REFRESHER PHASE

HANDOUTS
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING
Prepared By: PROF. JANE FUENTES
NOV 2023 Philippine Nurse Licensure Examination Review
C. Dark Period of Nursing
Fundamentals of Nursing 17th 19th Century
Nurses were women of less desirable members of the society
Nursing
Nutrix (Latin word w/c means to nourish) D. Period of Educated Nursing
☻ An art & Science Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas
☻ is CARING Hospital in London
☻ Holistic Care
☻ Committed to personalized services for all persons without Florence Nightingale
regard to color, creed or social or economic status. Mother of Modern Nursing
☻Committed to promoting individual, family, community & Also known as The Lady with the Lamp
rational health goals in the manner. Born on: ________in Florence, Italy.
Entered the Deaconess School at Kaiserswerth
History of Nursing in the Philippines Crimean War
a. Mrs. Rosa Sevilla de Alvero Two published books:
b. Doňa Hilaria de Aguinaldo Notes in Nursing
c. Doňa Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo Notes on Hospitals
d. Trinidad Tecson
E. Period of Contemporary Nursing
Hospitals and Schools of Nursing Period of WWII to the present
1. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City, 1906) Establishment of WHO
2. Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907) Use of Atomic energy for medical diagnosis & treatment
3. St. Pauls School of Nursing (Manila, 1907) Use of sophisticated equipment; computers
4. Mary Johnston Hospital (Tondo, 1906) Health is perceived as a fundamental human right
The development of the expanded role of the nurse. The nurse
Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines is constantly assuming responsibilities in patient care which
1. University of Sto. Tomas College of Nursing (1946) were formerly the sole prerogative of the physician.
2. Manila Central University College of Nursing (1947)

Nursing Leaders in the Philippines Roles of the Professional Nurse

1. Anastacia Giron Tupas 1. Caregiver / Care provider.
2. Cesaria Tan 2. Communicator / Helper.
3. Rosa Militar 3. Teacher
4. Socorro Diaz 4. Counselor
5. Conchita Ruiz 5. Client advocate
6. Loreto Tupaz 6. Change Agent
7. Leader
History of Nursing Abroad 8. Manager
9. Researcher
A. Period of Intuitive Nursing
• Prehistoric times among primitive tribes Nursing Theories
• Out of compassion for others 1.Florence Nightingale
• A function that belong to women 2.Glenn Faye Abdellah
• Illness caused by evil spirits through the use of magic or 3.Virginia Henderson
voodoo ● Breathe
• Medicine man or Shaman ● Eat and drink
• Trephining ● Eliminate
● Move and Maintain Posture
Philippines: ● Sleep and rest
Herbman (Herbicheros) ● Dress and undress
Mabuting hilot (Good midwives) ● Maintain body temperature
● Keep clean
B. Period of Apprentice Nursing ● Avoid danger
Crusades Holy wars waged in an attempt to recapture the ● Communicate
Holy Land from the Turks who denied Christs pilgrims ● Worship
permission to visit the Holy Sepulcher ● Work
Most care delivered by members of religious orders. ● Play
Pastor Theodor Fliedner & Frederika Munster Fliedner ● Learn

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4. Dorothy Johnson Remove extra blanket when warm, provide when client have
chills.
7 Subsystems: Provide well balanced diet, increase fluid.
1. Ingestive MIO
2. Eliminative IVF
3. Affiliative Rest
4. Aggressive Oral Hygiene
5. Dependence Cool circulating air with the use of a fan
6. Achievement TSB
7. Sexual and role identity behavior. Antipyretics as ordered.

5.Madeleine Leininger A. Methods of Temperature-Taking

7. Imogene King Oral
8. Myra Levine a.Contraindications for Oral Temperature Taking:
9. Betty Neuman b.Rectal Contraindications for Rectal Temperature Taking:
9.Dorothea Orem c. Axilliary
10. Hildegard Peplau
11. Martha Rogers Contraindications for Rectal Temperature Taking:
12.Sister Callista Roy
Lydia Hall B. Pulse
Factors Affecting Pulse Rate
HEALTH PROMOTION ● Age
● Sex/Gender
3 Levels ● Fever
Primary Prevention ● Exercise
Secondary Prevention ● Medications
Tertiary Prevention ● Hemorrhage
● Stress
● Pulse sites
ASSESSING VITAL SIGNS ● Temporal
● Carotid
I. Body Temperature ● Apical
● Brachial
2 Types: ● Radial
1. Core Temperature ● Femoral
● Popliteal
2. Surface Temperature ● Pedal
C. Blood Pressure
Factors that affect the bodys heat production: ● Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
● Age
● Basal metabolic Rate (BMR) ● Sex/Gender
● Muscle activity ● Hormones
● Thyroxine Output ● Exercise
● Epinephrine, Norepinephrine Assessing Blood Pressure
● Increase Temperature ☻Ensure that client is rested.
● Process Involved in Heat Loss ☻Allow 30 min. To pass if the client have smoked or ingested
● Radiation caffeine before taking BP.
● Conduction ☻ Use appropriate size of BP cuff.
● Convention ☻ Position the pt in supine or sitting position.
● Evaporation ☻ Position the arm a6t the level of the heart, with the palm of
the hand facing up.
Factors affecting temperature: ☻ Apply BP cuff snugly, 1 inch above the antecubital space.
☻ Inflate and deflate BP cuff slowly, 2-3 mmHg at a time.
● Age ☻ Wait ____before making further determinations.
● Diurnal Variations
● Exercise
● Hormones
● Stress

II. Alterations in Body Temperature:

1.Hyperthermia
2. Hypothermia

III. Types of Fever

1.Intermittent
2. Remittent
3. Relapsing
4. Constant
IV. Decline of Fever
a. Crisis
b. Lysis

Nursing Intervention for Clients with Fever:

Monitor vital signs.

Assess skin color and temperature.
Monitor WBC, Hct and other pertinent laboratory records.

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