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M2 SURGERY - Liver - Dr. Baldovino
M2 SURGERY - Liver - Dr. Baldovino
1.
U
nd
The LIVER er
st
FORAMEN OF WINSLOW an
d
ex
tr
ah
ep
ati
c
o AKA: epiploic foramen an
d
int
ra
he
pa
Dr. Fidel Baldovino tic
liv
er
an
at
o
m
y
an
d
o Deep/dorsal to the porta hepatis
KEY POINTS
6.
physiology. D
es
cri
be
th
e
no
m
gle maneuver. en
cl
at
ur
2.
e
an
Understand hepatic molecular signaling pathways.
d
st
ep
s
in
pe
rf
or
mi
ng
an
an
at
3. Know the features of acute liver failure and cirrhosis, along with o
mi
c
treatment options.
rig
ht
or
le
4. ft
he
Formulate a plan for the work-up of an incidental liver lesion. pa
tic
re
se
cti
on
5. .
LIVER
o largest organ in the body o 1500 g. anchors the liver to the anterior abdominal wall.
o right upper abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm o ligamentum venosum: between the caudate lobe and the left lateral
protected by the rib cage. segment
Hepatoduodenal ligament:
Hepatic Artery
contains the common bile duct, the hepatic artery, and the portal
vein.
Portal vein
o 15 to 20% of cases
COUINAUD'S SYSTEM
Caudate lobe: unique because its venous drainage feeds di-rectly into
the IVC.
Bilirubin: breakdown product of normal heme catabolism o
Circulation: Bound to albumin, sent to the liver
LEFT LOBE:
ENTERO
HEPATIC
CIRCUL
ATION
left lobe:
remainder
[with the
caudate
lobe]
caudate
lobe
o
three
subseg
ments
Spiegel
lobe
Cantlie’s line:
caudate
right lobe: 60-70% of liver mass
process.
Falciform ligament: divides the left lateral segment from the left medial segment
COUINAUD'S SYSTEM
BALDOVINOFIDEL
DR..
study of newly diagnosed cirrhotic patient
DIAGNOSTICS
o Cirrhosis
INR
Intraoperative UTZ
Clotting factors
ALT (SGPT)
LIVER IMAGING
Assess the degree of fibrosis or cirrhosis in the liver
Indications:
CT Scan
o -arterial phase (20-30 secs) after contrast o -venous/potal
phase (60-70 secs) produces images based on magnetic fields and radio waves
portal lymphadenopathy
MRI
o with higher soft tissue contrast resolution w/o ionizing
radiation
reduced metabolic activity of the tumor
MR Venography
Disadvantages:
ANGIOGRAPHY
DIAGNOSTIC LAPAROSCOPY
minimally invasive
laparoscopic ultrasound
malignant disease
.
nodular surface contour
useful in predicting surgical risks of other intraabdominal oper- dilatation of portal vein TR
ations performed on cirrhotic patients EA
T
o Class A Cirrhosis ---10% Surgical Mortality Rate o Class B M
Cirrhosis ---30% Surgical Mortality Rate o Class C Cirrhosis ---75- gastroesophageal varices
E
80% Surgical mortality rate N
T
splenomgaly
Pr
CIRRHOSIS AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION ev
en
t
fu
A 51 yr old man presents to the emergency room with hema-temesis rt
and a systolic BP of 80. After initial fluid resuscitation of isotonic he
crystalloid solutions, his BP- 120/80, and his pulse rate is 100. The r
next hospital day, EGD was done revealing large esophageal varices da
with overlying clot. Patient is a chronic alco-holic drinker.... m
ag
e
of
CIRRHOSIS th
e
liv
er
generalized hepatic fibrosis and nodular regeneration of the liver as
a response to hepatocyte necrosis
Tr
ea
8th leading cause of death in USA
t
co
m
pli
Ito cells – hepatic stellate cells
ca
o Principal mediators of hepatic fibrosis tio
n
of
cir
o Stimulated by hepatocyte necrosis, cytokine,growth fac-tors rh
os
is
CHARACTERISTICS
o HCC can occur in all forms of cirrhosis o does not rule out HCC
o
En
Clinical features lar
ge
Laboratory values
d,
to
rt
Radiographic findings uo
us,
an
d
PORTAL HYPERTENSION ev
en
elevated pressure within the portal venous system an
eu
rys
m
normal: 5-10mmHg al
spl
en
ic
>10mmHg is clinically sig. portal HTN ve
ss
DIAGNOSIS Cirrhosis: MC cause of portal hypertension
Histopathologyc diagnosis o From the anterior branch of the left gastric or coronary vein
els frequently assocaited with
hypersplenism
Caput Medusa
Cruveilhier-Baumharten murmur
Ascites
o Hepatic dysfunction
Anorectal varices
HEPATIC VENOGRAPHY
M
A
N
A
G
HVPG= WHVP-FHVP E
done by experienced interventional radiologist can control varical
M
bleeding in >90% of cases <12 mmHg portal venous pressure E
Possible complications N
>10mHg: clinically significant portal HPN
T
bleeding intra-abdominally or in the biliary tree, infections, renal O
failure, decreased hepatic function--->hepatic en-cephalopathy(25- F
30% after the procedure) MECHANISM A
C
U
TE
As portal venous collateral develop, diverting blood into the systemic V
ciculation, portal hypertension is maintained by increasing portal flow A
RI
and splanchnic vasodilation hyperdynamic portal venous
CE
AL
circulation increased cardiac output generalized vasodilation
Sengstaken Blakemore Tube BL
EE
TIPS (Transjugular Intrahepatic, PS Shunt)
DI
N
implantation of a metallic shent between an intrahepatic
G
branch of the portal vein and a hepatic vein radicle
ponade
as
so
cia
te
d
wi
ESOPHAGEAL VARICES th
po
rta
l
submucosal plexus in the distal esophagus or upper stomach hy
pe
rte
nsi
rupture and bleeding of varices is the most serious complica-tion on
Factors: Ap
pr
o increased pressure in the varix oxi
m
o ulceration of the varix due to esophagitis
at
ely
30
%
VARICEAL BLEEDING
of
most significant manifestation of portal hypertension pa
tie
nt
s
leading cause of morbidity and mortality wi
th
co
mpensated cirrhosis and 60% of patients with decompensated for
cirrhosis have esophageal varices. pa
tie
nt
s
30% of patients with varices experience variceal bleeding wi
th
m
ed
One third of all patients with varices experience variceal bleed-ing.
iu
m
to
lar
20 to 30% risk of mortality.
ge
va
ric
Seventy percent of patients who survive the initial bleed will es
experience recurrent variceal hemorrhage within 1 year if left
untreated.
pe
rfo
ETIOLOGY OF VARICES rm
ed
ev
er
y1
Obstruction of portal blood flow Elevated portal pressure (portal HPN)
to
reversal of portal blood flow enlargement of collaterals 2
we
ek
s
PREVENTION OF VARICEAL BLEEDING un
til
ob
lit
improvement of liver function
er
ati
on
avoidance of alcohol
o transection procedures
o splenectomy
Shunts
Surgiura
portocaval - portal vein to vena cava
Surgical
Shunts for
mesocaval – mesenteric vein to IVC reduce portal venous pressure
Portal HPN:
non-selective
end to side
o Distal splenorenal o H Graft shunt
o easiest
o Splenectomy
to perform
SHUNT OPERATIONS
o totally
diverts portal
most complete form of devascularization
blood flow
Hassab’s
reduction of portal pressure decreased potential for
bleeding from varices
side to side
devascularization of the proximal stomach and distal esophagus
o 2-3%
*Encephalitis is common in Portocaval shunts rebleeding
o splenectomy
(sinceblood does not go to the liver anymore) rate
o higher incidence of variceal rebleeding o lower THE LIVER
incidence of encephalopathy
o 14-40% post op encephalopathy rate o lower ammonia levels
o no GI bleeding
AKA: Warren Shunt
difficult to construct
SPLENORENAL SHUNT
easy to perform
used in emergencies
encephalitis is low
IISURGERY
an anomalous artery
A 25 year old woman on oral contraceptives develops right unlikely but uncertain
upper
and malignant transfor-
mation is recognized
quadrant abdominal pain. A ct scan demonstrates a hypodense,
6cm
fibrous tissues
the area of the mass. Angiographic study reveals a Helical CT: absence of
hypervascular
presence of Kuppfer cells enables
Scarring
defect
HEPATIC ADENOMA VS FOCAL NODULAR
HYPERPLASIA
recommended HEMANGIOMA
surgical resection can be recom- ● Most common solid benign tumor of the liver
OCPs
● Congenital vascular lesions that contains fibrous tissue and
cannot be definitely excluded
tempted
treatment of choice
●
Embolization is useful for
Incidental findings on utrasound with little clinical consequence
25%)
the lesion
Diagnostics:
Therapeutics:
o Enucleation or formal hepatic resection o Transarterial 1.) Ultz- round or oval hypoechoic lesions with well defined borders and
Embolization (TAE) variable number of internal echoes
INFECTIONS OF THE LIVER 2.) CT Scan- hypodense with peripheral enhancement and may contain
air-fluid levels indicating gas producing infectious or-ganisms
Pyogenic Liver Abscess a.) Antibiotic Tx- IV tx for 2 weeks the P.O for 1 mo based on etiology
Etiology:
open/ lap
hematogenous: portal system
a.) Metronidazole 750mg/tab TID for 7-10 days b.) Surgical Drainage
Amebic Liver Abscess (same as pyogenic type)
HEPATIC CYSTS
A 50 year-old woman is found to have a 8 cm solitary, homogenous fluid filled right
hepatic lobe lesion with no internal echoes on ultrasound imaging. Patient
complains of recurrent RUQ pain with no associated jaundice and weight loss but
with early satiety. She had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy 1 year PTA.
*
*
*
BASELINE LFTS (no need to memorize the values! Just the variables ) Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE)
Chemoembolization
Injecting chemotherapeutic drugs combined with embolization
particles into the hepatic artery that supplies the liver tumors
Procedure: palpate femoral artery. Insert wire until arterial hepatic
system viewed with fluoroscopic guidance. Once in the hepatic lobe,
block arterial system while chemo drugs are given. There will be no exit
of embolization particles.
In case of bleeding hepatic HCCs, surgical intervention may be difficult.
TACE may be used. Bleeding stops because feeding vessel of the tumor
is blocked.
However, tumor is not removed. It will remain in the liver. Only the
vessels supplying the tumor are blocked.
Percutaneous, transfemoral
MC used
Hepatitis Profile
Cisplatin in lipiodol (so that it will not readily diffuse)
● AFP/CEA/Ca 19-9
RADIOFEQUENCY ABLATION
● → >2 cm hepatic mass can be diagnose as HCC with classical CT
scan finding + AFP> 400 ng/ml without the need of a biopsy Destroys liver tumors by thermal destruction
(90-95% specificity and sensitivity) Heat is generated by radiofrequency energy delivered through a needle
electrode inserted into the tumor radiofrequency energy will change
FUTURE LIVER REMNANT direction of ions on alternating charges high frictional energy, heat
Measured by CT volumetry conduction and thermal destruction tissue temperature above 45°C
causes apoptosis, above 90°C creates irreversible zone of coagulation
a. Healthy, non cirrhotic liver- FLR of 20% is adequate
b. Cirrhotic liver- FLR of 40% is adequate for acceptable risk necrosis
Preferred to be done laparoscopically
Portal Vein Embolization (PVE)- induce hypertrophy to contralateral SYSTEMIC CHEMOTHERAPY
liver to potentiate growth of FLR
SHARP trial (Sorafenib HCC Assessment randomized protocol)
602 patients with Child’s class A cirrhosis and inoperable HCC
Survival benefit was found in the treatment group
Sorafenib led to a 44% improvement in overall survival compared with
placebo
Sorafenib received accelerated FDA approval for the treatment of
advanced unresectable HCC – low effectivity