9912 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 70, NO.
10, OCTOBER 2022
Communication
Millimeter-Wave Wideband Dual-Polarized LTCC Antenna Array Based on
Metasurfaces for Beam-Scanning Applications
Chenyu Zhou , Wanchen Yang , Quan Xue , Ying Liu , Yunxue Xu , and Wenquan Che
Abstract— This communication presents a millimeter-wave wideband
dual-polarized low-temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) antenna array
based on metasurfaces (MSs) for beam-scanning applications. Benefiting
from the wideband and large-freedom property of MS-based structures,
a novel ±45◦ dual-polarized wideband MS-based antenna (MSA) element
with high isolation is designed. The antenna element is fed by two
orthogonal striplines on different layers, through a crosslike dog-bone
slot and a narrow slot, respectively, to realize the two polarizations.
The feeding structure consists of slot–stripline–slot–stripline from top to
bottom and is specially designed to improve the polarization isolation of
the antenna element. The proposed MSA element is compactly arranged
with a small distance (<0.5λ) to construct a 4 × 4 array integrated in
an LTCC package, where via walls with metal ring strips are loaded
between adjacent elements to reduce the gain fluctuation. Consequently,
the array can achieve a good beam-scanning capability over a wide band
of 19.5% with a maximum scanning angle up to ±55◦ and a small gain
variation of less than 3 dB. Meanwhile, the active S parameters almost
always remain below −10 dB, enabling good impedance matching when
scanning at all angles. With these features, the proposed design has
potential for application in 5G base-station systems.
Index Terms— Beam scanning, dual polarized, low-temperature cofired
ceramics (LTCC), metasurface (MS)-based, wideband.
I. I NTRODUCTION
The rapid development of communications technology has led to
global interest in the fifth generation (5G) of mobile communications.
The high-data-rate transmission provided by 5G makes this technol-
ogy suitable for application to, for example, the Internet of Things
(IoT), autonomous driving, and virtual/augmented reality (VR/AR).
Thus, 5G antennas require a large bandwidth and a high gain for
more versatile and wider application.
To allow multitarget communication and tracking, one of the 5G
key technologies is beam-scanning arrays. However, to date, there has
been insufficient research on millimeter-wave beam-scanning arrays.
In [1], a circularly polarized phased array composed of 1 × 4 patch
antenna elements was proposed, and it could scan from −38◦ to
+38◦ at the band from 29.5 to 30.5 GHz. In [2], a scalable phased
Manuscript received 10 May 2021; revised 9 May 2022; accepted
11 May 2022. Date of publication 30 May 2022; date of current version
9 November 2022. This work was supported in part by the National Key
Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2018YFB1802000,
in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under
Grant 61971195 and Grant 61931009, in part by the Natural Science Foun-
dation of Guangdong Province under Grant 2019A1515010897, and in part
by the Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program
under Grant 2017ZT07X032. (Corresponding author: Wanchen Yang.)
Chenyu Zhou, Wanchen Yang, Quan Xue, and Wenquan Che are with the
Guangdong Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Waves and Terahertz, School of
Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Tech-
nology, Guangzhou 510641, China, and also with the Center of Intellisense
and Wireless Transmission, Pazhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510330, China
(e-mail: wcyang@scut.edu.cn; eeqxue@scut.edu.cn; eewqche@scut.edu.cn).
Ying Liu and Yunxue Xu are with the National Key Laboratory of Antennas
and Microwave Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China.
Color versions of one or more figures in this communication are available
at https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2022.3177448.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2022.3177448
0018-926X © 2022 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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horn antenna array operating in the band from 27.1 to 29.4 GHz
was proposed. It consisted of 4 × 4 subarrays, with each subarray
utilizing 2 × 2 elements. The scanning angle was up to ±45◦ . The
bandwidth and the scanning range were thus wider, but the height was
much larger. Thus, the challenge remains of designing a compact
array that is able to simultaneously provide a wide band, a wide
beam-scanning range, and small radiation degradation during wide-
angle scanning.
Recently, metasurface-based antennas (MSAs) with the merits of
low profile, wide band, and high gain have been extensively studied
[3]–[5]. In [3], an aperture-coupled grid-slotted patch antenna based
on metasurfaces (MSs) was proposed, and a large bandwidth of 28%
and a high gain of 9.8 dBi at a low profile of only 0.06λ0 were
achieved. Moreover, due to diverse configurations of MS units, it can
be used in various polarizations [6] and can realize several functions,
such as beam steering [7] or reconfigurability [8]. Dual-polarized
MSAs with high isolation have also been constructed [6], [9]. Owing
to these advantages, MSAs have also been applied in beam-scanning
arrays. In [10], a compact wideband CP MSA composed of dual-layer
miniaturized MS structures was used to construct a 64-element phased
array, and the scanning angle up to 30◦ from 28 to 31 GHz was
achieved. Although the size of the MSA was reduced to design a
compact array, the element distance was still larger than 0.5λ, and
this limited the scanning angle. To ensure antenna efficiency, the
isolation of adjacent elements is also an important issue. Therefore,
it is a worthwhile task to carry out further study of compact wideband
dual-polarized MSAs with high isolation for applications in beam-
scanning arrays.
In this communication, a millimeter-wave wideband dual-polarized
low-temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) antenna array based on
MSs is proposed for beam scanning applications. A wideband ±45◦
polarized MSA element is designed, where the feeding structure
is specially designed to improve the polarization isolation, which
has a slot–stripline–slot–stripline structure from top to bottom. The
proposed MSA element is then compactly arranged with a small
distance (<0.5λ) to construct a 4 × 4 phased array integrated in an
LTCC package, where via walls with metal ring strips are loaded
between adjacent elements for small gain fluctuation. The results
indicate that the array achieves a good beam-scanning capability and
small gain variation.
II. W IDEBAND D UAL -P OLARIZED M ETASURFACE -BASED
A NTENNA E LEMENT W ITH H IGH I SOLATION
A. Configuration and Analysis of the Proposed Antenna Element
As we know, one periodic array of the MS-based patch structures
can be employed as a new antenna—MSA [3], [4] with similar TM
resonant modes as the traditional patch antenna. TM10 mode and
antiphase TM20 mode are excited by interunit slots with similar
boresight radiation patterns, resulting in a wide band and low profile.
Here, a novel wideband dual-polarized MSA with high isolation
 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 70, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2022
Fig. 1. Geometry of the proposed dual-polarized MSA (Antenna I).
(a) 3-D view, (b) side view, and (c) top views of MS-based structure, feed
lines 1 and 2 (a= 0.93 mm, g = 0.12 mm, l1 = 0.6 mm, w1 = 0.25 mm,
sl1 = 2.1 mm, sl2 = 1.84 mm, sl3 = 1.84 mm, l2 = 1.2 mm, and
w2 = 0.23 mm).
TABLE I
C OMPARISONS OF THE T HREE MSA S
(called Antenna I) is proposed, as shown in Fig. 1. It occupies 15
LTCC layers (L1–L15) of Ferro A6M (εr = 5.9, tan δ = 0.002,
and thickness of each layer is 94 μm). It consists of 12 square
MS-based structures arranged periodically on the top layer and
rotated by 45◦ [5], which resonate nearby the center frequency. The
antenna is fed by two orthogonal striplines (feed lines 1 and 2),
respectively, and separated by a ground plane to improve polarization
isolation. Here, feed line 1 directly excites the −45◦ -direction part
(slot 1) of the crosslike dog-bone slot, generating +45◦ polarization
radiation. Feed line 2 is first used to excite the lower slot (slot 3)
and is then strongly coupled to the parallel part (slot 2) of the
overlying crosslike slot, producing −45◦ polarization radiation. Note
that the transfer of energy from slot 3 to the orthogonal slot 1 is very
small and can be neglected. Thus, very high isolation between the
two polarizations can be obtained. To achieve wideband impedance
matching, two stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) are inserted in
the feed lines around the slots, and the two slots are also appropriately
stepped. The dimensions of the proposed antenna are listed in Fig. 1.
As reported, many feed methods [11]–[15] can be used to excite
dual-polarized antennas. To evaluate the performance of the proposed
feeding structures, another two MSAs (Antennas II and III) with
different feedings but the same MS structures are also designed for
comparison, as shown in Fig. 2. Antenna II uses a crosslike slot with
two asymmetrical microstrip lines on the same layer. Antenna III
uses a crosslike slot with two orthogonal striplines on two layers
but sharing the same upper and lower ground planes. The three
antennas are optimized, and their performances are compared in
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9913
Fig. 2. Geometries of the two reference MSAs. (a) Antenna II.
(b) Antenna III.
Fig. 3. Comparisons of the three types of antennas. (a) Reflection coefficient.
(b) Coupling.
Fig. 3 and Table I. The 10 dB impedance bandwidths of all three
antennas can cover the range from 24.25 to 29.5 GHz (suitable
for the 5G n257/n258/n261 bands). Antenna II obviously has a
simple structure and is the thinnest of the antennas, but its radiation
pattern for −45◦ polarization is slightly asymmetrical owing to the
asymmetrical feed lines. Also, the microstrip lines are easily affected
by peripheral circuits. Therefore, to improve shielding, the striplines
used in Antennas I and III are preferred. The feed structure of
Antenna III is symmetrical, but there is no separated ground between
the two overlapped feed lines; thus, a small amount of crosstalk still
occurs. The isolation of Antenna III is the poorest (only 21 dB).
By comparison, Antenna I features the highest isolation (up to 45 dB)
and the lowest cross-polarization level. Moreover, its 3 dB beamwidth
is slightly larger than those of the other antennas. Therefore, the
proposed feeding structure in Antenna I with the best performance
is used in the following beam-scanning antenna array.
B. Results With the Proposed Antenna Element
The simulated results obtained with the proposed antenna are
shown in Fig. 4. The 10 dB impedance band for +45◦ polarization
(port 1) is from 23.8 to 30.3 GHz (24%) and that for −45◦
polarization (port 2) is from 23.3 to 30 GHz (25.1%). The bandwidth
is large enough to cover the 24.25–29.5 GHz band of interest for
5G applications. The coupling between the two polarizations in the
operating band is below −45 dB. The gains in the entire operating
band are around 6 dBi, and the antenna efficiencies are greater than
90%. The copolarization patterns in both the xoz and yoz planes
are very consistent, with good symmetry, and the cross-polarization
suppressions are greater than 24 dB.
 9914 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 70, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2022

Fig. 4. Simulated results with the proposed MSA. (a) Reflection coefficients
and coupling between two polarizations. (b) Gains and efficiencies. Radiation
patterns at 27.5 GHz for (c) +45◦ polarization and (d) −45◦ polarization.

III. W IDEBAND D UAL -P OLARIZED LTCC A RRAY FOR

B EAM -S CANNING A PPLICATION
A. Configuration of the Antenna Array
The wideband MSA element described above is used to construct
a 4 × 4 beam-scanning array, as shown in Fig. 5. The array occu-
pies 17 LTCC layers, including antenna elements (L1–L9), feeding
networks for +45◦ polarization (L10–L12) and −45◦ polarization
(L13–L15), and a transition to a grounded coplanar waveguide
(GCPW) (L16 and L17) for measurement. The distance between the
antenna elements is 5.2 mm (about 0.47λ0 ) to avoid grating lobes
when scanning at a large angle. To improve the scanning performance, Fig. 5. Geometry of the antenna array. (a) Top view, (b) bottom view,
via walls with metal ring strips are added between adjacent elements. (c) feeding network for +45◦ polarization, (d) feeding network for −45◦
Four antenna elements in each column along the x-axis are com- polarization, and (e) side view and transition from stripline to GCPW.
bined as a subarray through a four-way power divider implemented
by striplines. The feeding networks for the two polarizations are
separated by a ground plane to improve the isolation. Several isolation
walls including vias and metal strips are placed around the network to
reduce the leakage of the signals and interference with the peripheral
circuits. The array is then formed from four subarrays, and it is
able to produce scanning beams when signals with different phases
are applied to the four subarrays. In addition, a transition from the
stripline to the GCPW is added on the bottom layer for measurements.
The stripline and the GCPW are connected by a vertical signal via,
which is surrounded by several ground vias to enhance coaxial effects
to reduce transition loss. Then, eight sub-miniature push-on micro Fig. 6. Reflection coefficients and insertion loss of the feeding network of
(SMPM) connectors are soldered on square pads here to connect each subarray for (a) +45◦ polarizations and (b) −45◦ polarizations.
with the GCPW for measurement.

B. Results and Discussion
To clearly show the array performance, the feeding network of
each subarray, including the four-way power divider, the stripline-
to-GCPW transition, and the GCPW line, is first analyzed, as shown
in Fig. 6. The reflection coefficients for both polarizations are less
than −20 dB, while the insertion losses are about 1.2 dB, among
which the transition loss is about 0.11 dB. The large insertion loss
of the feeding network is mainly caused by the finite conductivity
of the metal (silver, with σ = 2.5 × 107 S/m) used in the LTCC,
where the metal loss is about 0.85 dB. In addition, the dielectric loss
caused by the LTCC substrate slabs is about 0.25 dB.
In addition, the influence of the via walls with metal ring
strips around antenna elements on array performance is considered.
Fig. 7 shows the radiation patterns of a subarray in the array along
the scanning direction [the yoz plane in Fig. 5(a)]. For the subarray
in the edge column [see Fig. 7(a)], the addition of via walls between
adjacent elements enlarges the 3 dB beamwidth of the subarray from
80◦ to 103◦ , while the addition of via walls leads to only a slight
increase in the beamwidth of the subarray in the center column

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 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 70, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2022 9915

Fig. 10. Simulated and measured results for the proposed antenna array.
Fig. 7. Radiation patterns of the subarrays in the array along the scanning (a) +45◦ polarization and (b) −45◦ polarization.
direction (yoz plane). (a) Subarray in edge column. (b) Subarray in center
column.

Fig. 11. Efficiency of the antenna array at the scanning angle of 0◦ .

Fig. 8. Influence of the via walls with metal ring strips on gain degradation
of scanning beams at 27.5 GHz.

Fig. 12. Measured coupling of adjacent subarrays for (a) same polarization
and (b) different polarizations.
Fig. 9. Photographs of the prototype antenna array. (a) Top view, (b) bottom
view, and (c) insertion losses of GCPW transmission lines of different lengths.

[see Fig. 7(b)]. According to the principle of pattern multiplication,

the improved beamwidth of the subarrays, especially in the edge
column, can effectively reduce scanning gain fluctuation. It can be
seen from Fig. 8 that the addition of via walls brings about a gain
enhancement of more than 2 dB for scanning at −50◦ , and thus, the
gain fluctuation is less than 3 dB.
For demonstration, a prototype of the proposed phased array was
fabricated, as shown in Fig. 9(a) and (b). Eight SMPM connectors
are soldered to the bottom for measurement. The S-parameter mea-
surements were carried out with a vector network analyzer (VNA),
where four transitions from the SMPM to a 2.92 mm connector were
used. To analyze the loss of the transition, two GCPW transmission
lines with different lengths were designed, as shown in Fig. 9(c).
It was determined that the insertion loss of the GCPW was about
0.31 dB/cm, and the loss of the transition from the SMPM to a
2.92 mm connector was about 1.5 dB.
The simulated and measured results for the array are shown in
Figs. 10–12. The operating bands for the two polarizations can
cover the band of interest (24.25–29.5 GHz). When signals with
equal amplitude and phase are applied to each port, the scanning
angle of the array is 0◦ . Then, the measured gain is about among
Fig. 13. Measurement of the radiation performance of the fabricated array
in a compact range chamber.
13.5 and 15.6 dBi, which agrees well with the simulated results.
As shown in Fig. 11, the measured antenna efficiency in the whole
band is about 60%, with the loss of the feeding network taken into
account. Moreover, as shown in Fig. 12, the coupling for the same
polarization between adjacent subarrays is below −21 dB, while that
for the different polarizations is below −18 dB.
The scanning performance of the proposed phased array was
measured using a compact range chamber, as shown in Fig. 13.
A BBox device from TMYTEK Corporation [16] (comprising 16-way
RF components including power amplifiers, phase shifters, etc.) was
used to provide the required four-way signals with a certain phase

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 9916 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 70, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2022

Fig. 14. Scanning performance of the fabricated array for +45◦ polarization. Fig. 15. Scanning performance of the fabricated array for −45◦ polarization.
(a) 24.25 GHz simulated, (b) 24.25 GHz measured, (c) 27.5 GHz simulated, (a) 24.25 GHz simulated, (b) 24.25 GHz measured, (c) 27.5 GHz simulated,
(d) 27.5 GHz measured, (e) 29.5 GHz simulated, and (f) 29.5 GHz measured. (d) 27.5 GHz measured, (e) 29.5 GHz simulated, and (f) 29.5 GHz measured.

difference into the array for beam-scanning measurements. The array

prototype with SMPM connectors was designed specifically to allow a
direct link with the BBox. The simulated and measured performances
of the scanning beams of the array are shown in Figs. 14 and 15.
At 24.25 GHz, the array exhibits its best scanning capability, with the
beams for both polarizations covering a range from −55◦ to 55◦ and
with a gain fluctuation of less than 2.3 dB. At 27.5 GHz, the scanning
angle ranges from −50◦ to 50◦ , and the gain loss is less than 2.8 dB.
At 29.5 GHz, the scanning angle ranges from −45◦ to 45◦ , with a
relatively large gain reduction of 3 dB. The measured results show
Fig. 16. Scanning performance of the fabricated array. (Note that the data in
some differences with the simulations, probably because the output the brackets are the gain fluctuation when scanning to the maximum angle.)
signals from each channel of the BBox show a slightly unsteady
amplitude consistency. In addition, the simulated cross-polarization
levels of the antenna array at these frequencies are below −20 dB,
whereas the measured results are less than −15 dB. The degradation
may be caused by the slightly unsteady amplitude consistency of the
BBox device and by environmental noise.
To show the effects of scanning angle and gain fluctuation more
clearly when the frequency increases, Fig. 16 presents a summary of
the scanning performance. It can be seen that the array has a smaller
scanning range and a larger gain fluctuation at higher frequencies.
The scanning range is limited by the distance between adjacent
elements, whereas the gain fluctuation is related to the beamwidth
of the antenna element. To achieve a larger scanning range and a Fig. 17. Active reflection coefficients of the proposed array at (a) +45◦
smaller gain fluctuation, it would be helpful to minimize the antenna polarization and (b) −45◦ polarization.
distance and broaden the antenna beamwidth.
In addition, to reveal the scanning efficiency, the active reflection operating band is shifted slightly to lower frequency, but the active
coefficients of the proposed array when scanning at angles of 0◦ , 30◦ , reflection coefficients are almost always below −10 dB in the band
and 50◦ are shown in Fig. 17. When the scanning angle increases, the of interest. Thus, the proposed array can maintain good impedance

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 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 70, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2022
TABLE II
P ERFORMANCE C OMPARISONS W ITH O THER R EPORTED M ILLIMETER -WAVE B EAM -S CANNING A NTENNA A RRAYS
matching when scanning at all angles, for ensuring high scanning
efficiency.
For further demonstration, a comparison with other reported
millimeter-wave beam-scanning antennas is presented in Table II.
The antennas described in [1] and [2] have narrow bandwidths,
with the scanning range of that in [1] also being fairly narrow.
The bandwidth of the antenna described in [10] is wider, but its
scanning angle is much smaller. By contrast, the antenna array
proposed in this communication is aimed at wideband wide-angle
beam-scanning applications. The MS-based structure is beneficial in
broadening the bandwidth, and the working frequency band can cover
the 5G n257/n258/n261 bands (24.25–29.5 GHz) with the largest
bandwidth (19.5%) among the antennas compared here. It can operate
at both ±45◦ polarizations with relatively high isolation, it can be
controlled by an external phase shifter, and its scanning angle can
be up to ±55◦ . Meanwhile, the active impedance is always well
matched at all scanning angles, ensuring good scanning efficiency.
In addition, owing to the use of LTCC, the designed antenna array
is very compact.
IV. C ONCLUSION
In this communication, a millimeter-wave wideband dual-polarized
LTCC antenna array based on MSA elements has been proposed for
beam-scanning applications. The use of MS structures and a novel
feeding structure has allowed the realization of a wideband ±45◦
polarized MSA element covering the 5G n257/n258/n261 bands.
An array has been constructed using 4 × 4 MSA elements and
has been shown to provide good beam-scanning capability with a
maximum scanning angle up to ±55◦ . The proposed antenna array
can be expected to find potential applications in future 5G millimeter-
wave communication systems.
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