PDF 12 Respuestas Quizzes PDF Compress

]`mteof ;4 [uez
@c vkcor por l`g`mto l`d` moefmeler mof (`c/ck) __________ l` ck mocuhfk.

\epo l` lkto (*)
Ck s`ft`fmek H@TJ@ preh`ro eft`ftk kmtukcezkr ufk o hës gecks l` ufk tkdck qu` moefmelkf mof cos mret`reos1 se
fo bky fefjufk geck qu` moefmelk mof cos mret`reos pkrk ck kmtukcezkmeýf, s` efs`rtkrë kutohëtemkh`ft` ufk
fu`vk geck. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
W@TLKL@TO
W@TLKL@TO (*)
Cks efs`rmeof`s `f vkreks pu`l`f s`r moflemeofkc`s o efmoflemeofkc`s. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?

W@TLKL@TO (*)
W@TLKL@TO
Kc l`skrrocck
l`skrrocckrr ck tkdck @hpcoy``s
@hpcoy``s,, s` mr`k ufk
ufk mocuhfk
mocuhfk l`fohefklk
l`fohefklk ber`_lkt`.
ber`_lkt`. Ksejfk k ck mocuhfk ber`_lk
ber`_lkt`
t`
uf tepo l` lkto LK\@ mof uf vkcor L@GKPC\ > (m`ro). Pf usukreo polrë vocv`r hës tkrl` ` eftrolumer `c vkcor
morr`mto pkrk ber`_lkt`. @sto `s __________.
Pfk hkck el`k. @c vkcor por l`g`mto l`d` moefmeler mof `c tepo l` lkto LK\@ l` ck mocuhfk. (*)
Ck s`ft`fmek l` efs`rmeýf `f vkreks tkdcks l`d`f t`f`r ufk sudmofsuctk kc gefkc l` ck s`ft`fmek. (¿W`rlkl`ro o
gkcso?)
W@TLKL@
W@TLKL@TOTO (*)
]` c` bk p`lelo qu` kjr`ju` uf fu`vo mce`ft` k ck tkdck MP]\OH@T]. L`delo k qu` fo s` bk

mohprodklo `c mråleto l`c fu`vo mce`ft`, fo l`d`rèk kjr`jkr uf ehport` `f ck mocuhfk MT@LE\.
Ck tkdck MP]\OH@T] mofte`f` `stks mocuhfks9
MP]\_EL FPHD@T(;>)
MOH^KFU WKTMBKT4(=>)
MT@LE\ FPHD@T(;>)
ÔM WKTMBKT4(=>)
COMK\EOF WKTMBKT4(=>)
¿Mof quå los s`ft`fmeks EF]@T\ s` muhpcerë su odi`tevo?

EF]@T\ EF\O mustoh`rs (must_el, mohpkfy, pom, comkteof)
WKCP@] (4>>, 'Eft`rMkrjo',
'Eft`rMkrjo', 'tgckfl`rs' )1
'tgckfl`rs', 'skh`remk')1
(*)
EF]@T\ EF\O mustoh`rs

WKCP@] (4>>, 'Eft`rMkrjo',
'Eft`rMkrjo', fucc,
fucc, 'tgckfl`rs', 'skh`remk')1
'tgckfl`rs', 'skh`remk')1
(*)
Ksuhk qu`
qu` tolos cos
cos fohdr`s l` mocuhf
mocuhfks
ks sof morr`mtos.
morr`mtos. ¿Muëc
¿Muëc l` cos
cos sejue`ft`s
sejue`ft`s `c`h`ftos
`c`h`ftos ì`mutkrë
ì`mutkrë ck
sejue`ft` s`ft`fmek ][C?
EF]@T\ EF\O l`pkrth`fts

(l`pkrth`ft_el, l`pkrth`ft_fkh`, hkfkj`r_el, comkteof_el)
WKCP@] (:>, 'ûdcem
'ûdcem T`ckteofs', ;>>, ;:>>)1
;:>>)1
]` efs`rtkrë :> `f ck mocuhfk l`pkrth`ft_el. (*)

gecks `f ufk tkdck, k tolks

Kc efs`rtkr gecks tolks cks mocuhfks
mocuhfks s` c`s l`d`f
l`d`f ksejfkr vkcor`s. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
vkcor`s. ¿W`rlkl`ro
GKC]O (*)
¿Mof muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s s`ft`fmeks s` kjr`jkrë uf fu`vo mce`ft` k ck tkdck mustoh`rs l` ck dks` l` lktos
Jcodkc Gkst Gools?
EF]@T\ EF\O mustoh`rs (el, gerst_fkh`, ckst_fkh`, kllr`ss, mety, stkt`, zep, pbof`_fuhd`r)
WKCP@] (;<0, 'Akte`',
'Akte`', 'B`rfkfl`z',
'B`rfkfl`z', '54
54 Mbemo Zky',
Zky', 'Cos Kfj`c`s',
Kfj`c`s', 'MK',
'MK', 52>>2, 202777:7<;)1
52>>2, 202777:7<;)1
(*)
]e ck tkdck `hpcoy``s te`f` : gecks, muëftks gecks s` efs`rtkf `f ck tkdck mopy_`hps mof ck sejue`ft`
s`ft`fmek9
EF]@T\ EF\O mopy_`hps (`hpcoy``_el, gerst_fkh`, ckst_fkh`, skckry, l`pkrth`ft_el)

]@C@M\ `hpcoy``_el, gerst_fkh`, ckst_fkh`, skckry, l`pkrth`ft_el
GTOH `hpcoy``s
: gecks, yk qu` fefjufk mcëusuck ZB@T@ r`strefj` cks
gecks l`vu`ctks `f ck sudmofsuctk. (*)
¿[uå sum`l`rèk se bude`rk `hetelo ufk s`ft`fmek L@C@\@ sef ufk mcëusuck ZB@T@?
]` supreherèkf tolks cks gecks l` ck tkdck. (*)
Mukflo gkctk ck mcëusuck ZB@T@ `f ufk s`ft`fmek L@C@\@, ¿muëc `s `c r`suctklo?

]` supreh`f tolks cks gecks l` ck tkdck. (*)
L`s`k eftrolumer uf fu`vo r`jestro `f ck tkdck MP]\OH@T]. ¿[uå los mohkflos s` pu`l`f utecezkr pkrk
mr`kr fu`vks gecks?
EF]@T\, H@TJ@ (*)
Ck tkdck @H^COU@@] mofte`f` cks sejue`ft`s mocuhfks9
@H^COU@@_EL FPHD@T(;>) ^TEHKTU A@U

CK]\_FKH@ WKTMBKT4(4>)
GET]\_FKH@ WKTMBKT4(4>)
L@^\KT\H@F\_EL WKTMBKT4(4>)
BET@_LK\@ LK\@
]KCKTU FPHD@T(5,4)
DOFP] FPHD@T(5,4)
@s f`m`skreo kuh`ftkr `c skckreo l` tolos cos `hpc`klos l`c l`pkrtkh`fto ;> uf ;> por me`fto. \khdeåf
l`d` kuh`ftkr ck dofegemkmeýf l` tolos cos `hpc`klos l`c l`pkrtkh`fto ;> uf ;0 por me`fto. ¿[uå
s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk utecezkr?
P^LK\@ `hpcoy``s
]@\ skckry 8 skckry * ;.;>, dofus 8 dofus * ;.;0
ZB@T@ l`pkrth`ft_el 8 ;>1
(*)
^krk mkhdekr ufk geck `xest`ft` `f ufk tkdck, pu`l` utecezkr cks s`ft`fmeks P^LK\@ o EF]@T\. ¿W`rlkl`ro o
gkcso?
GKC]O (*)

Pfk l` sus `hpc`klks s` bk mksklo r`me`ft`h`ft`. ]u EL l` `hpc`klk seju` se`flo ;25, p`ro su kp`ccelo
kbork `s Toma`g`cc`r. ¿[uå s`ft`fmek ][C p`rheterë r`gcìkr `st` mkhdeo?
P^LK\@ hy_`hpcoy``s ]@\ ckst_fkh` 8 'Toma`g`cc`r' ZB@T@ `hpcoy``_EL 8 ;251 (*)
¿@s vëcelk ck sejue`ft` s`ft`fmek, `s l`mer, s` pu`l`f kmtukcezkr cks gecks `f ufk tkdck, dksëflos` `f ufk
sudmofsuctk l` otrk tkdck?
P^LK\@ mopy_`hp
]@\ l`pkrth`ft_el 8 (]@C@M\ l`pkrth`ft_el
GTOH `hpcoy``s
ZB@T@ `hpcoy``_el 8 ;>>)
ZB@T@ iod_el 8 (]@C@M\ iod_el
GTOH `hpcoy``s
ZB@T@ `hpcoy``_el 8 4>>)1
]è, s` trktk l` ufk s`ft`fmek p`rg`mtkh`ft` vëcelk. (*)
Pfk l` cks v`fl`lorks, Ikf`t Top`r, c` bk efgorhklo l` qu` s` bk mksklo r`me`ft`h`ft` y c` bk socemetklo
qu` kmtukcem` su fohdr` `f ck dks` l` lktos l` `hpc`klos. ]u fu`vo kp`ccelo `s Moop`r. Ikf`t `s ck ùfemk
p`rsofk mof `c kp`ccelo Top`r moftrktklk por ck mohpkûèk. Ck tkdck @H^COU@@] mofte`f` `stks mocuhfks y
tolos cos lktos s` kchkm`fkf `f hefùsmucks9
@H^COU@@_EL FPHD@T(;>) ^TEHKTU A@U

L@^KT\H@F\_EL WKTMBKT4 (4>)
BET@_LK\@ LK\@
]KCKTU FPHD@T(;>)
¿[uå s`ft`fmek P^LK\@ c` p`rheterë muhpcer su odi`tevo?

P^LK\@ `hpcoy``s
]@\ ckst_fkh` 8 'moop`r'
ZB@T@ ckst_fkh` 8 'rop`r'1 (*)
¿û`l`f utecezkr cks s`ft`fmeks L@C@\@ sudmofsuctks morr`ckmeofklks? (W`rlkl`ro o gkcso)
W@TLKL@
W@TLKL@TO TO (*)
Cos kceks s` pu`l`f utecezkr mof s`ft`fmeks H@TJ@. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
W@TLKL@TO
W@TLKL@TO (*)
]e s` bk l`gefelo uf vkcor pr`l`t`rhefklo pkrk ufk mocuhfk fuck, Orkmc` l`gef` ck mocuhfk `f `c vkcor
pr`l`t`rhefklo. ]ef `hdkrjo, se fo s` l`gefeý fefjùf vkcor pr`l`t`rhefklo kc mr`kr ck mocuhfk, Orkmc` efs`rtk
uf `spkmeo. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
Ck s`ft`fmek l` efs`rmeýf `f vkreks tkdcks l`d`f t`f`r ufk sudmofsuctk kc gefkc l` ck s`ft`fmek. (¿W`rlkl`ro o
gkcso?)
W@TLKL@TO
W@TLKL@ TO (*)
Pfk s`ft`fmek l` efs`rmeýf `f vkreks tkdcks s` pu`l` efs`rtkr `f hës l` ufk tkdck. (¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?)
W@TLKL@TO (*)
W@TLKL@TO

Ck pkckdrk mckv` L@GKPC\ s` pu`l` utecezkr `f cks sejue`ft`s s`ft`fmeks9

EF]@T\ y P^LK\@ (*)
Kc efs`rtkr gecks

gecks `f ufk tkdck, k tolks
tolks cks mocuhfks
mocuhfks s` c`s
c`s l`d`f ksejfkr
ksejfkr vkcor`s.
vkcor`s. ¿W`rlkl`ro gkcso?
¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
Ck tkdck ]\PL@F\] mofte`f` `stks mocuhfks9
]\P_EL FPHD@T(5) FO\ FPCC

CK]\_FKH@ WKTMBKT4 (=>) FO\ FPCC
GET]\_FKH@ WKTMBKT4 (40) FO\ FPCC
LOD LK\@
]\P_\U^@_EL WKTMBKT4(;) FO\ FPCC
@FTOCC_LK\@ LK\@
Mr`k otrk tkdck, l`fohefklk G\_]\PL@F\], mof ufk `strumturk elåftemk. L`s`k efs`rtkr tolos cos
kcuhfos k te`hpo mohpc`to qu` t`fjkf uf vkcor ]\P_\U^@_EL "G" `f ck fu`vk tkdck. @i`mutk `stk
s`ft`fmek EF]@T\9
EF]@T\ EF\O gt_stul`fts

(]@C@M\ stu_el, ckst_fkh`, gerst_fkh`, lod, stu_typ`_el, `frocc_lkt`
GTOH stul`fts
ZB@T@ P^^@T(stu_typ`_el) 8 'G')1
¿Muëc `s `c r`suctklo l` ì`mutkr `stk s`ft`fmek EF]@T\?
\olos cos kcuhfos k te`hpo
mohpc`to s` efs`rtkf `f ck tkdck
G\_]\PL@F\]. (*)
Ck tkdck ^TOLPM\] mofte`f` `stks mocuhfks9
^TOLPM\_EL FPHD@T FO\ FPCC

^TOLPM\_FKH@ WKTMBKT4 (40)
]P^^CE@T_EL FPHD@T FO\ FPCC
CE]\_^TEM@ FPHD@T (:,4)
MO]\ FPHD@T (0,4)
[\U_EF_]\OMA FPHD@T(<)
CK]\_OTL@T_L\ LK\@ L@GKPC\ ]U]LK\@ FO\ FPC
¿[uå s`ft`fmek EF]@T\ s` ì`mutkrë morr`mtkh`ft`?
EF]@T\ EF\O prolumts (prolumt_el, prolumt_fkh`, suppce`r_el, cest_prem`, most, qty_ef_stoma)

WKCP@](4502, 'Mkdc`',
WKCP@](4502, 'Mkdc`', 275>,
275>, :.>5,
:.>5, <.><, :>>) (*)
]e ck tkdck `hpcoy``s te`f` : gecks, muëftks gecks s` efs`rtkf `f ck tkdck mopy_`hps mof ck sejue`ft`
s`ft`fmek9
EF]@T\ EF\O mopy_`hps (`hpcoy``_el, gerst_fkh`, ckst_fkh`, skckry, l`pkrth`ft_el)

]@C@M\ `hpcoy``_el, gerst_fkh`, ckst_fkh`, skckry, l`pkrth`ft_el
GTOH `hpcoy``s
: gecks, yk qu` fefjufk mcëusuck ZB@T@ r`strefj` cks gecks
l`vu`ctks `f ck sudmofsuctk. (*)

Ptecezkflo ck s`ft`fmek EF]@T\ y supofe`flo qu` ufk mocuhfk

pu`l` km`ptkr cos vkcor`s fucos, ¿mýho pu`l` efs`rtkr
ehpcèmetkh`ft` uf vkcor fuco `f ufk mocuhfk?
Ohete`flo ck mocuhfk `f ck cestk l` mocuhfks. (*)
L`s`k eftrolumer uf fu`vo r`jestro `f ck tkdck MP]\OH@T].
¿[uå los mohkflos s` pu`l`f utecezkr pkrk mr`kr fu`vks gecks?
EF]@T\, H@TJ@ (*)
@xkhef` cks `strumturks l` cks tkdcks ^CKU@T], HKFKJ@T] y \@KH]9
^CKU@T]9
^CKU@T_EL FPHD@T ^rehkry A`y
CK]\_FKH@ WKTMBKT4 (=>)
GET]\_FKH@ WKTMBKT4 (40)
\@KH_EL FPHD@T
HJT_EL FPHD@T
]EJFEFJ_DOFP] FPHD@T(5,4)
]KCKTU FPHD@T(5,4)
HKFKJ@T]9
HKFKJ@T_EL FPHD@T ^rehkry A`y
CK]\_FKH@ WKTMBKT4 (4>)
GET]\_FKH@ WKTMBKT4 (4>)
\@KH_EL FPHD@T
\@KH]9 FPHD@T ^rehkry A`y

\@KH_EL
\@KH_FKH@ WKTMBKT4 (4>)
OZF@T_CK]\_FKH@ WKTMBKT4 (4>)
OZF@T_GET]\_FKH@ WKTMBKT4 (4>)
¿@f muëc l` cks setukmeof`s s` f`m`setkrèk ufk sudmofsuctk pkrk l`vocv`r `c r`suctklo l`s`klo?
^krk hostrkr cos fohdr`s l` cos hkfkj`rs l` tolos cos `quepos l` uf l`t`rhefklo prope`tkreo (*)
L`d` kmtukcezkr ck g`mbk l` v`fmehe`fto p`ro soco pkrk cos prolumtos gkdremklos kft`s l`c => l` iufeo. ¿@f quå
mcëusuck l` ck s`ft`fmek P^LK\@ `sp`megemkrë `stk moflemeýf?
Ck mcëusuck ZB@T@ (*)
L`d` supreher uf r`jestro `f ck tkdck @H^COU@@] pkrk \eh Iof`s, muyo fùh`ro l` el`ftegemkmeýf l` `hpc`klo
ùfemo `s =<2. Ck tkdck @H^COU@@] mofte`f` `stks mocuhfks9
@H^COU@@_EL FPHD@T(0) ^TEHKTU A@U

KLLT@]]] WKTMBKT4(=>)
KLLT@] WKTMBKT4(=>)
^BOF@ FPHD@T(;>)
¿[uå s`ft`fmek L@C@\@ supreherë `c r`jestro kl`muklo sef supreher fefjùf r`jestro klemeofkc?
L@C@\@ GTOH `hpcoy``s

ZB@T@ `hpcoy``_el 8 =<21
(*)

Pf `hpc`klo te`f` `c kp`ccelo 'Aefj' `f ck tkdck `hpcoy``s. ¿Muëftks gecks s` supreherëf l` ck tkdck `hpcoy``s
mof ck sejue`ft` s`ft`fmek?
L@C@\@ GTOH `hpcoy``s

ZB@T@ ckst_fkh` 8 'aefj'1
Fo s` supreherë fefjufk geck, yk qu` fo bky fefjùf `hpc`klo qu` moefmelk mof ck mcëusuck ZB@T@. (*)
]e s` bk l`gefelo uf vkcor pr`l`t`rhefklo pkrk ufk mocuhfk fuck, Orkmc` l`gef` ck mocuhfk `f `c vkcor
pr`l`t`rhefklo. ]ef `hdkrjo, se fo s` l`gefeý fefjùf vkcor pr`l`t`rhefklo kc mr`kr ck mocuhfk, Orkmc` efs`rtk
uf `spkmeo. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
Cks efs`rmeof`s `f vkreks pu`l`f s`r moflemeofkc`s o efmoflemeofkc`s. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?

W@TLKL@TO (*)
W@TLKL@TO
Cos kceks s` pu`l`f utecezkr mof s`ft`fmeks H@TJ@. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?

W@TLKL@
W@TLKL@TO TO (*)
Ck pkckdrk mckv` L@GKPC\ s` pu`l` utecezkr `f cks sejue`ft`s s`ft`fmeks9

EF]@T\ y P^LK\@ (*)
K ufk mocuhfk
mocuhfk l` ufk
ufk tkdck
tkdck s` c` pu`l`
pu`l` ksejfkr
ksejfkr uf vkcor
vkcor por l`g`mto.
l`g`mto. @stk opmeýf
opmeýf `vetk qu`
qu` s` ksejf`f
ksejf`f
kutohëtemkh`ft` vkcor`s FPCO] k ck mocuhfk se s` efs`rtk ufk geck sef uf vkcor `sp`megemklo pkrk ck mocuhfk.
W@TLKL@
W@TLKL@TOTO (*)
¿]` pu`l` efs`rtkr hës l` ufk geck k ck v`z utecezkflo ufk s`ft`fmek EF]@T\ mof ufk mcëusuck WKCP@]?
Fo, soco pu`l` mr`kr ufk geck k ck v`z mukflo s` utecezk ck mcëusuck WKCP@]. (*)
Ck tkdck ^TOLPM\] mofte`f` `stks mocuhfks9
^TOLPM\_EL FPHD@T FO\ FPCC

^TOLPM\_FKH@ WKTMBKT4 (40)
]P^^CE@T_EL FPHD@T(:,4)
CE]\_^TEM@ FPHD@T FO\ FPCC
MO]\ FPHD@T (0,4)
[\U_EF_]\OMA FPHD@T(<)
CK]\_OTL@T_L\ LK\@ L@GKPC\ ]U]LK\@ FO\ FPC
¿[uå s`ft`fmek EF]@T\ s` ì`mutkrë morr`mtkh`ft`?

EF]@T\ EF\O prolumts (prolumt_el, prolumt_fkh`, suppce`r_el, cest_prem`, most, qty_ef_stoma)
WKCP@](4502,
WKCP@](4502, 'Mkdc`',
'Mkdc`', 275>,
275>, :.>5,
:.>5, <.><, :>>)
:>>) (*)
LHC `s uf kmrýfeho qu` sejfegemk9

Lktk Hkfepuckteof Ckfjukj` (*)
L`d` kjr`jkr
EF]@T\ (*) ufk geck k ufk tkdck `xest`ft`. ¿[uå s`ft`fmek LHC l`d`rèk utecezkr?

¿Muëc `s ck gorhk hës rëpelk l` utecezkr ck g`mbk l` boy mukflo `stë mr`kflo ufk fu`vk geck?
Ptecezkr ck gufmeýf ]U]LK\@. (*)
@f ufk efs`rmeýf moflemeofkc `f vkreks tkdcks, pu`l` `sp`megemkr __________ o __________.
(*))
Kcc1 Gerst (*
L`d` mopekr cks gecks l` ck tkdck @H^COU@@ k ck tkdck @H^COU@@_BE]\. ¿[uå polrèk utecezkr `f ck s`ft`fmek
EF]@T\ pkrk r`kcezkr `stk tkr`k?
Pfk sudmofsuctk (*)
L`d` kmtukcezkr ck g`mbk l` v`fmehe`fto p`ro soco pkrk cos prolumtos gkdremklos kft`s l`c => l` iufeo. ¿@f quå
mcëusuck l` ck s`ft`fmek P^LK\@ `sp`megemkrë `stk moflemeýf?
Ck mcëusuck ZB@T@ (*)

]`mteof ;= [uez
L`d` `cehefkr tolks cks gecks l` ck tkdck ]KC@]_BE]\. L`s`k ced`rkr `spkmeo l` kchkm`fkhe`fto, p`ro fo l`s`k
`cehefkr ck `strumturk l` ck tkdck. ¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk utecezkr?
Ck s`ft`fmek \TPFMK\@ \KDC@ (*)
¿Mof muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s s`ft`fmeks s` mkhdekrë morr`mtkh`ft` `c fohdr` l` ck tkdck COMK\EOF] por
F@Z_COMK\EOF]?
T@FKH@ COMK\EOF] \O F@Z_COMK\EOF] (*)
T@FKH@ ocl_fkh` to f`w_fkh` s` pu`l` utecezkr pkrk9

Mkhdekr `c fohdr` l` ufk tkdck. (*)
Ck tkdck \@KH] mofte`f` `stks mocuhfks9
\@KH_EL FPHD@T(<) ^rehkry A`y

\@KH_FKH@ WKTMBKT4(4>)
HJT_EL FPHD@T(5)
Ck tkdck \@KH] `stë vkmèk kmtukch`ft`. @s f`m`skreo p`rheter qu` cos usukreos efmcuykf mkrkmt`r`s l` t`xto `f
cos vkcor`s l` el`ftegemkmeýf l`c hkfkj`r. ¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk utecezkr pkrk ehpckftkr `sto?
KC\@T \KDC@
\KDC@ t`khs
t`khs
HOLEGU (hjr_el WKTMBKT4(;0))1
(*)
@c klhefestrklor kft`reor mr`ý ufk tkdck l`fohefklk MOF\KM\], qu` mofte`f` lktos odsoc`tos. L`s`k `cehefkr
ck tkdck y sus lktos l` ck dks` l` lktos. ¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk `heter?
LTO^ \KDC@ (*)
¿Muëc`s l` cos sejue`ft`s sof tepos l` lkto l` Orkmc` vëcelos?

LK\@, \EH@]\KH^ ZE\B COMKC \EH@ YOF@, DCOD (*)
L`d` kchkm`fkr `c vkcor BET@_LK\@ mof uf vkcor l` l`spckzkhe`fto l` zofk borkrek y p`rheter qu` cos lktos
s` l`vu`cvkf `f ck zofk borkrek l` ck s`seýf comkc l`c usukreo. ¿[uå tepo l` lkto l`do utecezkr?
\EH@]\KH^ ZE\B COMKC \EH@ YOF@ (*)
@vkcù` `stk s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ \KDC@9
MT@K\@ \KDC@ skc`s

( skc`s_el FPHD@T(5),
mustoh`r_el FPHD@T(5),
`hpcoy``_el FPHD@T(5),
l`smrepteof WKTMBKT4(=>),
skc`_lkt` \EH@]\KH^ ZE\B COMKC \EH@ YOF@ L@GKPC\ ]U]LK\@,
skc`_khouft FPHD@T(:,4))1
¿[uå r`queseto l` f`jomeo muhpcerë `stk s`ft`fmek?
Ck g`mbk l` boy s` l`d`rèk utecezkr se fo s` propormeofk fefjùf vkcor pkrk ck g`mbk l` v`ftk. (*)

EF\@TWKC LKU \O ]@MOFL kchkm`fk uf p`rèolo l` te`hpo `f tårhefos l` lèks, borks, hefutos y s`juflos.
TO (*)
W@TLKL@TO
W@TLKL@
MT@K\@ \KDC@ skc`s

(skc`s_el FPHD@T,
mustoh`r_el FPHD@T,
`hpcoy``_el FPHD@T,
skc`_lkt` \EH@]\KH^ ZE\B \EH@ YOF@,
skc`_khouft FPHD@T(:,4))1
¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` ck mocuhfk ]KC@_LK\@?
Cos lktos kchkm`fklos `f ck mocuhfk s` l`vocv`rëf `f ck zofk borkrek comkc l` ck dks` l` lktos. (*)
Lklk `stk tkdck `hpcoy``9
(`hpcoy``_el FPHD@T(;>) FO\ FPCC,

gerst_fkh` WKTMBKT4(40) FO\ FPCC,
ckst_fkh` WKTMBKT4(=>) FO\ FPCC,
ber`_lkt` LK\@ L@GKPC\ syslkt`)
¿Muëc s`rë `c r`suctklo l` ck mocuhfk ber`_lkt` qu` kpkr`m` trks `stk s`ft`fmek efs`rt9
EF]@T\ EF\O `hpcoy``s WKCP@] (;>, 'Fktkmbk', 'Bkfs`f', L@GKPC\)1
Ck s`ft`fmek gufmeofkrë y ck mocuhfk ber`_lkt` t`flrë `c vkcor l` ck g`mbk `f ck qu` s` bk ì`mutklo ck

s`ft`fmek. (*)
@xkhef` `stk s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ \KDC@9
MT@K\@ \KDC@ `hp_cokl

(`hpcoy``_fuhd`r MBKT(0),
`hpcoy``_lod MBKT(4>),
`hpcoy``_ckst_fkh` MBKT(4>),
`hpcoy``_gerst_fkh` MBKT(;0),
`hpcoy``_hellc`_fkh` MBKT(;0),
`hpcoy``_ber`_lkt` LK\@)
OTJKFEYK\EOF @R\@TFKC
(\U^@ OTKMC@_COKL@T
L@GKPC\ LET@M\OTU l`g_ler;
KMM@]] ^KTKH@\
^KTKH@\@T]
@T]
(T@MOTL] L@CEHE\@L DU F@ZCEF@
GE@CL] (`hpcoy``_fuhd`r MBKT(4),
`hpcoy``_lod MBKT(4>),
`hpcoy``_ckst_fkh` MBKT(;2),
`hpcoy``_gerst_fkh` MBKT(;;),
`hpcoy``_hellc`_fkh` MBKT(;;),
`hpcoy``_ber`_lkt`
`hpcoy``_ber`_lkt` MBKT(;>) lkt`_gorhkt LK\@ hksa "hh/ll/yyyy–))
"hh/ll/yyyy–))
COMK\EOF ('efgo.lkt'))1

¿[uå tepo l` tkdck s` mr`k kquè?
Pfk tkdck `xt`rfk mof cos lktos kchkm`fklos `f uf krmbevo gu`rk l` ck dks` l` lktos. (*)
L`s`k mr`kr ufk tkdck l` dks` l` lktos qu` moft`flrë efgorhkmeýf r`cktevk k cos prolumtos l` su mohpkûèk
moh`rmekcezklos lurkft` `c kûo 4>>;. ¿[uå fohdr` pu`l` ksejfkr k ck tkdck qu` bk mr`klo?
^TOLPM\]_4>>; (*)
Kc mr`kr ufk fu`vk tkdck,

tkdck, ¿muëc`s
¿muëc`s l` cks sejue`ft`s r`jcks l` foh`fm
foh`fmckturk (]`c`mmeof` tr`s)
ckturk s` kpcemkf? (]`c`mmeof`
L`d` t`f`r ufk cofjetul l` `ftr` ; y => mkrkmt`r`s (*)
]OCO l`d` moft`f`r K - Y, k - z, > - 5, _ (mkrëmt`r l` sudrkyklo), $ y # (*)
L`d` `hp`zkr por ufk c`trk (*)
LMC, qu` `s `c kmrýfeho l` Lktk Moftroc Ckfjukj` (C`fjuki` l` moftroc l` lktos), p`rhet`9
K uf klh
klhefestrklor
efestrklor l` dks` l` lktos
lktos ck mkpkmelkl
mkpkmelkl l` otorjkr usukreos. (*)
otorjkr prevec`jeos k cos usukreos.
@vkcù` `stk s`ft`fmek9

KC\@T \KDC@
\KDC@ `hpcoy``s
`hpcoy``s ]@\
]@\ PFP]@L (gkx)1
PFP]@L (gkx)1
¿[uå tkr`k r`kcezkrë `stk s`ft`fmek?
@vetk qu` cos lktos l` ck mocuhfk GKR s` hu`str`f, r`kcezkflo uf dorrklo cýjemo l` ck mocuhfk (*)
û`l` utecezkr ck s`ft`fmek KC\@T \KDC@ pkrk9

\olo co kft`reor (*)
Cos moh`ftkreos l` cks tkdcks y cks mocuhfks s` pu`l`f kchkm`fkr pkrk ck lomuh`ftkmeýf9
Ptecezkflo MOHH@F\ OF \KDC@ o MOHH@F\ `f MOCPHF (*)
Ck kmmeýf GCK]BDKMA \KDC@ to D@GOT@ LTO^ pu`l` r`stkurkr soco ck `strumturk l` ck tkdck, p`ro fo sus
lktos kc `stklo `f qu` s` `fmoftrkdkf kft`s l` dorrkr ck tkdck. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
Mof `c sejue`ft`
cufmb_fuh mýlejo s` mr`k ufk tkdck cckhklk stul`ft_tkdc` mof muktro mocuhfks9 el, cfkh`, gfkh`,
MT@K\@ \KDC@ stul`ft_tkdc`

(el FPHD@T(7),
cfkh` WKTMBKT(4>),
gfkh` WKTMBKT(4>),
cufmb_fuh FPHD@T(<))1
Ck mocuhfk cufmb_fuh l` ck tkdck kft`reor s` bk hkrmklo moho PFP]@L.

¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s `s ck hìor s`ft`fmek qu` pu`l` utecezkr se l`s`k `cehefkr ck mocuhfk PFP]@L l`
stul`ft_tkdc`?
KC\@T \KDC@
\KDC@ LTO^
LTO^ PFP]@L
PFP]@L MOCPHF]
MOCPHF] (*)
¿[uå s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ \KDC@ gkcckrë?
MT@K\@ \KDC@ lkt` (lkt`_el FPHD@T(5))1 (*)

¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` ck mr`kmeýf l` ufk tkdck?

]e fo bky fefjùf `squ`hk efmcuelo `xpcèmetkh`ft` `f ufk s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ \KDC@, ck tkdck s` mr`k `f `c
`squ`hk l`c usukreo kmtukc. (*)
¿[uå fohdr` l` mocuhfk `s vëcelo?
FPHD@T_;$ (*)
@stë mr`kflo ck tkdck @H^COU@@]. @stk tkdck l`d` moft`f`r ck mocuhfk MOHHE]]EOF_^M\ y utecezk uf vkcor
l`c ;> por me`fto se fo s` propormeofk fefjùf vkcor l` moheseýf mukflo s` efs`rtk uf r`jestro. ¿[uå cèf`k
l`d`rèk efmcuer `f ck s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ \KDC@ pkrk r`kcezkr `stk tkr`k?
mohhesseof_pmt FPHD@T(<,4) L@GKPC\ >.;> (*)
@s posedc` mr`kr ufk tkdck utecezkflo `c mohkflo MT@K\@ \KDC@ iufto mof ufk sudmofsuctk. ¿W`rlkl`ro o
gkcso?
W@TLKL@
W@TLKL@TO TO (*)
Ck mocuhfk ]^@@L_\EH@ l`d`rèk kchkm`fkr uf vkcor l` s`juflo grkmmeofkreo.
¿[uå tepo l` lkto l`do utecezkr?

\EH@]\KH^ (*)
^krk kchkm`fkr jrkfl`s mkftelkl`s l` t`xto sehpc`h`ft` l`d` mr`kr ufk s`re` l` mocuhfks WKTMBKT4 `f
ufk tkdck.
GKC]O (*) ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
¿Mýho quå tepo l` lkto s` l`d` l`gefer ufk mocuhfk qu` s` utecezkrë pkrk kchkm`fkr lktos defkreos l` bkstk <
JD l` tkhkûo?
DCOD (*)
¿[uå p`rhet` `c tepo l` lkto \EH@]\KH^?

Kchkm`fkrr `c te`hpo moho ufk
Kchkm`fk ufk g`mbk mof s`juflos grkmmeofkreos. (*)
s`juflos grkmmeofkreos.
¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` ck r`lummeýf l`c kfmbo l` ufk mocuhfk?

Mukflo ufk mocuhfk l` mkrkmt`r`s mofte`f` lktos, pu`l` r`lumer `c kfmbo l` ck mocuhfk se cos lktos
`xest`ft`s fo veockf `c fu`vo tkhkûo. (*)
@xkhef` ck `strumturk l` ck tkdck LOFK\EOF].
LOFK\EOF]9
^C@LJ@_EL FPHD@T
LOFOT_EL FPHD@T
^C@LJ@_L\ LK\@
KHOPF\_^C@LJ@
KHOPF\ _^C@LJ@L
L FPHD@T
FPHD@T (:,4)
(:,4)
KHOPF\_^KEL
KHOPF\ _^KEL FPHD@T
FPHD@T (:,4)
(:,4)
^KUH@F\_L\ LK\@
F`m`setk r`lumer ck pr`meseýf l` ck mocuhfk KHOPF\_^C@LJ@L k 0 mof ufk `smkck l` 4 y ks`jùr`s` l` qu`, kc
efs`rtkr ufk geck `f ck tkdck LOFK\EOF] sef uf vkcor pkrk ck mocuhfk KHOPF\_^C@LJ@L, s` efs`rtkrë
kutohëtemkh`ft` uf pr`meo l` ;>,>> $. Ck tkdck LOFK\EOF] FO mofte`f` kmtukch`ft` r`jestros. ¿[uå
kgerhkmeýf `s v`rlkl`rk?
Khdos mkhdeos
mkhdeos s` pu`l`f
pu`l`f r`kcezkr
r`kcezkr mof ufk
ufk s`ft`fmek KC\@T \KDC@. (*)
s`ft`fmek KC\@T

û`l` utecezkr ck s`ft`fmek KC\@T \KDC@ pkrk9

@vkcù` ck `strumturk l` ck tkdck @H^COU@@9
@H^COU@@_EL FPHD@T(5)
CK]\_FKH@ WKTMBKT4(40)
GET]\_FKH@ WKTMBKT4(40)
L@^KT\H@F\_EL FPHD@T(5)
HKFKJ@T_EL FPHD@T(5)
]KCKTU FPHD@T(:,4)
¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk utecezkr pkrk kuh`ftkr ck cofjetul l` ck mocuhfk CK]\_FKH@ k =0 se ck mocuhfk
mofte`f` kmtukch`ft` 4>> r`jestros?
KC\@T \KDC@
\KDC@ `hpcoy``
`hpcoy``
HOLEGU (ckst_fkh` WKTMBKT4(=0))1
(*)
Ck mocuhfk @C@H@F\] s` l`gef` l` ck sejue`ft` hkf`rk9

FPHD@T(7,<)
¿Muëftos lèjetos s` p`rhet`f k ck l`r`mbk l`c sejfo l`mehkc `f ck mocuhfk @C@H@F\]?

Muktro (*)
¿[uå p`rhet` `c tepo l` lkto \EH@]\KH^?

Kchkm`fk
Kchkm`fkrr `c te`hpo moho ufk
ufk g`mbk mof s`juflos grkmmeofkreos. (*)
s`juflos grkmmeofkreos.
L`d` kchkm`fkr cos lktos ]@K]OFKC `f h`s`s y kûos. ¿[uå tepo l` lkto l`do utecezkr?
EF\@TWKC U@KT \O HOF\B (*)
\`fjo ufk tkdck l`fohefklk ]mbooc_Gre`fls `f he `squ`hk. L`s`k mr`kr ufk tkdck `f su `squ`hk
l`fohefklk
posedc`1 ]mbooc_Gre`fls.
he `squ`hk @sto `s ______________,
`s efl`p`fle`ft` l`c suyo, y fo fosporqu` ____________________________________.
ehportk qu` bkyk tkdcks mof fohdr`s seheckr`s `f
fu`stros lesteftos `squ`hks. (*)
¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` cos fohdr`s l` tkdcks y mocuhfks?

Cos fohdr`s l` tkdcks y mocuhfks l`d`f `hp`zkr por ufk c`trk. (*)
@stë les`ûkflo ufk tkdck pkrk `c l`pkrtkh`fto l` v`ftks. L`d` efmcuer ufk mocuhfk qu` moft`fjk mklk totkc
l` v`ftks. ¿[uå tepo l` lkto l`d` `sp`megemkr pkrk `stk mocuhfk?
FPHD@T (*)
@c tepo l` lkto DCOD pu`l` kchkm`fkr moho hëxeho ;42 \D l` lktos. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
W@TLKL@TO
W@TLKL@ TO (*)

@stë les`ûkflo ufk tkdck pkrk `c l`pkrtkh`fto l` r`mursos buhkfos. @stk tkdck l`d` efmcuer ufk mocuhfk qu`
moft`fjk ck g`mbk l` moftrktkmeýf l` mklk ufo l` cos `hpc`klos. ¿[uå tepo l` lkto l`d` `sp`megemkr pkrk `stk
mocuhfk?
LK\@ (*)
¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` `stk s`ft`fmek \TPFMK\@ \KDC@?
û`l` `heter `stk s`ft`fmek pkrk hkft`f`r ck `strumturk l` ck tkdck `hpcoy``s. (*)
¿Muëflo l`d`rèk utecezkr `c mohkflo ]@\ PFP]@L?

L`d` utecezkrco mukflo f`m`set` ufk hkf`rk rëpelk l` dorrkr ufk mocuhfk. (*)
KC\@T \KDC@
Kc utecezkr KC\@T \KDC@ pkrk
pkrk kjr`jkr ufk mocuhfk
mocuhfk,, ck fu`vk mocuhfk9
fu`vk mocuhfk9
]` mofve`rt` `f ck ùctehk mocuhfk l` ck tkdck (*)
L`d` mkhdekr `c fohdr` l` ck tkdck @H^COU@@] por `c l` ck tkdck @H^. ¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk utecezkr?
T@FKH@ `hpcoy``s \O `hp1 (*)
MT@K\@ \KDC@ deomckss

(ber`_lkt`
gerst_fkh`LK\@ L@GKPC\ ]U]LK\@,
vkrmbkr4(;0),
ckst_fkh` vkrmbkr4(;0))1
Ck s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ \KDC@ kft`reor `s km`ptkdc` y mr`krë ufk tkdck l`fohefklk deomckss mof mocuhfks
ber`_lkt`, gerst_fkh` y ckst_fkh`. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
W@TLKL@TO (*)
W@TLKL@TO
;. MT@K\@ \KDC@ mustoh`r#; (

4. must_; FPHD@T(5),
=. skc`s$ FPHD@T(5),
<. 4lkt` LK\@ L@GKPC\ ]U]LK\@)1
¿[uå cèf`k l` `stk s`ft`fmek prolumerë uf `rror?
< (*)
L`s`k `heter `c sejue`ft` mohkflo `f ufk dks` l` lktos qu` efmcuy` ck efgorhkmeýf l` efv`ftkreo l` ck
mohpkûèk9
KC\@T \KDC@
\KDC@ prolumts
prolumts ]@\ PFP]@L MOCPHF mocor1
PFP]@L MOCPHF
¿Muëc s`rë `c r`suctklo l` `heter `st` mohkflo?
Ck mocuhfk l`fohefklk MOCOT l` ck tkdck l`fohefklk ^TOLPM\] fo s` l`vocv`rë `f cks sejue`ft`s c`mturks
l` ck tkdck por pkrt` l` Orkmc`, yk qu` s` bk suprehelo l` gorhk cýjemk. (*)
û`l` utecezkr LTO^ MOCPHF pkrk dorrkr tolks cks mocuhfks l` ufk tkdck, lìkflo ufk `strumturk l` tkdck
sef mocuhfks. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)

¿[uå s`ft`fmek FO `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` ufk mocuhfk?

û`l` holegemkr `c tepo l` lkto l` ufk mocuhfk se ck mocuhfk mofte`f` lktos fo fucos. (*)
¿[uå tepo l` lkto s` l`d`rèk utecezkr pkrk kchkm`fkr te`hpo mof grkmmeof`s l` s`juflos pkrk ufk mocuhfk l`
ck tkdck?
\EH@]\KH^ (*)
MT@K\@ \KDC@ cef`_et`h ( cef`_et`h_el FPHD@T(5), orl`r_el FPHD@T(5), prolumt_el FPHD@T(5))1
@s he`hdro l`c roc ]U]LDK, p`ro `stë mof`mtklo mof su propeo `squ`hk. @het` `st` s`ft`fmek MT@K\@
\KDC@. ¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s v`rlkl`rk?
Bk mr`klo ck tkdck `f su
`squ`hk. (*)
L`s`k mr`kr ufk tkdck l`fohefklk \TKW@C qu` s`k s`muflkrek l` ck tkdck @H^COU@@]. ¿Muëc`s l` cks
sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`s l`d`rèk `heter?
MT@K\@ \KDC@ trkv`c
(l`stefkteof_el fuhd`r prehkry a`y, l`pkrtur`_lkt` lkt`, r`turf_lkt` lkt`, `hp_el fuhd`r(;>) T@G@T@FM@]
`hpcoy``s (`hp_el))1
(*)
@c tepo l` lkto l` ufk mocuhfk fo s` pu`l` mkhdekr fufmk ufk v`z qu` s` bk mr`klo. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
^krk r`kcezkr ufk supr`seýf cýjemk l` ufk mocuhfk sef ck p`fkcezkmeýf l` r`flehe`fto l` r``smreder tolos cos
dcoqu`s l` lktos l` ck tkdck, pu`l` `heter `c sejue`ft` mohkflo9
ufus`l (*)
Kct`r tkdc` s`t ufus`l
Ck s`ft`fmek GCK]BDKMA [P@TU pu`l` r`stkurkr cos lktos k uf hoh`fto kft`reor k ck ùctehk mofgerhkmeýf
mof MOHHE\. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)

]`mteof ;< [uez

@c mohkflo pkrk 'l`skmtevkr' ufk r`stremmeýf `s9
KC\@T \\KDC@
KDC@ LE]KDC@ MOF]\TKEF\\ (*)
LE]KDC@ MOF]\TKEF
L`d` hostrkr cos fohdr`s y cks l`gefemeof`s l` cks r`stremmeof`s soco l` su `squ`hk. ¿[uå vestk l`c lemmeofkreo
l` lktos l`d`rèk mofsuctkr?
P]@T_MOF]\TKEF\] (*)
¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk utecezkr pkrk kjr`jkr ufk r`stremmeýf GOT@EJF A@U k ck mocuhfk L@^KT\H@F\_EL l`
ck tkdck @H^COU@@] pkrk bkm`r r`g`r`fmek k ck mocuhfk L@^KT\H@F\_EL l` ck tkdck L@^KT\H@F\]?
KC\@T \KDC@
\KDC@ `hpcoy``s
`hpcoy``s
KLL MOF]\TKEF\
MOF]\TKEF\ l`pt_el_ga GOT@EJF A@U A@U (l`pkrth`ft_el)
(l`pkrth`ft_el) T@G@T@F
T@G@T@FM@]
M@] l`pkrth`fts(l
l`pkrth`fts(l`pkrth`ft_el)1
`pkrth`ft_el)1
(*)
Ck tkdck CEF@_E\@H mofte`f` `stks mocuhfks9
CEF@_E\@H_EL FPHD@T ^TEHKTU A@U

^TOLPM\_EL FPHD@T(5) GOT@EJF A@U r`g`r`fm`s tb` EL mocuhf og tb` ^TOLPM\ tkdc`
[PKF\E\U FPHD@T(5)
PFE\_^TEM@ FPHD@T(0,4)
L`d` l`skmtevkr ck r`stremmeýf GOT@EJF A@U. ¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk utecezkr?

utecezkr?
KC\@T \KDC@
\KDC@ cef`_et`h
cef`_et`h
LE]KDC@ MOF]\TKEF\ prolumt_el_ga1
(*)
L`d` kjr`jkr ufk r`stremmeýf FO\ FPCC k ck mocuhfk @HKEC `f ck tkdck @H^COU@@]. ¿[uå mcëusuck l`d`rèk
utecezkr?
HOLEGU (*)
Pfk tkdck pu`l` t`f`r hës l` ufk r`stremmeýf l` mckv` PFE[P@. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
W@TLKL@TO
W@TLKL@ TO (*)
¿Muëc l` cos sejue`ft`s fo `s uf tepo l` r`stremmeýf l` Orkmc` vëcelo?
@R\@TFKC A@U (*)
]` l`d` ks`jurkr l` qu` ck mocuhfk CK]\_FKH@ soco mofte`f` l`t`rhefklos vkcor`s l` mkrkmt`r`s. Fo s`
p`rhet`f fùh`ros o mkrkmt`r`s `sp`mekc`s.
¿[uå tepo l` r`stremmeýf l`d`rèk l`gefer `f ck mocuhfk CK]\_FKH@?
CK]\_FKH@?
MB@MA (*)
]` l`d` ks`jurkr l` qu` ck mocuhfk CK]\_FKH@ fo mofte`f` vkcor`s fucos. ¿[uå tepo l` r`stremmeýf l`d`rèk
l`gefer `f ck mocuhfk CK]\_FKH@?
FO\ FPCC (*)
L`d` kjr`jkr ufk r`stremmeýf FO\ FPCC k ck mocuhfk MO]\ l` ck tkdck ^KT\. ¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk utecezkr
pkrk r`kcezkr `stk tkr`k?
\KDC@ pkrt
KC\@T \KDC@ pkrt
HOLEGU (most MOF]\TKEF\ pkrt_most_ff FO\ FPCC)1
(*)
^krk supreher kutohëtemkh`ft` cks gecks l` ufk tkdck s`muflkrek mukflo s` supreh` uf r`jestro prefmepkc
utecem`9
OF L@C@\@ MK]MKL@ (*)
@vkcù` ck `strumturk l` ck tkdck LOFK\EOF].

LOFK\EOF]9
^C@LJ@_EL FPHD@T FO\ FPCC, ^rehkry A`y
LOFOT_EL FPHD@T Gorèjf a`y to LOFOT_EL mocuhf og LOFOT] tkdc`
^C@LJ@_L\ LK\@
KHOPF\_^C@LJ@
KHOPF\ _^C@LJ@L
L FPHD@T
FPHD@T (:,4)
(:,4)
KHOPF\_^KEL
KHOPF\ _^KEL FPHD@T
FPHD@T (:,4)
(:,4)
^KUH@F\_L\ LK\@
¿[uå s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ \KDC@ l`d`rèk utecezkr pkrk mr`kr ck tkdck LOFK\EOF]?
MT@K\@ \KDC@ lofkteofs

(pc`lj`_el FPHD@T ^TEHKTU A@U,
lofor_el FPHD@T MOF]\TKEF\ lofor_el_ga T@G@T@FM@] lofors(lofor_el),
pc`lj`_lkt` LK\@,
khouft_pc`lj`l FPHD@T(:,4),
khouft_pkel FPHD@T(:,4),
pkyh`ft_lt LK\@)1
(*)
¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` ufk r`stremmeýf GOT@EJF A@U?

@f ufk r`stremmeýf GOT@EJF A@U s` f`m`setk qu` ck mocuhfk r`strefjelk moft`fjk vkcor`s `xest`ft`s `f ck
mocuhfk l` mckv` ùfemk o prehkrek l` r`g`r`fmek l` ck tkdck prefmepkc. (*)
¿[uå tepo l` r`stremmeýf kpcemk ck ufemelkl?
^TEHKTU A@U (*)
¿Mof muëc l` cos sejue`ft`s grkjh`ftos l` mýlejo s` mr`krë morr`mtkh`ft` ufk mckv` ki`fk `f ck tkdck ML] qu`
bkjk r`g`r`fmek k ck tkdck ]OFJ]?
¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk utecezkr pkrk kjr`jkr ufk r`stremmeýf GOT@EJF A@U k ck mocuhfk L@^KT\H@F\_EL l`
ck tkdck @H^COU@@] pkrk bkm`r r`g`r`fmek k ck mocuhfk L@^KT\H@F\_EL l` ck tkdck L@^KT\H@F\]?
KC\@T \\KDC@
KDC@ `hpcoy``s
`hpcoy``s
KLL MOF]\TKEF\
MOF]\TKEF\ l`pt_el_ga GOT@EJF A@U A@U (l`pkrth`ft_el)
(l`pkrth`ft_el) T@G@T@FM@]
T@G@T@FM@] l`pkrth`f
l`pkrth`fts(l`pk
ts(l`pkrth`ft_el)1
rth`ft_el)1
(*)
Ck tkdck Ô_L@\KEC] mofte`f` cks sejue`ft`s mocuhfks9

Ô_FPH FPHD@T FO\ FPCC, ^rehkry A`y
Ô_CEF@_EL FPHD@T FO\ FPCC, ^rehkry A`y
^TOLPM\_EL FPHD@T Gorèjf A`y to ^TOLPM\_EL mocuhf og tb` ^TOLPM\] tkdc`
[PKF\E\U FPHD@T
KC\@T \KDC@
\KDC@ po_l`tkecs
po_l`tkecs
LE]KDC@ MOF]\TKEF\ prolumt_el_pa MK]MKL@1
¿^krk quå tkr`k l`d`rèk `heter `stk s`ft`fmek?
^krk l`skmtevkr ck r`stremmeýf ^TEHKTU A@U y mukcque`r r`stremmeýf GOT@EJF A@U qu` l`p`flkf l` ck mocuhfk
Ô_FPH (*)

¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s l`gefemeof`s provomkrèk l`gefetevkh`ft` uf `rror l` r`stremmeýf l` eft`jrelkl?

Ptecezkr `c mohkflo L@C@\@ `f ufk geck qu` moft`fjk ufk mckv` prehkrek mof ufk mckv` ki`fk l`p`fle`ft`
l`mckrklk sef uf vkcor OF L@C@\@ MK]MKL@ u OF L@C@\@ ]@\ FPCC. (*)
@vkcù` `stk s`ft`fmek
KC\@T \KDC@
\KDC@ `hpcoy``s
`hpcoy``s
@FKDC@ MOF]\TKEF\ `hp_el_pa1

^krk kmtevkr ck r`stremmeýf pr`vekh`ft` l`skmtevklk `f ck mocuhfk @H^COU@@_EL kc mr`kr uf èflem` l`
^TEHKTU A@U (*)
¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` ufk r`stremmeýf GOT@EJF A@U?
@f ufk r`stremmeýf GOT@EJF A@U s` f`m`setk qu` ck mocuhfk r`strefjelk moft`fjk vkcor`s `xest`ft`s `f ck
mocuhfk l` mckv` ùfemk o prehkrek l` r`g`r`fmek l` ck tkdck prefmepkc. (*)
@c fùh`ro l` r`stremmeof`s l` moftroc qu` s` pu`l` l`gefer `f ufk mocuhfk `s9

Fo bky fefjùf cèhet` (*)
Kc mr`kr ufk r`stremmeýf r`g`r`fmek
r`g`r`fmekc,c, ¿quå pkckdrks tkdck prefmepkc?
pkckdrks mckv`s el`ftegemk ck tkdck y mocuhfk `f ck tkdck
T@G@T@FM@]
Kc (*)@H^COU@@],
mr`kr ck tkdck
tkdck @H^COU@@], ¿quå mcëusuck polrèk utecezkr pkrk ks`jurkrs`
ks`jurkrs` l` qu` cos vkcor`s
vkcor`s l` skckreo
skckreo s`kf
;>>>,>> o hës?
MOF]\TKEF\ `hpcoy``_skckry_hef MB@MA (skckry 68 ;>>>) (*)
¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s l`gefemeof`s l`smred` hìor ck gufmeýf l` ufk r`stremmeýf MB@MA?
Pfk r`stremmeýf MB@MA l`gef` cks r`stremmeof`s l` cos vkcor`s qu` s` pu`l`f eftrolumer `f ufk mocuhfk o `f
ufk mohdefkmeýf l` mocuhfks. (*)
@R\@TFKC A@U (*)
MT@K\@ \KDC@ mustoh`rs

(mustoh`r_el FPHD@T,
mustoh`r_fkh` WKTMBKT4(40),
kllr`ss WKTMBKT4(40),
mety WKTMBKT4(40),
r`jeof WKTMBKT4(40),
postkc_mol` WKTMBKT4(;;),
MOF]\TKEF\ mustoh`r_el_uf PFE[P@(mustoh`r_el),
MOF]\TKEF\ mustoh`r_fkh`_ff FO\ FPCC(mustoh`r_fkh`))1
¿ôr quå `stk s`ft`fmek gkcck mukflo s` ì`mutk?

Cks r`stremmeof`s FO\ FPCC FO ]@
^P@L@F l`gefer k fev`c l` tkdck. (*)
¿Muëc `s `c fùh`ro hës kcto l`
r`stremmeof`s FO\ FPCC qu` pu`l`
t`f`r `f ufk tkdck?
û`l` t`f`r tkftks r`stremmeof`s FO\
FPCC moho mocuhfks `f ck tkdck. (*)
Pfk r`stremmeýf l` mckv` ùfemk soco s`
pu`l` l`gefer `f ufk mocuhfk fo fuck.
¿W`rlkl`ro
GKC]O (*) o gkcso?

Pfk tkdck l`d` t`f`r kc h`fos ufk

r`stremmeýf fo fuck y ufk r`stremmeýf
ùfemk. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
Bk l`skmtevklo ck r`stremmeýf @H^COU@@_EL ^TEHKTU A@U `f ck mocuhfk EL l` ck tkdck @H^COU@@] y bk
ehportklo ;>> r`jestros. L`d` kmtevkr ck r`stremmeýf y v`regemkr qu` cos vkcor`s l` ck mocuhfk l` EL fu`vos y
`xest`ft`s fo veoc`f ck r`stremmeýf ^TEHKTU A@U. @vkcù` `stk s`ft`fmek9
KC\@T \\KDC@
KDC@ `hpcoy``s
`hpcoy``s
@FKDC@ `hpcoy``_el_pa1
¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s v`rlkl`rk?
Ck s`ft`fmek FO s` ì`mutkrë porqu` mofte`f` uf `rror l` seftkxes. (*)

Ck tkdck Ô_L@\KEC] mofte`f` cks sejue`ft`s mocuhfks9
Ô_FPH FPHD@T FO\ FPCC, ^rehkry A`y

Ô_CEF@_EL FPHD@T FO\ FPCC, ^rehkry A`y
^TOLPM\_EL FPHD@T Gorèjf A`y to ^TOLPM\_EL mocuhf og tb` ^TOLPM\] tkdc`
[PKF\E\U FPHD@T
KC\@T \KDC@
\KDC@ po_l`tkecs
po_l`tkecs
LE]KDC@ MOF]\TKEF\ prolumt_el_pa MK]MKL@1
^krk l`skmtevkr ck r`stremmeýf ^TEHKTU A@U y mukcque`r r`stremmeýf GOT@EJF A@U qu` l`p`flkf l` ck mocuhfk
Ô_FPH (*)
L`d` kjr`jkr ufk r`stremmeýf ^TEHKTU A@U `f ck mocuhfk @H^_EL l` ck tkdck @H^COU@@]. ¿[uå s`ft`fmek
KC\@T \KDC@ l`d`rèk utecezkr?
\KDC@ l`d`rèk
KC\@T \KDC@
\KDC@ `hpcoy``s
`hpcoy``s
KLL MOF]\TKEF\
MOF]\TKEF\ `hp_`hp
`hp_`hp_el_pa
_el_pa ^TEHKTU
^TEHKTU A@U(`hp_el)1
A@U(`hp_el)1 (*)
L`d` hostrkr
l` lktos cos mofsuctkr?
l`d`rèk fohdr`s y cks l`gefemeof`s l` cks r`stremmeof`s soco l` su `squ`hk. ¿[uå vestk l`c lemmeofkreo
P]@T_MOF]\TKEF\] (*)
L`s`k l`skmtevkr ck r`stremmeýf GOT@EJF A@U qu` s` l`gef` `f ck tkdck @H^COU@@] l` ck mocuhfk
L@^KT\H@F\_EL. K ck r`stremmeýf c` bkm` r`g`r`fmek `c fohdr` GA_L@^\_EL_>;. ¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk
`heter?
KC\@T \KDC@
\KDC@ `hpcoy``s
`hpcoy``s
LE]KDC@ MOF]\TKEF\ ga_l`pt_el_>;1
(*)
]` l`d` ks`jurkr l` qu` ck mocuhfk CK]\_FKH@ fo mofte`f` vkcor`s fucos. ¿[uå tepo l` r`stremmeýf l`d`rèk
l`gefer `f ck mocuhfk CK]\_FKH@?
FO\ FPCC (*)

@R\@TFKC A@U (*)

]` l`d` ks`jurkr l` qu` mklk vkcor l` ck mocuhfk ]@K\_EL s`k ùfemo o fuco. ¿[uå r`stremmeýf s` l`d`rèk
l`gefer `f ck mocuhfk ]@K\_EL?
L`d` kjr`jkr ufk r`stremmeýf FO\ FPCC k ck mocuhfk MO]\ l` ck tkdck ^KT\. ¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk utecezkr
pkrk r`kcezkr `stk tkr`k?
(*)
Pfk mocuhfk l`gefelk moho FO\ FPCC pu`l` t`f`r uf vkcor L@GKPC\ FPCC. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
¿[uå los kgerhkmeof`s sof v`rlkl`rks sodr` cks r`stremmeof`s FO\ FPCC? (]`c`mmeof` los opmeof`s)
Orkmc` ]`rv`r
FO ^P@L@ mr`k uf
kjr`jkr ufkfohdr` pkrkFO\
r`stremmeýf ufk FPCC
r`stremmeýf
k ufkFO\ FPCC`xest`ft`
mocuhfk sef fohdr`. (*) ck s`ft`fmek KC\@T \KDC@
utecezkflo
KLL MOF]\TKEF\
MOF]\TKEF\]. ]. (*)
Pf ì`hpco l` ck klemeýf l` ufk r`stremmeýf l` moftroc pkrk cehetkr `c skckreo qu` uf `hpc`klo pu`l` jkfkr `s9
KC\@T \\KDC@
KDC@ `hpcoy``s
`hpcoy``s KLL MOF]\T
MOF]\TKEF\
KEF\ `hp_skckry
`hp_skckry_ma_ma MB@MA
MB@MA (skckry ;>>>>>) (*)
(skckry 3 ;>>>>>)
mckv` prehkrek qu` `stë gorhkl
K ufk mckv` gorhklkk por hës
hës l` ufk mocuhfk l`fohefk9
mocuhfk s` c` l`fohefk9
Mckv` prehkrek mohpu`stk (*)
Kc mr`kr ck ttkdck
kdck @H^COU@@],
@H^COU@@], ¿quå mcëusuck polrèk utecezkr
utecezkr pkrk ks`jurkrs`
ks`jurkrs` l` qu` cos vkcor`s
vkcor`s l` skckreo
skckreo s`kf
;>>>,>> o hës?
MOF]\TKEF\ `hpcoy``_skckry_hef MB@MA (skckry 68 ;>>>) (*)
L`d` mr`kr ufk r`stremmeýf l` mckv` prehkrek mohpu`stk `f ck tkdck @H^COU@@]. ¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s
v`rlkl`rk?
Ck r`stremmeýf ^TEHKTU A@U l`d` `stkr l`gefelk k fev`c l` tkdck. (*)
L`d` kpcemkr ufk r`ckmeýf `ftr` ck mocuhfk COM_EL l` ck tkdck GKMECE\U y ck heshk mocuhfk l` ck tkdck
HKFPGKM\PT@T. ¿[uå tepo l` r`stremmeýf l`d`rèk l`gefer `f ck mocuhfk COM_EL?
GOT@EJF A@U (*)
¿[uå cèf`k l`c sejue`ft` mýlejo provomkrë uf `rror9?
;. MT@K\@ \KDC@ mce`fts

4. (mce`ft_fuhd`r FPHD@T(<) MOF]\TKEF\ mce`ft_mce`ft_fuh_pa ^TEHKTU A@U,
=. gerst_fkh` WKTMBKT4(;<),
<. ckst_fkh` WKTMBKT4(;=),
0. ber`_lkt` LK\@ MOF]\TKEF\ `hp_hef_ber`_lkt` MB@MA (ber`_lkt` 3 ]U]LK\@),
7. l`pkrth`ft_el FPHD@T(<),
:. MOF]\TKEF\ mce`fts_l`pt_el_ga GOT@EJF A@U(l`pkrth`ft_el) T@G@T@FM@]
l`pkrth`fts(l`pkrth`ft_el))1
Cèf`k 0 (*)
¿K quå los fev`c`s s` pu`l`f kjr`jkr cks r`stremmeof`s ^rehkry A`y, Gorèjf A`y, Pfequ` A`y y Mb`ma
Mofstrkefts? (]`c`mmeof` los opmeof`s)

Mocuhfk
\kdck (*) (*)

]`mteof ;0 [uez
f`m`setk ck
Uk fo s` f`m`setk ck vestk @H^_BE]\_
@H^_BE]\_W.W. ¿[uå s`ft`fm
s`ft`fmek
ek l`d`rèk utecezkr pkrk
pkrk `cehefkr `stk vestk?
`stk vestk?
LTO^ WE@Z `hp_best_v1 (*)
¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` ufk vestk `f cèf`k?
Pfk vestk `f cèf`k `s ufk sudmofsuctk l` ck mcëusuck GTOH, muyo fohdr` su`c` efmcuer uf kceks. (*)
L`d` mr`kr ufk vestk qu` hostrkrë `c fohdr`, `c fùh`ro l` el`ftegemkmeýf l`c mce`ft`, `c fu`vo skclo, `c
mkrjo gefkfme`ro y `c cèhet` l` mråleto l` tolos cos mce`ft`s.
@het` `stk s`ft`fmek9
MT@K\@ OT T@^CKM@ WE@Z MP]\_MT@LE\_W
K] ]@C@M\
]@C@M\ m.ckst_fkh`,
m.ckst_fkh`, m.musto
m.mustoh`r_el,
h`r_el, k.f`w_dk
k.f`w_dkckfm`,
ckfm`, k.gefkfm`
k.gefkfm`_mbkrj`,
_mbkrj`, k.mr`let_ceh
k.mr`let_cehetet
GTOH mustoh`rs m, kmmoufts k
ZB@T@ m.kmmouft_el 8 k.kmmouft_el ZE\B T@KL OFCU1
¿[uå tepo l` mohkflo ][C s` pu`l` `heter `f ck vestk MP]\_MT@LE\_W?

]@C@M\ (*)
¿Mýho s` `cehefk ufk vestk?
LTO^ WE@Z ve`w_fkh` (*)
Pf kfëceses l` cos F sup`reor`s `s mkpkz l` mcksegemkr uf iu`jo l`
r`suctklos sup`reor`s o efg`reor`s. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
W@TLKL@
W@TLKL@TO TO (*)
¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`s `s W@TLKL@TK r`sp`mto k
cks vestks sehpc`s?
Cks vestks sehpc`s s` pu`l`f utecezkr pkrk r`kcezkr op`rkmeof`s
LHC. (*)
]u i`g` c` kmkdk l` p`ler qu` mr`` uf efgorh` `f `c qu` s` ecustr`
`c rkfjo skckrekc l` tolos cos `hpc`klos l` ck mohpkûèk. ¿Mof
muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s s`ft`fmeks ][C s` mr`krë ufk vestk
l`fohefklk ]KCKTU_WP s`jùf cos kp`ccelos l`c `hpc`klo, cos
fohdr`s l` l`pkrtkh`fto, cos skckreos y cos fev`c`s skckrekc`s l`
tolos cos `hpc`klos? Ptecem` cks tkdcks @H^COU@@],
L@^KT\H@F\] y IOD_JTKL@]. @tequ`t` cks mocuhfks moho
@hpcoy``, L`pkrth`ft, ]kckry y Jrkl`, r`sp`mtevkh`ft`.
MT@K\@ OT T@^CKM@ WE@Z skckry_vu
K] ]@C@M\
]@C@M\ `.ckst_fkh`
`.ckst_fkh` "@hpcoy``
"@hpcoy``", ", l.l`pkrth`ft_fk
l.l`pkrth`ft_fkh`
h`
"L`pkrth`ft", `.skckry "]kckry", i. jrkl`_c`v`c "Jrkl`"
GTOH `hpcoy``s `, l`pkrth`fts l, iod_jrkl`s i
ZB@T@ `.l`pkrth`ft_el 8 l.l`pkrth`ft_el KFL `.skckry
D@\Z@@F i.cow`st_skc kfl i.bejb`st_skc1
(*)
Ptecezkr ck psùlomocuhfk TOZFPH `f ufk vestk fo te`f` ehpcemkmeof`s sodr` ck mkpkmelkl l` r`kcezkr
op`rkmeof`s LHC `f ck vestk. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
Fo pu`l` holegemkr lktos l` ufk vestk se ck vestk mofte`f` ______.
Ck pkckdrk mckv` LE]\EFM\ (*)
@vkcù` ck l`gefemeýf l` `stk vestk9
MT@K\@ OT T@^CKM@ WE@Z pkrt_fkh`_v

K] ]@C@M\
]@C@M\ LE]\EFM\
LE]\EFM\ pkrt_fkh`
pkrt_fkh`
GTOH pkrts
ZB@T@ most 68 <01
¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s s`ft`fmeks utecezkflo ck vestk ^KT\_FKH@_W s` ì`mutkrë morr`mtkh`ft`?

]@C@M\ *
GTOH pkrt_fkh`_v1
(*)
L`d` mr`kr ufk vestk `f ck tkdck ]KC@], p`ro ck tkdck ]KC@] kùf fo s` bk mr`klo. ¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s
v`rlkl`rk?
û`l` utecezkr ck opmeýf GOTM@ pkrk mr`kr ck vestk kft`s l` qu` s` mr`` ck tkdck ]KC@]. (*)
L`d` mr`kr ufk vestk qu` hostrkrë `c fohdr`, `c fùh`ro l` el`ftegemkmeýf l`c `hpc`klo, `c fohdr` y `c
kp`ccelo,
l` h`for`ckskckreo
hkyoryy,`ckfùh`ro l` el`ftegemkmeýf
moftefukmeýf, por kp`ccelol`cy l`pkrtkh`fto. Ck kcgkdåtemo.
fohdr` `f orl`f vesukcezkmeýf
Cks`l`gefemeýf
l`d` orl`fkr por skckreo
l` ck vestk s`
l`d` mr`kr efl`p`fle`ft`h`ft` l` ck `xest`fmek l` ck tkdck @H^COU@@]. Fo s` pu`l` r`kcezkr fefjufk kmmeýf
LHC kc utecezkr `stk vestk. @vkcù` `stks s`ft`fmeks9
MT@K\@ OT T@^CKM@ FOGOTM@ WE@Z @H^_]KCKTU_W

K] ]@C@M\
]@C@M\ `hpcoy``_el,
`hpcoy``_el, ckst_fkh
ckst_fkh`,
`, gerst_fkh`,
gerst_fkh`, skckry,
skckry, l`pkrth`ft_el
l`pkrth`ft_el
GTOH `hpcoy``s ZE\B T@KL OFCU1
]@C@M\ *
GTOH `hp_skckry_v
OTL@T DU skckry, ckst_fkh`, gerst_fkh`1
Ck s`ft`fmek
¿Muëc `s ufk MT@K\@ WE@Z
v`ftkik l` gkcckrë
utecezkr se ck tkdck @H^COU@@] fo `xest`. (*)
vestks?
^ropormeofkr kmm`so r`strefjelo k cos lktos (*)
]` pu`l` utecezkr ufk vestk pkrk hkft`f`r uf r`jestro bestýremo l` cos lktos kftejuos l` cks tkdcks
sudykm`ft`s, l` gorhk qu`, efmcuso kufqu` s` suprehk ufk geck l` ufk tkdck, polrë s`juer s`c`mmeofkflo ck geck
`f ck vestk. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
@vkcù` `stk s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ WE@Z9
MT@K\@ WE@Z skc`s_ve`w

K] ]@C@M\
]@C@M\ mustoh`r_el,
mustoh`r_el, r`jeof,
r`jeof, ]PH(skc`s_k
]PH(skc`s_khouft)
houft)
GTOH skc`s
ZB@T@ r`jeof EF (;>, 4>, =>, <>)
JTOP^ DU r`jeof, mustoh`r_el1
Fo pu`l` holegemkr cos lktos l` ck tkdck ]KC@] utecezkflo ck vestk ]KC@]_WE@Z. (*)
¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` ufk vestk `f cèf`k?
Pfk vestk `f cèf`k `s ufk sudmofsuctk l` ck mcëusuck GTOH, muyo fohdr` su`c` efmcuer uf kceks. (*)
¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`s `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` TOZFPH?

@s `c fùh`ro ksejfklo k mklk geck l`vu`ctk por ufk mofsuctk l`spuås
l` bkd`rs` c`èlo l` ck tkdck. (*)
¿Muëc l` cos sejue`ft`s l`smred` ufk mofsuctk F prefmepkc?
Pfk mofsuctk F prefmepkc l`vu`cv` uf iu`jo l` r`suctklos cehetklo,
l`vocve`flo lktos dksklos `f cos mret`reos hës kctos o hës dkios. (*)
@vkcù` `stk s`ft`fmek
MT@K\@ WE@Z9
MT@K\@ WE@Z
`hp_ve`w

]@C@M\ ]PH(skckry)
K] ]@C@M\ ]PH(skckry)
GTOH `hpcoy``s1
¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s
v`rlkl`rk?
Fo pu`l` kmtukcezkr cos lktos l` ck tkdck @H^COU@@] utecezkflo ck vestk @H^_WE@Z. (*)
¿Muëc `s ufk v`ftkik l` utecezkr vestks?
^ropormeofkr kmm`so r`strefjelo k cos lktos (*)
¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`s `s uf hotevo vëcelo pkrk utecezkr ufk vestk?
Cks vestks propormeofkf efl`p`fl`fmek l` cos lktos pkrk usukreos pomo gr`mu`ft`s y projrkhks
l` kpcemkmeýf. Cks vestks s` pu`l`f utecezkr pkrk r`mup`rkr lktos l` vkreks tkdcks. Cks vestks s`
pu`l`f utecezkr pkrk propormeofkr s`jurelkl l` lktos. (*)
Cks vestks s` l`d`f utecezkr pkrk s`c`mmeofkr lktos l` ufk tkdck. \kf profto moho s` mr`` ufk
vestk `f ufk tkdck, yk fo polrë s`c`mmeofkr ler`mtkh`ft` `f ck tkdck. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
Lklk ck sejue`ft` s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ WE@Z, ¿quå lktos s` l`vocv`rëf?
MT@K\@ OT T@^CKM@ WE@Z `hp_l`pt

K] ]@C@M\
]@C@M\ ]PD]\T(`.g
]PD]\T(`.gerst_fkh
erst_fkh`,;,;)
`,;,;) ||'
||' '||`.ckst_fkh`
'||`.ckst_fkh` `hp_fkh
`hp_fkh`,
`,
`.skckry,
`.ber`_lkt`,
l.l`pkrth`ft_fkh`
GTOH `hpcoy``s `, l`pkrth`fts l
ZB@T@ `.l`pkrth`ft_el 8 l.l`pkrth`ft_el
KFL l.l`pkrth`ft_
l.l`pkrth`ft_elel 680>1
^reh`r mkrëmt`r l`c vkcor gerst_fkh` l`c `hpc`klo mofmkt`fklo kc vkcor ckst_fkh`, `c skckreo, `c vkcor l`
ber`_lkt` y l` l`pkrth`ft_fkh` l` tolos cos `hpc`klos qu` trkdkikf `f `c l`pkrtkh`fto fùh`ro 0> o
sup`reor. (*)
L`d` mr`kr ufk fu`vk vestk `f ck tkdck @H^COU@@] pkrk kmtukcezkr ck efgorhkmeýf l` skckreo pkrk cos
`hpc`klos l`c l`pkrtkh`fto 0>. L`d` ks`jurkrs` l` qu` cks op`rkmeof`s LHC `f ck vestk fo pu`l`f mkhdekr
cos vkcor`s l` skckreo l` otros l`pkrtkh`ftos. ¿[uå mcëusuck l`d`rèk efmcuer `f ck s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ WE@Z?
ZE\B MB@MA O^\EOF (*)
û`l` mr`kr ufk vestk se ck sudmofsuctk l` ck vestk mofte`f` ufk vestk `f cèf`k. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
W@TLKL@
W@TLKL@TO TO (*)
¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` mýho r`kcezkr cks op`rkmeof`s LHC `f ufk vestk?
û`l` r`kcezkr op`rkmeof`s LHC `f cks vestks sehpc`s. (*)
@xest` uf soco tepo l` vestk. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
@xkhef` ck vestk sejue`ft` y s`c`mmeof` ck op`rkmeýf qu` FO ]@ ^P@L@ r`kcezkr `f `cck.
MT@K\@ WE@Z li_ve`w (ckst_fkh`, fuhd`r_`v`fts) K]

]@C@M\ m.ckst_fkh`, MOPF\(`.fkh`)
GTOH l_mce`fts m, l_`v`fts `
ZB@T@ m.mce`ft_fuhd`r 8 `.mce`ft_fuhd`r
JTOP^ DU m.ckst_fkh`
EF]@T\ EF\O li_ve`w WKCP@] ('\urf`r', 2)1 (*)

Ck tkdck MP]\OH@T_GEFKFM@ mofte`f` `stks mocuhfks9
MP]\OH@T_EL FPHD@T(5)
F@Z_DKCKFM@ FPHD@T(:,4)
^T@W_DKCKFM@ FPHD@T(:,4)
^KUH@F\] FPHD@T(:,4)
GEFKFM@_MBKTJ@ FPHD@T(:,4)
MT@LE\_CEHE\ FPHD@T(:)

Bk mr`klo uf efgorh` l` mofsuctk F sup`reor`s qu` hu`strk cos fùh`ros l` mu`ftk y `c fu`vo skclo l` cks
2>> mu`ftks mof `c hkyor vkcor l` skclo fu`vo. Cos r`suctklos s` orl`fkf por `c vkcor l` pkjos, l` hkyor k
h`for.
¿[uå mcëusuck l` ck s`ft`fmek ]@C@M\ s` efmcuy` `f ck mofsuctk?
Mofsuctk eft`rfk9 OTL@T DU f`w_dkckfm` L@]M (*)

Ck tkdck MP]\OH@T_GEFKFM@ mofte`f` `stks mocuhfks9
MP]\OH@T_EL FPHD@T(5)
F@Z_DKCKFM@ FPHD@T(:,4)
^T@W_DKCKFM@ FPHD@T(:,4)
^KUH@F\] FPHD@T(:,4)
GEFKFM@_MBKTJ@ FPHD@T(:,4)
MT@LE\_CEHE\ FPHD@T(:)
@i`mutk `stk s`ft`fmek9
]@C@M\ TOZFPH "Tkfa", mustoh`r_el, f`w_dkckfm`

GTOH (]@C@M\ mustoh`r_el, f`w_dkckfm` GTOH mustoh`r_gefkfm`)
ZB@T@ TOZFPH 38 40
OTL@T DU f`w_dkckfm` L@]M1

Ck s`ft`fmek fo l`vocv`rë f`m`skrekh`ft` cos 40 vkcor`s l` skclo fu`vo hës kctos, yk qu` ck vestk fo te`f`
ufk mcëusuck OTL@T DU. (*)
Pfk vestk `f cèf`k `s ufk s`ft`fmek s`c`mt sef fohdr` qu` s` bk `fmoftrklo9
@ftr` pkråft`ses `f ck mcëusuck GTOH l` ufk mofsuctk klykm`ft`. (*)
¿Muëc l` `stks pkckdrks mckv` s` su`c` utecezkr mof uf kfëceses l` cos F sup`reor`s?
Towfuh (*)
Uk fo s` ff`m`setk
`m`setk ck
ck vestk @H^_BE]\_
@H^_BE]\_W. W. ¿[uå s`ft`fm
s`ft`fmek
ek l`d`rèk utecezkr pkrk vestk?
pkrk `cehefkr `stk vestk?
LTO^ WE@Z `hp_best_v1 (*)
¿Muëc `s `c odi`tevo l` efmcuer ck mcëusuck ZE\B MB@MA O^\EOF kc mr`kr ufk vestk?
Ks`jurkrs` l` qu` fo fo s` kmtukcem`f
kmtukcem`f cks gecks h`lekft`
h`lekft` ck vestk qu` ehpele`rkf
ehpele`rkf qu` `sks gecks
gecks cks l`vocve`rkf
l`vocve`rkf ck
vestk `f `c guturo. (*)
]u i`g` c` kmkdk l` p`ler qu` mr`` uf efgorh` `f `c qu` s` ecustr` `c rkfjo skckrekc l` tolos cos `hpc`klos l`
ck mohpkûèk. ¿Mof muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s s`ft`fmeks ][C s` mr`krë ufk vestk l`fohefklk ]KCKTU_WP s`jùf
cos kp`ccelos l`c `hpc`klo, cos fohdr`s l` l`pkrtkh`fto, cos skckreos y cos fev`c`s skckrekc`s l` tolos cos
`hpc`klos? Ptecem` cks tkdcks
@hpcoy``, L`pkrth`ft, ]kckry@H^COU@@], L@^KT\H@F\] y IOD_JTKL@]. @tequ`t` cks mocuhfks moho
y Jrkl`, r`sp`mtevkh`ft`.
K] ]@C@M\
]@C@M\ `.ckst_fkh`
`.ckst_fkh` "@hpcoy`
"@hpcoy``",
`", l.l`pkrth`ft
l.l`pkrth`ft_fkh`
_fkh` "L`pkrth
"L`pkrth`ft",
`ft", `.skckry
`.skckry "]kckry",
"]kckry", i. jrkl`_c`v`c
jrkl`_c`v`c
"Jrkl`"
ZB@T@ `.l`pkrth`ft_el 8 l.l`pkrth`ft_el KFL `.skckry D@\Z@@F i.cow`st_skc kfl i.bejb`st_skc1
(*)
Klhefestrk ufk
ufk dks` l` lktos
lktos Orkmc`.
Orkmc`. Ikma j`steofk
j`steofk `c
`c l`pkrtkh`fto
l`pkrtkh`fto l` v`ftks
v`ftks.. Åc y sus `hpc`klos
`hpc`klos k h`fulo
`stehkf oportufo mofsuctkr ck dks` l` lktos pkrk el`ftegemkr k cos mce`ft`s y sus p`lelos. Åc c` bk p`lelo qu`
mr`` ufk vestk qu` sehpcegemkrë `st` prom`lehe`fto pkrk sè hesho y su p`rsofkc. Ck vestk fo l`d` km`ptkr cks
op`rkmeof`s EF]@T\, P^LK\@ o L@C@\@. ¿Muëc`s l` cks sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`s l`d`rèk `heter?
K] (]@C@M\
(]@C@M\ m.mohpkfyfk
m.mohpkfyfkh`,
h`, m.mety,
m.mety, o.orl`rel,
o.orl`rel, o. orl`rlkt`,
orl`rlkt`, o.totkc
o.totkc
GTOH mustoh`rs m, orl`rs o

ZB@T@ m.mustel 8 o.mustel)

ZE\B T@KL OFCU1
(*)
¿[uå kmmeýf s` pu`l` r`kcezkr mof cks s`ft`fmeks LHC?
]upr`seýf l` r`jestros l` tkdcks (*)
¿[uå opmeýf utecezkrèk kc mr`kr ufk vestk pkrk
jkrkftezkr qu` fo s` proluzmkf op`rkmeof`s LHC `f
ck vestk?
ZE\B T@KL OFCU (*)
]` pu`l` utecezkr ufk vestk pkrk hkft`f`r uf r`jestro
bestýremo l` cos lktos kftejuos l` cks tkdcks
sudykm`ft`s, l` gorhk qu`, efmcuso kufqu` s`
suprehk ufk geck l` ufk tkdck, polrë s`juer
s`c`mmeofkflo ck geck `f ck vestk. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
Pfk vestk pu`l` moft`f`r ufk s`ft`fmek s`c`mt mof
ufk sudmofsuctk. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
W@TLKL@
W@TLKL@TO TO (*)
L`d` mr`kr ufk vestk `f ck tkdck ]KC@], p`ro ck tkdck
]KC@] kùf fo s` bk mr`klo. ¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s
v`rlkl`rk?
û`l` utecezkr ck opmeýf GOTM@ pkrk mr`kr ck vestk
kft`s l` qu` s` mr`` ck tkdck ]KC@]. (*)
MT@K\@ WE@Z `hp_ve`w

K] ]@C@M\
]@C@M\ ]PH(skckry)
]PH(skckry)
GTOH `hpcoy``s1

K] ]@C@M\
]@C@M\ ]PD]\T(`.g
]PD]\T(`.gerst_fkh`
erst_fkh`,;,;)
,;,;) ||' '||`.ckst_fk
'||`.ckst_fkh`
h` `hp_fkh`,
`hp_fkh`,
`.skckry,
`.ber`_lkt`,
l.l`pkrth`ft_fkh`
KFL l.l`pkrth`ft_
l.l`pkrth`ft_elel 680>1
sup`reor. (*)
@H^COU@@_EL FPHD@T
L@^KT\H@F\_EL FPHD@T
IOD_EL FPHD@T
HKFKJ@T_EL FPHD@T
]KCKTU FPHD@T(5,4)

MOHHE]]OEF FPHD@T(:,4)
BET@_LK\@ LK\@
¿[uå s`ft`fmek ]@C@M\ s` polrèk utecezkr pkrk hostrkr cos ;> `hpc`klos pòr pkjklos qu` p`rt`f`m`f kc
l`pkrtkh`fto :>?
]@C@M\ TOZFPH "Tkfaefj",ckst_fkh`||','||gerst_fkh` "@hpcoy``", skckry "]kckry"
GTOH (]@C@M\ ckst_fkh`, gerst_fkh`, skckry, iod_el
GTOH `hpcoy``s
ZB@T@ iod_el CEA@ 'MC@TA' KFL l`pkrth`ft_el 8 :>
OTL@T DU skckry)
ZB@T@ TOZFPH 38;>1
(*)
L`s`k mr`kr ufk vestk dksklk `f ck tkdck ]KC@]T@^. L`s`k otorjkr kmm`so k `stk vestk k cos he`hdros l`c
l`pkrtkh`fto ]kc`s. L`s`k qu` cos `hpc`klos l` `s` l`pkrtkh`fto pu`lkf kmtukcezkr ck tkdck ]KC@]T@^ `f
ck vestk, k ck qu` te`f` pr`vesto l`fohefkr ]KC@]T@^_WE@Z. ¿[uå fo l`d`rèk `sp`megemkr `f ck s`ft`fmek
MT@K\@ WE@Z?
Pfk mcëusuck JTOP^ DU (*)
Kc dorrkr uf
ufkk tkdck k ck qu` bkm`
bkm` r`g`r`fmek
r`g`r`fmek ufk vestk,
vestk, ck vestk s` dorrk tkhdeåf
tkhdeåf kutohëtemkh
kutohëtemkh`ft`.
`ft`. ¿W`rlkl`ro
¿W`rlkl`ro
o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
¿Muëc l` cos sejue`ft`s l`smred` ufk mofsuctk F prefmepkc?
Pfk mofsuctk F prefmepkc l`vu`cv` uf iu`jo l` r`suctklos cehetklo, l`vocve`flo lktos dksklos `f cos mret`reos
hës kctos
]u i`g` o hës l`
c` kmkdk dkios.
p`ler(*)qu`
mr`` uf efgorh` `f `c qu` s` ecustr` `c rkfjo skckrekc l` tolos cos `hpc`klos l`
`hpc`klos? Ptecem` cks tkdcks @H^COU@@], L@^KT\H@F\] y IOD_JTKL@]. @tequ`t` cks mocuhfks moho
K] ]@C@M\
]@C@M\ `.ckst_fkh`
`.ckst_fkh` "@hpcoy``"
"@hpcoy``",, l.l`pkrth`ft_fk
l.l`pkrth`ft_fkh`
h` "L`pkrth`ft"
"L`pkrth`ft",, `.skckry
`.skckry "]kckry",
jrkl`_c`v`c
"Jrkl`"
(*)
¿[uå opmeýf utecezkrèk kc mr`kr ufk vestk pkrk jkrkftezkr qu` fo s` proluzmkf op`rkmeof`s LHC `f ck vestk?
ZE\B T@KL OFCU (*)
Klhefestrk uufk
fk dks` l` lktos Orkmc`. Ikma
Ikma j`steofk
j`steofk `c l`pkrtkh`f
l`pkrtkh`ftoto l` v`ftks.
v`ftks. Åc y sus
sus `hpc`klos
`hpc`klos k h`fulo
h`fulo
`stehkf oportufo mofsuctkr ck dks` l` lktos pkrk el`ftegemkr k cos mce`ft`s y sus p`lelos. Åc c` bk p`lelo qu`
mr`` ufk vestk qu` sehpcegemkrë `st` prom`lehe`fto pkrk sè hesho y su p`rsofkc. Ck vestk fo l`d` km`ptkr cks
op`rkmeof`s EF]@T\, P^LK\@ o L@C@\@. ¿Muëc`s l` cks sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`s l`d`rèk `heter?
K] (]@C@M\
(]@C@M\ m.mohpkfyf
m.mohpkfyfkh`,
kh`, m.mety, o.orl`rel,
o.orl`rel, o.
o. orl`rlkt`,
orl`rlkt`, o.totkc
o.totkc
GTOH mustoh`rs m, orl`rs o
ZB@T@ m.mustel 8 o.mustel)
ZE\B T@KL OFCU1
(*)
W@TLKL@
W@TLKL@TO TO (*)


K] ]@C@M\
]@C@M\ ]PD]\T(`.g
]PD]\T(`.gerst_fkh
erst_fkh`,;,;)
`,;,;) ||'
||' '||`.ckst_fkh`
'||`.ckst_fkh` `hp_fkh
`hp_fkh`,
`,
`.skckry,
`.ber`_lkt`,
l.l`pkrth`ft_fkh`
KFL l.l`pkrth`ft_
l.l`pkrth`ft_el
el 680>1
sup`reor. (*)
¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` ck s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ WE@Z?
Pfk s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ WE@Z ^P@L@ moft`f`r ufk mofsuctk l` ufeýf. (*)
^krk mofsuctkr ufk dks` l` lktos utecezkflo ufk vestk, ¿muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`s s` kpcemk?
û`l` r`mup`rkr lktos l` ufk vestk kc ejukc qu` l` ufk tkdck. (*)
leg`r`fmek l` cks tkdcks,
K leg`r`fmek tkdcks, cks vestks
vestks fo mofte`f`f lktos propeos.
propeos. ¿W`rlkl`ro gkcso?
W@TLKL@TO (*)
W@TLKL@TO
@vkcù` ck l`gefemeýf l` `stk vestk9
MT@K\@ OT T@^CKM@ WE@Z pkrt_fkh`_v

K] ]@C@M\
]@C@M\ LE]\EFM\
LE]\EFM\ pkrt_fkh`
pkrt_fkh`
GTOH pkrts
ZB@T@ most 68 <01
¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s s`ft`fmeks utecezkflo ck vestk ^KT\_FKH@_W s` ì`mutkrë morr`mtkh`ft`?
]@C@M\ *
GTOH
pkrt_fkh`_v1
(*)
¿[uå opmeýf utecezkrèk pkrk holegemkr ufk vestk `f cujkr l` dorrkrck y vocv`r k mr`krck?
MT@K\@ OT T@^CKM@ (*)
]` pu`l` utecezkr ufk vestk pkrk hkft`f`r uf r`jestro bestýremo l` cos lktos kftejuos l` cks tkdcks
sudykm`ft`s, l` gorhk qu`, efmcuso kufqu` s` suprehk ufk geck l` ufk tkdck, polrë s`juer s`c`mmeofkflo ck geck
`f ck vestk. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` ck s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ WE@Z?
Pfk s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ WE@Z ^P@L@ moft`f`r ufk mofsuctk l` ufeýf. (*)
MT@K\@ WE@Z `hp_ve`w

K] ]@C@M\
]@C@M\ ]PH(skckry)
]PH(skckry)
GTOH `hpcoy``s1
^krk mofsuctkr ufk dks` l` lktos utecezkflo ufk vestk, ¿muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`s s` kpcemk?
Fo pu`l` efs`rtkr lktos k trkvås l` ufk vestk se åstk efmcuy` ______.
Pfk mcëusuck JTOP^ DU (*)
]e uf klhefestrklor l` ck dks` l` lktos l`s`k ks`jurkrs` l` qu` cos mkhdeos r`kcezklos `f ufk vestk fo veockf
cks r`stremmeof`s `xest`ft`s,
`xest`ft`s, ¿quå mcëusuck l`d`rèk efmcuer kc mr`kr ck
c k vestk?
ZE\B MB@MA O^\EOF (*)

]u i`g` c` kmkdk l` p`ler qu` mr`` uf efgorh` `f `c qu` s` ecustr` `c rkfjo skckrekc l` tolos cos `hpc`klos l`
`hpc`klos? Ptecem` cks tkdcks @H^COU@@], L@^KT\H@F\] y IOD_JTKL@]. @tequ`t` cks mocuhfks moho
K] ]@C@M\
]@C@M\ `.ckst_fkh`
`.ckst_fkh` "@hpcoy``
"@hpcoy``",
", l.l`pkrth`ft
l.l`pkrth`ft_fkh`
_fkh` "L`pkrth
"L`pkrth`ft",
`ft", `.skckry
`.skckry "]kckry",
jrkl`_c`v`c
"Jrkl`"
(*)
^krk ufk vestk mr`klk h`lekft` cks pkckdrks mckv` ZE\B MB@MA O^\EOF, ¿muëc`s l` cks sejue`ft`s
kgerhkmeof`s sof v`rlkl`rks?
^robèd` mkhdekr cks gecks qu` fo bk l`vu`cto ck sudmofsuctk `f ck l`gefemeýf l` ck vestk. (*)
W@TLKL@
W@TLKL@TO TO (*)
¿Muëc l` `stos fo `s uf tepo l` vestk vëcelo?
OFCEF@ (*)
¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`s `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` TOZFPH?
@vkcù` `stk s`ft`fmek ]@C@M\9
]@C@M\ TOZFPH "Tkfa", mustoh`r_el, f`w_dkckfm`

GTOH (]@C@M\
GTOH mustoh`r_el, f`w_dkckfm`
mustoh`r_gefkfm`
OTL@T DU f`w_dkckfm` L@]M)
ZB@T@ TOZFPH 38 401
¿[uå tepo l` mofsuctk `s `stk s`ft`fmek ]@C@M\?
Pfk mofsuctk F prefmepkc (*)

¿[uå s`ft`fmek utecezkrèk pkrk holegemkr ufk vestk?
MT@K\@ OT T@^CKM@ WE@Z (*)
Ck tkdck GKMPC\U mofte`f` cks sejue`ft`s mocuhfks9
GKMPC\UEL WKTMBKT4(0) FO\ FPCC ^TEHKTU A@U

KLLT@]
KLLT@]]] WKTMBKT4(=0)
WKTMBKT4(=0)
ME\U WKTMBKT4(;0)
]\K\@ WKTMBKT4(4)
YE^ FPHD@T(5)
\@C@^BOF@ FPHD@T(;>)
]\K\P] WKTMBKT4(4) FO\ FPCC
Ck tkdck MOPT]@ mofte`f` cks sejue`ft`s mocuhfks9
MOPT]@EL WKTMBKT4(0) FO\ FPCC ^TEHKTU A@U

]PDI@M\ WKTMBKT4(0)
\@TH WKTMBKT4(7)
GKMPC\UEL WKTMBKT4(0) FO\ FPCC GOT@EJF A@U
]` c` bk p`lelo qu` mohpec` uf efgorh` qu` el`ftegequ` k tolos k cos prog`sor`s kliuftos qu` ehpkrterëf
mcks`s `c prýxeho treh`str`. L`s`k mr`kr ufk vestk qu` sehpcegemkrë ck mr`kmeýf l` `st` efgorh`. ¿Mof quå
s`ft`fmeks MT@K\@ WE@Z s` r`kcezkrë `stk tkr`k?

MT@K\@ WE@Z pt_ve`w K]

(]@C@M\ gerst_fkh`, ckst_fkh`, stktus, moursèl, sudi`mt, t`rh
GTOH gkmucty g, mours` m
ZB@T@ g.gkmuctyel 8 m.gkmuctyel)1
(*)
]e uf klhefestrklor l` ck dks` l` lktos l`s`k ks`jurkrs` l` qu` cos mkhdeos r`kcezklos `f ufk vestk fo veockf
cks r`stremmeof`s
ZE\B `xest`ft`
`xest`ft`s,
MB@MA O^\EOF (*)s,
¿quå mcëusuck l`d`rèk efmcuer kc mr`kr ck
c k vestk?
^krk ufk vestk mr`klk h`lekft` cks pkckdrks mckv` ZE\B MB@MA O^\EOF, ¿muëc`s l` cks sejue`ft`s
kgerhkmeof`s sof v`rlkl`rks?
^robèd` mkhdekr cks gecks qu` fo bk l`vu`cto ck sudmofsuctk `f ck l`gefemeýf l` ck vestk. (*)

]`mteof ;7 [uez
¿[uå opmeýf l`smred` hìor ck gufmeýf l` ck mocuhfk vertukc MPTTWKC?
Ck mocuhfk vertukc MPTTWKC hostrkrë `c ùcteho `ft`ro qu` bk propormeofklo ufk s`mu`fmek. (*)
MT@K\@ ]@[P@FM@ skc`s_et`h_el_s`q

]\KT\ ZE\B ;>; HKRWKCP@ 5>>>>5> MUMC@1
¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` `stk s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ ]@[P@FM@?
Ck s`mu`fmek vocv`rë k utecezkr fùh`ros y `hp`zkrë por ;>;. (*)

MT@K\@ ]@[P@FM@ cef`_et`h_el_s`q

HEFWKCP@ ;>> HKRWKCP@ ;=> EFMT@H@F\ DU -;> MUMC@1
¿Muëc`s s`rëf cos mefmo preh`ros fùh`ros j`f`rklos por `stk s`mu`fmek?
Ck s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ ]@[P@FM@ gkcckrë porqu` fo s` bk `sp`megemklo uf vkcor ]\KT\ ZE\B. (*)
LTO^ ]@[P@FM@ cef`_et`h_el_s`q1
¿[uå `s co qu` r`kcezk `stk s`ft`fmek?
@cehefk ck s`mu`fmek l`c lemmeofkreo l` lktos. (*)

@vkcù` `stk s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ ]@[P@FM@9
MT@K\@ ]@[P@FM@ cef`_et`h_el_s`q MUMC@1

Ck s`mu`fmek s`juerë j`f`rkflo vkcor`s l`spuås l`c vkcor l` s`mu`fmek hëxeho qu` s` bk j`f`rklo. (*)
¿Muëc `s ck seftkxes morr`mtk pkrk `sp`megemkr uf vkcor hëxeho `f ufk s`mu`fmek?
Hkxvkcu` (*)
¿[uå pkckdrk mckv` s` utecezk pkrk holegemkr ufk s`mu`fmek?
Kct`r (*)
MPTTWKC `s ufk psùlomocuhfk qu` s` utecezk pkrk `xtrk`r fùh`ros l` s`mu`fmek sum`sevos l` ufk
s`mu`fmek `sp`megemklk. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
@H^_EL FO\ FPCC, ^rehkry A`y

]]FPH FO\ FPCC, Pfequ`
L@^\_EL FPHD@T Gorèjf A`y to L@^\_EL mocuhf og tb` L@^KT\H@F\] tkdc`
]KCKTU FPHD@T(2,4)
@i`mutk `stk s`ft`fmek9
MT@K\@ EFL@R `hp_fkh`_elx

OF `hpcoy``s(ckst_fkh`, gerst_fkh`)1

Ck s`ft`fmek mr`k uf èflem` fo ùfemo mohpu`sto. (*)

Ck tkdck @H^COU@@] te`f` uf èflem` l`fohefklo CF_ELR `f ck mocuhfk CK]\_FKH@. L`s`k mkhdekr
`st` èflem` pkrk qu` kbork `stå `f ck mocuhfk GET]\_FKH@. ¿Mof quå s`ft`fmek ][C s` r`kcezkrë `sto?
Fefjufk l` cks kft`reo
kft`reor`s1
r`s1 fo pu`l` utecezkr
èflem`. (*)
KC\@T `f uf èflem`.
L`s`k mr`kr uf èflem` mohpu`sto `f cks
mocuhfks GET]\_FKH@ y CK]\_FKH@ l` ck
tkdck @H^COU@@]. ¿Mof quå s`ft`fmek ][C s`
r`kcezkrë `stk tkr`k?
MT@K\@ EFL@R gc_elx
OF `hpcoy``s(gerst_fkh`,ckst_fkh`)1
(*)
¿Muëc `s ck seftkxes morr`mtk pkrk ck mr`kmeýf l` uf sefýfeho prevklo l_suh pkrk ck vestk L@^\_]PH_WP?
MT@K\@ ]UFOFUH l_suh
GOT l`pt_suh_vu1
(*)
¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s l`smrepmeof`s l`smred` hìor k ck gufmeýf l` uf èflem`?
Pf èflem` pu`l` kuh`ftkr `c r`flehe`fto l` cks mofsuctks ][C qu` dusmkf `f tkdcks l` jrkf tkhkûo. (*)
L`d` utecezkr uf sefýfeho pkrk kmm`l`r k ck tkdck l` otro usukreo. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
MT@K\@ ^PDCEM ]UFOFUH t`stefj GOT mbkf.t`stefj1
¿[uå tkr`k r`kcezkrë `stk s`ft`fmek?
@cehefk ck f`m`selkl l` qu` tolos cos usukreos pu`lkf r`kcezkr ck gks` \@]\EFJ mof su `squ`hk. (*)
Mr`k ufk s`mu`fmek mof ck sejue`ft` s`ft`fmek9
MT@K\@ ]@[P@FM@ hy_`hp_s`q1
¿Muëc`s l` cks sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`s sof v`rlkl`rks sodr` `stk s`mu`fmek? (]`c`mmeof` los opmeof`s)
HKRWKCP@ `s ;>V4: pkrk ufk s`mu`fmek ksm`fl`ft`. (*)

HEFWKCP@ `s ejukc k ;. (*)
]@C@M\ po_et`hel_s`q.MPTTWKC
GTOH lukc1
Hu`strk `c vkcor kmtukc l` ck s`mu`fmek Ô_E\@H_EL_]@[. (*)
¿ôr quå s` prolum`f eft`rvkcos `f cks s`mu`fmeks?

¿[uå opmeýf l`smred` hìor ck gufmeýf l` ck mocuhfk vertukc F@R\WKC?
Ck mocuhfk vertukc F@R\WKC kuh`ftk ufk s`mu`fmek `f uf vkcor pr`l`t`rhefklo. (*)
¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk utecezkr pkrk holegemkr ck s`mu`fmek @H^_EL_]@[ qu` s` utecezk pkrk r`cc`fkr ck
mocuhfk @H^COU@@_EL l` ck tkdck @H^COU@@]?
(*)
KC\@T ]@[P@FM@ `hp_el_s`q…1 (*)

]` pu`l` prolumer uf eft`rvkco `f ufk s`mu`fmek l`delo k qu` uf usukreo bkyk j`f`rklo uf fùh`ro l` ck
s`mu`fmek y, k moftefukmeýf, bkyk r`kcezklo uf roccdkma l` ck trkfskmmeýf. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
W@TLKL@
W@TLKL@TO TO (*)
¿[uå pkckdrk mckv` s` utecezk pkrk `cehefkr ufk s`mu`fmek?
Lrop (*)
Cos èflem`s s` pu`l`f utecezkr pkrk km`c`rkr cks mofsuctks. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
W@TLKL@TO (*)
W@TLKL@TO
Kc mr`kr uf èflem` `f ufk
ufk o hës
hës mocuhfks
mocuhfks l` ufk tkdck, ¿muëc`s
¿muëc`s l` cks sejue`ft`s
sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`
kgerhkmeof`ss sof
v`rlkl`rks?
(]`c`mmeof` los opmeof`s)
L`d`rèk mr`kr uf èflem` se ck tkdck `s jrkfl` y s` `sp`rk qu` ck hkyorèk l` cks mofsuctks r`mup`r`f h`fos l`
`ftr` `c 4% y `c <% l` cks gecks. (*)
L`d`rèk mr`kr uf èflem` se ufk o hës mocuhfks s` utecezkf mof gr`mu`fmek iuftks `f ufk moflemeýf l` ufeýf. (*)
@xest`f cos sejue`ft`s èflem`s `f ck tkdck @H^COU@@]9
• Pf èflem` ùfemo `f ck mocuhfk l` mckv` prehkrek @H^COU@@_EL

• Pf èflem` fo ùfemo `f ck mocuhfk IOD_EL
• Pf èflem` mohpu`sto `f cks mocuhfks GET]\_FKH@ y CK]\_FKH@.
]e s` dorrk ck tkdck @H^COU@@], ¿quå èflem`s s` dorrkf kutohëtemkh`ft` kc hesho te`hpo?
\olos cos èflem`s (*)

¿[uå l`d`rèk mr`kr pkrk qu` ck sejue`ft` s`ft`fmek s` ì`mutkrk hës rëpelo?
]@C@M\ *
GTOH `hpcoy``s
ZB@T@ COZ@T(ckst_fkh`) 8 'mbkfj'1
Pf èflem`, yk s`k forhkc o uf èflem` dksklo `f gufmeof`s (*)
¿[uå tepo l` vkcor EFL@R mr`k Orkmc` kc mr`kr ufk mckv` prehkrek?
PFE[P@ EFL@R (*)
¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s l`smrepmeof`s l`smred` hìor k ck gufmeýf l` uf èflem`?
Pf èflem` pu`l` kuh`ftkr `c r`flehe`fto l` cks mofsuctks ][C qu` dusmkf `f tkdcks l`
jrkf tkhkûo. (*)
Ck tkdck @H^COU@@] te`f` uf èflem` l`fohefklo CF_ELR `f ck mocuhfk CK]\_FKH@.
L`s`k mkhdekr `st` èflem` pkrk qu` kbork `stå `f ck mocuhfk GET]\_FKH@. ¿Mof quå
s`ft`fmek ][C s` r`kcezkrë `sto?
Fefjufk l` cks kft`reor`s1 fo pu`l` utecezkr KC\@T `f uf èflem`. (*)
Pfk s`mu`fmek `s ufk v`ftkfk `f ck qu` s` pu`l`f mofsuctkr o mkhdekr cos lktos.
GKC]O (*)
Mr`k ufk s`mu`fmek mof ck sejue`ft` s`ft`fmek9
MT@K\@ ]@[P@FM@ hy_`hp_s`q1
¿Muëc`s l` cks sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`s sof v`rlkl`rks sodr` `stk s`mu`fmek? (]`c`mmeof` los
opmeof`s)
HEFWKCP@ `s ejukc k ;.
(*)
HKRWKCP@ `s ;>V4:
pkrk ufk s`mu`fmek
ksm`fl`ft`. (*)
¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk
utecezkr pkrk `cehefkr ck
s`mu`fmek @H^_EL_]@[?
LTO^ ]@[P@FM@
`hp_el_s`q1 (*)

MT@K\@ ]@[P@FM@ skc`s_et`h_el_s`q

]\KT\ ZE\B ;>; HKRWKCP@ 5>>>>5> MUMC@1

]@C@M\ po_et`hel_s`q.MPTTWKC
GTOH lukc1

Hu`strk `c vkcor kmtukc l` ck s`mu`fmek
Ô_E\@H_EL_]@[. (*)
Kc holegemk
holegemkrr ufk s`mu`fmek,
s`mu`fmek, s` pu`l`
eftrolumer uf vkcor HKRWKCP@
kuh`ftklo sef mkhdekr `c orl`f l`
fùh`ro `xest`ft`. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
W@TLKL@TO (*)
W@TLKL@TO
Kc mr`kr ufk s`mu`fmek
s`mu`fmek,, ¿quå pkckdrk
pkckdrk
mckv` u opmeýf `sp`megemk `c vkcor
hèfeho l` s`mu`fmek?
HEFWKCP@ (*)
@f ][C ¿quå `s uf sefýfeho?
Pf fohdr` leg`r`ft` pkrk ufk tkdck,
vestk u otro odi`to l` dks` l` lktos (*)
L`s`k km`c`rkr ck sejue`ft` mofsuctk h`lekft` ck mr`kmeýf l` uf èflem`9
]@C@M\ * GTOH `hpcoy``s ZB@T@ (skckry * ;4) 6 ;>>>>>1
¿Mof quå seftkxes l` cks sejue`ft`s cojrkrë `sto?
Mr`kr uf èflem` dksklo `f gufmeof`s `f (skckry * ;4). (*)

¿Muëc `s ck seftkxes morr`mtk pkrk ck mr`kmeýf l` uf èflem`?
MT@K\@ EFL@R efl`x_fkh` OF tkdc`_fkh`(mocuhf_fkh`)1 (*)
L`d` l`t`rhefkr `c fohdr` l` ck tkdck y cos

fohdr`s l` mocuhfks `f cos qu` s` l`gef` `c
èflem` ]KC@]_ELR. ¿[uå vestk l`c lemmeofkreo l`
m ofsuctkr??
lktos l`d`rèk mofsuctkr
P]@T_EFL_MOCPHF] (*)
Moho usukrek Iucek, `het` `stk s`ft`fmek9
MT@K\@ ]UFOFUH `hp GOT skh.`hpcoy``s1
¿[uå tkr`k r`kcezk `stk s`ft`fmek?
Bk mr`klo uf sefýfeho prevklo `f ck tkdck @H^COU@@] qu` pos`` `c usukreo ]kh. (*)
¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s s`ft`fmeks ][C hu`strk uf ì`hpco l` seftkxes morr`mtk pkrk mr`kr uf sefýfeho kc qu`
pu`lkf kmm`l`r tolos cos usukreos l` ufk dks` l` lktos?
MT@K\@ ^PDCEM ]UFOFUH `hp GOT @H^COU@@] (*)

Mr`k ufk tkdck MP]\OH@T] `f ck qu` `c vkcor MP]\OH@T_EL s` l`sejfk moho mckv` prehkrek. L`s`k qu` cos
vkcor`s qu` s` eftrolum`f `f ck mocuhfk MP]\OH@T_EL s` j`f`r`f kutohëtemkh`ft`. ¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s
kmmeof`s l`d`rèk r`kcezkr?
Pf èflem` s` mr`k kutohëtemkh`ft` mukflo s` mr`k ufk r`stremmeýf ^TEHKTU A@U. (*)
¿[uå vestk l` lemmeofkreo l`d`rèk mofsuctkr pkrk hostrkr `c ùcteho fùh`ro j`f`rklo por ufk s`mu`fmek?
P]@T_]@[P@FM@] (*)
F`m`setk r`mup`rkr `c sejue`ft` vkcor lespofedc` pkrk ck s`mu`fmek ]KC@]_ELR.
¿[uå l`d`rèk efmcuer `f su s`ft`fmek ][C?
skc`s_elx.F@R\WKC (*)
@het` `stk s`ft`fmek9
KC\@T ]@[P@FM@
]@[P@FM@ po_s`qu`f
po_s`qu`fm` EFMT@H@F\ DU 41
m` EFMT@H@F\

Cos fùh`ros l` s`mu`fmek qu` s` j`f`r`f `f uf guturo kuh`ftkrëf `f 4 mklk v`z qu` s` j`f`r` uf fùh`ro.
(*)
Pfk s`mu`fmek `s uf odi`to l` ck dks` l` lktos. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
W@TLKL@TO
W@TLKL@ TO (*)
MPTTWKC `s ufk psùlomocuhfk qu` s` utecezk pkrk `xtrk`r fùh`ros l` s`mu`fmek sum`sevos l` ufk s`mu`fmek
`sp`megemklk. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
@c
l``squ`hk l` ck usukrek
lktos y ì`mutk Hkry s`ft`fmek9
ck sejue`ft` mofte`f` ufk
tkdck @H^. Hkry te`f` prevec`jeos l` klhefestrklor l` dks`
MT@K\@ ^PDCEM ]UFOFUH `hp GOT hkry.`hp1
Ck usukrek ]uskf kbork f`m`setk ì`mutkr ]@C@M\ l`sl` ck tkdck @H^ l` Hkry. ¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s
s`ft`fmeks ][C pu`l` utecezkr? (]`c`mmeof` los opmeof`s)
]@C@M\ * GTOH hkry.`hp1 (*)
]@C@M\ * GTOH `hp1 (*)
Dkrry mr`k ufk tkdck l`fohefklk EFW@F\OTU. ^kh l`d`
s`r mkpkz l` r`kcezkr mofsuctks `f ck heshk tkdck. Dkrry
l`s`k p`rheter k ^kh mofsuctkr ck tkdck sef t`f`r qu`
`sp`megemkr `c `squ`hk l` ck tkdck. ¿Muëc l` cos sejue`ft`s
`c`h`ftos l`d`rèk mr`kr Dkrry?
Pf sefýfeho (*)
@f ][C ¿quå `s uf sefýfeho?
Pf fohdr` leg`r`ft` pkrk ufk tkdck, vestk u otro odi`to l`
dks` l` lktos (*)
L`d` utecezkr uf sefýfeho pkrk kmm`l`r k ck tkdck l` otro
usukreo. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
Mr`k ufk tkdck MP]\OH@T] `f ck qu` `c vkcor
MP]\OH@T_EL s` l`sejfk moho mckv` prehkrek. L`s`k qu`
cos vkcor`s qu` s` eftrolum`f `f ck mocuhfk
MP]\OH@T_EL s` j`f`r`f kutohëtemkh`ft`. ¿Muëc l` cks
sejue`ft`s kmmeof`s l`d`rèk r`kcezkr?
Mr`` ufk s`mu`fmek. (*)
¿[uå psùlomocuhfk l`vu`cv` `c ùcteho vkcor
propormeofklo por ufk s`mu`fmek?
MPTTWKC (*)
¿Muëc `s `c uso hës mohùf pkrk ufk s`mu`fmek?
J`f`rkr vkcor`s l` mckv` prehkrek (*)
Cos èflem`s ùfemos s` mr`kf kutohëtemkh`ft` `f cks
mocuhfks ¿mof quå los tepos l` r`stremmeof`s?

PFE[P@ y ^TEHKTU A@U (*)

@s posedc` qu` t`fjk ufk mocuhfk efl`xklk `f ufk tkdck
lofl` uf vkcor l` ck mocuhfk l` ck tkdck fo `xestk `f `c
èflem`. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk utecezkr pkrk `cehefkr `c èflem`
CK]\_FKH@_ELR `f ck mocuhfk CK]\_FKH@ l` ck tkdck
@H^COU@@]?
LTO^ EFL@R ckst_fkh`_elx1
¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`s `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` cos èflem`s?
Pf èflem` s` mr`k kutohëtemkh`ft` mukflo s` mr`k ufk r`stremmeýf ^TEHKTU A@U. (*)
Cks s`mu`fmeks s` pu`l`f utecezkr pkrk9 (]`c`mmeof` tr`s opmeof`s)
L`gefer uf eft`rvkco geio `ftr` fùh`ros j`f`rklos sum`sevkh`ft`. (*)
J`f`rkr uf rkfjo l` fùh`ros y, opmeofkch`ft`, vocv`r k r`morr`rcos (*)
Jkrkftezkr qu` cos vkcor`s l` mckv` prehkrek s`rëf ùfemos, efmcuso kufqu` `xestkf eft`rvkcos (*)
Mr`k ufk tkdck MP]\OH@T] `f ck qu` `c vkcor MP]\OH@T_EL s` l`sejfk moho mckv` prehkrek. L`s`k qu` cos
vkcor`s qu` s` eftrolum`f `f ck mocuhfk MP]\OH@T_EL s` j`f`r`f kutohëtemkh`ft`. ¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s
kmmeof`s l`d`rèk r`kcezkr?
Mr`` ufk s`mu`fmek. (*)

]`mteof ;: [uez
¿[uå pkckdrk mckv` utecezkrèk pkrk otorjkr uf prevec`jeo l` odi`to k tolos cos usukreos l` ck dks` l` lktos?
^PDCEM (*)
Kc otorjk
otorjkrr uf prevec`jeo l` odi`to,
odi`to, ¿quå opmeýf
opmeýf efmcuerèk pkrk
pkrk p`rheter
p`rheter qu` `c usukreo
usukreo mof prevec`jeos otorju`
otorju` `c
prevec`jeo k otro usuk reo?
usukreo?
ZE\B JTKF\ O^\EOF (*)
\e`f` qu` otorjkr kc usukreo DOD prevec`jeos ]@C@M\ `f ck tkdck @H^COU@@]. L`s`k p`rheter k DOD otorjkr
`st` prevec`jeo k otros usukreos. ¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk utecezkr?
JTKF\ ]@C@M\ OF `hpcoy``s \O dod ZE\B JTKF\ O^\EOF1 (*)
Otorjkr uf prevec`jeo l` odi`to ZE\B JTKF\ O^\EOF p`rhet` kc l`stefktkreo otorjkr tolos cos prevec`jeos l`
odi`to `f ck tkdck k otros usukreos. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
@f ck sejue`ft` tkdck s` hu`strk pkrt` l` ck skcelk l` ufk l` cks vestks l`c lemmeofkreo l` lktos. ¿[uå vestk s`
`stë mofsuctkflo?
us`r_sys_prevs (`fuh`rk cos prevec`jeos l`c sest`hk otorjklos kc usukreo) (*)
¿Muëc l` `stos FO `s uf prevec`jeo l`c sest`hk otorjklo por `c LDK?
Mr`kt` Efl`x (*)
¿Muëc`s l` cos sejue`ft`s sof prevec`jeos l`c sest`hk
sest`hk??
MT@K\@ \KDC@ (*)
MT@K\@ ]UFOFUH (*)
@c usukreo KLKH bk mof`mtklo morr`mtkh`ft` k ck
dks` l` lktos `f `c pksklo, p`ro boy c` kpkr`m` uf
h`fski` l` `rror qu` eflemk qu` (kufqu` bk
eftrolumelo morr`mtkh`ft` su moftrks`ûk) fo s`
pu`l` mof`mtkr. ¿Muëc `s ck mkusk hës prodkdc` l`c
prodc`hk?
]` bk r`vomklo `c prevec`jeo MT@K\@ ]@]]EOF k
KLKH. (*)(*)
@c usukreo IKH@] bk mr`klo ufk tkdck MP]\OH@T] y
l`s`k p`rheter qu` cos l`hës usukreos pu`lkf
ì`mutkr ]@C@M\ `f `cck. ¿[uå mohkflo l`d`rèk
utecezkr IKH@] pkrk r`kcezkr `stk kmmeýf?
JTKF\ ]@C@M\ OF mustoh`rs \O ^PDCEM1 (*)
¿Muëc l` cks opmeof`s sejue`ft`s FO `s uf odi`to l`
dks` l` lktos?
¿[uå prevec`jeo l` odi`to (lestefto l` Kct`r) s` pu`l`
otorjkr k ufk s`mu`fmek?
Cks gufmeof`s T@JPCKT @R^T@]]EOF r`kcezkf
`xkmtkh`ft` ck heshk
h`fos. (¿W`rlkl`ro kmmeýf qu` CEA@, fe hës fe
o gkcso?)
GKC]O (*)
Cos pkråft`ses fo s` utecezkf pkrk el`ftegemkr cks
sud`xpr`seof`s `f ck `xpr`seýf. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
Cos/Cks _________________ sof mkrkmt`r`s mof uf
sejfegemklo `sp`mekc, moho uf mkrëmt`r moholèf, uf
mkrëmt`r r`p`tetevo, uf mkrëmt`r fo moefmel`ft` o uf
rkfjo l` mkrkmt`r`s. û`l` utecezkr vkreos l` `stos
sèhdocos `f ck moefmel`fmek l` pktrof`s.
H`tkmkrkmt`r`s (*)
¿Muëc l` cos sejue`ft`s prevec`jeos l` odi`to s` pu`l`
otorjkr `f ufk mocuhfk eflevelukc `f ufk tkdck?
T`g`r`fm`s (*)
Pplkt` (*)

¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`s l`smred` hìor

uf roc `f ufk dks` l` lktos Orkmc`?
Pf roc `s uf fohdr` l` uf jrupo l` prevec`jeos. (*)
Cos prevec`jeos l`c sest`hk sof9
F`m`skreos pkrk odt`f`r kmm`so k ck dks` l` lktos.
(*)
Pst`l `s `c klhefestrklor l` ck dks` l` lktos. L`s`k
mr`kr uf fu`vo usukreo IOF@] mof ufk moftrks`ûk
HKTA, y p`rheter k `st` usukreo mr`kr sus propeks
tkdcks. ¿[uå seftkxes l` cks sejue`ft`s l`d`rèk
ì`mutkr?
MT@K\@ P]@T iof`s EL@F\EGE@L DU hkra1
JTKF\ MT@K\@ ]@]]EOF \O iof`s1
JTKF\ MT@K\@ \KDC@ \O iof`s1
(*)
Ck usukrek ]P]KF mr`k ufk tkdck @H^COU@@] y, k moftefukmeýf, mr`k ufk vestk @H^_WE@Z qu` soco hu`strk
cks mocuhfks GET]\_FKH@ y CK]\_FKH@ l` @H^COU@@]. @c usukreo TPLE l`d` pol`r s`r mkpkz l` kmm`l`r k
cos fohdr`s l` cos `hpc`klos, p`ro k fefjùf otro lkto l` @H^COU@@]. ¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk ì`mutkr
]P]KF pkrk p`rheter `sto?
JTKF\ ]@C@M\ OF `hp_ve`w \O rule1 (*)
Cos prevec`jeos l` odi`tos sof9
F`m`skreo pkrk hkfepuckr `c moft`felo l` cos odi`tos l` ck dks` l` lktos. (*)
]` pu`l` TO
W@TLKL@TO
W@TLKL@ otorjkr
(*) uf roc k otro roc. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
¿[uå gufmeýf l` Orkmc` sehpcegemk `c prom`so l` otorjkhe`fto y r`vomkmeýf l` prevec`jeos?
Toc (*)
@c Psukreo; `s prope`tkreo l` ufk tkdck y otorjk `c prevec`jeo ]@C@M\ `f `cck ZE\B JTKF\ O^\EOF kc Psukreo4.
K moftefukmeýf,
moftefukmeýf, `c Psukreo
Psukreo44 otorjk `c`c prevec`jeo ]@C@M\
]@C@M\ `f ck heshk tkdck kc Psukreo=.
Psukreo=. ]e `c Psukreo;
Psukreo; r`vomk
r`vomk cos
prevec`jeos ]@C@M\ kc Psukreo4, ¿polrë `c Psukreo= kmm`l`r k ck tkdck?
Fo (*)
]e s` c` otorjkf prevec`jeos kc odi`to l` uf khejo, por l`g`mto ust`l tkhdeåf polrë otorjkr kmm`so k `s`
hesho odi`to kc r`sto l` usukreos. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
Cos pkråft`ses fo s` utecezkf pkrk el`ftegemkr cks sud`xpr`seof`s `f ck `xpr`seýf. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
Cks gufmeof`s T@JPCKT @R^T@]]EOF s` pu`l`f utecezkr moho pkrt` l` ufk l`gefemeýf l` r`stremmeýf.
(¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?)
W@TLKL@TO
W@TLKL@ TO (*)
Cos/Cks
mkrëmt`r _________________
r`p`tetevo, uf mkrëmt`rsof
fo mkrkmt`r`s
moefmel`ft`mof ufrkfjo
o uf sejfegemklo `sp`mekc, moho
l` mkrkmt`r`s. û`lùf mkrëmt`r
utecezkr moholèf,
vkreos l` `stosuf
sèhdocos `f ck moefmel`fmek l` pktrof`s.
H`tkmkrkmt`r`s (*)
Kc usukreo MMBKFJ
BKFJ s` c` bkf otorjklo
otorjklo cos prevec`jeos
prevec`jeos ]@C@M\,
]@C@M\, P^LK\@,
P^LK\@, EF]@T\
EF]@T\ y L@C@\@
L@C@\@ `f ck tkdck
@H^COU@@]. Kbork l`s`k `vetkr qu` Mbkfj kjr`ju` o suprehk gecks l` ck tkdck, p`ro sè l`s`k p`rheterc` c``r y
holegemkr cks gecks `xest`ft`s. ¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk utecezkr pkrk r`kcezkr `stk kmmeýf?
T@WOA@ EF]@T\, L@C@\@ OF `hpcoy``s GTOH mbkfj1 (*)
Pf `squ`hk `s ufk r`mopeckmeýf l` odi`tos moho tkdcks, vestks y s`mu`fmeks. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
W@TLKL@
W@TLKL@TO TO (*)
¿[uå s`ft`fmek utecezkrèk pkrk `cehefkr uf prevec`jeo l` odi`to otorjklo k uf usukreo?
T@WOA@ (*)
¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`s `s v`rlkl`rk?
Cos `fckm`s l` dks` l` lktos p`rhet`f k cos usukreos trkdkikr mof odi`tos l` ck dks` l` lktos r`hotk sef
t`f`r qu` mof`mtkrs` k otrk dks` l` lktos. (*)

Mukflo uf usukreo s` bk mof`mtklo k ufk dks` l` lktos, soco pu`l` trkdkikr mof cos odi`tos `fmoftrklos `f
`sk dks` l` lktos. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
¿[uå vestk l` lemmeofkreo l` lktos hu`strk cos prevec`jeos l`c sest`hk qu` s` bkf otorjklo k uf usukreo?
P]@T_]U]_^TEW] (*)
¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`s l`smred` hìor `c odi`tevo l`c prevec`jeo l` odi`to T@G@T@FM@] `f ufk
tkdck?
^`rhet` kc usukreo mr`kr r`stremmeof`s l` mckv` ki`fk `f ck tkdck. (*)
]`c`mmeof` ck gufmeýf T@JPCKT @R^T@]]EOF morr`mtk9 (]`c`mmeof` los)
T@J@R^_CEA@, T@J@R^_T@^CKM@ (*)
T@J@R^_EF]\T, T@J@R^_]PD]\T (*)
¿Muëc l` `stks gufmeof`s ][C qu` s` utecezkf pkrk hkfepuckr cks mkl`fks FO `s ufk gufmeýf l` `xpr`seýf
r`juckr vëcelk?
T@J@R^ (*)
Cks `xpr`seof`s r`juckr`s sof uf håtolo l` l`smrepmeýf l` pktrof`s tkfto sehpc`s moho mohpcìos pkrk ck
dùsqu`lk y ck hkfepuckmeýf. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
W@TLKL@TO (*)
W@TLKL@TO
¿Muëc`s l` cos sejue`ft`s sof prevec`jeos l` odi`tos? (]`c`mmeof` los opmeof`s)
EF]@T\ (*)
]@C@M\ (*)
¿[uå prevec`jeo l`c sest`hk s` l`d` t`f`r pkrk mof`mtkr k ufk dks` l` lktos Orkmc`?
MT@K\@ ]@]]EOF (*)
KC\@T P]@T
P]@T dod EL@F\EGE@L
EL@F\EGE@L DU
DU ieh1
¿[uå kgerhkmeýf sodr` `c r`suctklo l` ck ì`mumeýf l` `stk s`ft`fmek `s v`rlkl`rk?
]` ksejfk ufk fu`vk moftrks`ûk kc usukreo DOD. (*)

Ck usukrek Akt` l`s`k mr`kr èflem`s `f tkdcks l` su `squ`hk. ¿[uå prevec`jeo s` l`d` otorjkr k Akt` pkrk qu`
`cck co pu`lk r`kcezkr?
Fefjufo1 cos usukreos fo f`m`setkf prevec`jeos klemeofkc`s pkrk mr`kr èflem`s `f tkdcks l` su propeo `squ`hk.
(*)
¿[uå s`ft`fmek utecezkrèk pkrk kjr`jkr prevec`jeos k uf roc?
JTKF\ (*)
^krk ufer ufk tkdck l` ck dks` l` lktos mof ufk tkdck l` ufk s`juflk dks` l` lktos Orkmc` (r`hotk), l`d`
utecezkr9
Pf `fckm` l` dks` l` lktos (*)
^krk quetkr uf prevec`jeo k uf usukreo, ¿quå mohkflo utecezkrèk?
T@WOA@ (*)
Cos roc`smof
Jrupos sof9
fohdr` l` prevec`jeos r`ckmeofklos otorjklos k uf usukreo o k otro roc. (*)
¿[uå s`ft`fmek utecezkrèk pkrk otorjkr uf roc k cos usukreos?
JTKF\ (*)
Cks gufmeof`s T@JPCKT @R^T@]]EOF s` pu`l`f utecezkr moho pkrt` l` ufk l`gefemeýf l` r`stremmeýf.
W@TLKL@TO
W@TLKL@ TO (*)
Cks gufmeof`s T@JPCKT @R^T@]]EOF r`kcezkf `xkmtkh`ft` ck heshk kmmeýf qu` CEA@, fe hës fe h`fos.
GKC]O (*)
L`s`k otorjkr prevec`jeos kc usukreo MBKF qu` c` p`rheterëf k `st` usukreo kmtukcezkr cos lktos l` ck tkdck
@H^COU@@]. ¿[uå tepo l` prevec`jeos otorjkrë k MBKF?
^revec`jeos l` odi`to (*)
KC\@T P]@T
P]@T dod EL@F\EGE@L
EL@F\EGE@L DU
DU ieh1
¿[uå kgerhkmeýf sodr` `c r`suctklo l` ck ì`mumeýf l` `stk s`ft`fmek `s v`rlkl`rk?

]` ksejfk ufk fu`vk moftrks`ûk kc usukreo DOD. (*)

¿[uå prevec`jeo l` odi`to (lestefto l` Kct`r) s` pu`l` otorjkr k ufk s`mu`fmek?
]@C@M\ (*)
Cks `xpr`seof`s r`juckr`s utecezklks moho r`stremmeof`s l` moftroc sof otrk hkf`rk l` jkrkftezkr qu` cos lktos
t`fjkf `c gorhkto morr`mto kft`s l` `smreders` `f ck tkdck l` ck dks` l` lktos. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
W@TLKL@TO
W@TLKL@ TO (*)
¿[uå s`ft`fmek utecezkrèk pkrk otorjkr uf roc k cos usukreos?
JTKF\ (*)
Cks gufmeof`s T@JPCKT @R^T@]]EOF s` pu`l`f utecezkr `f tepos l` lkto MBKT, MCOD y WKTMBKT4?
(W`rlkl`ro o gkcso)
W@TLKL@
W@TLKL@TO TO (*)
@c klhefestrklor l` ck dks` l` lktos l`s`k p`rheter qu` `c usukreo Hkrmo mr`` tkdcks fu`vks `f su propeo
`squ`hk. ¿[uå prevec`jeo s` l`d` otorjkr k Hkrmo?
MT@K\@ \KDC@ (*)
¿[uå prevec`jeo l` odi`to (lestefto l` Kct`r) s` pu`l` otorjkr k ufk s`mu`fmek?
]@C@M\ (*)
Kc moftro
moftrockr
ckr `c kmm`so
kmm`so l` usukreo mof Orkmc`
Orkmc` Lktkdks`
Lktkdks` ]`murety,
]`murety, pu`l` propormeofkr
propormeofkr kmm`so
kmm`so k odi`tos
odi`tos
`sp`mègemos l` ck dks` l` lktos. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
W@TLKL@TO (*)
W@TLKL@TO
@c usukreo MTKEJ mr`k ufk vestk l`fohefklk EFW@F\OTU_W, qu` s` dksk `f ck tkdck EFW@F\OTU. MTKEJ
l`s`k bkm`r qu` `stk vestk `stå lespofedc` pkrk cks mofsuctks k tolos cos usukreos l` ck dks` l` lktos. ¿Muëc
l` cks sejue`ft`s kmmeof`s l`d`rèk r`kcezkr MTKEJ?
L`d`rèk ksejfkr `c prevec`jeo ]@C@M\ k tolos cos usukreos l` ck dks` l` lktos pkrk ck vestk EFW@F\OTU_W. (*)
@c `squ`hk l`c usukreo DOD mofte`f` ufk tkdck @H^COU@@]. DOD ì`mutk ck sejue`ft` s`ft`fmek9
JTKF\ ]@C@M\ OF `hpcoy``s \O hkry ZE\B JTKF\ O^\EOF1
¿Muëc`s l` cks sejue`ft`s s`ft`fmeks pu`l` ì`mutkr kbork HKTU morr`mtkh`ft`? (]`c`mmeof` los
opmeof`s)
]@C@M\ GTOH dod.`hpcoy``s1 (*)
JTKF\ ]@C@M\ OF dod.`hpcoy``s \O
^PDCEM1 (*)
¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`s `s gkcsk sodr` mýho otorjkr prevec`jeos l` odi`to?
]oco s` pu`l`f otorjkr prevec`jeos l` odi`to k trkvås l` roc`s. (*)

]`mteof ;2 [uez
Pfk trkfskmmeýf bkm` vkreos mkhdeos sum`sevos `f ufk tkdck. ]e `s f`m`skreo, `s posedc` qu` l`s`` l`sbkm`r
cos mkhdeos post`reor`s y hkft`f`r `c cos mkhdeos kft`reor`s. ¿[uå l`d` efmcuer `f `c mýlejo pkrk r`kcezkr `stk
kmmeýf?
Pf pufto l` jrkdkmeýf (*)
Ck tkdck HU\KD soco mofte`f` ufk mocuhfk l`c tepo l` lkto MBKT(;). Pf usukreo ì`mutk cks sejue`ft`s
s`ft`fmeks `f `c orl`f qu` s` hu`strk.
EF]@T\ EF\O hytkd WKCP@] ('K')1

EF]@T\ EF\O hytkd WKCP@] ('D')1
MOHHE\1
EF]@T\ EF\O hytkd WKCP@] ('M')1
TOCCDKMA1
¿[uå gecks mofte`f` ck tkdck kbork?
K y D (*)
¿Muëc l` cks sejue`ft`s kgerhkmeof`s l`smred` hìor `c tårhefo "mofsest`fmek l` c`mturk"?
Ehpel` qu` otros usukreos v`kf cos mkhdeos `f ufk tkdck bkstk qu` `sos mkhdeos s` bkykf mofgerhklo (*)
@xkhef` cks sejue`ft`s s`ft`fmeks9
EF]@T\ EF\OEfs_Lof`1
]KW@ÔEF\ `hps ]@C@M\ * GTOH `hpcoy``s1 -- ;>: rows efs`rt`l.
L@C@\@ `hpcoy``s1 -- ;>: rows l`c`t`l
]KW@ÔEF\ L`c_Lof`1
P^LK\@ `hps ]@\ ckst_fkh` 8 ']hetb'1
¿Mýho polrèk l`sbkm`r soco ck ùctehk s`ft`fmek Pplkt`?
TOCCDKMA to ]KW@ÔEF\ L`c_Lof`1 (*)

EF]@T\ EF\O `hps ]@C@M\ * GTOH `hpcoy``s1 -- ;>: rows efs`rt`l.
W@TLKL@TO (*)
W@TLKL@TO
P^LK\@ `hpcoy``s ]@\ skckry 8 ;0>>>1

]KW@ÔEF\ upl;_lof`1
P^LK\@ `hpcoy``s ]@\ skckry 8 44>>>1
]KW@ÔEF\ upl4_lof`1
L@C@\@ GTOH `hpcoy``s1
L`s`k hkft`f`r tolos cos `hpc`klos mof uf skckreo l` ;0>>>1 ¿[uå s`ft`fmek l`d`rèk ì`mutkr k
moftefukmeýf?
TOCCDKMA \O ]KW@ÔEF\ upl;_lof`1 (*)
Mukflo s` l`smof`mtk l` Orkmc`, s` l`sbkm`f
kutohëtemkh`ft` cos mkhdeos l` cos lktos. ¿W`rlkl`ro o
gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
]e `c PsukreoD te`f` prevec`jeos pkrk v`r cos lktos l` ufk
tkdck, `f mukfto `c PsukreoK bkyk eftrolumelo cos lktos `f
`sk tkdck, `c PsukreoD polrë v`r `sos lktos. ¿W`rlkl`ro o
gkcso?
GKC]O (*)

EF]@T\ EF\O `hps ]@C@M\ * GTOH `hpcoy``s1 -- ;>: rows efs`rt`l.

]KW@ÔEF\ Efs_Lof`1
MT@K\@ EFL@R `hp_cfkh`_elx OF `hpcoy``s(ckst_fkh`)1
P^LK\@ `hps ]@\ ckst_fkh` 8 ']hetb'1
¿[uå omurr` se `het` ufk s`ft`fmek Toccdkma?
Ck kmtukcezkmeýf l` ckst_fkh` s` l`sbkm`, p`ro ck efs`rmeýf s` mofgerhk mof ck s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ EFL@R. (*)
Ck tkdck MP]\OH@T]
MOHHE\ l`c usukreo
`f sus mkhdeos. DODIkf`
Ck usukrek mofte`f`
kbork 4> gecks. DOD
ì`mutk9 efs`rtk los gecks hës `f ck tkdck, p`ro fo ì`mutk
]@C@M\ MOPF\(*) GTOH dod.mustoh`rs1
¿[uå r`suctklo v`rë IKF@?
4> (*)
Fo s` te`f` qu` pròmupkr por moftrockr sus trkfskmmeof`s. Orkmc` s` `fmkrjk l` tolo. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
GKC]O (*)
¿[uå s`ft`fmek ][C s` utecezk pkrk `cehefkr tolos cos mkhdeos r`kcezklos por ufk trkfskmmeýf sef mofgerhkr?
TOCCDKMA1 (*)
]e Orkmc` s` dcoqu`k, s` l`sbkm`f kutohëtemkh`ft` cos mkhdeos l`c usukreo. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?
W@TLKL@
W@TLKL@TO TO (*)
]e ufk dks` l` lktos s` dcoqu`k, s` l`sbkm`f kutohëtemkh`ft` tolos cos mkhdeos fo mofgerhklos.
¿W`rlkl`ro
W@TLKL@TO
W@TLKL@ TOo (*)
gkcso?

Ck geck l` ]t`v`f Aefj l` ck tkdck @H^COU@@] te`f` uf vkcor @H^COU@@_EL 8 ;>> y ]KCKTU 8 4<>>>.
Pf usukreo `het` cks sejue`ft`s s`ft`fmeks `f `c orl`f hostrklo9
P^LK\@ `hpcoy``s
]@\ skckry 8 skckry * 4
ZB@T@ `hpcoy``_el 8 ;>>1
MOHHE\1
P^LK\@ `hpcoy``s
]@\ skckry 8 =>>>>
ZB@T@ `hpcoy``_el 8 ;>>1
Ck s`seýf l` ck dks` l` lktos l`c usukreo kbork t`rhefk l` gorhk kforhkc. ¿Muëc `s kmtukch`ft` `c
skckreo l` Aefj `f ck tkdck?
<2>>> (*)

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@c vkcor por l`g`mto l`d` moefmeler mof (`c/ck) __________ l` ck mocuhfk.

Cks efs`rmeof`s `f vkreks pu`l`f s`r moflemeofkc`s o efmoflemeofkc`s. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?

]` c` bk p`lelo qu` kjr`ju` uf fu`vo mce`ft` k ck tkdck MP]\OH@T]. L`delo k qu` fo s` bk

¿Mof quå los s`ft`fmeks EF]@T\ s` muhpcerë su odi`tevo?

EF]@T\ EF\O mustoh`rs

EF]@T\ EF\O l`pkrth`fts

]` efs`rtkrë :> `f ck mocuhfk l`pkrth`ft_el. (*)

gecks `f ufk tkdck, k tolks

EF]@T\ EF\O mopy_`hps (`hpcoy``_el, gerst_fkh`, ckst_fkh`, skckry, l`pkrth`ft_el)

Mukflo gkctk ck mcëusuck ZB@T@ `f ufk s`ft`fmek L@C@\@, ¿muëc `s `c r`suctklo?

Ck tkdck @H^COU@@] mofte`f` cks sejue`ft`s mocuhfks9

@H^COU@@_EL FPHD@T(;>) ^TEHKTU A@U

]è, s` trktk l` ufk s`ft`fmek p`rg`mtkh`ft` vëcelk. (*)

@H^COU@@_EL FPHD@T(;>) ^TEHKTU A@U

¿[uå s`ft`fmek P^LK\@ c` p`rheterë muhpcer su odi`tevo?

Ck pkckdrk mckv` L@GKPC\ s` pu`l` utecezkr `f cks sejue`ft`s s`ft`fmeks9

Kc efs`rtkr gecks

Ck tkdck ]\PL@F\] mofte`f` `stks mocuhfks9

]\P_EL FPHD@T(5) FO\ FPCC

EF]@T\ EF\O gt_stul`fts

Ck tkdck ^TOLPM\] mofte`f` `stks mocuhfks9

^TOLPM\_EL FPHD@T FO\ FPCC

EF]@T\ EF\O prolumts (prolumt_el, prolumt_fkh`, suppce`r_el, cest_prem`, most, qty_ef_stoma)

EF]@T\ EF\O mopy_`hps (`hpcoy``_el, gerst_fkh`, ckst_fkh`, skckry, l`pkrth`ft_el)

Ptecezkflo ck s`ft`fmek EF]@T\ y supofe`flo qu` ufk mocuhfk

\@KH]9 FPHD@T ^rehkry A`y

@H^COU@@_EL FPHD@T(0) ^TEHKTU A@U

L@C@\@ GTOH `hpcoy``s

L@C@\@ GTOH `hpcoy``s

Cks efs`rmeof`s `f vkreks pu`l`f s`r moflemeofkc`s o efmoflemeofkc`s. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?

Cos kceks s` pu`l`f utecezkr mof s`ft`fmeks H@TJ@. ¿W`rlkl`ro o gkcso?

Ck pkckdrk mckv` L@GKPC\ s` pu`l` utecezkr `f cks sejue`ft`s s`ft`fmeks9

Ck tkdck ^TOLPM\] mofte`f` `stks mocuhfks9

^TOLPM\_EL FPHD@T FO\ FPCC

¿[uå s`ft`fmek EF]@T\ s` `i`mutkrë morr`mtkh`ft`?

LHC `s uf kmrýfeho qu` sejfegemk9

T@FKH@ ocl_fkh` to f`w_fkh` s` pu`l` utecezkr pkrk9

Ck tkdck \@KH] mofte`f` `stks mocuhfks9

\@KH_EL FPHD@T(<) ^rehkry A`y

¿Muëc`s l` cos sejue`ft`s sof tepos l` lkto l` Orkmc` vëcelos?

@vkcù` `stk s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ \KDC@9

MT@K\@ \KDC@ skc`s

¿[uå r`queseto l` f`jomeo muhpcerë `stk s`ft`fmek?

@vkcù` `stk s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ \KDC@9

MT@K\@ \KDC@ skc`s

¿[uå kgerhkmeýf `s v`rlkl`rk sodr` ck mocuhfk ]KC@_LK\@?

Lklk `stk tkdck `hpcoy``9

(`hpcoy``_el FPHD@T(;>) FO\ FPCC,

EF]@T\ EF\O `hpcoy``s WKCP@] (;>, 'Fktkmbk', 'Bkfs`f', L@GKPC\)1

Ck s`ft`fmek gufmeofkrë y ck mocuhfk ber`_lkt` t`flrë `c vkcor l` ck g`mbk `f ck qu` s` bk `i`mutklo ck

@xkhef` `stk s`ft`fmek MT@K\@ \KDC@9

MT@K\@ \KDC@ `hp_cokl

¿[uå tepo l` tkdck s` mr`k kquè?

Kc mr`kr ufk fu`vk tkdck,

@vkcù` `stk s`ft`fmek9

¿[uå tkr`k r`kcezkrë `stk s`ft`fmek?

^u`l` utecezkr ck s`ft`fmek KC\@T \KDC@ pkrk9

MT@K\@ \KDC@ stul`ft_tkdc`