
. !rad:;ry: 9oo and sin
e) : sin(90") : 1.
o sin0:0.
Check the antiderivative: Take a derivative of sin I to check the antiderivative (it may
help to review Chapter 3):
d
: cos9
*sin9
Chapter 11 - lntegrals of Trig Functions
Chapter 1 1 Exercises
It
o /ri,odo:
0=o
tt/3
@
∫
θ=0
tan θαθ =
tt/6
@
I
0=-r/6
sec? d0 =
tt /3
@
∫(9 +
θ=0
cos 0)d0 :

54
121NTEGRALS OF EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARl丁 HMS
The integrals of the basic exponential, logarithm, and power functions are
eo' bx
I e*dx--+c a I lnxdx:xlnx-x*c bx dx =
I
lrb+
The integrals of the hyperbolic functions (not ttre ordinary trig functions) are:
t
I sinhxdx:coshx*c I coshrdx=sinhx*c
dx :
Recall the
I
following relations
tanh x
identities:
and
xl + lnlcosh c
θ==2.718281828 ^-r-t eo=L ln(e):1 , ln(1):g

ex
rn(xy) : lnx *lny,,r(;) : lnx -tny , ," (i) : rn(r-1) : - rntr

ln(x")=alnx ,ln(e*)-x , etn* :x , logr *:l::lnb
e* _ e-x e* + e-x sinhx: ex - e-x
sinhr:T , cosh*: , uarlrl ,t
coshr ex * e-x
,
coshz x - sinhz x : L, cosh(-x) : coshx , sinh(-r): -sinh(r)

sinh0:0 , cosh0:1, , tanh0 = 0 -

7
I sinhx dx
x=O
First find the antiderivative of sinh x.
1
f
J
I sinh xdx: [cosh x71*=o: cosh(l) -cosh0 = 1.543 -l x' 0.543
x=O
Note that cosh x= "..f .This is a hyperbolic function (no:t the cosine function from
trig). We used a calculator to get the numerical values at the end of the solution.
Chapter 12 - lntegrals of Exponentials and Logarithms
Chapter 12 Exercises
Directions: Perform the following integrals,
co
o e *clx=
x=O
I
@
χ
Im*a*=
= 7
0
t=7
I cosh f df =
@
x=3
∫ 2χ αχ =
56
13 1NTEGRA丁 10N BY POLYNOIM‖ AL SUBS丁 I丁 UT10N
A common method for performing integration is to make a change of variables. If an

integral is over one variable x, it can be transformed to an integral over a different
variable u by making a substitution.
x2 u2
:
I f(x)
X=Xr
dx
I g(u)
U=UL
du
To apply the method of substitution to an integral, follow these steps:

1. Try to think of a substitution that will make the integral simpler. Experience
solving a variety of integration problems can help with this step.
2. Write down the equation for your substitution, which relates u to x. The two
variables, u and x, should appear on separate sides of this equation (with one
variable on the left and the other variable on the right).
3. Implicitly differentiate both sides of the equation from step 2: On one side of
the equation, take a derivative with respect to u and multiply by du, and on
the other side, take a derivative with respect to x and multiply by dx. This is
illustrated in the examples.
4. In the equation from step 3, solve for dx in terms of du.
5. For a definite integral, you must also determine the new limits of integration.
Plug the original lower limit, .r1, into the equation from step 2 to determine
the new lower limit u1. Similarly, plug in the original upper limit, 12, into the
equation from step 2 to determine the new upper limit u2.
6. Make all of the following substitutions into the original integral:
o Replace dx with the equation from step 4.
o Replace x with the equation from step 2.
o Replace the old limits, x1 and x2,wlththe new limits, u1andu2.
7. Sometimes, the substitution that you try in steps 1-2 doesn't work out. When
that happens, either try making a different substation or try another method
of integration (such as those described in Chapters 14-16).
Chapter 13 - lntegration by Polynomial Substitution
J
[3* * 4)s d"x
Itwould be tedious to multiply (3x + 4)by iself multiple times. The substitution below
makes this integral much simpler:
u:3x * 4
Implicitly differentiate the above equation:
o On the left, take a derivative with respect to u and multiplyby du.
o On the righ! take a derivative with respect to x and multiplyby dx.
L du:3 dx
du
d*: T
Since this is an indefinite integral, there are no limits of integration to worry about.
Substitute dx : *3 and u = 3x * 4 into the original integral.
f f -du fus :3(6)
lt6 tt6 :f+ (3x+4\6
ex+ 4)'- O* : u'T: * c= c t
J J J Tdu LB*

tr/B
I
0=O
cos(40) d0
Make the following substitution:

u: 40
o On the righ! take a derivative with respectto 0 and multiplyby d0.
Ldu:4d0
d.g:4
4
Useu = 40 todeterminethenewlimitsof integration: u1 :4(0) = 0 and n(;)
"r=
- 3. Substitute dg : T,u : 40,u7 : 0, and,u2 - l into the original integral.
n/8 ttl2
f f du I -,. 1r 1- rt r I
J cos(ae)de:
J cos(u)
i: nlsinuli'="o:a(rtn--sin0)= +(r - o; =-
0=O 'tt=O
Note thatl22rad : 90", sinl: sin90o : 1, and sin0 = 0.
58

2
′
χ
2
χ3+8 dχ
J
χ=■
This problem would be more difficult if the .x2 weren't present. How does x2 help?
Because the derivative of the inside function is歳
″ _ _
(χ
6+8)=3χ
_ ^
Z′
which only dittrs
fronl χ
2 by a constant.Make the fo1lovving substitution:
2=χ 3+8
11nplicitly differentiate the above equation:
o On the le■ ′take a derivative with respect to lι and lnultiply by α2.
● (〕 n the right take a deriVatiVeヽ Arith reSpeCt tO χ and lnultiply by αχ
l du=3χ 2α χ
αz
=百
dχ
7
use 2:=χ 3+_8 to deternline the nelw■ ilnits ofintegration:
2.=13+8=1+8=9 ′ ■2=23+8=8+8=16
Substitute dx : fl,u: x3 + 8,ltt:9, and uz: L6 into the original integral.
√丁
3x ψ一
■ ｒＩＩノ〓
６・９
ｌｒｌｌＪ〓
６・９
2 ■6 ■6
１
‐u r
υ 一
′
∠
r ^_α
χヾ
ｄ
ｄ
χ3+8 αχ =
３
２
Ｚ
〓
〓
2
一３
Z百
J
χ
」 7=: J
２
２
χ=1 u=9 2=9
:1霜「 :階「 :ビ 119:[υ

]担 9:[249
69==:(16VIτ
=:5[,v石]■ -9、 /す )==ヱ [16(4)-9(3)]==す (64-27)==-1ァ彩8.222
Note that2 l+1=1+二 =1上乙=ユ fadd fractions with a colninon denonlinator)and
2 2 2 2｀ ′
:=1 ・ diVide by a fraCti° nlultiply by itS reCipr° Cal)・ AIso llote

3ウ万 :==:1× :==:(t°
n′
muη
that u3/2=2■ 21/2=し、 /石 becauseグ =2m+η and 2■ /2=、/石 .Alternatively′ you
can use a calculator to check that 16A(3/2)==64 and 9A(3/2)==27.
59

dx
o I 2χ +3
n/9
a 」6 sin(3θ θ
′
:=
)`ι
=0 θ

60

可一
′ αχ
_
0」
芦
覇
④
J・
ι
θ
_t2(士
==
t=0
.E Check your answers at the back of the book.
61.
3
8χ
⑤
∫4_2
χ
αχ =
、
/7τ
0
∫
θ=0
θcos(θ 2)dθ =
62
Chapter 13 Exercises - Part D
2
「 12χ
… ・χ=
。
-Jて戸TIτアα
0「里
里互
ノ Vθ
】 dθ ==
θ=0
`≦

63
Chapter 13 - !ntegration by Polynomial Substitution
Chapter 13 Exercises - Part E
o I L-tf-xdx=
4
′
⑩ ￨
,fffiL7i:
ノ
x=0
.3. Check your answers at the back of the book

64
14 1NTEGRA丁10)N BY TR:GONC)METRl⊂ SUBSTITU丁 10N
Trigonometric substitutions are often helpful for two types of integrals:

o integrals involving trigonometric functions, like those below.
d.o sin3 o do ,
f I sin
I sina ,
coso
,;in?cos?d? J t Jr.r*O,
● integrals where x2 is added or subtracted to a constant, like those below
r dχ f αχ
χ2+4 αχ
∫ Jア JlFT万蒻
=戸 identities and relations:
It may help to recall the following trigonometric
sin0 1, L 1 cos0
tan9: csc0-- 0 sec0--cos 0 cot0--:-
cos 0 sin tan? sin 0
sin2 0 * cos2 0 : L, tanz e + L : secz 0, 1 + cot2 0 : cscz 0
sin20 : 2sin0cos?, cos20 : cosz 0 - sinz 0
sin2 o -L
- cosZo, cos2, - L * cosZo
22
For problems that involve expressions of the form (a2 - *')o,
o Makethesubstitutions x: asind and dx: acos0 d0.
o Note thata2 -x2:az -02sinz0=az(L-sin2 0):azcos20. The reason
is that sinz 0 * cosz 0 = !,suchthat cosz 0 - ! -sinz 0.
For problems that involve expressions of the form (x2 t a21o'
o Make the substitutions x : atan 0 and dx : a secz 0 de.
o Note thatx2 *a2:aztanz0 *a2:az(tanze +D: a2secZg. The reason
isthattanz0 *1: secz0.
For problems that involve expressions of the form (x2 - a')p,
o Makethesubstitutions x = asecd and dx: asec9tan0 d0.
o Note thatxz -a2:a2secz0 -a2:az(secze -D: a.2tanz 0. The reason
isthat tanz 0 * 1 : secz 0,such that tan2 0 : sec2 e - L
Note that the constant a is squared in (a2 - x2)p, (x' + az)P, and (x2 - a21v.
o Example,^lx, + +:",fiz +22: (x2 +22)r/2.Here, a:Zandp = L/2.

o Example: 9 - x2 : 32 - x2.Here, a: 3 andp - L.
Chapter 14 - lntegration by Trigonometric Substitution
∫ sin3 θ COS θdθ
Cosine is the derivative of sine, which makes the following substitution helpful:
sin0 u:
o On the left, take a derivative with respect to z and multiplyby du.
o On the right, take a derivative with respect to 0 and multiplyby d0.
L du: cos0 d0
Since this is an indefinite integral, there are no limits of integration to worry about.
Substitute du : cos 0 d0 and u = sin I into the original integral.
. u4* c : sinag + c
I sin3 0cos 0 d0 = f u32du=
J J ; j:
∫ sin2 θαθ
The following trig identity is helpful for this integral

_ 1-cos 2θ
sinZ θ =― ―――T―――
∠
Substitute the above expression into the integral:
J・
sin2 θ
dθ :=.1・ 1三
=:lliヱ
皇
α二
θ =J・
ldθ _.￨・ 12〕2fldθ :=1∫ α
θ_1ザ cos2θ dθ
The nrstintegralis tri宙 ali∫ θ=θ

α +a For the second integraL make the b110wing
substitution:
2=2θ
du=2 αθ
αγ
dθ =・
丁
SinCe thiS iS an indefinite integral,there are nO lilコ LitS OfintegratiOn tO WOrry abOut.
Substitute dθ :=三二and tι ==2θ into the second integral.
υ
2
:J・
θ
α一 :∫
cos2θ dθ ==:∫ α
θ― cosul井 :∫
==:J・ α
θ一 cosudu
:J・
1 1 1 1
=百 θ― sin■ +c=,θ 一 sin 2θ +σ
π 万
66

/2
I
0=o
cos3 θdθ
Applythe identitysinz g * cosz 0 = l,after rewriting it as cos2 0 : l- sin2 g.

n/2 tt/2 tt/2
∫
θ=0
cos3 o do :
I
0=o
cosz 0 cos0 d0 =
0=O
I (1_sin2 θ)COS θαθ
π/2 rr/2
ｆｌ
〓
cos? d0 - I sin20cosed0
Ｊ
We distributed: (L - sin2 ;tt r, g = cos i1 ,in' 0 cos 0.The first integral is trivial.
For the second integral, make the following substitution:
u: sin?
o On the right, take a derivative with respect to 0 and multiplyby d0.
Ldu: cos? d0
Use u = sin 0 to determine the new limits of integration:
ur: u(0)= sin0 : 0, uz :"4= sin (;) :sin90o : t

Substitute du: cos0 d0, xr : sin 0,ut:0, and uz: L into the original integral.
n/2 tt/2 l
cosld0- e];/:r-
I
0=O
Isinz0cosg49=[sin
0=O
[r'au
tt=O
: [sin ll1/=?,- eii=o-!r,,1,,=o: sin (;)-sin0-]cr= -o,t

[fl:=.: [sin
- 1 -, -*(1 - o) - -]ctl =, -+:? * 0.60l
1.
Note that
i rad::+: 90o, r,, (;) : sin 90o = L, and sin 0 = 0.
67
ExalmpleI Perfornl the fo1lowing integral.

3
「_生_
J√戸耳万
χ=0
Relwrite χ2+9 in the forln χ2+.α 2.:This requires that α2=:9′ which lneans α :=3.
″
一
Now the integra1looks like thisI
︻
3 3
ｆ
f αχ
一
ｌ
Ｖ
√ 夏両
′ 〓
J
。
χ
χ=0
Sincex2 is added to a constant, according to the first page of this chapter, we should
make the following substitutions:
x = atan? =3tan0, dx= asec20 d0 =3secz 0d0
Solvefor0inx=3tan0:
χ
0:tan-r (3 )
Use the above equation to determine the new limits of integration:
′n、 ′っ、 ″
θ
l==lθ (0)==tan ・ =tan 1(0):=:0 ′θ
2==:lθ (3)==tarl ・
(;)〓 (:):=tan 1(1)==li
Recall fronl trig that tarL O l=:O an(ltarltiり :=tan 4‐ 5° ==1.Substitute dχ =:3secZ θdθ ′
χ:=3tan θ
′l=:0′ and θ
θ 2=:fintOtlleintegral.
3 π/4 π/4 π/4
r dχ f 3 sec2θ αθ 3 sec2θ dθ r 3sec2 θ αθ
∫3
i
ノVχ 2+32 J
I _ : ]
√て石蓄両
1 - 1
(3 tan θ)2+32 tan θ+3 J

χ=O θ=0 θ=0 θ=0
π/4 π/4 π/4
r 3sec2 θ αθ ′
3sec2 θ dθ π
」 ∫
i
SeC θ(lθ =二 [lnlSeC θ+tan θl]:=。

J 輌驀 3sec0
θ=0
=萄 θ=0 θ=0
=lnlsec(1)+tan(1)￨-lnlsec(0)+tan(0)￨=Inl、 /フ +11-In11+01
=InlV2+11-In(1)=Inl、 /フ +11-0=inl、 /フ +11∼ 0.881
Note the follovving:
o sec(I):=sec 45° ==冨
∫
ォ
ξ:==7プヾ
2 and tan(1):=tan 45°
==´ ==1.
● /フ because V2'V.2=2.
7ラ =、
O SeC(0):=τ
ぎ5==::==1,tan O:〓 and in(1)==:0・
:0′
:‐
0 ∫SeC θdθ =lnlSeC θ+tan θl+σ・
68
Chapter '14 Exercises - Part A

αχ
o I _:
@
tt/3
@
∫
θ=0
cosa o sino do =

69
Chaptet 14 Exercises - Part B

ol 2+25 χ
dx
ηｆＩＩＪ‘
％Ｄ
ａ
ｎ
④ θ αθ
〓
θ
70
Chaptet '14 Exercises - Part C

6 I sin4 θαθ =
r dχ
0 =
」7下
χ。〒
*Check your answers at the back of the book

7L
Chapter 14 Exercises - Part D

ol (9 -
dx
26z1z1z
n/2
o J| SIn.
'l'-t= o, =
U
0=n/6
.!. Check your answers at the back of the book

72
15 1NTEGRA丁 I(01N BY PARTS
Integration by parts involves using the following formula.
I udv:uv- I vdu
For a definite integral, remember to evaluate the term u"p over the limits:
ff
f-f
Judv:fuvl!-Judu
tt
To apply the method of integration by parts, follow these steps:
L. Given an integral of the form J f (x) dx, rearrange f (x) dx in the form u dv,
as illustrated by the examples that follow. Your goal is to choose u and dv in
away that makes the integral ! v du easier to perform than J f @) dx.
o When you choos e du, make sure that you can find its antiderivative, v.
Remember that dv includes dx.
o Focus onvdu. You want this to be simpler thanudv.
o If the integrand is a product of two functions, like J x2 ln x dx, first try
either lt: x2 and,dv = lnx dxoru = lnx and dv = x2 dx.
o Experience solving a variety of problems can help with this choice.
2. Find the antiderivative of dv. This is v.
3. Find the derivative of u. Multiply by dr. This is du.
4. Use the formula for integration by parts:
I udv:uv-
For a definite integral, remember to
I vdu
evaluate the termuv over the limits
ノｆｌ
ｒｉｆ
レ
Ｆ
α
Ｚ
υ
〓
′ ・
du
Ｊニ
こ
ノ ι
5. lf I v du doesn't seem any easier than J f @) dx was, try starting over with a
new choice for u and dv.lt may take a little trial and error to get it right.
Chapter 15 - lntegration by Parts
Identifiz u and, du from x sinx dx:

I x sinx dx
o Neither a derivative nor an antiderivative of sin x would make this function

any simpler than it already is.
o A derivative of r is simpler than an antiderivative of x. Going from u to du
involves taking a derivative. Therefore, we should try u : x.
o Then dv -- sinx dx,such that r sinx dx : u du.
Use u : x and dv : sinx dx to find du andu:
o Take a derivative of u = x with respectto x and multiply by dx to find du:
ou =#dx :l*orldx : ! dx = dx
o The antiderivative of dv : sin x dx equals v:
ｆｌ
ｆｌ
α
α
υ
χ
〓
〓
ｎ
一
Ｃ
０
χ
Ｓ
プ
Plug u : x,u = - cos x, du -- dx, and du = sinx dx into the equation for integration
by parts:
I udv=uv- I udu
r rin x dx ., - : x(-
/ I(- cos x) dx cos
xsinx dx = -x cosr * cosx dx - -x cosx * sinx * c

I I
Check ttre answer: We can check the answer by taking a derivative. This involves the
productrule withf: x and g : cos.x.
dddd
d*G*cosx
** c) : - d*@cosr) + *sin x * *c
sinx
d
: -&Ug) + cosx *o= -(t#.rH)*cosx
rdd\
: - (cos cosr - -[cosx (1) + r(- sinr)] + cosr
d** t *cosx)+
* x
- -(cos x - x sinr) * cos x - - cosr * xsinx * cos x = xsinx

Distribute the minus sign to go from -(cos x - xsinx) to - cos x * xsinx. The two
minus signs effectively make a plus sign.
74
r"x3lnx dx
J
x=7
Identiff u and du from x3 lnx d.x:
o A derivative of ln x is simpler than an antiderivative of ln x. Going from u to
du involves taking a derivative. Therefore, we should try u : ln x.
o Then dv : x3 dx, such that x3 lnx dx : u dv.
Use u : ln x and du : x3 dx to find du and v:
o Take a derivative of u: ln x with respect to r and multiplyby dx to find du:
d*
du :40* : ( Ltnr) a, :!
d"x\dx/xx o* -
o The antiderivative of du : x3 dx equals z:
ｆｌ
χ χ4
υ
3α :=二1
〓
dυ :=「
プ
J
4 ガ^´
Plug 2=In χ′υ=土 ′du=1竺 ′and dυ =χ 3α χ intO the equatiOn fOr integratiOn by
^´
:「
parts
ｆ
ｆｌ
2 α
υ:=レ ν
]f一 υ
αZ
r
プ
J
・
ι
θ ｒｌ
―∫4
θ ー
χ4α χ l
」χ χ
αχ
r
￨(ln χ
41n
χ
31n 3 dχ
χ]晃 =■
一４
:=
プ
L
)1/セ 111)lθ
＼仕ノ」
χ=.
χ 4 [χ
χ=■ χ=■ χ=1

4 ´ ′ θ
・ 4 14
=:.土 (θ
41n θ_141n l)_万
『
4(1)_1(0)]_万 θ
rrl:=1==:[θ (.
4 4
L
:r(e* l/ea 1\ e4 e4 4ea-ea+1.: 1. 3e4+L
-0)-a(.Z- 4): 4-** t6: 16 L6 =10'3
Note the following:
. lnL=0andlne:0.
● ―:(手 ― :)二
=一 :(1)一 :(一 :)==― i:十 f:.The nlinus gets distributed.
´4 ′_4
ニー==二 L― .This was used to nlake a cornrrlon denolinlnator,
０ ●
4 ■6
We used a calculator to get the numerical value at the end of the solution.
75
Directions: Perform the following integrals using integration by parts.
o I xe*dx:
n/2
:
@
Ix
x=0
cosx dx

76
lnx
@
Ix dχ
n/6
@
I sinrtanxdx:
x=O
.S.Checkyour answers at the back of the book.
77
6 I xz cosx dx :
@
I exsinxdx=

7B
16 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
To perform a double or triple integral, follow these steps:

1,. Note that you may reverse the order of the differential elements. Don't worry
about whether you see dxdy or dydx. The order of the differential elements
doesn't tell you which integral to do first.
2. Look at the limits of integration: If you see an integration variable (like x, y, or
z) in the limits of integration, you must perform the integral with the variable
limit first You will see variable limits in three of the examples that follow.
3. When you integrate over one variable, treat the other independent variables
as if they are constants. For example, when performing an integral over the
variable x, treat y as a constant. Similarly, when performing an integral over
the variable y, treat r as a constant. We will see this in the examples.
4. After you finish one integral, evaluate its antiderivative over the limits before
you begin the next integral.

２
２ｆ
χ ｆｌプ
ｌプ
xy dx dy
χ=Oy=0
2).
vve nlust integrate over y first because the integral over y has a variable lilnit(χ
When we integrate over y,we treat the independent variable χ as a constant.Pull χ
Out Ofthe y integral(but be Careful nOttO pull χ Out Ofthe χ integral)・
χ χ
２
２ｆ
χ ｆｌプ
2 1
∫
2
」χ α
χ
r
χ
ｌプ
χy αχαy = .￨「 dχ =可 [y2]多 10

r.i2y dy)dχ 12::￨
y=0 乙
χ = y=0 χ=0 ＼y=0 ノ χ=0 χ=0

２ｆｌ
ー
o.:: dx:: :;?;'.=,:

〓
xl@2)2- 0't
一２
dx
プ
+.kultr=o
χ=0 .["xxa .l,xs
: L ou) :
L: 64 64+4 L6
O(zu - n(64) 1"2: ,2 =3: T = 5.333
Chapter 16 - Multiple lntegrals
Exan■ lple:Perforlll the fo1loⅥ /ing integral.

■
/y 3
ｆｌ
ｆｌ
xyz dx dy
プ
y=1 χ=o
We muStintegrate OVer χ irSt beCauSe the in“ gra1 0Ver χ haS a Variable limit(1/y).
Whell we integrate over χ′we treat the independent variableシアas a constant.Pull y
Out Ofthe χ integral(but be Careful nOttO pull y Out Ofthe y integral)・
・
蜘
■１
″
３ ′︱
・
１
り向
3 3 / 1/y
洵
1/ン、
(:y== 「y21 「χχ
１
「「χ
‘ ＩＩＦ
y2 α
χ
α
ｙ
ソ
χ
〓
ｙ
.α
一２
:=
プ
lα lソ
．
χ χ=o
ｙ
/
〓
=o y=■ y=1 ＼
一
３
ノ
3 3
^「
2
l r ‐ /1ヽ
==一 : ■′ ::_: _021α y:=:y」 :=:y」
2Jノ yノ
y=■
[ヽ
:;,:α idy:=:[y]3=.=::(3-1)=:::=1
Exan■ ple:Perforlll tlle fo1lowing integral.

■/3 3
∫χχ
αy
χ=0 ノ=0
J・
2y2α
SillCe a11 0fthe lilrLitS are COnStantS′ ■lre rnay perfOrln theSe integralS in any Order.
■/3 3 ■/3 ■/3
/ 3r ヽ
α
χ χ
「y313 ,
ｆ
ｒｌ
′ r l
ｄ
α
２
２
ｙ
ｙ
χ
2
ｌ
―
l l y2dyl :〓
l αχ
プ
1-■
′〓
J J・ 15」 y=。
。
χ
χ=o y=o ヽy=0 / χ=0

1/3 1/2 ・′ ■/3
χ χ χ χ 」χ
・ノ'
■ ′ 4 - r
==::.J
2[y3]3=。 dχ :=土 2(33_03)dχ :=::∫ 2(27)α :=:9 2dχ
.1‐
χ=0 χ=0 χ=O χ=0
______∼ 3 3■ 3 1
l:=:31(:)3_031==:3(」￨) 27 27÷
==91::;:11/3 ==3[χ
3]ヵ nυ
・lll
車
・
3 9∼
l奎
L 」χ
=u L 」
80

LxzY
ｒｉ
ｆｌ
ｆｌ
xyz dx dy dz
プ
プ
x=O y=O z=0
We must integrate over y and z before x because the integrals over y and z have
variable limits (x2 and y). Furthermore, we must integrate over z before y because
the limit in the z integration includes y. We will first integrate over z, then integrate
oYer y, and lastly integrate over x.
When vve integrate over z,we treat the independent variables χ and y as constants.
Pull χ and y Out Ofthe Z integral(but be Careful nOttO pull y Out Ofthe y integral)・
l χ2 ｀ソ ■ χ2 / y ■ χ2 _ ヽ_.′
χ∫ ・
、
J・
χα
χαα χ∫
J・ J・
yl
∫αα
χ、 yZ y Z= J・ Z Z)α y =:
1・
yl:∫
￨:_ndy
υ dχ
χ=Oy=OZ=O χ=O y=0 ＼Z=0 / χ=O y=0 ι
χ2
．
2 2
■ χ l χ
ｌ
χj y(y2_0)dy α
χ
ｆｌ
ｒｌ
」y[z2]y=O αα
χ
r l r
α
〓
χ
χ
ｙ
ｙ
ｙ
χ
:=百 :=:: j
一２
y
Ｊ
プ
J
０
=0 y=o
χ
ｙｌ
〓
=0 χ χ ソ=0

■ ｒ
ｌｒト
２〓
χ ′ＩＩＩノ〓
χ ”
州
′ ︲︲ヽ＼
、︲︲ ′／
χ

′
1
χ 万J χ
■ ′
α
α
ｄ
1
=,
■
ｙ
ｌＪ
χ
χ
司
χ
〓
一２
` y6α
_ y
ーＪ
」 dχ
:=‐
０
ノ
ｙ
x=0 l=O χ=0 χ =

ｌｆ
■ ｒ
．
．
ｌ
ー
ー
ｆｌ
ｒｌ
α
４
α
２
ｎ︶
４
ｎｖ
〓
′Ｉヽ
ヽプ
′ｆヽ
χ
ｌプ
ｉＪ
〓
χレ4]二〇dχ =
χ
χ
χ
χ
χ
〓
χ
一
一
χ
一８
一８
一８
一８
ノ
ノ
χ=0 χ=0 χ=0 χ=0

．
χ
・°
ー
°
ｒｉ
■ カ
χ χ==_1「 11
〓
一８
9`ι l°
]1=0:=:iji,(1・ -01°
8F丁 ==モ )
ノ
[χ
:き
―χ=0
￨
χ=0
=百
5(1-0)=百 5=0.0125
Note that(χ 2)4=χ 8aCCOrding tO the rule(χ m)■ =χ π
π .
81
Chapter'a6 Exercises - Part A

√ｆＪ
３ｆ
●
ｄ
χ
ｙ
ｙ
〓
ｌＪ
χ=Oy=0
ノｆｌＪ
２
②
,
ｒ
ν
ｌ
χ dy=
プ
χ=0 y=1
、
/7α
82

幼一
９ｒｌ
４ｆ
．
α 一、
０
戸
ｌプ
χ=ly=4
教´
５ｆ
︱ノ
④
χ2y αχαy=
ｌＪ
χ=0 y=χ

83
Chapter '16 Exercises - Part C
ν 2 χ
6 」」」 χ
y2z3 α
r
χ̀y dlZ:=
r r
=oy=oz=o
χ
√ ¨′︱ＩＪく
一
ＶレーーーＪ︲
一Ｚ・
ソ＞
１ ● ０
‘ ‘ ＩＩ
０
０
α
χ
ｙ
Ｚ
〓
ノ〓
χ
〓
Ｚ
〓

84
SOLU丁 10NS
Chapter l,Palt A
α 一
①
4)=(4)(8)χ 4-■ = 32χ 3

赦
(8χ
月
-2):==(_2)(5)χ -2-■ -3:= 10
② (5χ ==_10χ 3
jテ χ
Note: Both -10x-s and -2 ^r"correct

answers.
´′ ′■、ガ ″
-1)==:::(lι -1):=:(_1)(1)t-1-1:=:_ι -2== 1
0;:(:)==:::(ι 2
ι
Note:Both一 ι-2 and_■ _are correct ansWerS.

α一
④
ヽ１ノ
Ｒ︶
3/4=
４
７
′
赦
〓
χ
7/4-1:〓 :f:12
14χ 3/4
ノ
(8)χ χ
4
1==](subtract
Note::-1:=::一 :==ヱテ fractions witll a coΠ llnon denonlinator).
鮮
α一
ヽ
０
_,/ヽ
、︲ ′ノ
1
｀r.1｀ん
γ3/5-1==_三 …
〓
歳
r呈 χ-2/5こ=1笙 ==
k5ノヽ6ノ 301 ■ u
=:l二 10χ 2/5
Notes:
R R ヽ R_ヽ _,
● 一 =≒
:-1=言言￨=f(SubtraCt iaCtiOnS With a COmmOn denOminatOr)
● notn
ff ^ndfuare
correct answers.
@ *(u) ft,ou'1:
: (1)(1)u1-1 : rlto : 1
Notes: 'J.uL : u and uo : l.

Solutions
α一
α一
ｄ一
衝
０
,■ /2
′
1、
…
…
ι
ヽ１ノ
〓
つ“
〓
洗
山
■/2 ■/2 /2)ι 1/2-1==.=L】 -1/2
歳
■ι
(2 )=〓
ti:り
(2・
1 1_ 1 1 、 ==コ
/2t IV2ι
- 2L/2-7s-rlz - 't-t/2f-tlz
「 l
2■ /2t■ /2 (2t)■ /2 衝、
/1「 l、 /7,7 □
Notes:
/2==121/2t■ /2 beCauSe(Cχ ″
●
)'2:=:C■ χ
2.
(2ι )・
′´、 _1ノ ,
二:〓:21/22 1==2・ /2-1==2 ・ /2 beCauSe χ"2χ π =:χ m+■
●
(:)(21/2)==丘子
.
●
ニ
:-1==:一 ::=:￨デ =― :(SllbtraCt fraCtiOnS With a COrnll10rl denOnlinatOr)
-1/2,ァ
and:畳 :are all correCt anSWerS.HOWeVer,Only the
●
2 ・ /2ι
万百万 ′7ラフ
/,,
、 ■ 、
′戸
answerニニユhas a rational denorninator,we nlultiplied_喜 =bvL=■
´ in Order tO
20 ・ V2ι v2ι
rationalize the denominator.Note that、 /2ι V27=2ι because V;7V'7=χ .
0」IF(手 /2):=i;;(lχ ―
―
■ ■
/2)==(_:)(1)χ -1/2-1
￨):=::7(万:石 ):=ifI(χ
-3/2 χ-3/2 1 1_ 1_ ´;7 v′ Vχ

″…
=:(_:)(1)χ
2 2χ 3/2 2χ 、
/房 2χ マ′
死、/死 2χ 2
Notes:
. vχ =χ 1/2
。房 -1/2 beCauSe χ 〓 η
:方 ==χ =if≒ .
. χ3/2=χ ■
χ1/2=χ ヽ
/房 beCauSe χ
π+m=χ mχ π .
・ Vχ V房 =χ .
・一三手生 ′― ′一 and一 are all COrreCt anSWerS,HOWeVer,Only the

葛去万瓦西テ茅
anSWer一 haS a ratiOnal denOminatOr,We multiplied一 byttinOrder

甕詣万雨
to rationalize the denonlinator.
86
Chapter 1, Part B
ｄ一
０
3_+4χ 2_3χ +2)==三生 3)+_生 .(4χ 2)__lL_(3χ

歳
(5χ (5χ )+-11¨ (2)

αχ αχ αχ αχ
3-1+(2)(4)χ 2-1_(1)(3)χ・ 1+0= 2+8χ -3
=(3)(5)χ 15χ
Notes:
°:=:3 because χ °
α 一赦 α 一薇
●
(3χ )こ=:」 ::(3χ
l)==(1)(3)χ l 1:=:3χ ・ ==lχ and χ:=:1.
● (2) : 0 because the derivative of a constant is zero.
⑩ u (1_2)==三生
_f二
α 2
(1)__二 _(2)==o_1==
α αし
1
Notes:
″ _ _
● ●
nStantiS ZerO・
α
_1_f2)=一
′
生_(12・ )=(1)(1)21
′ ｀ ′｀ ´ 1=12° =l because 12・ =2 and 2° =1.
α"(1)==()beCaliSe
2｀ αz｀ tlle(leriVatiVe Of a C(》
α一
①
ー
３
１
２
１
２
ヽ、
ヽ、
′′
／
＋
＋
′
ヽ１ノ
歳
フ“
４ム
１
２
χ
χ
χ
一
〓
一
４■
ｒ
︲′
χ
χ
χ
︲ ′
︲ｌ
一２
一２
一２
一２
︲ヽ
ｌ
ヽ
ノ
′
ヽ
ヽ
′ ′
+4理
h、 ′γ
=6χ 1/2+6χ ・
/2=6χ 1/2+ 4==6、/死 +4=6、 /死 =
′
OVχ
.VV″
十
ψ
・ /ι
χ Vχ Vχ Vχ 「
一χ
Notes:
３
２
３
１■ １
〓〓
一
●
一
ニユニ
一２
一２
一
一２
=:三 =:(SubtraCt fraCtiOnS With a COrnn10n denOrninatOr)・

■
２
●
ヱ a COnlΠ 10n denOnlinatOr)・

一２
一２
一２
=1生=一 :(SubtraCt fraCtiOnS ith

Ⅵ′
―■
because χ凱 :=―
●
_ __ 1
χ /2 :
χ■/2
.
χ /2= Vχ
■ ″
●
/2+6χ 1/2,6χ 1/2十

●
6χ 一手吊 6Vi死 +― 疑 ,and 6イ χ +塾 ⊆ are all correct answers.

・
・ ′ι
χ Vχ χ
_ 4.厚
However′ only the ansヽⅣer 6Vχ ‐
+ニニ■has a rational denonlinator.We
multiDlied4bVttinOrdertOratiOnahZethedenOminatOr.
^ Vχ ‐Vχ
87
Solutions
0.:;,(√ _:)==i;:(ι 1/2_t― ■

):=.■ (lι
1/2_lι -1)
■ _ (_1)(1)ι ―
■― :1_ (_ι -2)==壁 +t-2==￨,71フ斗
■:=三二 ‐-2
ァ ι
/2-■
==(:)(1)ι
１一
ｙ■ ２
1 :ι
1 1√
¨ｔ
1
＋
2Vι
′
2
¨ｔ
-__上
2 2√ √
_― __」 __一
:ι
Notes:
■
v7==:ι /2 and:==ι
-1
●
_(_t-2)=ι -2(tWO negatiVeSinlake a pOSitiVe).

●
●
=tf=一
,-1=,一号 ,(SubtraCt iaCtiOnS With a COmmOn denOminatOr)・
-1-1=-2.
●
ι -2,葛 .+ι -2′

●
::生 +ι ′and」卜 are all COrreCt anSWerS.HOWeVer′

_ト
詩ル百万ゥ :¨ 多
^F ■ ■ _F
Only the anSWer赫 +ナ haS a ratiOnal denOminatOr・ Wemultipliedttbyttin
order to rationalize the denominator
Chapter 2,PaltA
α一
①
3_3χ 2+4χ -5)8=?

赦
(χ
υ =χ 3_3χ 2+4χ
ヴ
Apply the chain rule -5 f=28 ?
αχ
df α
√απ 3_3χ 2+4χ -5)l
(28)lI::F(χ
dχ αz αχ [:争
=(827)(3χ 2_6χ +4)= 8(χ
3_3χ 2+4χ -5)7(3χ 2_6χ +4)
d 1
② ==?
dι 5ι -3ι +6
1 4
Apply the chain rule: u:5t2 -3t+6 ′

′ ―
ユ :
z172 ■
z― /2 三
二=フ
、 αι
`・
/石
αf αfdu
(2-1/2)Il::,(5t2_3ι +6)]==:(一 :π
-3/2)(10ι _3)
αι αz αι l:争
10ι -3 10ι -3
223/2 2(5ι Z 一 i3ι ¨
卜16)3/2
Notes:-1-1=-1-ヱ
2 2 2
=二2 生ヱ=一二and u-3/2=_4_
2 1ι 5/Z
88
α一
０
′‘ ヽ
カ
2 ″
6 Vχ ?
¨ ‘
4χ
メノ
６ α一
d
了、ｒ′
↓
ｆノ
Apply the product rule: g(x):tli=xL/z )=?
一
(fθ
＋
α一
dχ
ｆノ一χ
む一赦
α 一ｄ
１
σ
2_6)l+(4χ 2_6)(1::χ 1/2)
赦
赦
θ
θ
〓
１
．
(4χ
〓=χ
1/2(8χ
)斗
― 2_6)tぅ
(4χ
/■
1/2り
、
・
==8χ /2χ +2χ 2χ ―
■/2_3χ 1/2
iχ
つつ
3/2+12χ 3/2_13χ 1/2==1(〕 χ3/2_i3χ 1/2 ==1(〕 χ3/2_房
==1(レ
3/2_7房
==IBχ
葛石
ぅ ′
I″ へ
く、
「′γ
=10χ °/∠ 一一χ
= ■U申一
一χ
Notes:
. 1_1=1_ζ
2 2 2 2 =1二
2｀
2=_l rsubtract iactions with a common denominaton. ´
. χ■ /2χ ■ ■
=χ /2χ =χ
3/2 because χ■
=χ and χ
mχ η
=χ ■
m十
-1/2==χ 3/2 beCauSe χ′χ 9==χ
. χ2χ ρ-9.
● Going fronl(4χ 2_6)(:χ /2)t。 2χ 2χ ―■ /2_3χ ・ /2′ diStribute aCC()rding tO

・
斗‐s)t=:γ ι+st vVith r:=:4χ 2,s=_6′ and t==:χ

・
/2.
(γ
. 10χ 3/2_3χ
・
/2,10χ 3/2_7島 ′
ヲ10χ 3/2_1ら
:′
10χ
3/2_旦 ∠
≡and 10χ v死 :_三∠
′ ≡
ぅ ′π
are all COrreCt anSWerS・ WemultipliedttbyttinOrdertOratiOnaliZethe
denonlinator.In the last step′ we used χ3/2=χ lχ 1/2=χ χ1/2=χ Vχ .
α 3-2χ 2 ?
④
αχ 4-3χ 2
Apply the quotient rule: f (x) : 3 - 2x2 g(x) :4 - 3x2 生̈/二ヽ_フ
=
dχヽθノ
α 一
θυ一χ
rガ
df 2)lli:;(4-3χ 2)l
■
ｒノ
2)
︲
2)] ―
θ (4-3χ [洗 (3-2χ (3-2χ
α
二 r二、_ i方
α
χkθ ノ J2 (4-3χ 2)2
2)(_4χ 2)(_6χ 3+18χ -12χ 3
(4-3χ )― (3-2χ ) -16χ +12χ
16-12χ 2_12χ 2+9χ 4 16-24χ 2+9χ 4
2χ
16-24χ 2+9χ 4
Notesi― (3)(-6χ )=18χ and― (-2χ 2)(_6χ )=-12χ 3.
89
Solutions
Chapter 2,Part B
0岳 (/≒ )=?
1 df
Apply the chain rule: z=χ 3_4χ f =一 =2
―■
?
2 αχ
)]I」
:,(χ
3_4χ
)l==(― u-2)(3χ
2_4)==― ≦
聖二 il::-12
―(3χ 2_4) -3χ 2_(_4) -3χ 2+4
``==::`:.:::==I:17(2-■
3_4χ 3_4χ )2 3_4χ )2
(χ )2 (χ (χ
Note that洗
(2 1)==_2-2 beCallSe―
1-1=-2.
α 一
０
歳
(4+χ )9(2-χ )5=?

d
Apply the product rule: f (x) = (4 + x)e , g(x) : (2 - x)s (fθ )=?
αχ
::7σ
θ
)==θ 卜
√ l::―
￨:子 :=:(2-χ )51:争 (4‐ χ
十)91+(4.― 卜
χ)91::(2-χ )51
Now apply the chain rule: 2=4+χ ′ f=υ

9 ′ υ=2-χ ′ θ=ν
5
)=〓 (2-χ )511:[:券十χ)9[::￨:;ll

:)(fθ I+ (4・
==(2-χ )5[:争 (lι 9):;(4.+・ χ)]1-(4・ +χ )91:与 5):[(2-χ

(υ )l
=(2-χ )5[(923)(1)]+(4+χ 4)(_1)]=928(2-χ 4(4+χ

)9[(5υ )5_5υ )9
9(4+χ )8(2-χ )5_5(4+χ )9(2-χ )4
Although 9(4+χ )8(2-χ )5_5(4+χ )9(2-χ )4 iS a COrreCt anSWer′ ifyOu WanttO
beね ncy,you couldね ctor out(4+χ )8(2-χ )4 aS b110WS:
9(4+χ )8(2-χ )5_5(4+χ )9(2-χ )4=(4+χ )8(2-χ )4[9(2-χ )-5(4+χ )]
=(4+χ )8(2-χ )4(18-9χ -20-5χ )=(4+χ )8(2-χ )4(_2-14χ )
=(4+χ )8(2-χ )4(_1)(2+14χ )= 一(4+χ )8(2-χ )4(2+14χ )
Note:
-5(4 * x) : -5(4) - 5(x) = -20 - 5r (the minus sign gets distributed).
● (-Z - 14x) = (-L)(2 + l4x) = -(2 * L4x),where again a minus sign gets
distributed.
90
Essential calculus Skills Practice workbook with Full Solutions
α 一
０
ι2+9
山
==?
Applythe chain rule: u: t2 + 9 f:rli-vL/z 工 =?

三
∠
αι
:=::￨`:::￨==[;)(21/2)][::(ι 2+.9)]==(:2-■ /2)(2ι
万房
ラテ
ば一
)==ラ :==:71万 :=氏 ::F「
一
”一
:::ァ
白
/再万
ι 、
つ
Notes:
tmffi
0
:-11=二 :一 ==一 :(SubtraCt fractions witll a coΠ lnloll denorninatOr)
:==・ t手
● ●、 2上。 F、 2ェ 0
こニ_上 Z has a rational denOnlinatOr.
.==〓 =and二「ι
V ιZ+9 Z+9 are bOth cOrrect,butニ「ιZ+9
●
=_二
α χ4
0 αχ ___フ
・
/商
、
α
/f、 _
Apply the quotient rule: f (x) = xn , g(x) : ′百
J xz + 4
万ヽフノ=r
α〆、
_θ %_f解 _v7再陽
χ4]_χ 4脇拓
:石
司_
______
vχ 2_十 _4(4χ 3)_χ 4(濃
′′
7
V7T4)
α
χヽ ι
■ l :一
(、 /戸z〕 χ2+4
_
(gZ
―
(gノ
Nowapplythechainrule: u = x2 + 4, g = fr : uL/z
4χ
3v房 7+.4_χ 4(多
:#) 4χ /房 T「 _χ
3、 2三 4[霧
子
(.1/2).メ (χ
2+4)
]
不与与
χ2+4 χ2+4
≒汚戸三
T「石_χ
41(:z-1/2)(2χ 3
χ2+4
ヽ2 _1/,
工′‐
_4χ )] 4χ 一 χ
χ2+4 χ2+4
==丘
ピ三
1lli聖￨[三 :三::::￨:1111ill111i三 :L二 112三 1li==4χ 3(χ 2+_4.) 1/2_χ 5(χ 2+_4)-3/2
3
4χ χ
5
4x3(x2+4)-xs 3xs + !6x3
(χ
2+4)1/2 2+4)3/2 2+4)3/2 2+4)3/2
(χ (χ (χ
Notes:
=И σ―■+Bσ -1.
. In the second to lastline,we distributed:生上二 =4+旦
C C C
¨
. v死 2平 4(χ 2+4) ・ =(χ 2+4)・ /2(χ 2+4) 1=(χ 2+4) ・ /2 acCOrding tO
χπχπ =χ m+れ ,sin.ilarly′ (χ 2+4) ・ /2(χ 2+4) ・ =(χ 2+4)-3/2.
4χ 3 4χ 3 xz +4 4χ x2+4 4xs+16x3
T薇万 =百】
百】
●
両 7. (χ
2+4) (χ 2+4)3/2
(χ
2+4)3/2'
91
Solutions
Chapter 2,Part C
α一
０
ｒｉヽ
ヽ、
6
χ
フ “
一
3
“
?
ｌノ
一
8χ =二
じ
rule: u : f=26 三 =?
Apply the chain Zxs/z - Bx3/z
dχ
αノ αf αυ 5/2_lBχ 3/2)l==(61ι 5) 3/2_ (:)(8)χ・ /21
dx dudx Ii::,(26)]I」 :7(2χ (:)(2)χ
: (6us)(5 x3lz - LZvT/2) : o(zxs tz - ax= /r)' (Sx3 /z - tz*,/,)
α χ2+3χ -4
⑩ ==?
dχ 2χ +5
d /f、
Apply the quotient rule: f (x) : x2 + 3x - 4 θ)=:2χ +5
(χ , 百
万tbり
==?
d/ハ θ r:多・
_ (2χ +5)llカ
rガ
レ(χ
2■_3χ -4)]―
_.
(χ
r″
2+3χ -4)レ Qx+flf
稔
-1-:==:
αχヽ
θノ
===
θ
乙 (2χ +5)2
'1-ノ+3)― (χ
(2χ +5)(2χ -4)(2)4χ 2+6χ +10χ +15-2χ 2_6χ +8
2+3χ
4χ 2+10χ 10χ +25 4χ 2+20χ +25
_.卜
2χ
2+10χ +23
4χ 2+20χ +25
Note: Distribute the minus sign in -(x' * 3x - 4)(2) to get (-x' - 3x + 4)(2)
ァ 2tt/i=?
U…αχ
r_ ■/2
df
_二 _==?
lt:2+ ^li:2 V2
′ １一２
Applythe chainrule: + x1/2 ノ「 2 ′

αχ
ｄ一
Ｌレー
′し
Ｆ卜Ｌ
／１ｒヽ
ｌｌｌｌＪ４■
、 ′4
df α 、 4
―
■
ヽ１ノ
′ｆヽ
f du
ｒｉヽ
ヽ、ノ
―■/2)(;χ ―■/2)
フ“
ｕ
れ．
==2-■ /2χ /2
一χ
︰
tι
dx dudx
・
1 1 1
42■
z+li
一︼
/2χ 1/2 4、 /石 /π 、 4、 /7、/百 4 χ(2+、 /1)

2x * xli
_ l VttFTχ 、 _ギ 27+χ Vχ _V'百 7軍房

、/房
/χ
―χ
V7) (2χ
一
石 I「房
4J27百 7房 4(2χ /7)4(2χ +χ v願〕(2χ ―χ
+χ 、、/7)
=77房
(zx - x,li) 2x * xtlx (2χ ― χ 2χ 十 χ
/anv ofthe last 8 stepsヽ
4(4χ 2_χ 2ヽ /1ヽ /7) 4(4χ 2_χ 3) 、 ls a cOrrect allswer ノ
92
α 一
⑫
(+t'-e)(t* +8* -3)e:?

歯
α
Apply the product rule: f (t) = 4t2 - 9 g(t): (t* +Btz -3)e 肩 (fθ )=?
f:(fθ
)=g::+fl:
=(ι
4+8t2_3)9L#(4ι 2_9)1+(4ι 2_9)L#(ι 4+8ι 2_3)91
2_9)I:ル 4+8ι 2_3)91

4+8ι 2_3)9(8ι
=(ι )+(4ι (ι
Now apply the chain rule: z=ι 4+8ι 2_3 ′ θ :=29

二
‐θ (√ )==:(8ι )(ι
4+8ι 2_3)9+(4ι 2_9)I:子
:::11
r ´J 」 ■
==(180(ι
4_卜
8ι
2_3)9‐1-(4ι 2_91)li::7(lι 9):::(ι 4+ 〔
3ι
2_3)l
4+8ι 2_3)9+(4ι 2_9)[(928)(4ι 3+16ι
=(83)(ι )]
=(8ι )(ι
4+8ι 2_3)9+928(4ι 3+16ι
)(4ι
2_9)
(aOG4 +B* - 3)e +9(t4 +Btz - s)8(+t3 +t6t)(4t'-9)
Although(8r)(t4 +B* - 3)'+9(t4 +8t2 -:)8(+r3 +L6t)(4t'-9) isacorrecr
answer, if you want to be fancy, you could factor out (ta + B* - 3)t as follows:
(gr)(r4 +Btz - 3)'+9(t4 +B* -s)8(+r3 +1.6t)(4t2 -9)
: (t4 + B* - 3)8[(8t)(t* + B* - 3) + 9(4t3 + L6t)(4t, - 9)]
: (t* + Bt2 - s)8[ars + 64t3 - z4t + 01t0ts - 36t3 + 64t3 - L44t)l
: (t* + Bt2 - E)8[ets + 64t3 - z4t + 9(L6f + 2Bt3 - r44t))
: (tn + Btz - s)8(ars + 64l'3 - 24t + L44ts + 2;zt3 - Lz96t)
(t* + Btz - s)B(tszts + zL6t3 - L3z0t)
Chapter 3, PartA
α
①
αθ7tan 5θ
ご
Applythe chain rule: u: 50 f :7 tanu :二
dθ
==?
・
)ll::テ (5θ )l==:(7 sec2 1ι )(5):=:35 sec2 1ι == 35 sec2(59)

::::￨=二￨夕:￨;￨;:=二￨￨::7(7 tan tι
″ ″
Note:As tisllal′ tlle COFIStant COefiCient Sinlply C011leS(〕 uti万 (7 tal1 2ι )==7jL(tall lι ).
石
93
Solutions
②ヵ3 sin4 θ
″
Apply the chain rule: u : sin 0 f :3ua 三 =?・

dθ
:￨￨:￨==::￨:￨;￨;:=:[i::7(324)l[」 1:.(sin
θ)]==:(121.3)(COS θ
)== 12 sin3 0 cos 0
Note: It is instructive to compare this solution to the previous solution.
d
0 万 CSC θSeC θ
Zテ
″
Apply the product rule: ノ(θ )=CSC θ , θ(θ )=SeC θ ′ 万τ(力 )=?
」 1テ
CFJ)==`gl::+ノ :.::==sec (岳 csc )― csc (.dθ θ θ卜θd
τrr sec θ
)
= sec0 (- csc 0 cot0) * csc0 (sec 0 tan?) : - sec 0 csc 0 cot? * csc 0 sec0 tan0
==sec θcsc θ(― cOt θ‐tarl θ):=石卜
反び π
ラ(― :lil;― 謡
+‐
「 lξttЛ )
-l cos
__L
I _― l sin θ
sin2
__上
1
_―
1
_csc2 θ+sec2 θ
cos 0 sin 0 sin θ i cosθ sin θ cos θ θ l cos2 θ
Notes:
CSC θ :=ξ Ltt tan θ ==::::′ and COtθ :=:::i子・
●
′SeC θ :=‐―
Tτ
● SeC θ CSC θ (一 COt θ +tan θ)and― ′are alSO COrreCt anSVVerS.
ξ予 7+Iτ y7‐
d sin0*cos?
④
αθ sin θ
α /fヽ
Apply the quotient rule: f (e) = sin 0 * cos 0 9(0) = sin 0 αθ ヽ
==?
θノ
α/fヽ θフ
ぢ百
ガr
α′
ノ “
す_
′
′
J月
μ
sin θ [」 :・
(sin θ
+cOs θ
)]― (sin
‐
θ1-cOs θ
)(ヂ :sin θ
)
」 ― l=― 一可
乙― 一 ―
αθ＼θノ θ sin2 θ
sin0 (cosd - sin0) - (sing * cos0)(cos0) sin0 cosd - sin2 g - sin 0cos? - cos2 e
sin2 θ sin2 θ
_sin2 θ _cos2 θ 1
sin2 θ sin2 θ
- cscz o
Notes:
″
●
(Sill θ +COS θ )==ザ θ +万 COS θ :〓:COS θ ― Sin θ
αθ :Sin τ
● sin2 θ
+cos2 θ==l and CSC θ ==∴
Fil}び
.
94
Chapter 3,Part B
O ljセ cos(θ
ガ
2_2θ
テ ―
+4)
Apply the chain rule: 2=θ 2_2θ ―

卜4 , f : cost't 三 =?・
dθ
df α
fα 2
)]l.:￨テ (0,-20+Dl =(一 sin■ )(2θ -2)
αθ du dθ l.:17(C()S tι
=― (2θ -2)sin(θ 2_2θ +4)= -2(0 - 1) sin(92 - ze + +)

re factored out the 2.
Note that 2θ -2=2(θ -1).lⅣ
_ α _
0,7τ 2cotVθ
ｄ〓ｄ
ｆ生 θ
Apply the chain rule: z=Vθ =θ・/2 , f=2 cotu ?
α
f α
fα 2 1/2)l:=:(_2 csc21ガ ―
■/2)
)(::θ
αθ α2 αθ [:17(2 cotu)][:￨;(θ
百 =― f:讐 :=― 望:=:― 互

￨)羊
=:-2 csc2 2(フ与
」 )=:― 琴:穿 =生 (1ユ 1が :
,lo cscz tl6 √
θ θsin2、 /τ
Notes:
θ―■
/2==τ
:芳 according to χ
-7れ
● ● ●
:=万
肩 .
Vτ Vθ =θ .
_′ 万■ __2_′万
csc2 v′ τ csc2 v7ァ
′and―
■二上量■■ヱare all correct answers.I‐Iowever′ only the
θ■
/2 ' √
answers― ∠互f三二生∠亘 and一 We

ττl:マ τ haVe a ratiOnal denOnlinatOr・
multiplied一壼璽 byttinOrdertOratiOnaliZethedenOminatOr・
ギ響
● csc θ =―slnニー
υ
.
Note that csc2ヾ θ dOeSn't SimplitttO CSC θ .
95
Solutions
⑦ l::テ (θ Sin θ)
α
Apply the product rule: f(θ )==θ θ(θ )=Sin θ ′
dθ
(ノ θ)=?
θ
嘉 %+f需
)=θ (ノ l
=sin θ
d
θ
り十/α
θ ( dθ
ヽ
t爾1テ
sin
ヽ
θ
リ=(Sin θ)(1)十 θ(cos θ)
sin0*0cos0
Note that― 生θ
==ljustasif[,χ ==1.11l nlore steps′
濃・):=:(1)(1)χ l 1==χ O:=:1 (lχ
d
0 dθ
1+sin θ
Apply the chain rule: u : t * sin 0 f:rl-u-v7/2 二 =?・

dθ
::￨=二￨:{:￨:￨;==l::7(21/2)][嘉 (1+sin

θ )]==:(:2.―
■
/2)(0+COS θ )
/ 1 、 cos θ cos θ cos 0coso fi+sinP- cos 0 1+sin θ

==t万瓦
石万り C° Sθ :=
21lι
■
/2 21、
/石 2√Tttπ 2√T面面 ■sin θ 1‐ 2(1+sin θ)
Chapter 3,Part C
O 万万
3 cot ・ (4χ )
df
Apply the chain rule: 2 4χ f =3cot-Lu αχ
7
α
ノ αノαυ
αχ απ αχ
2)lll::F(4χ )1:=I(T・ F)(4)==I三 ::￨:ラ
・
[i;:7(3 cot ・ ::1万
-12 -12
1+(4χ )2 1+16χ 2
Note that (4x)' : 42x2 = I6x2 according to (ax)n : a.nxn.
⑩l―手―χcsc lχ
αχ
」
AI〕 iply tlle prodllct rule: f(χ )=〓 lχ ′θ)==CSC ・ χ′jl:7(fθ )==?
(χ
.
)==:g霧卜 f:子 :=:CSC ・ χ

― ‐χ
::F(fθ (1::χ )十 (1:,csc lχ )
-1 χ
- (csc-1 x)(L) + x rχ
2_
csc'.r-
a
2_1
prO宙 ded thatlχ l>1
χ lχ l
χ
96
ｄ一
①
χ+cos ・ χ ・ χ十―
撃―cos ・ χ ■
2十二
⊥
赦
(sin ・ )==-1-sin
´ 0
αχ αχ vl_χ
==1====‐ vl_χ
=三 ==:= ==―
2
͡ α sec ・ χ
U丁αχ χ
ｆ生 θ
／１ｒヽ
α
〓
g(x)=x
？・
Apply the quotient rule: f(χ )=sec ・ χ ,
dχ
χ ・χ ・χ
α一
だし
θ :,f―
〓
fi;子 )]― (SeC― )(:::χ )

赦
lij:F(seC―
2 2
一た
χ
θ
1 χ
'x
Ｖ
I
― (SeC・ χ)(1)
211 - sec
Ｆｌ
χ
χ χ /房l、
2 2
χ χ
ヽ
― ■
χ 1 sec χ
_sec-lχ r_1_、 := where lxl > 1
lχ lVフ
I可｀
ノχ4/ χレ￨
.χ
2_1 χ
2
Note tllat¨ 王…==).′AIso,1lote the absolllte va11les on lχ l(tlle al〕 solute vallles in
α 1
sec
―■
reflect that a graph of secant inverse has a positive slope for all
l√夏
一 χ
aχ lχ
=
possiblevaluesof both x ) Landx < 1-).
Chapter 4,Pa■ A
2_6θ 4χ
χ 2)_::7(6θ 4χ
χ
0 幾 (4θ
+9):=i万
7(4θ
)+::,9
χ2_24θ 4χ χ2_24θ 4χ
=8χ θ +0= 8χ θ
Notes:
ニ
●…ー χ2)==濃 2)where u==χ 2.Apply tlle chain rule with´
√:=:4θ
2alld
(4θ (4θ
2:ニニ:=三二三二 2)](濃 χ2):=:(4θ 2)(2χ 8χ θ
2:=:8χ θχ 2.
lι ==χ ==[洗 (4θ )==■
Therefore,■ f4θ
χ2、 =8χ θχ2.
′
αχ ｀ ′
o
」 ::(16θ
4χ
)==6五7(θ
4χ
)==6(4θ
4χ
):=:24.θ
4χ
aCCOrdillgtOttθ α
χ α
==α θ
χ .
_ _
●A
″
derivative of a constantis zero:歳 (9)=0.
97
Solutions
②―
撃¨cosh3 χ 4・
αχ
」r
Apply the chain rulel u=cosh χ ′f=426′
万万
=?
3)](1:Fcoshχ χ
)== L2 coshz x sinh r
:::==:￨::￨:::=二 I::7(4tι )==(1222)(Sinh
Note that the derivative of h″ erbolic cosine′
岳
(cosh )=sinh χ χ
′is positive′
WhereaS the deriVatiVe Of OrdinaV COSine′ COS χ =一 Sin χ′iS negatiVe・

赤
O jiSinhtCOShι
α
Apply the product rule: √(ι )=sinh ι ′ θ(t)==COSh t τ(fJ)=?
α
::;(fJ)=:θ i::+f:子
=:cOsh ι
(1:sinh t)+sinh t(携
cOsh t)
: cosh t (cosh t) + sinh t (sinh t) : coshzt+sinh2t

Notes:
● The answer doesn't reduce to 1. Compare the hyperbolic identity, coshz x -
sinh2 x : L,to the ordinary trig identity, cosz r * sinz x : l: Note the minus
sign in the hyperbolic identity.
● Note that the derivative of hyperbolic cosine′
岳(cosh χ
)=sinh χ
,is pOsitive′
WhereaS the deriVatiVe° f° rdinally C° Sine′ C° Sχ := Sin χ′iS negatiVe・

百万
@ *sinh[cosh(x)]
This is not a product of hyperbolic functions. Rather, hyperbolic cosine is inside the
argument of hyperbolic sine. This is a chain rule problem, not a product rule.
Applythechainrule: u:coshr , f :sinhu , {:Z

dx
df dfα υ /α 、/d 、
l ■ sinh 211‐ .― cosh χl
αχ απdχ ヽαz ノヽαχ ノ
- (coshu)(sinhr) = sinhxcoshu: sinh x cosh[cosh(x)]

Note that cosh[cosh(x)] has cosh(x) inside of its argument. This isn't multiplication.
AIso′ note that the derivative of hyperbolic cosine′
歳(cosh χ
)=sinh χ
′is positive′
WhereaS the deriVatiVe Of Ordinary COSine′ COS χ =― Sin χ′iS negatiVe・

歳
98
Chapter 4,Pal劇 B
「
ガ
_ _.
0万房tanhVχ
“
Apply the chain rule u=、 /死 = χ

1/2
f: tanhu 三 =?・
dχ
αf dfdu ■
tanl1 21)(::Fχ /2)==(sech2 2)(:iχ
―
■ /2)==::χ ―
■ /2 sech2 11ι
dx dudx (」1万
sech2 u sech2. sech22vχ vχ sech22 vχ sech2vπ 「Vχ

2χ 1/2 2、 2、 /χ
/1死、
圧 2χ 2χ 2x coshz tfi
Notes:
1 ■ 2 1-2 ■
●
1 (subtract fractions with a common denominator)

2 2 2 2 2
1 -1/2 beCauSe χ― π 一三■二
●
=:χ 一 .,
χ1/2 χ
√、
●
/死 =χ .
-1/2 sech2√ ￨√ 壁,影重重 and万高

●
are all COrreCt

′
考爵 ′ 手′ ギ
￨′
:χ ￢〒
ansvvers.Ho、 nrever,only the lasttwo answers have a rational denollninator.
Wemultipliedt彰半 byttinOrdertOratiOnaliZethedenOminatOr・
. ■
００
secn χ :=‐
.
cosn χ
―
Note that cosh2ヽ /7 dOeSn't Simpliケ tO COSh χ .
2θ ι
0::(ι )
ι α
r(ι
ノ )== t2 θ(ι )=θ
肩
(fθ )=?
fl(ノ )=:θ ι 2)十 2(::θ ι: et(2t)
ι * t2(et):Ztet r
θ l;:._卜
fl:::=θ
(1:ι )
tzet
2)== et (t2 + zt)
==.(ダ (2t-1-ι
Notes:
. *et : et according to L*e"* = aeo* with a : 1 and r replaced by f.
o Ztet * t2 et = et (2t + tz). Factor out et.
o 2t * tz : t2 + 2t since addition is commutative (order doesn't matter)
99
Solutions
α
0 αχ
1+θ χ
Applythechainrule: u= L* e-x f:tli-uL/z ′ 三 =?・

αχ
_γ
df dfdu 1/2)[i;:F(1_+θ ―
χ ―
■/2) /^ _γ 、 lι
_■工′ヮ
′“θ ^
)]==(￨:itι tU θ り = 丁
dχ du αχ (::::υ
χ χ χ χ χ χ χ
θ θ θ θ 1+θ θ 14-θ
221/2 2√ 2√ 石戸 2 1-卜 θ
χ
1-卜 θ
χ
2(1+θ χ
)
Notes:
●
:-1=::一 :==￨チ ==― :(SubtraCt fraCtiOnS VVith a COrnrnOn denOnlinatOr)

_鼻 =2-■ /2 beCauSe χη =二
●
■ι‐′4 ,r'ι .
gL(1)〓
‐
●
A derivative of a constant is zerol・｀ ′ =0.

αχ
二θ ―
χ=_θ ―
χaccording t。 ■θ α
χ=α θ
αχwith α=_1.
●
υ
αχ αχ
χ χ
: 1 * e-' because rf-ur,fi = u.
●
1+θ 1-卜 θ
「
^― χ ^― χ^属万 χ
●
二 IOWeVer,Only the
―
ヌ万〒房覇 alld一 Fそ :i∴ テ勇ぅ are bOth COrreCt anSWerS・
・ I―
anSWer― haS a ratiOnal denOminatOr・ We multiplied一 by

ちぎ青義ァ万市戸テ
/"
、
in order to rationalize the denominator
√再可
dl― sinh χ
0 dx sinhx
ノ)==1-Sinh χ′θ)==Sinll χ′百万リニ
″ ′´ 、
Apply the quotient rule (χ =? (χ

tフ
二 r二、_
二_f
σ三 υ
:多 _sinh
αχ
χ与(1-sinh χ
)]― (1-sinh χ
′ sinh χ
)(ヂ与 ) [手
dχ kθ ノ θ
2
sinhz x
_ sinhx (0 - coshx) - (1 - sinhx)(coshr)
sinh2 x
Distribute: - (a - b) = -a - (-b)
_- sinh x cosh x - (L) cosh x - (- sinhr) cosh x
sinhz x
Note: - (- sinh x) : + sinhx
- sinhr coshx - cosh r* sinh x coshr - cosh r

sinh2 x sinh2 x
Note:r「 he answer rnay alternatively be expressed as― coth χ csch χor
_cosh χcsch2 χ because coth χ=:12望ll and csch χ =__生 _.
slnn χ slnn χ
100
Chapter 5,Palt A
α一
①
赦
ex lnx
ガ
´ ヽ
Apply the product rule: f (x) θ
χ
θ(χ )=In χ ′ 万万 )=?
“ (ノ θ
::7(fの
==θ
:11+‐
fl:子 =:θ
χ χ卜χ χ χ χχ
(:;iln )―
In
(￨′ ;θ )==θ (1:)+In
(θ )
/1
e*
十χ
、
=-+
x
e'lnx: θ
χ
tテリ in
͡ a ln t
,D一 =―
αι ι
´J
ι′J(ι
′r、
Apply the quotient rule: f(ι )==lrl ):==ι ′フ

τ tiFり
==?
In t(岳 ι
d/f、
= #一 f名 θ 子ι
(洗
ι
)一 )ι (:)一
ln In t(1) 1-In t
所kτ ノ 2
θ
2
ι ι
2
ι
2
ｄ一
０
歳
lnlcos xl
αノ
Apply the chain rule: 1t : cos x , f = lnu フ
αχ
α
f
αχ
dfdu
α2 αχ Cttln2)(携
cOs χ
)=0(― χ
)一〒二=一高 ―- tanx
´
sin
bll■ ´:nγ
∼
“
blllん
_==
(Why put absolute values on lnlcos rl? The logarithm is only real when the
argument is positive. The absolute values prevent cosine from being negative.)
α一
④
歳
ln(cosh x)
Applythechainrule: u:coshx , f :lnu ,

三 =?
αχ
α
f αf dZ
1n・ χ)==二II:)二 ==::]:券 == tanh x
αχ dudx (」1万 )(1:FcOshχ ):=(:)(Sinh
Note:The derivative of hperbolic cosine,歳 (cosh χ
)=sinh χ
′is positive′ whereas
the deriVatiVe Of OrdinaV COSine,歳 COS χ =― Sin χ′iS negatiVe・
101
Solutions
Chapter 5,Part B
ｄ一
０
輌
一ｎ
一χ
教
Applythe chain rule: u: lnx , f = ,li: Y7/2 三 =フ・
μり１
αχ
21/2-1)(l):=:(:z-1/2)(:):=:(.】
#:##:(*u,,,)(*L,x) = I;:フ
ァ
)(l.)
LL l V而 VEx
2χ 21/2 2χ イ石 i百 7
2χ ヾ́ 2χ V面7∼/1百万 2x1".
Notes:
・ ==一
:-1:=::一 ::=‐ ￨チ :(SubtraCt fraCtiOnS With a COnln10n denOnlinatOr)
. 77フ ==χ ―■
/2 beCauSe χπ =ァ .
.編 χ編 χ=In χbecause、 /石、

/石 =(、 /石 )2=2.
・ andttittarebOthCOrreCtanSWerS・ HOWeVer′ Only the anSWer芳

万漏高講
haS a rati° nal den° nlinat° r・ We lllultiplied万 by民 in° rder t°

万面〒〒万言万
rationalize the denomninator.
0カ
″
lnヽ /万
Method 1: Apply the chain rule:

′ 1ノ工,‐
■ =Vχ ==χ ′
・
f :lnu 三 =?・
αχ
三
二:=:::::￨:=:(岳 In 2)(::,χ 1/2)==(:)(:χ
4
ヽ
1/2-■ -1/2リ
):=(房:芳 )(:χ
１
/1、ll /1、l_ 1 _1
_lkπ ・ラ
万 2、/万、
_
一χ
万巧壱
２
葛ノて扇戸アリ
7芝
房瓦 /死
Note that ,lirli : (rfi)z : x.

Method 2:Apply the identity lnxo = alnxwith a= i.
４
１
■ 一χ
′ｆ
1
:
１︰ ′
χ
〓
〓
ｌｌ
t * = ftm x7/z - *()^.) **r"

一２
*.r"
ヽ
2χ
102
⑦ 肩10g2ι
Use the change ofbase formula宙 th b=2ilog2 t=請・
考
1
肩 10g2ι
り=雨所In t=雨 τ=
=肩 tπ両 ιln 2
04翼 αχ χ
乙
d/f、 _
Apply the quotient rule: ノ(χ )=2χ 9(x): x2
α
tt kフノ
=r
α
〆ヽ
・_望 [:`:二二髪￨:=
χ
2r_摯
ヽαχ
2χ ｀
L・
ノ
-2χ r4χ 2ヽ
ヽαχ ノ
ノ
di;kτ θ2
(χ
2)2
Use the forn■ ula forthe derivative ofthe povver function ith b:=2:
Ⅵ′
α
=2χ in 2
d12χ
Substitute the above derivative into the previous equation.
d/F、 χ2(2χ ln 2)-2χ (2χ )χ 22χ
ln 2-2χ 2χ
αχヽ
θノ (χ 2)2 χ4
2χ (χ
21n2-2χ ) 2χ (χ ln 2-2)
χ
4 χ
3
Notes
● (x')' : x4 accordingto (x")b : xob.
● x22* ln? - 2x2x : 2',(x2lnZ - Zx)-Factor out?x .
● In the last step, we divided the numerator and denominator both by r.
0 An alternative answe r is,!xz - +because
xs 4
x+ = +
xz
and4
x+ = +
x3 -,*:"'
xs
(since ZxZ = 2'2L : 2*+r according to x*xn : x*+').
Chapter 6,Part A
αy d
①
dχ αχ
(χ
7_3χ 5+5χ 3_7χ
)=7χ 6_15χ 4+15χ 2_7
三
iZ,==:;(:サ￨)==:与 (7χ
6_15χ 4+15χ 2_7)== 42χ 5_60χ 3+30χ
103
Solutions
②翠 =cos 3θ
αθ
Apply the chain rule with 2=3θ and y==cos u:
==:￨￨::==(岳 cos 2)(島 3θ sin 2)(3)=‐ -3 sin a:=-3 sin 3θ

:￨サ )==(―
Nourtake a second derivative:
Apply the chain rule with z〓

寡=勇協)=島
3θ and θ :=-3 sin 2:
(-3 sin 3θ )
α2y
― ′´
」
αθ ヽ
αθ2 αθ :子 :;=L争 (-3 sin a)1鴨 3θ

リ
: (-3 cosu)(3) - -) cosu : -9 cos 3θ
ｄ一
α 一α
ー一一χ
／１Ｆヽ
ν′一χ
d l_ d2y d ／１
ヽ、
_ dν
ヽ
-2〓 1
１︲Ｊノ
硬 3_■ _lnャ ―■)=_χ
︲′ノ
め
１ヽ
=_生 fχ
¨じ
―. ー →
v 口 ■■■ ノし
2 ｀ ´ 2
αχ αχ dχ αχ
、
αχ χ χ
④字=岳 θ -302
Apply the chain rule vrith 2=-3ι 2and y=θ 2

dy dydu /d -.\[d 2)(-6ι
)=-6ι θ2=-6ι θ
2) -3ι 2
;:t
Now take a second derivative:
at: \n"")lE (― .3ι
I
=(θ
dry
αt2
α
単｀:=:4-f-6ι θ
r理
αιヽαιノ αιヽ
-3ι 2、
ノ
Apply the product rule with g(t) : -6t and h(t) : s-3t2
11:¥￨:=:」
生ん
)==ん三
(θ
旦+.(g弊 ==θ
-3ι 2[￨:::(_6ι
)]+(-6ι )(1:θ
-302)
: s-3tz (-6) - 6t(-6te-3t') : -6e-3t' * 36tze-3t' = (-6 + 36*)e-3t2

2_6)θ -3ι 2=6(6ι 2_1)θ -3ι 2= 6(6′ - 1)
=(36ι 2+2
Jι
θ
Notes:
-3ι 2=_6ι -3ι 2.。
.we used■ θ θ mttwhen finding三
υ
2.
at αι Z αι
2+36ι 2θ -3ι 2==(_6+36ι 2)θ -3t2.(Factor out -3ι 2.)
● -6θ -3ι
θ
O Note that-6+36ι 2〓 36ι
2_6.
● Each ofthe last ive ansvvers is a correct answer for this problenl.
104
Chapter 6,Pal」しB
O劣￨:=岳 sin(θ 2)
Apply the chain rule with a:=θ 2and y==Sin a:
三
ZI=二 2):=:(cos u.)(2θ
)==:2θ coslι ==2θ cos(θ
2)
￨:￨:￨:‐ 1;==(1:Isintι )(モ l:θ
Now take a second derivative:
寡=島開=岳 [2θ cos(θ

2)]
Apply the product rule vrith J(θ )=2θ andん (θ )=cos(θ 2).
111:曽
==1:1;(θ ん
)==′ IL::￨:￨+.J:￨￨;==i cos(θ
2)(」
l:2θ )+2θ I:;:icos(θ
2)]
2)(2)+2θ cos(θ
2)]:=:2 cos(θ 2)+2θ 2)]
==cos(θ
I」￨:・ I」 l;cos(θ
Apply the chain rule vrith 2:=θ 2andた ==COS u:
:.:￨==::￨:;==(1:Icos2)(:1テ
θ2)==(_sin.)(2θ )==-2θ sin u==-2θ sin(θ 2)
substitutef:cos(θ 2)==_2θ sin(θ 2)intO the equatiOn fOr the SeCOlld deriVatiVe:
2)+2θ cos(θ
2)]==2 cos(θ 2)+2θ 2)]
[-2θ sin(θ
:￨:::==:2 cos(θ [:l:・
2 cos(θ
2)_4θ 2sin(θ 2)
Note that the angle is squared, not the sine function. Compare sin(O2), which means
to square the angle first and then take the sine, with sinz 0, which instead means to
take the sine first and then square the result.
α2ν α / αy 、ヽ
0翠
月
グ θ
ιι ^
dθ =業 tan θ=sec2 θ
αθり戻SeCZ
αθ2 α θヽ
→ _二
一
_1. :==τ
αθ
Apply the chain rule with u : sec g and f : u2:
d2y αf αfd2 /d^.2｀ /
α
2 ==:一 ==一 ― ==1-申 r =rrsec θ
αθ
― αθ dl%α θ 、αl% ノ＼αθ )
: (2u)(sec0 tan0) : (2 sec 0)(sec 0 tan0) : 2secz 0tan0
Note that an alternate answer is■ θ:=:__1__and tan θ==三 1■1.
=L2because sec2
COS・ υ COS4 υ COS υ
105
Solutions
01:￨:〓 (ι in ι)
岳
Applythe product rule withf(ι )=t and θ )=In a
(ι
１二 ι
三ZI:=:;:(fθ )==ig l::+・ f讐 ==In t(手 ι In t)==(ln ι
)(1)+ι
)+t(岳 ( )
=ln t+1=1+ln t
Novv take a second derivative:
α一
α一
α一
ｄ一
α 一ｄ
α2y
１
ｙ一℃
１
／ｆｌヽ
＋
０
′︰ヽ
〓
〓
洗
凌
凌
４■
茂
〓
〓
１一
ｎ
一ｔ
一ｔ
61t2
αν α _ α ■ 1_― 1
0 ― ==一僣
αχ αχ
▼´ -_′
・
αχ
ν,一
∠ ｄ一
.1
／ｆｌ＼
αy d
2
/α yヽ
■
― ―
.
:==(一
ルー
:
一じ
.ノ
― γ 2
dχ 2 dχ kIIモ 2 )=:・ :::Fχ :)(:)χ
■
4 _R′′ , = 1 1√ :
′
Vχ
= 万χ 4χ 3/2 4χ √ 4χ √ 、
/1 4χ 2
Notes:
■ 1 2 ■-2 1
０００００
1 (subtract fractions with a common denominator).

2 2 2 2 2
_1_1=_1_ヱ =二2生ヱ =_三 .
2 2 2 2
/7=χ 1/2 and√ √

、 =(、 /死 )2=χ .
χ -3/2==房
57ラ
aCC° rding t° χ η
χ
≒ ′3/2:=l
==ギ .AIs。 χ■
/2二
=lχ ヽ・ lχ
/房
′ 二 has a ratiorlal denorninator

_′
「 1lere are nlultiple correct answers′ but一

=「
Chapter 6,Part C
͡ αν α_ l ^´α _^´
V百万_ 万 7π
n 扇人 ′ ―■ _
え一z
d2y -2)==(_2)(-1)χ -3==2χ -3:= 2

αχ2 :[(1#):=::,(_χ χ
3
Notes
● -1-1=-2 and-2-1=-3.
●(-2)(-1)=2.
■=land χ-3=4.
。 χ― 。
χ χ
● 2χ -3 and 7F are bOth COrreCt anSlWerS.
106
⑩ ::￨==」 1,sec
θ θθ―
→::善
==sec tan ==」
1テ (::￨)==.::テ
(sec θθ tan )
Apply the product rule with f=secθ and J=tan θ :
:￨￨:考
￨:=勇
(ノ
θ f%:=:tan (」 Iテ sec )+sec (if:tan )
)==(g::「 +‐ θ θ θ θ
: tan 0 (sec 0 tan?)* sec 0 (sec2 g) : sec 0 tanz 0 + sec3 0 : secg (tanz 0 + secz 0)
An alternate answeris i:f:::l because sec θ==I::τ
and tan2
θ ==二
:里 11,
α2y
m空
Чレ =4tan ・ ι
=下￨≒ 万 →
α /α y、
2 ==-1-:=:一
α ′ ■ 、
dι dt ■Tι dι
一 αι＼αιノ dι kT¨ T戸ノ
The formula for the derivative of the inverse tangent was given in Chapter 3. Apply
the chain rule with 'u : 1. * t2 and, f = !: 1t-r.
d'y df df du -1)￨:::(1_1_ι 2)]:=:(_ι -2
ι )(〔 )+12ι )
dt2 αι απdι (:IItι
2ι 2ι 2ι
: -2tu-2 An alternate answer is : -
1′
2
ι (t + t2)2 1+2ι 2+ι 4
αy α
⑫ (θ Sin θ)
αθ αθ
Apply the product rule with /: 0 and g : sin 0
∠ θ
三 ==ll}(√ )==(θ
l:::+fl::;==sin
θ θ
(島 )+θ (1島
sin θ θ θθ
)==sin
(1)十 cos
′J^,
・
ち==SIn θ θ Sθ
肩 +‐ C°
Now take a second derivative
*hAA: *(sin e * cos e) = cos , * *(0

g g)
#: cos
Applythe product rule with/ : 0 andh : cos 0:
lrrtcos
g) : *uh) : n# * r# : *" (*e) + (**") e
= cos0 (1-) + 0(- sin0) : cos 0 - 0 sin?

Substitute
fite rorg) = cos e - esin0 into the equati onforfi,
1, _■
0 ν ″
:=COS
:ilj讐
θ ‐
+漏
(θ
COS θ)==COS θ +‐ (COS θ ― θ Sin θ)== 2cos0 - 0 sin0
107
Solutions
Chapter 7
Of(χ )=2χ 4_8χ 3 , 2≦ χ≦4

Take a deriVatiVe Off(χ )With reSpeCt tO χ :
三
∠￨=三生(2χ 4_8χ 3)=8χ 3_24χ 2
αχ αχ
Set the first derivative equal to zero.Solve for χ,Callthese values χc.
″√
二生 =0 → 8が‐ -24ノ‐ =0
αχ
F'act()r ollt 8χ ′
:
8χ ε-3)==0
8χ ′=O or
`(χ
χε-3=0
χc=O or χc==3
0fthese,only χc=:3 1ies in the specined interval,21≦ χ :≦ 4.
Take a SeCOnd deriVatiVe Off(χ )Vrith reSpeCt tO χ :
三i二 :=1携 3_24χ 2)==24χ 2_48χ

(:1)==::7(8χ
Evaluate the second derivative at χ
c=3(which we bund pre宙 ouslヵ .
1216-144:=:72 relative
:::::lχ
=3==24(3)2_48(3)=〓
There is a relative minimum atχc=3(where the second derivative is positive).
Evaluate the function at χε=3′ and the endpoints(χ =2 and χ =4).
f(3)=2(3)4_8(3)3=162-216=-54
f(2)=2(2)4_8(2)3=32-64=-32
f(4)=2(4)4_8(4)3=512-512=0
0ver the interval(2,4),the absolute e対 rema are:
. f (x) has an absolute maximum value of 0 (when x:4)
. f (x) has an absolute minimum value of -54 (when x : 3).
108
4 3 1
② f(χ )=πτ 戸 , 一 <χ
′
2
<10
Take a derivative of f (x) with respect to x:
αノ α 4 3 α -6_3χ -8)==_24χ -7+.24χ 9==一二1‐ 十
子:
8 (4χ
dχ αχ χ 万χ
Set the first derivative equal to zero. Solve for x. Call these values x..
24 24 24 24 1 1
享 =0 → __上 _―
ν7 : ν 9 V
∩ ―→
χ χ
―)
χ χ
αχ ん σん ε 『 g : Z
Multiplyboth sides ofthe equation byχ θ :
χl? ^
1=ニニ → 1=χ /‐ → ±1=χ c
χ
9 `` n
″γ
m―
■Tlle χε==-land χ
^´
Notethati:==χ :-7:=:χ ′beCauSel,万 ==χ reaSOn that

`:=1
both solve χ
′=l is that(_1)2=l and 12=1.HoWeVer,the prOblem SpeCified the
interVal:≦ χ <10,and the Only SOlutiOn that SatiSieS thiS interValiS χc=1
Take a second derivative of f (x) with respect to x:

α2f α α
-7+24χ 9)==168χ -8_216χ 10==1.1旦 _響
==:与 (-24χ
αχ2 αχ
Evaluate the second derivative at x" : 1 (which we found previously).
d, _ L6B fl _216 :- 168 _ zt6 = _48(J:l?iih)
d*rl*=, 18 110
There is a relative maximum dt x, : L (where the second derivative is negative)
Evaluate the functio n atxc = 1, and the endpoints (r - l and x : 10).
4 3 _2-1υ
16 18 T
-___一五ユ
f(1)
f(:):=iti「 -7:;百 ==4(2)6_3(2)8==256-768:=-512
To di宙 de by a fraction′ multiply by its reciprocal:こ =4tiり =4(2)° =256.

,τ
4 3
ノ(10)=I.5τ ―五
百百=0.000004-0.00000003=0.00000397
()Ver tlle interVal(一 10)′ the abSOlute eXtrenlla are:
:′
/(x) has an absolute maximum value of 1 (when x: l).

● ●
/(x) has an absolute minimum value of -512 fwhen

｀ χ =1).
2′
109
Solutions
Chapter 8,Part A
１
x2-3x+6 22-3(z)+6 4-6+6 4
O lim
一２
χ→2 χ2+3χ -2 22+3(2)-2 4+6-2 8
Note that l'H6pital's rule doesn't apply because neither the numerator nor the
denominator approach 0 (or *m) in the specified limit.
A..√ 面丁17 144-0 V14石 12

レ″二6√
:17n == 4
`口
,I巧戸 ● Tア √ 3
Note that l'H6pital's rule doesn't apply because neither the numerator nor the
denominator approach 0 (or *m) in the specified limit.
0″ irlθ χ lnχ ==θ

l ln(1)==‐
θ
(0)== 0
Note that el : e and ln(1) : g.
@ limxcos x :
χ‐
→π
rtcosn : n(-t) : ― π
Note thatcoslT : cos L80" : -l-.

2χ 8
2-旦χ 2-0 2
１
-8 1:__∠ _χ
2χ
° li乳 :I再 =1二L6χ 4 =lim
一３
石 →∞ 4 6-0 6
χ 6
χ χ χ
Notes:
o We divided the numerator and denominator each by x in the first step.
8 .4
o :xxand: each anproach 0 as x grows larger and larger.
o Calculator check: If you plug in x : L000, you will get
s996= 0.33 =
.ry* 1.
3
0脇手≡寺1=肥量主手当型 =肝χ+4)=4+4= 8

Notes:
● (χ +4)(χ -4)=χ 2+4χ -4χ -16=χ 2_16.
● We're exploring what happens to the function as χ gets close to 4′ but since χ
never quite reaches 4′ we don't need to be worried about dividing by zero.
●Calculator check:Ifyou plugin χ=4均 ou will get器 =8.1∼ 8.
110
１
01端≒器=l蝿憂:逐 =1蝿 =属 =テ =
羅
一２
χ
2 :χ Z ん
Notes:
● we divided the nurnerator and denorninator each by χ2 in the firSt Step.
● gr()WS larger and larger・
]alldieaCllaipprOaCl10aSχ
1 997 nnn l
0 Calculator check:Ifyou plugin χ=1000,you will get希誌語∼0.5=:.
言
d 1:
In χ
In χ α死死 =. 1/1 1
0 χ =1 lχ
linl 1
χ→ 1 χ -1 d 1 1 1
(χ -1)
dχ χ =1
Notes:
●We applied l'H6pital'srulesincelittlnχ =O andュ丑(χ -1)=0.
0
子メ11(χ )==landi:7(χ -1)=:デ :χ 一み 1==1-0=:1・
●Note that二 χ=l for anv ′value ofχ .
αχ
will getこ二こ二∼0.995∼ 1

n noooく n221
●Calculator check:Ifyou plug in χ=1.01,you :競十
Chapter 8,Part B
d 4
■
:
: L
tanx di tanx χ=0
sec2 χlχ =。 c。百2 χlχ =0 coPo 1/12
O lim
χ→ 0 χ α l 1 1 1 1
1
‐一 χ l
αχ lχ =0
Notes:
o We applied l'Hdpital's rule since lirq tan x : O and lim x : 0.
o tanx: sec2 r and Lx L.
. dx dx =
. sec x::, cos.r cos0: L,andsec0: L.
7
o Calculator check: If you plug in r: 0.01, you will g"t ffi = 1 (but first check
that your calculator is in radians mode and not degrees mode).
111
Solutions
2χ
4 _4χ 2 _6 4 6
͡ 2χ 4+4χ 2+6 4T死 4T57 2 + 2
χT
+ 2+0+0
m)117n =lim1二死4 :
３７
χ
V 分ち視 χ4+2χ 2+3 為 χ 2χ 2
lim
x-)@ つ 2
1+0+0
2
+ + ■■ 可 ¨r 7
χ
4 χ4 χ
4 χ
‐
Notes
● ００
We divided the numerator and denominator each by xa in the first step.

=1‐
′ ′arld IL・ eaCll apprOaCl1 0 aS χ grOVVS larger an《i larger・
if:′ fサ
Calculator check:Ifyouiplug in χ =:100,yollwillgeti:::::::::′ 導‐2

ｄ一赦一
剤
１一ｍ釉
χ一
ら一
０
１
け一
α一
∞︲一
〓
一
一
・
１
〓
ｒ↓
ｌｌ
ｎ∞
〓
〆
一
♂
♂
月︲
一 χ
わ
¨
ｈ浄
回

０
″
ｌ

χ
¨

．
な
Notes
● 1′ Ve applied l'I16pital's rule since χ and θχboth grow indefinitely as χgets
larger and larger.
生 θχ==θ χand¨ 二―χ==1.Note that¨
―
● ● ●
αχ αχ αχ
==l for anv′value of χ .
`Lχ
As θχgrowslarger and larger′ 万万gets closer and closer to zero.
Calculator check:Ifyou plug in χ:=20,you will get万

百
三万
百 ∼
:Tτ
0.000000041′ 専 0. =Iτ
益 ..、 /再 4-2 1lm三三正三 -2、 /再 4+2 χ+4-4

lln
■″
χ→O χ →U
κ
ili景
χ 11_
V死 +4+2 χ 」6 χ /雨 +2) (、
１
ｌ
ｉ
1 1
ｌｎル
一４
_ 1 1
lirn
/万 +2 2+2
Ю
χ→ 0 χ(、 /戸万+2) χ +4+2 0+4+2 、

Notes
●
(、
/雨 -2)(、/雨 +2)=、 /戸=√ 丁万+2、/雨 -2、/雨 -4
=χ +4-4=χ for the same reason that(α 一 b)(α +b)=α 2_b2.
● Although χ approaches O′ since it never quite reaches O in the lilnit We don't
neeCl tO WOrry'abOut diVidillg by ZerO When We CanCel#・
● Ifinstead you apply l'H6pital's rule′ you、vill get the sanle answer.lNote that
岳ヽ /面 =澤覇′ 岳χ=1,and闘万≒=嘉 =お =:・

● Calculator check:Ifyou plug in χ=0.01,you will get里 2:ギ讐翌∼0.25=:.
112
8χ
5 3χ 3 8 3
5_R γ3 0-0 0
..8χ χ
6 χ
6 χ χ
3
0
①
1曳万巧7=l颯 2χ
こ 6 9χ 2 =lim
χ→∞
2-
9 2-0 2
χ6
6 χ
4
χ
Notes:
we divided the nurnerator and denorninator each by χ6 in the irSt Step.
● ● ０
alld-2… eaCll apI〕 rOaCl1 0 aS χ grOWS larger arld larger・

:′ lf:′
conceptllally,the denorninator「 vrhich grovvs as χ6′ dOnlinateS tlle nurneratOr′

vvhich grows as χ
5,CauSing the ratiO tO apprOaCh ZerO.
70007Y10■ 0
● Calculator check:Ifpu plugin χ=100,you宙 ll getT嵩・π O.04∼ 0.
;話轟斎藤
ｄ一
χ
赦
χ
χ ― )￨ χ+θ χ
11+1 12
― χ
θ 一 θ (θ
(θ )lχ =。
0
:χ
`θ
=U
lirn
χ→ O χ α l 1 1 1
□
‐一 χ i
αχ lχ
=0
Notes
χ
●
We applied l'HOpital'S rule SinCe闘 (♂ ―θ )=O andlittχ =0・

χ χ ― χ ― χandttχ =1・
濃θ=θ ,多 θ =― θ′
●
二_fθ χ一 θ χ ヽ=― 生θχ__生 θ―χ=θ χ_f一 θ η =θ χ+θ χ

●
｀ ′ ｀ ′ .
αχ dχ αχ
⋮
°
θ =1.
Calculator check:Ifyou plugin χ
=0.01′ you will get=Ψ 菫∼2
-1ニー
f2χ ―
｀ π) ´
2χ 一π αχ χ=, 2 2 2
0 1im -2
χ→
π
, COS χ α
―r… COS χ
―Sin χ =晉 lχ ―Sin:; -1
=,
π
αχ χ
Notes:
● We applied l'H6pital's rule since ling(2 x - T) = 0 and lim cos x : 0
χ→ 一 χ
2
. ■ cos χ=_sin χand=L(2χ

｀ ―π)=■
´ 2χ 一二 π=2-0=2.
αχ αχ αχ αχ
● sin■ ==sin 90° ==l and cos二 ==cos 90° :=0.

2 2
00く R407■ 4`
●Calculator check:Ifyou plugin χ=1.6′ you will get奇
茂誌義L∼ -2(but
irSt CheCk that yOur CalCulatOriS in radianS rnOde and nOt degreeS InOde).
113
Solutions
α 11
ln χ
In χ αχ χ→ ∞ χ :χ → ∞ 0
① liln― = 0
χ→ ∞ χ α l 1 1
￢r― χ l
αχ !χ →∞
Notes:
● We applied l'H6pital's rule since ln x and x both grow indefinitely as r gets
larger and larger.
- l and ** :1. thatftx:
● ●
Note l- for anyvalue of r.

fi1"*
calculator check:Ifyou plug in χ:=1,000,000,you will get ll旦笙茎コ￡三1′専
0.000013816′ υO.
Chapter 9,PaltA
0J35χ °
_ f
― ‐
6+■ 7
35χ
´
αχ二
=― … 十
τ耳
「 σ35χ
1-C==
I―
==・
-7-― 5x7 +c
Check your answeri
ガ
7+_c)==:35χ 6
:テ il(5χ
r 63 r ^° 63t-8+■ 63ι -7 _ 9
②
:
:
dt α
ι=:.≡
軍T+c==一
+σ ==-9ι 十ε ′
:= __¨ L′ν
ι7 =
J
Notes
ι
8
J63ι 「 =7-・
-8+1=-7 andι /=ラ ,

_ _ 1
. _9t-7+c and_7+c are both correct ansWers.

Check your answeri
ガ 42
-8:=二
j:(_9t-7+‐ c)==63ι =1
2/3+1 15χ 5/3

-2-T― ― ― ==¨ -37]… …
ぅ_
u^ J r15χ
ぅ′
__ Z/6 αχ==―15χ 可十 σ +C== 9χ 5/3+σ
3†・
Note that二十 1=二十二=型重 =三 and 15÷ 二=15× 三=1三 =9
3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5
Check your answer:
」:7(9χ
5/3_卜
σ
)==(:)9χ
2/3:==1:;χ 2/3:=:15χ 2/3
114
_ f _ 48u-5+■ 482-4 12
● 十 C==一 :=π一 +C==-122 4+c:= __」 _′
4:し
J482-5du=:.I.百三
「軍 I― lι
Notes:
a -5-卜 1=-4 and π-4=_■ .
● -122-4+c and_1二十 c are bOth COrrect ans、 ′

vers.
Check your answer:

ガ
;♭
(-122-4+C)==:48u-5
Chapter 9,Part B
OI「
J
t at==「 ltl
ノ
α
t:=半￨:1‐+σ
■￢ ■
E=
ι
=+c
∠
「
Note that lι・ ==ι .Check your answer:
2ι
+C) ―2_―ι 十
::(手
生√
― /2+■
χ ■ χ■ /2
０
ｆｌ
ｒｌ
αχ f _′
・ ^ ´′
_
〓
/Zα χ
==IF詈「
I+‐ C==互 ‐ ε:=2χ
・ /Z+‐ θ== Zt/i + c
プ
+‐
71/2==Jχ 軍フラ
Notes:
. 、 1/2and χ― ■
/2==デ
/房 ==χ
芳 .
. _1+1=_1+ヱ =」2 ニヱ=l2 and_上 =1.1=1× 二=2.

2 2 2 1/2 2 1
●2χ 1/2+cand 2Vχ +c are both correct answers.
Check your answer:
・/2+c):=(:)2χ
・
/2E=χ 1/2==1死 ,177==:万
::F(2χ
f f ^ 42° +・
42・
͡
0」 4α 2:=」 4zU α
π :=‐
51「 14‐
c==―
T―
+σ == 4u* c
Note that 2° ==land 2・ ==2.Check your answer:
メ
IL(4υ +c)=4
αυ
115
Solutions
1/3+1 8χ 2/3
ｆｌ
8α χ r ´′
^ 8χ
十σ== 12χ 2/3+ε
・
丁 …‐
③ /6 dχ + C:= 芝 ―‐
==―
T下
Ｊ
71/3==J8χ 7T・ 7百
Notes:
■
o 2g-1/3
xr/z
_.+1=_土
1 4 3 -■ +3 2
● + and 8÷ ヱ=8× 三=ヱ土=12
6 3・ 3 3 3 3 2 2
Checkyour answer:
2/3_1_c):=:(:)12χ 2/3-1==二土χ―
■/3:=:8χ 1/3:=:万
::F(12χ 1)F
Chapter 9′ Part C
2_3χ +4)α χ=
′ r r χ3 3χ 2
0 丁 ―+4χ +ε
∫ x2dx- αχ+
」 = 丁
i
(χ 3χ 4 dχ
J J 万
Check your answer:
三
生一三十4χ +ε 2_3χ +4
:二
(二 )=三 :i― 等 +4=χ
⑩∫
(;;:_1)dπ
:=.1(2-2_4■ υ 1)α
:=.1.-2α 2_
∫
4, lα 2
フ+1
―‐ _1
'^ ^
=:端
1′ つ′ L
-41n2-卜 ε=:モ「-41n a+ε =:一 u ・ -41n z+c== 4lnu * c
巧 u
Notes:
1 _っ . 1
● ０ ●
“ and ―
― ■
22 2ι 2 =2
-2+1=-1
Recallthat a poⅥ Юr of b=-l is a special case:J三
´′
二=」´υ・4 _αυ_=in■ +σ
f■ ′
(whereas I ouu du : #* cwhen b + -L)

一
一
Checkyour answer:
d 4 1 4
(-u-'-4lnu*c)=1t-2
απ uuzu
116
①∫ (10χ
3/2+6χ 1/2)α χ :=J・ 10χ 3/2 α
χ +J・ 6χ
1/2(ガ
χ ==11:;::i十 1:寺
;:i+ε
20xs/z _l2x3/z 5/2+4χ 3/2+σ
-
_l_
- TL- 4χ
5 3
Notes:
● ユ+1=二 +ヱ =聖ヱ =三 and l+1=1+ユ =1上三=旦
2 22222 222
.
● 10-:I:10x 25 2
20
5
. . ´ 3 ´ 2 ■2
4 and O■ ‐― ==61× ￨― ==一
2 3 3
二
=4・
.
.
Check your answer:

「
′
」
5/2+4χ 3/2+σ
′E、
3/2_■ ■/2
20 3/2+ 12 χ1/2
-1生 χ
(4χ ):=:(;)(4)χ (4:)χ
2 2
3/2+6χ・ /2
=10χ
⑫ (√
+‐
■
/2+7為 .)dt==∫
(′
/2+ι ・
/2)dt
J・ 1,F)dt==∫ (ι
-1/2+■
ｆ
ナ1/2+■ ι
α
十
２
〓
ｌ
ｌ
＋ι
/2″ ナ
1-■ "‐ =L___+ +σ
プ
‐
1 1 ■
_二
2[‐ 2+1 上 1
ι
3/2
3/2:1/21し
-__上 _」 _′
■
ι /2
― 'ナ ―
3/2
/7 _
2ι 、
―+2ι 1/2+_C =一 ―+2Vι +ε
=七丁
Notes:
１一１４■
2 1+2 3
＋・
and_:+1=_1+:=二
1
手+1= 豊
上三= ■
×
●
2‐ 2 2
■
2 2 1 2 2 2
■‐ ―
2
2
= ::=::a■
ld l¨ ■
:==1)く〔
‐2.Note that ι :〓
3/2:=:t■
ι
/2==ι vt.
Check your answer:

μ５
√
ヽ
ー
′′
′′
d lztEtz
ヽ
、︲ ′
1
、︲ ′ノ
＋
＋
、︲
２
〓
〓
ｔ
一
■ι
一
＋ι
︲・
１・
+2tr/2+c
一２
一２
;(
′
√
ヽ
′
′
'
Chapter 10, PartA
「χ
①
χ=1
」 8χ
3`ι
=二
￨:￨:11:￨:=.:〓 1旦 111:=.==[2χ
4]勇
=.:=:2(2)4_2(1)4
=2(16)-2(1)=32-2= 30
CheCk yOur antideriVatiVe(by taking a deriVatiVe):
α
2χ
4 3
8χ
αχ
117
Solutions
′ガ
χ‐
￨“
/ ^
6(ガ
「χ
,-3+■
16
IIχ
「
χ-216 「χ
-21 6
1 _生
② 百 =二 χ =二三 =「 1
軍 L 12χ 2」 χ=3
χ」3房 χ」3χ l:=百 =3=二 1‐
==ア lχ =3==l ラ χ=3
1 ■ ■
1 1 1__ユ
4 _一
-1+4 3 1
『: 1
72:18_一72172 72 72_一 _―
■
1__I -__上 ∼[Ⅸ亜日
2(62) L 2(32)」 24
CheCk yOur antideriVatiVe(by taking a deriVatiVe)
王 -3==χ -3=:1芸
::F(― :1):=(-2)(一 :)χ
■
二l19 「
ι
生√
９ｆｌ
ι
9
０
/21
〓
-1/2(lι
・ /219
4 [ :+11=レ
==:「 ==￨三 !`:二 =[2ι
τ:ル ι
=4
Ｊ
」t=4
≦ ´ι=4
４
￨
〓
..チ
」ι
一 =4
〓
=[21/7]:=4==2、 /'-2V==:2(3)-2(2)=:6-4・ == 2
・/2):〓 1/2==ι ―
■/2==島 ==.1)F
:;,(2ι (.:)(2)ι
2
′
χ 4 6χ 3 4χ 2
④
3_6χ 2+4χ -8)α χ = ___4___只ャ
υん
(χ
J ￨ 4 3 : 2 li=_ 2
χ=-2
〓
二￨`fi-2χ
L ^
3+2χ 2_8χ
12
」χ
=_2
っ4 「 r っ、4 1
==::I― -2(2)3+_2(2)2_8(2)一 ―-2(-2)3_1_2(-2)2_8(-2)l
l三七計
=:-1:― -2(8)+2(4)-16-￨::「 -2(-8)+2(4)― 卜161
=4-16+8-16-(4+16+8+16)=-20-(44)=-20-44= -64
α 一
／ ′ ｌｌ、
｀土
王i一 ≦
里 ≦
4 6χ 3 4χ 2
χ
+― -8γψ ・
2`'2二十 22≦ 12二 -8==χ 3_6χ 2+.4χ -8
赦
T=一・ :〓
4 3
一 2 ´ / 守 υ ん
118
Chapter 10, Part B
デ一
=:: χ
∫χ ∫χ
／ｒ
ヽ
１
5
1 05
、︲′
０
0
一
ｉｌ
4α 1=:￨`::ID
５
一５
=::lilllil°
5 5 5
／
」χ=o L 」χ=o
χ二。`:lα χ二。 L
=:(手 =::==55-2=53= 125

)=I;::テ
α一
５
4
１一５
／
χ4
χ
′ ︲ヽ
歳 5χ
一５
ヽ
25 5
0
′
(ι
2_2)α ι=
lli-2ι16 :=重
i_2(6)一三
ドl121-2(-3)l
J [6 」ι 」
ι=-3 =-3 5 1 5
=―
216
=―
-12-
/ 27
[晋
ヽ
‐
+‐ 6り 6)==60-(-3)=:60¨ 卜
==72-12-(-9¨ 卜 3:= 63
D t一
2_2
:l:(li-2ι )=:三:i-2==ι
、χ χ
′
0 j := iχ
/7α
1/2α :=1亀
:`:il14 ==1者 ;:14 ==￨`聖
χ =1 χ二l Lフ †
・」
′』 χ=■ L :`i14
」χ=■
χ=. L
2(4)3/2 2(L)3tz 2(8) 2(L) L6 2 1.6 - 2 14
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ∼
匹列
Note that(4)3/2=(43)1/2=64・ /2=Vτ 4=8,or use a calculator to veriケ that
4八 (3/2)=8.
生
… ■
/2=χ ■
/2=:、 /7
(li生)=(:)(:)χ
119
Solutions
0 ― _ _
f αχ
==[ln χ θ
-ln l=11-01=
J 「
]晃 =・ ==in 1
1死
x=I
Notes:
o Recallfrom Chaptergthat t + = I *-, dx :lnr * c (but,asusual, the
constant of integration doesn't matter in a definite integral because it would
cancel out during the subtraction after plugging in the limits).
. Recall from Chapter 5 that ln e = 1 and ln 1 : 0.
o We first encountered Euler's number, e, in Chapter 4.
Check your antiderivative (it may help to review Chapter 5):
!'n*:!
dxx
Chapter ll
π
′
① :=[一 C° Sθ ]τ C° Sπ 2
αθ
=0==一
―
(一 COS° )==― (-1)+1=:1+・ 1:=
J Sinθ
0=O
Notes:
. n rad = 1-80" and cos(n) : cos(180o) : -l-.
o cos0 = 1.
. -cos7r = -(-1) :1and -(-cos0) : cos0 = 1.
dd
cos0: -(-sin0): sin0
d ecos0)
π/3
′ π _
② =[lnlsec θl]:=。 =Inlsec舌￨― Inlsec OI=In 2-In l
J tan剛
θ=0
In 2-0=匝:2]∼ 匝.69コ
Notes
工l rad:〓 :二 llli==60°
′
● cos(:)==cos(60° ):〓::′ and sec(:)==I百
『】
:そ
=二
I;万
=〓
:2.
■_==1==1
cos O=l and secO=― ‐
● ●
■ cos O
ln L = 0. Use a calculator to determine that lnZ x 0.693L4718L.
120
π/6
r π
0
ハ
υ= τ
」
lπ
SeC θ(」 θ ==‐ [I111SeC θ+tan θl]:=_:
π lπ
Ｃ４
=In SeCτ +tanτ 一 In se ―tan(一
(一 :)斗
１一
::)￨
２一
・一
■
2 1 2+
√
√
√
In ln In In
/1√
、 V5
″マ
￨-lnl雫￨=Inl島￨
・島￨=lnl島 ×
ギ￨=
”
=Inl島
”
In 3 1.099
NIotes
二 rad=二 11主 :=30°

● ● ●
6 6 π
cos(:)==cos(30° )=:￨「 land cos(― ):=:1半 F.

:):=:cos(-30°
2
sec rπ 、
ヽ6ノ
==
COS
1
=再
1
万=π
2 . / πヽ
ana SeCt τ ノ
1
=司 =π =両・
■
7万
●tan(:)=i tan(30° )=:1手ま

alld tan(―
:)==tan(-30° )==-7テ
● Are yOu wonderingiftan(30° )=」=instead oftan(30° )=焉 ?You shouldn't
肩
ア
be WOnderillg thiS beCauSe bOth are the Sa1lle・「 hat'Sl〕 eCauSe 7言 ==:・手′aS yOll
七
■ ■、/百・
√
can see by rationalizing the denominator:
、
/百、
/1√ 3
● Note that.". (- f) is positive whereas tan (- f) ir
""grtive.
That's because
secant is an even function (symmetric about the vertical axis) whereas
tangent is an odd function (with an anti-symmetric graph).
● HOW dOeSIn博 -ln鵬 ?The Way tO See thiSiS tO apply
割 lequalinl島・」
/,■ ヽ 2 1
tlleprOpertyOf10garitlllnS tllatintラ
リ==In p-ln 9,Setting ρ=:7雪 arld q==7テ
３一
ユ√
ｍ
上 √
′ 一１・
一
．
Ｖ
３ ¨
缶
Ｗ
Ｒ
Ⅵ
ｉ
ｄ
×
÷
う０
ｙ
〓
十し
■し
Ｏ
ｎ
ｎ
０
０
０
十し
ａ
十し
ａ
ｅ
Ｃ
ａ
０
ａ
Ｃ
〓

ィ ′
っ
multiply by the reCiprOCa1 0fthe SeCOnd fraCtiOn・ The reCiprOCa1 0fttiS廿 '
● Use a calculator to determine that ln 3 = L.0986L2289.
121
Solutions
／ｆ
π
π
３
π

「θ21 3
ｌｌｌＪ〓
ｌＩＩノ〓
π

＋
＋
α
θ
α
θ
ハυ
〓α
ｌＪ〓
ρｖ
〓
υ
Ｃ
Ｏ
Ｓ
Ｃ
Ｏ

Ｓ
: : +ISin θ]:=。

[2」 θ=0
θ

Ｃ
θ
１
2 ′″ 2、
・
π2´√
一li¨卜
sin(:￨)一 sin O=:旦 -0+三三-0:= +7
2 雨
′ 0.866025404へ′[:.414・
∼ 0.548311356+‐ ￨
Notes
・ The giVen integraliS like∫ (yl+y2)α χ=∫ yl α
χ+∫ y2α χ
,With yl=θ and
y2 COS θ .
・ The nrStintegral haS the Same fOrm aS J χ赦 =ラ With θ in plaCe Ofχ ・
●
:rad:〓
::ザ =:60° ancl sill(:):=:sin(60° )==∠ 三 .
● sin O=0.
. (:)2〓 :1宅
ibecause(;)2E=多 :.
●
2
=子 ÷2=子 ÷:=手 ×
:=壬 .TodividebythehctiOni,multiply by
its reciprocal, which is
].
o
We used a calculator to get the numerical values at the end of the solution.
dloz \ : doz d o : ze
: o * coso
sin t cos o
*\T* ) *T+*sin T*
Chapter 12
∞ｆｌ０
(X)
二 =[一 θ
χ
1■ ■
/_■ ヽ
ρ ■
ザ
司
『 χ
① e ^ clx: ]准 0=l―
『
:lm― __
E=為 θL
==―
′〓
F士 L=。 χ=0 ヽ θOノ

χ
__nュ 1
Vll __ 1
This is an 'improper' integral: Imagine that the upper limit is x : L, such that the
rdχ / 1ヽ
integral iSム
LOθ ・ IntegratiOnJVeSI一
劃 i=。
1
θ
ι
t―
・
jり In the hmitthat ι
gr° WSt° ∞′
tne eXpreSSl° n T appr° aCnes zero.
τ
122
θ
′
②
χ=1
」χ In dχ =[χ ln χ―χ]勇 =1=θ ln θ―θ―(1ln l-1)=θ (1)一 θ―[1(0)-1]
: e -e- (0- 1) : e - e -(-1) =e- e* l- : 0 * l- : 1

Notes:
. Jln xdx: xlnx- x * c (butas usual,wemayignoretheconstantof
integration when performing a definite integral, since it would cancel out
during the subtraction after plugging in the limits).
o lne:L-
o lnL:0.
Check your antiderivative (it may help to review the product rule from Chapter 2 in
addition to Chapter 5):
d (xlnx-x): d (rlnx)--x-lx, d r d dr d
,
ax ,
ax ax \ ax lnx*lnx-l--x
dxl ax
= r(i) * lnx(1) - (1) : 1 * ln x - r= lnx
θ
2_θ -2 θ
l_θ ■
f
0 ]:=.= sinh 2-sinh l
cOSh ιαι=[Sinh ι
2 2
J
ι=■
∼′3.626860408-1.175201194Aじ [2.4521
Notes
x : *.-o-X
oX
o sinh
2
This is a hyperbolic function (not the sine function from trig).
o We used a calculator to get the numerical values at the end of the solution.
﹁列
４ χ
4
つ“ 一ｎ
24 23 24_23 16-8
Ｆ
′
8
ｄ
χ
〓
”
︲﹂
匝≡∃
Ｔ１
④ j 2χ
ln 2 1n 2 1n 2 1n 2 ln 2
〓
χ=3
Note that we used a calculator to get the numerical value in the last step.
、 4 ′J 4
α 2χ ヽ ■ こん ■
り】
(2χ ln 2)==2χ
:=II¨
(2χ )==II¨
αχ 2 ,1,万
123
Solutions
Chapter 13,Palt A
r dχ
①
J万再可
α2
u:2x*3 αυ =2 dχ
'α χ= ラ
″二１
Ｚ一ι
f
空 _lf
r
αχ 1
1
■――――
´J^´ _ J22
「1/三二ヽ_「 2J
J万耳可
え ―
J 2χ +3
=r“
J2k2ノ
１
1
=】 in Z+σ = +3)+σ
一２
ln(2χ
Recall from Chapter 9 that an exponent of b - -t is a special case of integrals of the

brm∫ αab αZ:In thiS CaSe′ ∫‐ =∫ 2 l αZ=ln a+C
丁
π /9
r
:
② 6 sin(3θ )α θ
J
θ =0
du
u=3θ du=3 dθ αθ
3
π
21=2(0)=3(0)=0 , 22==2(3):=3
9 3
π/9 π/3 π/3
r du π π
―=
θ
」
=0
6 sin(3θ )α θ =
lι
∫
=0
6 sin 2…
百 ∫
2=0
2 sin lヵ
`ガ
lι ==:2[― cos tι ]i=。 :=-2[coslォ ]:=0
ー
ヽ１，ノ
／１︲１ヽ
π
う乙
c()s百・一 cos(D ):=-2fl-1)

〓
2
一２
1
( ′ ヽ∠ /
Notes
π . π 180°
● ● ● ●
― raa:=― 60°
3 3 π
..r (f) = cos(60") =:.
cos0 = L.
J sin 6 d0 : - cos 0 * c (but as usual, we may ignore the constant of
124
Chapter 13,Part B
r αχ
0 i
/面
l
J 、
山一 u:x-l α2=dχ ′ αχ =α z
ｄ一
２一
-1/2+■
ｒｌ
ｒｉ
f_空 _=「・´′ ^ π 21/2
T+σ =互 ´′^
〓
√
〓
+c=22・ /Z+ε
υ
αZ=¨ 可
″
J√IT J が
プ /Z
ノ
フ T・可 7万
=2Vz+σ = Zt/x-t+c
Notes
. 三二=_生イ
αχ
｀χ-1)=¨
αχ
′
生χ_¨生 1=1_0=1.Therefore,α
αχ
´ π =l αχ =dχ
αχ
.
. 、==21/2 andlι -1/2==:メラ

/石・
フ
● ―二十 1=― 二十二=二里ヱ =l and― ■ =1+1=1× ヱ=三 =2.
2 2 2 2 2 1/2 2 ■ ■
④ t e-t' dt
J
ι==0
αz
Lt: t2 α
π=2ι dι ′ αι=ラ丁
lι
l tι (0) =02=0 u2: u(a) - (-)' - *
ι
θ ι
θ 一
露
α==1∫ θα
oo
2α _2(1::):=‐
_ι
t== J・ 1::二 lι z:=_1[_θ -2]ll=。
J・ .1・
2=0 lι =0
１
１
／１１ヽ
―
ヽ１︰ノ
ι
-2E誕
〓
一
。=-lrlimθ
一
一
θ
=一 :[θ 0-:与一２
一２
zL Z｀ L― O )。 )一 :(0-:)=:一 :(-1)==
iS:1:。 -2伽 ― ―L― °

θ ・ IntegratiOn giVeS:[― θ I比
=0=:[― θ (一 θ I In the limit ttatι
growst。 ∞′the expression θ―L=lapproacheszer。 ,such that:[_θ ―L_(_θ O)]
apprOaCheS:[-0-(-1)]=:(-0+1)=:(1)=:・
125
Solutions
Chapter 13,Palt C
0 「 χ=4_2=“
8χ
月
: え
^´
tr:x4-2 du: 4x3 d.x , dx :#

8χ
3
=
8x3 du r 2
―du=2 「α2望=21n■ +c=
∫711ttdχ ∫u 4x3 」2 ノ
Zln(xa-2)+c
Notes
空生=」 _fχ
dχ
｀
4_2)=―
′
αχ
生χ4__■
αχ αχ
2=4χ 3_0=4χ 3.Thereforei du=4χ 3d‰
● Recall from Chapter 9 that an exponent of b - -t is a special case of
b
integralS Ofthe brm∫ αυ α2:In thiS CaSe′ ∫ ‐=∫ 2 ・ αZ=ln 2+ε .
√
2
0
r
」 θ cos(θ
2)`Jθ
θ =0
α2
1l=02 du=2θ αθ dθ =一
2θ
√一
√一
／′
π Ｔ４
ヽ１
ヽ、
２
２
′︲１
π
〓
〓
〓
︲︰′
︲︲ ′
u7:u(0)=02:0
︲ｌ
ヽ
ヽ
′
′
√
４１
ノ ´︲
π
2 π/4
′ r d2 1 1 π
θ cos(θ 2)dθ = θC° Suラ =万

，ノ〓
」 u]l-o
i
.τ
cosudu [sin
J 2
＜
■
√一
√一
θ=0 2=0
′
¨
Ｖ一４
２一︱
／′
／′
ヽ、
ヽ
１
１
／１１ヽ
ヽ１，ノ
、︲ ′
２
π
０
〓
〓
〓
︲ヽ
︲ヽ
︲′
一２
一２
一２
sin T― sin 0
4
ヽ
／
ヽ
／
Notes:
π π ■80° ._^
● ― rad=― =4bυ .
4 4 ―π
o sin (;) : sin(4s"; = €.

o sin0 = 0.
. J cos 0 d0 : sin * c (but as usual, we may ignore the constant of
g
126
Chapter 13, Part D
r l,ν 2
‐
0 :
α
χ
J百 5爾夢
`“ ∼
du
u=x3+16 , dlt:3xzdx
，
αχ
． ″α 一υ・
3χ 2 42-2+■
２一
′ 1っ ν2 r 12χ 2α 2 ′
i ■ 4ん。 I
レ:=:4「 4
: 'ふ
2‐ αじ -2+1 : ^
２
I `7γ f…17α ・
J(χ 3+16)2 ・
=::
J
† し
22 3χ 2
J2` J J
」 -1 月
И
ι17′ ιl
=二二――+c=-42 1+ε =一二 +ε =
-1 2 戸耳 16+ε
Notes:
● 三
二=::)(χ
3+16):=.:与 χ
農16:=:3χ
2+_0:=3χ 2.Therefore′ du=二 3_+…
3χ
2α χ .
● -2+1=-lμ -2= ■
and u 1=1
2′
tι π
２
π 、．

Ｏ
′ ︰︰１
Sin(ヽ /τ )」
―――
n
αυ
==,一
１ ′ 〓
ヾθ
θ
■´^
′ αθ αθ
u=vθ =θ ■
〓
/2 α2 ρ /Zみ
υ "レ二_:=_ d0:2Gdu
一２
2θ 1/2 21、
/τ
「
ut = u(0): Vd = 0 2ι
2=:Ztti)==￨:手 =:￨【
＼■ノヾ仕 ∠
２／１Ｉ︰︰ ′ コ
の一
４
π ．〓
／Ｖ〓θ
α
θ∫導 α α
υ
ｒｌ、一／ｒ
ヽ
ｎ
・１
Ｓ
:=
2)==2J・
一
一
■
=:2[一 cos a]i=。

一
sin tι
(2Vτ
θ
2=0 =0
π ´
_. “
==-2[cos tι ]7=。 ==-2(cos,一 cos O):=-2(0-1)==-2(-1)== 2
Notes:
π π 180°
rad 90° .
2 2 π
. cos (:): cos(eo') : s.

. cosO: L.
. /sin 0 d0 : -cos 0 * c (butasusual,wemayignoretheconstantof
L27
Solutions
Chapter 13′ Part E
r
0
」1-、 /房 dχ
■
αχ αχ
π=1_vχ =1_χ ■
/2 2=_】 χ-1/2
α dχ
= 1/2 っ ∠Vχ
月
‐ α
χ=-2Vχ α2
2γ
一レ =
J
r
i
l l― /7α、χ 、 :=」
r
/石 (-2、 /7d2)=〓 -2」 V石
r
・
√αz
Add \E to both sides of the equation u = L - tlito get u + fi : l-. Subtract u from
both sides to get li : L - u. Therefore, we may replace VI with L - u.
-z I "[u,l-x du = -z l,nO - u) du - -t I u''' (L - ut) du
- -t I u',' du - z I u'r'{-u') d, - -, I u42 du *, I uL/2ut du
r ′ 221/2+1 223/2+1
/2 du+2
」 23/2 αυ =一 _」 ¨__二
=-2
i
]
.■ ´
フ+1 ラ+1
1 = R Iレ
J
2.3/2 225/2
= 可石 + 瓦 +C= 423/2
丁 +425/2
丁 +C
万
Auslz 4u3/z t-_
4(r -,/i)''' -一
4イ 1-、/;F)3/2
C
-- 53 5
― ―― 十
Notes
二生(1_χ ■
三 /2):=岳 1_」 1/2==0_:χ -1/2==_:χ ―
■/2==_テ
汚
●
=:¨
;:χ
「
讐 ==
一」
手;.Therefore′
α ′
2:=― 湯 χ:=:-2Vtt α
such that α
:黄
lι .
●
、/石 (1_2)=vz_avπ =2■
/2_221/2=2■ /2_2■ 2■ /2=21/2_23/2
because χmχ η=χ m十 ■
.
● ● ● ●
Note that u=2・ and、 /覇 =2・ /2.

1+1=1+三 =型望 =ユ and二十 1=二十二=聖望 =二 .
2 22222 2222
生¨=2÷ 旦=2× 1=land=生〓 2÷ 二=2× ヱ=1.
3/2 2 3 3 5/2 2 5 5
Going■ om一生生 +豊十て川Ю 一 +ε ′We applied the identiり

ξ :竺等写
一α+b=わ一 α
128
4
r
⑩ √]房耳面dχ
J
χ=0
α2
u:3x * 4 αz=3 αχ ′ αχ =‐
丁
ur:u(0):3(0)*4=4 22=2(4)=3(4)+4=12+4=16
476 ■6 12=■ 6
、冴
■6 「
′
α2 1 r
“
″…
√万Tπ α
χ= :=百 .∫ 21/2α 2=:百
∫V2
:
/石
J 3 3 J 1考 :fill
χ=0 2=4 露=4 2=4 L2 : 人
」2=4
6==:￨三 6==￨:[23/2]I[16=〓
lj`i12=■
==::11:;::.12=■ ￨:(163/2_43/2)
L ● 」π =4 L 』2=4
つつ
112
=:号 (64-8)==iす (56)== 9 ∼[:2.4ZEZE]
「otes
1ヽ
+4)=歳 3χ 十歳4=3+0=3.Therefore′ du=3 α

″ ″ ″
χ̀
● ● ● ●
歳 (3χ
2■ /2=vπ .
1+1=1+ヱ =聖望 =ユ and_上 =1.1=1× 三=二 .
2 2 2 2 2 3/2 2 3 3
Note that(16)3/2==(16・ /2)3==43==64・ and(4.)3/2==(4・ /2)3二 =23==13

because χππ π π
=(χ )η use a calculator to veri取・
=(χ )m.Alternatively′that
16∧ (3/2)=64 and 4∧ (3/2)=8.
Chapter 14, PartA
r dχ r dχ
√Iア17
● i == i
J… J
χ =α sin θ =4 sin θ dx -- acos0 d0 :4cos0 d0
ｆｌ
αχ ′
:
4cosθ αθ ′
4 cosθ αθ r 4cos θ θ (オ
輌:ア17
] =============
lFp66
プ
J42_(4 sin θ)2 J J v42(1_sin2 θ

)
4cos θαθ 「 4 cos θdθ f
∫ '
. _1
sln +σ
.42 cos2
θ
:
ノ 4 cos θ
:=:
JOt:0*c:
Notes:
42 - - 42(L- sinz 0) = 42 cosz ?because sinz 0 * cosz 0 :
42 sinz 0 L
In the laststep, g : sin-1 (f) foffo*s from x = Asin I -+

t= rrne.
L29
Solutions
π/3
r
② cosa o sino do
J
θ=0
u: cos0 ′ αz=― sin θdθ
ur:u(0)=cos0:L , 22==tえ
(￨:)==COS(:￨)==COS(60° )=::
■
π/3 L/2 2 1
r
:
∫24(_da)=_ ∫24 du:=_11::￨]=1=:_:[25]:=1
g sino do
θ
」
=0
cosa
u=■ 2=1
4
工
′
′4
‐
■ 5ヽ
、
1 1 1 1 32 1 /1-32、
ノ
==一 ― l… ■,一 ■ 1 1
5ヽ 25 ノ 5 2 5 2 5 k 豆
1 / 31.ヽ 31
πl互≡日
5 k 1万リ 160
Notes:
π . π 180° ´^^
● rad==― ― 6Uυ
3 π =二 .
3
/.、
5 ■ 1
● 1-l=―
==一
25 32
.
ヽ2ノ
Chap“ r14 Part B
f αχ αχ
0 χ2+25 ∫χ2+52
I
I
J
x: atan0: 5tan0 αχ ==α sec2 θαθ ==5 sec2 θdθ
sec2 θ θθ
ldθ f 5sec2 θ θ
f dχ 「 5 「 5 sec2 (ダ (ガ
χZ+52 J b4tanZ θ+52 J百互

マ戸
F葛 :7‐τ「
可万
I =
ノ tbtan θ)2+52
５
I I
J
Ｓ
ｅ
Ｃ
“一
２一〇
θ 一
一
ｒｉ
「空:=lf αθ=百θ十c=
θ
〓
〓
′
)+σ
Ｊ
J 5 5J :itan ・ (讐
｀Э ′
Notes:
● 52 tan2 θ +52=52(tan2 θ+1)=52 sec2 θ because tan2 θ+1=sec2 θ
● ln the laSt Step′ θ=tan ・ t音
bllows[om χ
り =5 tan θ→昔=tan θ .
130
％Ｄ
η ｒｉｌＪ〓
π ｌｌ
′
４
π/4
／ｒ
r
: _1)tan θαθ
ｌ︰
④ tan3 θαθ = tanz 0 tan? d0 (sec2 θ
１
Ｊ〓
J
く
０
１
θ=0 θ
／ｆ
４
π
π/.
〓
ｎυ
α
∫
ｌ
secz 0tan? d0 - tan θ
プ
θ=O θ=0
Note that tan2 θ :=sec2 θ _l follows fr。 11l tan2 θ +1:=sec2 θ.:Distribute to see that
(sec2 θ
_1)tan θ =sec2 θ tan θ_tan θ .
2=tan θ ′ αz=sec2 θαθ
ur:u(0)=tan0:0 22==υ ==tarlt競

り:=:tan(45° ):=:1
n/4 π/4 ■ π/4
r
∫ ∫ = f 2 du―
i
secz 0 tan? d0 - tan θdθ l tan θαθ

J J
θ=0 θ=0 2=0 θ=0
― [lnlSeCθ l]:=0=手 ―
手
―
(lnlSeCII一
lnlSeC OI)
田 L。
=,-0-(InイラーIn l)=1_(lnV'-0)

１
■
土 _ln,1/2
LL
一２
(1-ln 2) 0.153
2 ・・
・“ κ
2 1n V2 1- Ttnz
Notes
o On the lastline, we applied the rule lnxo : alnxto write ln21/z : !1r2.
fi
o :rad - ":=_:45".
rt 18O"
44n -
1 7 1:L.Notethat3:
. secl:sec45o:
4 =1:t/2andsec0: cos 0 _ \
cos 45o ,lZ 12
rD becauserlzrl7 : z.
. / tan 0 d0 = lnlsec 0l + c (but as usual, we may ignore the constant of
. Recall from Chapter 5 that ln 1 : 0.
o We used a calculator to get the numerical value at the end of the solution.
o An alternative way to solve this problem is to write tan3 0 =
#, rewrite
sins g : sin2 0 sin 0 : (1 - cosz e) sin g, separate the integral into two
integrals, and make the substitution u = sin 0 and du : cos 0 d0.
131
Solutions
Chapter 14, Part C
0 sin4 θ(ガ θ:=・ sin2 θsin2 θ(:θ ==Ⅲ θ)sin2 θαθ

∫ 1・ 11(1_cos2
==J(sin2 θ
_cos2 θ θ θ
_sin2 θ θ
r r
)dθ sin2 =:J(sil12 c()s2θ )`』
Note that sin2 θ :〓 1_cos2 θfo11。 ws fronl sin2 θ+cos2 θ:=1.Distribute to see that
(1_cos2 θ)sin2 θ=sin2 θ_cos2 θsin2 θ .
J(sin2
θ
_sin2 θ θ cos2 )`:θ :=:」 [sin2
′
θ θ
_ (sin c()sθ )2]`ι θ
／
」
ｆ
′ ︱
sin2 2θ
α
ρυ
〓
ｌ
==「 Isin2θ _fEll:ヱ 2.)2 sln 2θ αθ
、
｀ ′ 4
、
′ L
ｆｌ
ｒｌ
４
1-cos 2θ l― cos 4θ ヽ -4,cos 2θ l― cos 4θ
〓
〓
1
.:
dθ αθ
プ
プ
2 8 ノ 8 8 )
ー
ｆｌ
4
一(1-cos 4θ θ
´
〓
(4-4 cos 2θ -1+cos 4θ )`:θ

一８
:=垢
[4-4 cos 2θ )]`ι
プ
￨」
ー
ｆｌ
1 r 1 1
〓
―
(3-4 cos 2θ +cos 4θ )α θ=百
」 ∫ αθ+百
∫
一８
3 dθ 4 cos2θ cos4θ αθ
プ
百
Notes:
ぐin2,ρ ^ ^ sin 2θ
● 三二―=二 ==sinZ θcos∠ θ because sin 2θ :=2 sin θ cos θ― )一 == sin 0 cos 0.
4 2
7-cos20
● sinz g -
and sinz ze (double the angles on both sides).
22
:'-'")rt
αz
υ =2θ α2=2 αθ αθ (second integral)
2
αυ
1′ =4θ dl′ =4 αθ dθ =4 (third integral)
１一８
ー
ｒｌ
1 つ￨ ′
4f du Ll
〔
ガ
θ百
′
θ dυ
α
θ
３
-rJ cos"T + BJ
一
」
丁
一８
:=百
4 cos 2θ
」 cos 4`θ dθ C° Sυ
プ
+・ (ガ
J
‐
十
３
ｆｌ
1
_:Jcosud“
〓
一８
αθ cos u`:生 _卜
cosυ cosv dv
Ｊ
2 l'｀ :J・ l:`==:.lraθ 1」 :11

3 1 1 3 1 1
貫θ― T sin 2+貫 .sin υ +σ = 貫θ― T sin 2θ +==sin 4θ +c
U 4 5∠ O ■ 5∠
132
・
0∫ フ・
争ァ=∫ フ≒
イ7戸
χ=O χ=0
χ :=α tan θ :=l tan θ==tan θ ′ dχ =:α sec2 θαθ :=l sec2 θdθ :=sec2 θαθ
Since χ =tan θ′it fo110WS that θ =tan ・ (χ ).
lr
θl==tan ・ (0):=:0 , θ.==tan ・ (1)==45° ==.Iira(1
1 π/4 π/4 π/4
r dχ
「 secz e do r de
sec2 o secz o de
」t"a'g
1
2+1)2
(tan2 θ +1)2
:
ノ (χ ノノ (secz 0)z
χ=0 θ=0 θ=0 θ =0
π/4 π/4
ｒｌ tt /4
′︱
r 4 4‐
αθ ・二共竺皇
COE_三
〓
〓
︰Ｊ
de =
cosz e
」
Ｊ
ec θ `:θ
θ=0 θ=0 θ=0
ηｒＩＩノく
４Ｄ
／ｒ
４
π
π/4 π/4
１
r
7
cos 2θ
“フ l r 1
ｌ
〓
ｎ
〓
フ +T
α
υ
i
a_
一２
+ 月
dθ cos 2θ αθ
Ｊ
J J 2
〓
θ
θ=0 θ=0 θ=0

dz
一
２π一
2=2θ αu=2 αθ ′ dθ
２ψｆｌＪ
2.=2(0)=0 lι
2=:2(1)
翌
′レノ ′,
,「
１一４
■―‐ ■ 翻r
´
α
、
十
ｕ
1[θ υ
Ｃ
Ｏ
Ｓ
]:=。 +:・ COS u望 :=:'(昔 -0リ

J'・
_ :=n
,′ _ ^ π=0
=土 (::)+土 [Sin Z]石箕

:=::￨+:Isin(,)_sinOl
１一４
１
π 一ハ
π 一ハ
π 2 π +2
＋
8i8 _―
０
-_ユ
／１ヽ
ヽ１ノ
〓
〓
一
ー一
一４
∼1互亜コ
０
8
Notes:
●
θ=島 suchthat島 =cos θ θ=t望

●
sec .Recallthe identity cos2 .
二rad:= 菫理l=45° and lrad=二型聖二=90°

●
4 4 π 2 2 π
０
sin二 ==sin 90°

2
=l and sin O=0.
●
Note carefully′ tllattlleupperlilΥlitoftlleθ integralsisi:′ Wllereas tlle llipper
limit ofthe 2 integralis:because 2=2θ .
● VVe used a calculator to getthe nllコ nerical value at the end ofthe solution.
133
Solutions
Chapter 14 Part D
′
αχ r αχ
0」
(9_χ 2)3/2 (32_χ 2)3/2
I
.′
x:asin0=3sin0 αχ =:α cosθ αθ ==3 cosθ αθ
ｒ
Ir￨(32_χ
dχ f 3cos θαθ cos 0 d.0
=3
ｌ
2)3/2 面百
て万T蒻 @0 d0
ノ
.′ J ttII¨
ｆ
r cos θαθ r ‐ θαθ
cos cos 3 rcosθ dθ
T冨西荊7=3 =5
ｌ
Jl画葛y万薫
=3 :
.rr' =:一
ノ
J・戸百 3' P 33ノ cos3 θ
l f `ι θ l f _ l sin θ sin θ
一
び :=:￨す αθ :=5tanθ +σ ==5‐ +C== 」一

:V
3.2J E5要 J SeCZθ 13ξ τ 9、 /「 sin2 θ
χ一
つ０
χ χ
+ ==_ 戸
9v9_χ 2+`
十 ε C
1-0
==
χ2
2
9 27 1-
9
Notes:
● 32_32 sin2 θ =32(1_sin2 θ)=32 cos2 θ because sin2 θ+cos2 θ =1.
m)η πη
●
(32 cos2 θ)3/2=(32)3/2(cos2 θ)3/2=33 cos3 θ beCauSe(χ =χ .
●
f:==::=:3■
-3==3-2==:与 .==:beCauSe二 :=:χ m― ■ π .
三
τ==sec2 θbeCauSei::=:万フalld τ
● :`l12_==Iτ :=SeC θ
3ξ τ
.
:テ
´ ^ ″ ^
●
J secZ θ θ==tan θbecauseヵ tan θ==secZ θ(as note(l in Cllapter 3).
`』
● sinO = lsince
3
x : 3sind and cos0 = 1-sinl θ sincesinz0*cosz 0 =1
● 27 1-二9 =f9Y3)
｀ ′｀ ′ 1-■
9
-1〓 9、/ワ 1-■9―=9 9(1-子 )=9ヽ /…・
π/2
′
cos θ
0 αθ ' 2=Sin θ
I
3θ du=cos0d0
J si五
θ=π /6
π 一２
π 一︵
′ｆｌヽ
／１１ヽ
ヽ
、︰ ′ ノ
２
９
０
〓
〓
ヽ︱ノ
〓
〓
ｎ
４■
ｎ
Ｓ
■1=:・ 2(:￨)==sin(::)==sin(30° )==￨:

ψｆＪ中レ
∠
．ｆＪ刊﹁副
山一
θ一
﹁ｌ
０
Ｓ
１２
「π π
1 ´
Ｃ．
二っ
Ｚ一
ｄ一
が・
ｒ
θ
〓〓
-3α
θ ．
。
一２
一
ｎ
:=￨:讐
一
一
一
剣
９
1 4==￨
・
■ 一
::::i¨
ψ: 工」2=土 L
θ
〓
２
2」 1/2 L

︰
２
■ ２
１
１
1 1 1 ■ ■
ｒ・
ｌＪ
: ■ _
〓
一
昨
一
．
一２
一２
一２
一
1.5
２
(1/2)2 1==― ,(1-4)==

2
2
土=4.
!rad
==1■ 41=1×
π ■80°
Note that
6 6 π
30° ′ メ
2
rad=三2 11翌
π
=90° ,andァニ
(1/2)ι ■
134
Chapter 15,Palt A
①
f
θ
χχα
χ
J
χ
lι ==χ ′ αυ =θ dχ
α2 /α ヽ
d2=百
万
αχ= χ
万りdχ :=l α
χ χ :=:α
χχχ
t百
υ :=:∫ dυ ==J'・ θα ==θ
「πα
υ:=2υ _「 υα
2 _) χ
「χθα χ
χ θ_ fθ χ
αχ :=:χ
J ノ J J
=χ θχ ― θχ+ε = e*(x-1)+c
π/2
f
② xcosxdx
J
χ=0
2=χ ′ αυ =cosχ dχ
du /α ヽ
α==扇lιdχ :=t万 :=l χ
万りα
χ α
χ χ :=:α
ｒｌ
ｆｌ
α
〓
υ
〓
ｎ
χ
〓
〓
υ
α
χ
χ
Ｃ
Ｏ
Ｓ
Ｓ
プ
プ
√ π/2 π/2
ｆｌ
ｆｌ
″ 〓
π χ
∫αν υ
∫2
〓
χ
χ
ｎ
χ
一
Ｃ
Ｏ
Ｓ
χ
α
χ
2 ==[2ォ ]f― να → sinx dx

ノ
ι χ=0 χ=0
π一
:
π一
π一
π一
π 一２
π 一２
π 一２
２″
十
２ χ
＋
０
ｎｖ
ハＵ
〓
〓
〓
χ
χ
ヽ１ノ
ハＵ
ｎ
一
一
一
ー一
一
Ｃ
Ｏ
Ｓ
ｎ
Ｃ
Ｏ
Ｓ
Ｃ
Ｏ
Ｓ
Ｓ
Ｃ
Ｏ
Ｓ
２
２
〓
〓
π 一２
＋
〓
π
ｎｖ
〓
一
１一
2
1 ∼1正亜コ
Notes:
●
Jsinr dx: -cosx * c.
● Irad-z18oo=90".
22'tt
● sinl22- sin90'= l and corl - cos90" = 0.
,t 7t
●
-[- cos x]'*=o - [cos xl'*=0. Two minus signs effectively make a plus sign.
● We used a calculator to get the numerical value at the end of the solution.
135
Solutions
Chapter 15,Part B
´
ln χ
0
I
dχ
J χ
αχ
u:lnx αυ
χ
2
2=百 αχ:=(::iln χ
α :=ldχ =:空
万 )dχ
χχ χ1=_:
ｆｌ
〓
-2α
υ
αυ =:∫ =:J・ =￨:芸

プ
;誓 J‐ i[:=毛 11=:一
χ:)一
ｆｌ
′
哺 ‘ 'lI手
∫
２
」udu: uv -
υ ′′
→ dχ :=(ln )(―
Ｊ
(― :)`;:
χ二
J・
■+σ =_写十
ｌ
ｒｉ
ε
︲
缶十
ln χ αχ ln
=:一 ― 十 =:一 ― + ・-2 αχ=__=「 †:三
lγ
ん
Ｊ
2 ん
χ χ χ J′ =2+1
生+r_ 1 I
=一ァーχ 十σ=― 翌
手:十一 iV
・
χ χ
― ― (ln χ+1)十 c
χ (
factor out - -x,)
π/6
′
④
χ=0
」sinxtanx dx
u==tan χ ′ αυ ==sin χdχ
dz:=摯
α
(ガ χ==r_生 tan χ
ヽヽαχ ノ `:χ
:=sec2 χ `Jχ
ｒｌ
ｆｌ
``
α
υ
〓
〓
υ
sinxdx: -cosr
プ
π/6 nl6
´ ′
sin x tan x dx = [(tan x)(- cosflli!6o -

:
(- cos x)secz xdx

J 」
χ=O χ=0
■rノ 4 4
πノ
■
=￨_[cos χ tan χ」鷺3+ cos χ sec2 χ αχ =一 + ros χ COS`χ

……… αχ
==―
∫ ICOSχ :::考 Ii[1‐ ∫
χ=O χ=0
π/6 π/6
: -[sin *l:!:+ ′
αχ π
ハ ―
斗「 secx dx
」COS sin_― sin O
向ｔ
χ ( 6 ノ .ノ
χ=0
π一
ａ
ｎ
ヽ
1
ｌ¨ ２７■Ｄ
Π ｒ斗
６ χ
＋
、
θ
︱
ｎ一
Ｓ４
ｅ〓うＤ
ＣＩ
=:_1+In lsec11+tan二￨_lnlsec O+tan OI

︲ ′
0
一Ｔ
〓
¨
(2 : 0 0:
′
∠
１
■ 一″に
ｌ
■
In(1+0)= フ +ini7百 ln l= ―
＋
〓
一
ｎ
一２
,+In V3 ∼[亜亜コ
．
ヽ
ｉ
︲
ｒ
136
Notes:
. 生̈ tan χ =sec2 χ
αχ
.
. sec χ=_■_and tan χ=里ユニ .
COS χ COS χ
● 工 rad=二 1翌二=30°
6 6
.
●sec:==sec 30° 1=τ

3.f:丁
==‐
再
万 :=:再 and tan二 ==tan 30° ==1岩 .(Notethatttis
ぅ ″r 4 ′
下
the salne as i■ i and that4==2竺 ifvou
′ rationalize the denolninators.)′
3 v3 3
● ln l=0.
● We used a calculator to get the nunlerical value at tlle end ofthe solution.
Chapter 15,Part C
0
:
x2 cosx dx
J
2=χ 2 , αυ =COS χαχ
α2 ^ヽ /d
du:=百 χ:=t万 χ αχ:=2χ α
χ Zり
五
r
Fα
r
万
υ==J α
υ :=」 C° Sχ χ:=Sin χ
α
′ r ′
udv: du χ2cos χαχ =χ 2Sin χ一

∫ uv - 」 v --)
ノ J
sinx (2x dx)
:x2sinx-Z
∫x sinx dx
Now integrate by parts a second time, with a new choice for u and dv:
"u:x , dv:sinxdx
2 、
z=望
α
dχ
χ=
/α
房
そ χ
万りαχ:=l α
χ :=l dχ
」χ
αχ χ
′ r
｀
I
αυ = :=― COS
χ χ・
ν := I
SIn
J
χχα
χ χ
2sin ―α
_2(“ υ _2」 sin :=χ 2sin
J・
1′ ll)==χ 2sin χυ _21ι +‐ 2∫ υ du
χ χ χχ χ -2J cosχ α
χ χ
r r
=:χ
2sin _2χ (― cos )+‐ 2」 (― cos )(オ =:χ
2sin _+2χ cos
= xz sinx * Zxcosr - 2 sinx * c : (x'-2)sinx*Zxcosx*c
137
Solutions
r
0
」ex sinx dx χ
2=sin χ
′ αν =θ αχ
α2 、/α
dZ:=覆 χ :=t百 Sin χ dχ :〓 COSχ αχ
頂
,α 万り
υ:= Jfdυ ==「 χ

θαχ:=θ χ
J
′ r
e, sin x dx = (sin r)e, _ θχcos χαχ =θ χsin χ一
J ∫ 」
e* cosx dx
Now integrate by parts a second tirne,with a new chOice fOr tι and αυ :
z=cos χ ′ dυ =θ χdχ
α
υ:=:静 α
χ:=(1:FcOsχ χ=.一 sin χα
χ
χχχ
)α
να θα
:=∫ l′ =:J・ ==θ
ersin -- [ercos
xdx:exsinr- [t.o,
x)e'-
I".r-sinx)dx]
r r
: :e'sinx-e*cosx-
ex sinx - [
ex cosx *
」ex sinx dx ] 」ex sin x dx
Set the original integral equal to the last equation above:
r r
θχsin χαχ :=θ χsin χ― θχcos χ―
」 J
ex sinx dx
The 'trick'is to add J e'sin x dx to both sides (and add the constant of integration):
′
J
2 er sin x dx = er sin x - e' cosr * c
Divide both sides ofthe equation by 2.

rχχ
θ α
χ θχ
== 万
sin χ θχcOs χ
万一―
+C:=
θ
χ
χ―COS χ
」 Sin
ア(Sin )+ε
Check your answer:Take a derivative′ applying the product rule.
χ 一 COS χ)+σ (ノ′ )十 =岳 (√ θ )+0=θ

:iFi(Sin l=岳 ::ε %+ノ :子
d θχ θχ d
COS ‐+‐・
=(Sin χ― χ)西 χ― COS χ)
7 万ア万7(Sin
==(sin χ― cos χ)(il)十 χ‐

十 sin χ)==三二 (sin χ ― cos χ +cos χ +sin χ)
手 (cos
χ
x) : e* sinx
θ
(2 sin
2
138
Chapmr 16,Part A
｀
√ｆＪ
３
χα
χ χ二 α
χ χ
①
ｆ
ｌ
y dy=: iχ y｀ lα =: iχ lイ ilV7 ==l iχ [y2]キ :10α

プ
χ=0ソ =0 二
χ。、。 1ソ
4‐
/ χ。L“ 」
y=0 ≦ χ 0
「χ 生
3 3 3
１
χ χ -0)α χ=,
1
〓
` IFyα 2dχ
=ち.「 :=:1「 χ 3] 3
一６
:=・
4 l(v房
‐ )2_021α
‐ 4
(χ
′ ￨三 fil
χ χ=0
L｀」χ=0
′ ′
χ=0 χ=0 χ≦ :(〕
９
■ つワ
=土 (33_03)=■ 1=
一２
4.5
ノｆｌプｏ
／
ヽ
／ ′
生√
ヽ
ヽｌ
２ｒ
ν ´´
２ｒ
ｄ一
ノーーヽ
χ一
、︲︲︰′
②「「 χ
′ ︲︲ヽ
α
ｆ
ν
α
Ｉ
ｌｌノ
ｙ
ｙ
ｌプ
ｌＪ
″
ノ
αy
Ｉ
.2`=α :=
Ｉ
J J Vχ
′ 〓
〓
．
．
ソ
ｙ
〓
χ
〓
＼
＼
χ=oy=■
／
／
ノｒｌプ。
ヽ
／
２ｆ
2
１
ｆ
r
ｄツ χ
ｄ〓
︲
ｙ
〓〓
１ノ
χ ｎ
ｌプ
グ == α
y
一
」
γ″
y2
ｒ
γ ′
liy21:::;::.lン
２一
ヽ
￨ソ
￨三 1ド :1:lン
〓
」
χ=u
L フ†
ガ
＼
y=1
χ ■ノ
／ｏ
y=■ ・」χ=。 yLl L●

２ｒ︲
2 2
２〓
ｆｌ
ｆｌ
﹁
ν´ χ
倒¨
ｌＪ
′
χ
^,2
つ“
り
ｙ
Ｊ
ｙ
〓
Ｖ
∠
y2[v司
ア
Ｊ．
1=0(″
一
y=1
〓
y y=■
２
︲
2 2
4■ 2
-t Ir'6fn-fo)
y=1
dy:z Ir'rdy:z If at:z lTI
L y=■
『
1y・ l
」y=■
y=■
１
2 ■
15
〓
レ 4]多
[24_14]==ラ (16-1)==
一２
一２
「^,412 7.5
〓
L/ 」y=■
4 2
Notes:
. _1+1=_1+三
2 2 2 2 2｀
=二型ヱ =l fadd fractions with a common denominatorヽ′ .
o Iフ
万 ‐
::=:1× 〔
:=:1■==2(to divide by a fraction′ nlultiply by its reciprocal).
139
Solutions
Chapter lC Part B
空√
・一
ウ一
均一
／
，
４ｆ
︲︻
， ′ＩＩノ〓
︲
ヽ
４ｒ
９
９ｆ
４ｆ
︲＾
４ｒ
ヽ
空 √
α一
．
ノーーヽ、
ヽＩ
ソ一
′ ︲︲ヽ
０
、︲︲ ′
α 一、
ｒＩＩ
′ＩＩ
４
４
４
√
√
層
α
〓
ｌＪ
ｌプ
〓
χ
ｌ
ｉノ
χ
ｌノ
﹁
″
一√
Ｉノ
プ
ノ〓
ノ〓
．
．
／
χ
y=4
χ
〓
ｙ
〓
／
、
χ=■ χ=■
Ｆ＾
９ｙ
レＩ
１
″ 一
﹁副列
4
ヽＥＩド
4
・
卜
dχ = 「
9
・
==「 _1=￨「 y― ■
ノ
/2めァ
1 1
ＴＦ
︲
〓
χ
１一
∫
一′ ／
αχ
二｀｀ニ
￨ ″ ″
可
χ■
２
ァ4 ′
/
Vχ
/χ ノ
χ=1
Vχ y=4
４
χ=■
〓
4
α
χ∫ α
χ
4 4
== J・
χ =1
1,7[2y1/2];=4 ‐ :=:2
χ=■
1扇
[y1/2];=4`:χ =:2 J・
χ=■
:扇
[.J5];=4
４ｒ
４ｒ
赦一
4 4
万一V石 χ
■ ′
1 r 1
ｌプ
ｉＪ
:=2」
√
_(3-2)dχ =2
=2
マ (Vう )α
Vχ 」 ‐″… (1)α
Vχ
χ =2
．
χ
〓
χ=■ χ=■ χ=1
4
「∼
.-1/2+114 「χ1/214
４ χ
f αχ
―■
= 21雨
つん
〓
ら∠
χ
=2 ]
χ■/2
2 1χ
'
/2 αχ
=21■ .___￨
〓
]
ノ
二 L ′ 」χ
χ
￨
χ=■
・ [-2+1]χ =. =■
: +l*'/'71=, : al',l,ll=r: 4(fr - f0 : 4(2 - 1) : 4(L) = 4 Ｍ

２
χ 片
同
5 2χ 2χ ヽ 5
④
ｒｉ
ｆｌ
ｆｌ
リ
r
α
α
ソ
〓
χ
ｙ
」αy
χ
2 χ
y dχ =
ノ
χ
プ
J
χ
χ=oy=χ χ=0 χ=0

５ｆｌ
５ｒｌ
５ｆｌ
ｌ
ｌ
な方
α
α
ｒヽ
〓
χ
フ“
χ
〓
χ
一
一２
一２
一２
x(4x2 - x2)dx
χ
Ｊ〓
Ｊ
Ｊ
。
χ
χ=0 χ=0
５ｆｌ
５ χ
5
州
３
ー
３
ｒｉ
■ R
α
４
〓
:
χ
〓
χ
5]昆
一２
一２
一２
x2(3x2) dx ==.il,[χ ==.fi5(55_05)

Ｊ
ノ
=。
〓
０
χ
〓
χ =0
3(31215) 3(625) 1875
10 2 2 区コ
Note that (2x)' = 22x2 : 4xz because x*xn - xm+n
140
dz
αy αz
dy dz
4_04]
α
:ll=,Iτ
、︲︰ ′
1.333
ヽ／
χ ０ハノ
ｄｙ〓
・．／
′“
ｖ ′
′Ｊ
¨
︵
Ｔ＝︱ち・
√ル
VZノ
ヽ
y2(y6_06)α y
降
／ヘ
′
χ
４・， ”
”
／︰ヽ
・ ′ ０
０ ′ ＩＩノ〓
ち三
z=0 y=0
。４一３
ｙ χ ｙ４ｒ
ｌＪ
／、〓
α ′ ︲︲ヽ
√ｆＪ４ｆ
ｌＪＺ
z=0 y=o
χ
:(43_0)=:.:=
[y9]多 =0=三
１一６
α
．ｙ
ｌ一４７１
２ｆｌ０４ｒ
プ〓ｌ
〓
χ多
ノ
〓
νノｙ
α ︵刊 ■ 一４〓ＺＺ
ｄ
α
:J・
χ Ｚ〓Ｚ
屹Ｉｙ
y=0
y=o
ｄ
ｙｄ
「"41ヽ /ラ
、︲︲︲ ′
、ヽ ′ γ７ｌ当ｙ
Lノ」
α
y:=去 Fy2[χ 6]χ =。 y=:」
／ ♭
ｚ :τ
α
α
４
ガ“ χ χ
ヽ
３
０ｖ
西12:lli^=ラ
ｚノ
α
/
一０
χ
４ｆ
４ｌ ′ 〓
==」
l
χ Ｚ
3α
χ ｒｉｌ２ｒＩＩＩ′ 〓
４
2.370
︲′ 一 χ
」y=υ
一ヽｌノ
Ｚｙ一ソ
l χ
ｙｒＩＩ。
_1
ルー16
／
′ ｌｌ、
、
１一４ノ〓ノｖ
::.[z3],=。
＼χ=0
χ
′
/f
χ ／１ヽ
141
dxdy:
ｙｒｌｌ。 ”
”
︲ｙｙ
」
′〓
"乙
′
l
χ ２ ′︱。
ｙ ψｒ
ｌＪ
y8α y=】
〓
64
27
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⑤ 〓０〓
WAS THIS B00K HELPFUL7
A great deal of effort and thought was put into this book, such as:
o Breaking down the solutions to help make the math easier to understand.
o Careful selection of examples and problems for their instructional value.
o Full solutions to every problem in the answer key, including helpful notes.
. Every answerwas independently checked by an international math guru.
. Multiple stages of proofreading, editing, and formatting.
o Beta testers provided valuable feedback.
If you appreciate the effort that went into making this book possible, there is a
simple way that you could show it:
Please take a momentto oost an honest review.
For example, you can reyiew this book at Amazon.com or Barnes & Noble's website
at BN.com.
Even a short review can be helpful and will be much appreciated. If you're not sure
what to write, following are a few ideas, though it's best to describe what's
important to you.
o How much did you learn from reading and using this workbook?
o Were the solutions at the back of the book helpful?
o Were you able to understand the solutions?
o Was it helpful to follow the examples while solving the problems?
. Would you recommend this book to others? If so, why?
Do you believe that you found a mistake? Please email the author, Chris McMullen,
at greekphysics@yahoo.com to ask about it. One of two things will happen:
o You might discover that it wasn't a mistake after all and learn why.
. You might be right in which case the author will be grateful and future
readers will benefit from the correction. Everyone is human.
ABOU丁丁HE AUTHOR
Dr. Chris McMullen has over 20 years of experience teaching university physics in
California, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Louisiana. Dr. McMullen is also an author of
math and science workbooks. Whether in the classroom or as a writer, Dr. McMullen
loves sharing knowledge and the art of motivating and engaging students.
The author earned his Ph.D. in phenomenological high-energy physics (particle
physics) from Oklahoma State University in 2002. Originally from California, Chris
McMullen earned his Master's degree from California State University, Northridge,
where his thesis was in the field of electron spin resonance.
As a physics teacher, Dr. McMullen observed that many students lack fluency in
fundamental math skills. In an effort to help students of all ages and levels master
basic math skills, he published a series of math workbooks on arithmetic, fractions,
long division, algebra, trigonometry, and calculus entitled Improve Your Math FluencSz
Dr. McMullen has also published a variety of science books, including introductions
to basic astronomy and chemistry concepts in addition to physics workbooks.
Author′ Chris McMullen,Ph.D.

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S⊂ IEN⊂ E
Dr. McMullen has published a variety of science books, including:

o Basic astronomy concepts
o Basic chemistry concepts
o Balancing chemical reactions
o Calculus-basedphysicstextbooks
o Calculus-basedphysicsworkbooks
. Calculus-based physics examples
. Trig-based physics workbooks
o Trig-based physics examples
o Creative physics problems
www. m o nkeyphysi csbl o g.wo rdpre s s. co m
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For students who need to improve their algebra skills:
o Isolating the unknown
o Quadratic equations
o Factoring
o Cross multiplying
o Systems of equations
o Straight line graphs
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This series of math workbooks is geared toward practicing essential math skills:
o Algebra and trigonometry
o Calculus
o Fractions, decimals, and percentages
o Long division
. Multiplication and division
o Addition and subtraction
ⅥДⅣ勁v.ilnproveyourlnathfluency口 conl
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PUZZLES
The author of this book, Chris McMullen, enjoys solving puzzles. His favorite puzzle
is Kakuro (kind of like a cross between crossword puzzles and Sudoku). He once
taught a three-week summer course on puzzles. If you enjoy mathematical pattern
puzzles, yo u might appreciate :
300+ Mathematical Pattern Puzzles

Number Pattern Recognition & Reasoning
o Pattern recognition
o Visualdiscrimination
o Analytical skills
. Logic and reasoning
o Analogies
o Mathematics
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丁HE FOURTH DIMENSION
Are you curious about a possible fourth dimension of space?
. Explore the world of hypercubes and hyperspheres.
o Imagine living in a two-dimensional world.
. Try to understand the fourth dimension by analogy.
o Several illustrations help to try to visualize a fourth dimension of space
o Investigate hypercube patterns.
o What would it be like to be a four-dimensional being living in a four-
dimensional world?
o Learn about the physics of a possible four-dimensional universe.
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Essential Calculus

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Essential Calculus

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Essential

Skills Practice Workbook

'71琢 ￨￨￨￨￨￨￨￨れ ,諄￨

copyright @ 20L8,202L Chris McMullen, Ph.D.

www.monkeyphysicsblog.wordp ress. com

ISBN:978-1‐ 941691… 24… 3

Textbooks ) Math ) Calculus

Chapter 2 - The Chain Rule, Product Rule, and Quotient Rule LI

Chapter 4 - Derivatives of Exponentials 23

Chapter 5 - Derivatives of Logarithms 27

Chapter 6 - Second Derivatives 31

Chapter 7 - Extreme Values 35

Chapter 8 - Limits and l'Hdpital's Rule 39

Chapter 9 - Integrals of Polynomials 43

Chapter 10 - Definite Integrals 49

Chapter 1"1 - Integrals of Trig Functions 53

Chapter L2 - lntegrals of Exponentials and Logarithms 55

Chapter 13 - Integration by Polynomial Substitution 57

Chapter L4 - Integration by Trigonometric Substitution 65

Chapter L5 - Integration by Parts 73

Chapter 16 - Multiple Integrals 79

(ax)* = a*x* , (amxn)o : smPynP , ,lax: (ax)1/2 - a7/2xr/2

Exanaple:Perfornl the fo1lowing derivative with respect to χ

Exanaple:Perfornl the fo1lowing derivative with respect to t.

compare 4 With the general brm b tO See that the COefnCientiS

Example: Perform the following derivative with respect to r

Exan■ ple:Perforlll the following derivative with respect to 2

Note that(-1)(7)=-7,that-1-1=-2,and that u-2=_■ .

Exanlple:Perforrn the fo1lowing derivative with respect to χ .

b=1/2 into the brmula二 (α χb)=bα χb ・ .

Note that rl｀ /2、

3・ /2=v百 ′the anSWer may alternatiVely be eXpreSSed aS:

We multiplied by tt in order to rationalize the denominator.Note that Vχ Vχ =

ExaコnpleI Perfornl the fo1lowing derivative with respect to χ

岳 (y■ +・ y2)=:1::・ +1#;

and the exponentis b=3.Plug α =6 and b=3 into the formula扇 (α χ

● Conlpare-12χ b to see tllat the coefficient is

y2)== 爾 24-(-12)==:18χ 2_12

Chapter 1 Exercises - Part A

*Checkyour answers at the back of the book.

Chapter 1 Exercises - Part B

* Check your answers at the back of the book.

lf f (u) is a function of one variable u, and it u(x) is itself a function of a second

The product rule is useful when taking derivatives like these

Example: Perform the following derivative with respect to x.

Substitute u: Zxz - 5 into the previous expression to complete the solution

Example: Perform the following derivative with respect to t.

f(2)=v2=2■ /2 2(3)=ι 3_8′ 三 =?

Exalmple:Perforin the following derivative with respect to χ .

Apply the product rule:

=(2χ 3_6)(12χ 3)+(3χ 4_7)(6χ

Exannple:Perfornl the folloⅥ ′

Apply the quotient rule:

Chapter 2 Exercises - Part A

Directions: Perform each derivative with respect to the indicated variable.

0万 万(χ 3_3χ 2+4χ -5)8=

* Check your answers at the back of the book.

Chapter 2 Exercises - Part B

i.Check your answers at the back ofthe book.

Chapter 2 Exercises - Part C

Directions: Perform each derivative with respect to the indicated variable.

.1. Check your answers at the back of the book.

The derivatives of the basic trig functions are:

ExanQlple:Perforlll the following derivative Ⅵrith respect to θ .

'71琢￨￨￨￨￨￨￨￨れ ,諄￨

(ax)* = ax , (amxn)o : smPynP , ,lax: (ax)1/2 - a7/2xr/2

0万万(χ 3_3χ 2+4χ -5)8=

$rra = s#* rH= tan ,(,u.e) sec e($*"e)

0-手イ｀sin― ■χ+cos-lχ ´

ln(xy):lnxlny , ,"(;) =lnx-lny , ,"() =ln(r-1):-tnx