Anindhita Az-zahra Abdi ( E1D021004 )

4A – MID-TERM TEST
“PHONOLOGY”

1. Phonetics is defined as a branch of linguistics that studies the production and

classification of human sounds. Phonetics pays particular attention to the influence of the
vocal organs (such as the lips and tongue) in the formation and recognition of sounds.
 Based on Roach (2000:44), the expert explains that Phonetics is about how the
sounds function of a language and having relationship to other sounds.
 The study of how sounds are produced and how the position of the mouth can be
changed to produce different sounds (AVERY; EHRLICH, 1992)
 The comparatively straightforward business of describing the sounds that we use
in speaking (ROACH, 2000)

Phonology is the study of sound structure in language, which is different from the study
of sentence structure (syntax) or word structure (morphology), or how languages change
over time (historical linguistics). The system of contrastive relationships among the
speech sounds that constitute the fundamental components of a language.
 Phonology is often said to be concerned with the organization of speech within
specific languages, or with the systems and patterns of sounds that occur in
particular languages (CLARK; YALLOP; FLETCHER, 2007)
 How sounds pattern and function in a given language. The study of selection and
patterns of sounds in a single language (COLLINS; MEES, 2008)
 The study of how sounds pattern in languages (AVERY; EHRLICH, 1992)
2. Describe the features of the sound
 [w] vs [h]
The [w] sound is called the “labio-velar approximant,” which means that you
round your lips and form a narrow space at the back of your mouth with your
tongue.
- what /wɒt/
- work /wɜːk/
- and quick /ˈkwɪk/
The [h] sound is called the “voiceless glottal fricative,” which means that the
sound is made with the motion of your vocal chords but is not voiced.
- Have /hæv/
- He /hiː/
- Home. /həʊm/

 [b] vs [p]
The [b] sound, it is a sound from the ‘Consonants Pairs’ group and it is called the
‘Voiced bilabial stop’. This means that you use both of your lips to block your
mouth. The b sound is made through the mouth and it is Voiced which means that
you vibrate your vocal chords to make the sound.
- Begin /bɪ’gɪn/
- Bring /brɪŋ/
- Believe /bə’liːv/
The [p] sound, it is a sound from the ‘Consonants Pairs’ group and it is called the
‘Voiceless bilabial stop’. This means that you use both of your lips to block your
mouth. The /p/ phoneme is made through the mouth and it is Unvoiced which
means that you don’t use your vocal chords to make the sound.
- Place /pleIs/
- Play /pleɪ/
- Pay /peɪ/

 [g] vs [k]
The [g] sound is from the ‘Consonants Pairs’ group and it is called the ‘Voiced
velar stop’. This means that you use the back of the tongue to block airflow from
the throat.
- Go /gəʊ/
- Get /get/
- Give /gIv/
The [k] is a sound from the ‘Consonants Pairs’ group and it is called the
‘Voiceless velar stop’. This means that you use the back of the tongue to block
airflow from the throat.
- Can /kæn/
- Come /kʌm/
- Kid /kɪd/
  [n] vs [l]
The [n] sound is called the “alveolar nasal,” which means that you put your
tongue against the ridge just behind your top teeth and the air comes out your
nose. It is made through the nose rather than the mouth and it is Voiced, which
means you use your vocal chords.
- And
- In
- Not
The [l] sound (/l/ Phoneme) is called the “alveolar lateral approximant,” which
means that you put your tongue against your upper teeth and push the air around
the sides of your mouth.
- All /ɔːl/
- Like /laɪk/
- And look. /lʊk/

 [m] vs [N]
The [m] sound is called the “bilabial nasal,” which means that you use both of
your lips and the air comes out your nose.
- Make
- Man
- Must
The [n] sound is called the “alveolar nasal,” which means that you put your
tongue against the ridge just behind your top teeth and the air comes out your
nose. It is made through the nose rather than the mouth and it is Voiced, which
means you use your vocal chords.
- And
- In
- Not

3. Transcription for the following pairs

 raise vs rise
raise : [ˈɹeɪz]
rise : [ˈɹaɪz]
 soldier vs shoulder
soldier : [ˈsəʊldʒə(r)]
shoulder : [ˈʃoʊldər]
 right vs write
right : [raɪt]
write : [raɪt]
 comment vs command
comment : /ˈkɒment/
command : /kəˈmɑːnd/