DIU

Thesis & Dissertation

Manual

Last revised May 10, 2023

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Table Of Contents

❖ PART 1: MA Thesis Preparation Guide ..................................................................7

TOC for PART 1 ........................................................................................2

❖ PART 2: PhD Dissertation Preparation Guide .....................................................21

TOC for PART 2 ........................................................................................3

❖ PART 3: Format Specifications (alphabetically organized) ..................................33

TOC for PART 3 ........................................................................................4

❖ PART 4: How To Format Using Styles in MS-Word............................................58

TOC for PART 4 ........................................................................................6

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❖ TOC for PART 1: MA Thesis Preparation Guide .............................................................2
Order of Thesis Research, Writing, Defense, and Completion – 26 Steps ..................................... 7
1. Petition to Write a Thesis .....................................................................................................................7
Preliminary Advice ......................................................................................................................7
Meaning and Scope of a Thesis ...................................................................................................8
Developing a Thesis Topic ..........................................................................................................8
Choosing a Title ..........................................................................................................................9
2. Select a Thesis Committee Chair. ........................................................................................................9
3. Discuss potential topics .......................................................................................................................9
4. Topic Approved ...................................................................................................................................9
5. Thesis Committee Composition ...........................................................................................................9
6. Draft Thesis Proposal .........................................................................................................................10
Problem Statement .....................................................................................................................10
Purpose Statement .....................................................................................................................10
Literature Review ......................................................................................................................10
Hypothesis or Elements .............................................................................................................11
Scope .........................................................................................................................................11
Methods .....................................................................................................................................12
Data Processing .........................................................................................................................12
7. Human Subjects Research Approval ..................................................................................................12
8. Thesis Proposal Approval ..................................................................................................................13
9. Prepare a Timetable............................................................................................................................13
10. Begin your study. ...............................................................................................................................13
11. Submit progress reports .....................................................................................................................13
12. Decide on a procedure with your committee ......................................................................................13
13. Write a first draft of your thesis .........................................................................................................13
Style-Related Requirements ......................................................................................................13
Language and Usage .........................................................................................................13
Personal Titles ...................................................................................................................13
General Matters of Usage ..........................................................................................................13
Your Name in the Thesis ...........................................................................................................14
14. Review the draft with your chair .......................................................................................................14
15. Submit corrected complete first draft to your committee. .................................................................14
16. Have an individual consultation with each committee member. ........................................................14
17. Work with your chair to integrate each committee member’s comments. .........................................14
18. Submit a defense copy of your thesis to each committee member ....................................................14
19. Schedule the Thesis Defense ..............................................................................................................14
20. Thesis Oral Defense ...........................................................................................................................15
21. Thesis Approval .................................................................................................................................15
22. Library Check ....................................................................................................................................16
23. Proofing Checks .................................................................................................................................16
24. Obtain Committee Member signatures ..............................................................................................17
25. Thesis Printing and Binding Fee ........................................................................................................17
26. Submission Deadline ..........................................................................................................................18
Required Submission Files ........................................................................................................18
Submission Email ......................................................................................................................19
Summary of Deadlines................................................................................................................................20
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❖ TOC for PART 2: Dissertation Preparation Guide ...........................................................3
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 21
Preliminary Advice ........................................................................................................................... 21
Meaning and Scope of a Dissertation .............................................................................................. 22
Developing a Dissertation Topic ...................................................................................................... 22
Dissertation Committee Composition.............................................................................................. 22
Dissertation Proposal ........................................................................................................................ 22
1. Research Topic and Question .................................................................................................................23
2. Literature Review ...................................................................................................................................23
3. Methods: Paradigm and approaches .......................................................................................................23
4. Methods: Data Types and Collection Methods .......................................................................................23
5. Methods: Data Analysis ..........................................................................................................................24
6. Proposed Research Timeline...................................................................................................................24
Language and Usage ......................................................................................................................... 24
Personal Titles ................................................................................................................................... 24
General Matters of Usage ................................................................................................................. 24
Choosing a Title ................................................................................................................................. 25
Order of Dissertation Research and Defense (condensed list) ..................................................... 25
Dissertation Defense .......................................................................................................................... 26
Dissertation Approval ....................................................................................................................... 27
Library Check ................................................................................................................................... 27
Proofing Checks ................................................................................................................................ 28
Obtain Committee Member Signatures .......................................................................................... 28
Dissertation Printing and Binding Fee ........................................................................................... 29
Submission Deadline ......................................................................................................................... 30
Required Submission Files .........................................................................................................................30
Submission Email .......................................................................................................................................31
Summary of Deadlines ...................................................................................................................... 32

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❖ TOC for PART 3: Format Specifications (alphabetically organized)................................4
NOTE: In these specifications, “Thesis” means “Thesis or Dissertation.”

Applicability of Format Specifications ............................................................................................ 33

Arrangement of the Thesis – 18 Components ................................................................................. 33
1. Thesis Approval Page .......................................................................................................................34
2. Title Page ..........................................................................................................................................34
3. Copyright Page ..................................................................................................................................34
4. Certificate for Copyright Disclaimer .................................................................................................34
5. Thesis Duplication Release ................................................................................................................34
6. Abstract .............................................................................................................................................34
7. Dedication (optional) .........................................................................................................................34
8. Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................35
9. Table of Contents ..............................................................................................................................35
10. List of Tables (if included) ................................................................................................................35
11. List of Figures (if included). ..............................................................................................................35
12. List of Maps (if included)...................................................................................................................36
13. List of Abbreviations .........................................................................................................................36
14. Body of thesis.....................................................................................................................................36
15. Appendices (optional) ........................................................................................................................36
16. Glossary (optional) .............................................................................................................................37
17. References Cited ................................................................................................................................37
18. Curriculum Vitae ................................................................................................................................37
Block Quote Paragraph Formatting................................................................................................ 37
Body Text Paragraph Formatting ................................................................................................... 38
Left-Justified Ragged-Right Text Versus Fully Justified Text ...................................................................38
Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) Online Reference..................................................................... 38
Columns – Single Versus Double ..................................................................................................... 38
Copyright of Your Thesis ................................................................................................................. 38
Form of Copyright Notice...........................................................................................................................39
Double-Sided Printing Issues ........................................................................................................... 39
Duplication Release Page .................................................................................................................. 40
Examples within the Body of the Thesis.......................................................................................... 41
Figures / Diagrams / Illustrations / Charts / Maps / Photos / Tables ............................................ 41
Image File Types ........................................................................................................................................42
Use Tables To Present Data ........................................................................................................................42
Credit for Borrowed Material .....................................................................................................................43
Positioning a Figure on a Page ...................................................................................................................43
Landscape-Oriented Pages ..........................................................................................................................43
1. Definition of Landscape Orientation ..............................................................................................43
2. How to Landscape-Orient a Table..................................................................................................44
3. Insert a Landscape-Oriented Graphic .............................................................................................44
Photographs ................................................................................................................................................44
Tables..........................................................................................................................................................44

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Fonts ................................................................................................................................................... 44
Advanced Character Spacing in MS-Word .................................................................................................44
Allowed Typefaces .....................................................................................................................................45
Fonts in Figure Labels ................................................................................................................................45
Font Size in Tables .....................................................................................................................................46
Fonts in Footnotes.......................................................................................................................................46
Fonts in Headings and Titles ......................................................................................................................46
Fonts in Interlinearized Texts .....................................................................................................................46
Fonts in Main Body Text ............................................................................................................................46
Font in Page Numbers ................................................................................................................................47
Fonts in Special Characters.........................................................................................................................47
Use of Small Caps ......................................................................................................................................47
Footnote Formatting ......................................................................................................................... 48
Headings and Titles ........................................................................................................................... 48
Titles ...........................................................................................................................................................48
Heading Levels ...........................................................................................................................................48
All Heading levels ..............................................................................................................................48
Heading 1 formatting .........................................................................................................................49
Heading 2 formatting .........................................................................................................................49
Heading 3 formatting .........................................................................................................................49
Heading 4 formatting .........................................................................................................................49
Heading 5 formatting .........................................................................................................................50
Capitalization in Headings and Titles .........................................................................................................50
Indents – for Body Text (first line) and Block Quote Paragraphs ................................................ 51
Line Spacing ...................................................................................................................................... 51
Margins .............................................................................................................................................. 51
Side-of-Page Margins (all pages) ...............................................................................................................52
Top-of-Page Margins ..................................................................................................................................52
For Most Pages...................................................................................................................................52
For Pages having a Title Heading ......................................................................................................52
Bottom-of-Page Margins ............................................................................................................................53
Page Headers and Footers ................................................................................................................ 53
Page Numbers .................................................................................................................................... 53
Numbering Front Matter pages with Roman numerals ...............................................................................53
Numbering Pages in the Body of the Thesis ...............................................................................................53
For Most Pages...................................................................................................................................53
For Pages Having a Title Heading .....................................................................................................54
References Cited ................................................................................................................................ 54
Sentence-Level Formatting Issues ................................................................................................... 54
Emphasis and Other Text Features Indicated by Bold, Italics, Bold-Italics, or Underlining ......................54
Quote Marks ...............................................................................................................................................55
Double or Single Quote Marks ...................................................................................................................55
Punctuation with Quote Marks ...................................................................................................................55
Sentence Spaces ..........................................................................................................................................55
Use of Copyrighted Material ............................................................................................................ 56

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❖ TOC for PART 4: How To Format Using Styles in MS-Word ............................................ 6
Appendix A – Best Practices and Recommendations..................................................................... 57
Appendix B – Example Thesis Pages and Formatting Specifications .......................................... 59
Appendix C – Interlinearized Text Formatting.............................................................................. 98
Appendix D – Sample Table Formatting ........................................................................................ 99
Appendix E – How to Use Styles in MS-Word ............................................................................... 101
How To Apply Styles to Paragraphs and Strings of Characters inside a Paragraph 101
How to Create a Paragraph Style.............................................................................. 105
How to Create a Character Style .............................................................................. 107
Appendix F – How To Create a Block Quote Paragraph Style ....................................................... 108
Appendix G – How to Create a Body Text Paragraph Style ........................................................... 110
Appendix H – How to Create a Figure Title Paragraph Style ........................................................ 112
Appendix I – How to Create a Footnote Paragraph Style .............................................................. 114
Appendix J – How to Create a Title Style with 2.0 inch top margin ............................................... 116
Appendix K – Section Breaks in MS-Word ..................................................................................... 118
Hidden Text Toggle.................................................................................................. 119
Steps When Creating a New Section ........................................................................ 119
Create a Page Number Paragraph Style.................................................................... 119
Footers and Headers ................................................................................................. 121
Blank Footer ...................................................................................................................121
Numbered Footer ........................................................................................................... 121
Pages with a Chapter or Major Section Title..........................................................................122
Pages without a Chapter or Major Section Title ...................................................................123
Fancy Headers and Footers ...................................................................................... 124

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 ❖ PART 1: Thesis Preparation Guidelines
ORDER OF THESIS RESEARCH, WRITING, DEFENSE, AND COMPLETION – 26 STEPS

The following are general guidelines for developing your thesis. If you plan to collect field data for your thesis,
then you should complete at least steps 1–8 (i.e., get your Thesis Proposal approved) before leaving campus
to do your field research.
1. Petition to Write a Thesis: Complete the 2302-Petition-to-Write-Thesis.PDF form (Academic Forms
on the DIU Website) and obtain approvals.
If you desire to write a thesis, very early in your time at Dallas International University you need to
discuss this with your adviser and plan your coursework accordingly. You will also need to fill out the
2302-Petition-to-Write-Thesis.PDF form (Academic Forms on the DIU Website) and obtain all the
necessary permissions. You may need to submit a writing sample to the faculty you ask to be on your
committee so they can judge you are capable of the level of academic writing necessary for a Master’s
thesis.
A master's thesis may involve an extended review of the literature, a formulation and defense of some
theoretical hypothesis, and the gathering and analysis of primary field data.
You should use this Manual for Preparing Theses and the Chicago Manual of Style for formatting and
references in the text and the References Cited section. Please contact your thesis chairperson for specific
helps in this area.
The Thesis Format Specifications Section 3 of this manual should be your primary source for
establishing format standards. Where this manual is silent, refer to the Chicago Manual of Style and
consult your thesis chairperson when necessary.
Do not use a previous thesis as the main model for your thesis (especially since some formatting
specifications have changed with the issuing of this manual)!

PRELIMINARY ADVICE

Be realistic about the time you are willing or able to commit to the research project. It is not too
early to be thinking about a timeline. Try to construct a rough timeline with a start and finish time
for (a) topic selection, (b) developing the proposal, (c) conducting the research, (d) drafting the
thesis, and (e) revising, defending, and further revising of the thesis. These will of course be only
rough estimates, but they will give you and your committee a sense of the probable duration of the
project. If the project will require more time than you are willing to give, consult with your adviser.
In your timeline, plan on having a complete draft of your thesis completed by the start of the term
in which you want to defend it. This will greatly increase the probability that you will be able to
graduate at the end of the term in which you defend your thesis. Many thesis writers fail to graduate

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when they plan to because they do not complete the first draft of their thesis until well into their
expected final term.
Plan your coursework to support your thesis topic. Discuss possible topics with your adviser very
early in your time at DIU to guide you in selecting courses.
Select your thesis committee chairperson early in the process. Your chairperson is your ally. Spend
time with him or her to clarify your plans. He or she will help you through the process. If there is a
difference of opinion among the members of your committee, your chairperson is your ally to
resolve that difference.
If you plan to collect field data, discuss your plans with your chairperson. We advise you not to
enroll for thesis credit until you begin writing your thesis. You should submit at least a draft of your
Thesis Proposal before doing field research, to get guidance in your fieldwork.

MEANING AND SCOPE OF A THESIS

A thesis represents either original research or a new synthesis of material in the literature. Original
research analyzes and describes new material, proposing and testing a hypothesis. The thesis relates
the hypothesis or hypotheses to earlier conclusions by scholars.
The goals of a thesis are to:
• identify significant problems;
• investigate that problem, first through a literature review and critique, then by appropriate
research methodology;
• analyze and synthesize the findings;
• relate the findings to concepts and issues in the literature; and convincingly and
objectively communicate conclusions and implications in clear prose. This implies
accuracy and honesty, building your conclusions on facts. Address all relevant data,
including that which is problematic to your hypothesis. Be self-critical and logical.
Typically, a thesis will be between 80 and 200 pages long (at 1.5 line spacing), plus appendices.

DEVELOPING A THESIS TOPIC

A helpful guide to developing a thesis research project is Research Basics: Design to Data Analysis
in 6 Steps, by James Spickard (available in the DIU Library, Call # 300.72 S754r 2017). In addition,
the following recommendations should guide you in developing a thesis topic:
• Explore topics that interest you. Do not be overly influenced by what you think others
might want you to research. You must decide for yourself what to study; you are the one
who will be living with it for the next few years. This is particularly true if you are doing
research related to the research program of your adviser.

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 • Describe the focus of the problem to investigate or the data to analyze. State the
boundaries. Avoid the temptation to be too broad. A broader topic might sound better, but
it will probably prove to be un-doable.
• State your research question(s) or hypothesis.
• The topic should allow for substantial objective conclusions.
• Identify problems to be surmounted in working on this topic.
• Identify alternative hypotheses that might explain the anticipated findings.
• Decide on the methodology for conducting the research or applying the theory to the
problem.
• If you intend to write on a sensitive topic, or would not like your thesis to be available to
the general public, please read the entire section on the Duplication Release page
explanation before finalizing your thesis topic.

CHOOSING A TITLE

Thoroughly discuss with your chairperson an appropriate title for your thesis. Retrieval systems use
the words in the title, and occasionally other descriptive words, to locate your work. The title must
be a meaningful description of the contents of your thesis. Here are some things to remember:
• Avoid ambiguous words;
• Locate the most important words near the beginning of the title; and
• Include key words to help researchers find your thesis.
2. Select a Thesis Committee Chair.
3. Discuss potential topics with your Committee Chair.
4. Topic Approved: Obtain tentative approval from your chair for your topic.
5. Thesis Committee Composition
Select the other members of your committee, in consultation with your chair.
A DIU student writing a thesis will select a thesis committee of at least three members, all of whom hold
terminal degrees. The committee chair and at least one committee member must be a member of the
Dallas International University faculty (Core, Adjunct, Senior, or Emeritus). Non-DIU faculty members
serving on Thesis Committees must be approved by the committee chair and the Academic Dean.
Email a copy of the non-DIU faculty member’s CV to academic_affairs@diu.edu for the Dean’s
approval.
*Regular faculty include: Senior, Emeritus, Core (full time), and Visiting Faculty.
The thesis committee guides the candidate's research and writing, conducts the candidate's defense, and
evaluates the quality of the thesis. All thesis committee members must be present for the thesis defense
(either in person or via video conferencing software over the internet).

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6. Draft Thesis Proposal: Consider taking one of the Thesis Writing courses (more details below). Draft
your thesis proposal; and obtain your chair’s approval of the draft.
The Thesis Proposal is to be short, typically between five and 15 pages, depending on the nature of your
topic. Early in your studies, you may choose to do a draft proposal to guide you in your initial research.
You should complete the formal proposal before the first term in which you register for thesis credits.
Email a completed 2253-Thesis-Proposal.PDF form (Academic Forms on the DIU Website), signed by
the members of your committee, to academic_affairs@diu.edu.
Note that you may take one of the following courses to assist you in creating your Thesis Proposal:
AA5190 or AL5190 or WA5190 – all titled “Thesis Writing.” If you do take one of these courses, the
one credit earned will count toward the six required thesis credits.
Work with your thesis chairperson to determine the specifics of your proposal. Typically, a proposal
includes the following components:

PROBLEM STATEMENT

The Problem Statement addresses what is being done in the study. Describe the nature of the
problem, stating what specifically you want to accomplish. This gives direction to the study. It may
be descriptive, classificatory, or historical. It may be evaluative, quantitative, or qualitative. It may
explain a phenomenon or demonstrate a process.
Here are some points to check:
• Does the problem statement address itself to what is being done in this study?
• Is the statement specific enough that the reader will easily understand?
• Is the statement concise?

PURPOSE STATEMENT

The Purpose Statement tells why the study is being done. This statement answers two general
questions: “How can a researcher use the results of this study?” and “How can the profession use
the results of this study?”
Some points to check:
• Does the purpose statement address why the study is being done?
• Is the purpose directly related to the problem?
• Is the statement concise?

LITERATURE REVIEW

Reviewing the literature at the proposal stage will clarify the current questions for the topic you are
considering. This will tell you what methods other scholars have used and who the eminent scholars
are. It will show what research is needed.

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Here are some points to check:
• Are the persons cited considered experts in the field?
• Is the need for the research based on a large number of different sources or a limited
number of sources?
• Have other researchers addressed the area you are researching? If so, what were their
conclusions? What affect does that have on the need for your research?
• Are there quotations that express a need to research the area you identified?
• What variables did other researchers identify?

HYPOTHESIS, OR ELEMENTS

A hypothesis is “a suggested solution to a problem or … the relationship of specified variables.”

See:
Mauch, James E. and Jack W. Birch. 1998. Guide to the Successful Thesis and Dissertation, 4th ed., rev. and
expanded. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., Page 101. Or:
Mauch, James, and Namgi Park. 2003. Guide to the Successful Thesis and Dissertation: A Handbook For
Students And Faculty, Fifth Edition. 5th edition. CRC Press.
There are three essential characteristics of a well-formed hypothesis:
Construct validity. Present the reasons, experiences, theories, or previous research that support
the hypothesis.
Testable. A hypothesis is a proposition that can be put to an empirical test. To indicate that the
hypothesis is true you must show that a contradictory hypothesis—the null hypothesis—is not
true. Show by empirical evidence a relationship between variables. If none exists, the data
represent mere coincidence.
Relevant. The hypothesis focuses on the problem you are investigating. It must answer all or
part of the issues being investigated.
Descriptive and historical studies often do not involve a hypothesis. They may involve questions to
be answered or a description and classification. For example, analysis of language or cultural
phenomena may not entail a hypothesis. For such studies, your proposal should research questions
or elements to be studied. “Elements” are the specific parts of the problem to be studied.

SCOPE

Limit your research to a doable scope, given your available time and resources. Be specific about
your goal or hypothesis, making sure that you will be able to know when the research has reached
the goal. Do not make the problem so broad that you can’t discuss it in one thesis. If your topic
sounds like a subheading in an encyclopedia article (“Austronesian languages”), then it is probably
too broad. Narrow the topic to something like “The transitivity system of Fijian.” See:
Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. 1995. The Craft of Research. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press. Pages 37–38. There is also a 2016 4th edition published but we do not have
page number references for it.
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 METHODS

Match your methods to the theoretical or hypothetical propositions under scrutiny. For a
discussion of types of methods, see:
Mauch, James E. and Jack W. Birch. 1998. Guide to the Successful Thesis and Dissertation, 4th ed., rev. and
expanded. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., Pages 115ff. Or:
Mauch, James, and Namgi Park. 2003. Guide to the Successful Thesis and Dissertation: A Handbook For
Students And Faculty, Fifth Edition. 5th edition. CRC Press.
Choose your methods wisely.
Specify the population from which you’ll select subjects for your study, and tell how you will do
the selection. Specify what type of data you will collect for your topic. Some types of data you might
collect are case studies, cultural data, language texts, other language data, or phenomena undergoing
change processes. Will your data be nominal, ordinal, ratio, or interval (or a combination)?
Specify how you will collect the data—interviews, survey, testing instruments, texts, historical
documents, or other means.
If your research will involve people as the subjects or sources of your research, then discuss this
with your thesis chairperson and the chair of the Human Subjects Research Committee. Read the
DIU Policies and Procedures on Human Subjects Research and Implications of the Federal Policy
on Human Subjects Research for DIU Faculty and Students (request a copy from your thesis
chairperson) [These documents are available to your thesis chair in Academics-Docs > Academic
Forms > Human Subject Research] See the DIU Catalog Academics Section on Human Subjects
Research There is a line on the Thesis Proposal Approval form for the chairperson of the Human
Subjects Research Committee to sign. You will be required to make any adjustments to your
methods that the committee recommends.

DATA PROCESSING

How you process your data will depend on the nature of the data and the problem you are analyzing
or describing. Specify in your proposal how you plan to process the data you collect.
A well-written proposal will give you a rough draft of the first three chapters of your thesis. You
have a draft of the problem statement (usually chapter 1), the literature review (chapter 2) and your
research methods (chapter 3).
By approving your thesis proposal, your committee is telling you that you have a reasonable
foundation and methods to start your research. At the same time, committee members recognize that
unforeseen circumstances will necessitate some mid-stream corrections. Maintain communication
with your committee chairperson to reduce the number of surprises, and always be mindful of your
timeframe and upcoming deadlines.
7. Human Subjects Research Approval: Obtain approval of your research methods from the Human
Subjects Research Committee (see the Human Subjects Research handout).

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8. Thesis Proposal Approval: Obtain approval of your proposal from your committee; email the completed 2253-
Thesis-Proposal.PDF form (see Thesis-related forms on DIU website) to academic_affaire@diu.edu.
9. Prepare a Writing Timetable: Prepare a writing timetable, including critical dates, if they are not already
part of your proposal. Use Zotero’s built-in Chicago Manual of Style author-date format for inserting
your in-text references, and for citations in your “References Cited” section of your thesis.
10. Begin your study.
11. Submit progress reports to your chairperson and committee, being prepared to make necessary
adjustments to your study procedure.
12. Decide on a procedure with your committee: whether you will submit drafts of each chapter or present
the full thesis as a single document.
13. Write a first draft of your thesis. Follow the Section 3: Format Specifications in this manual and the
Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) for anything this manual does not cover. Contact the Library Director
for additional assistance on the CMOS and academic_affairs@diu.edu concerning questions about
format specifications in this manual.
Style-related Requirements

Language and Usage – We encourage you to consult The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition (2017)
CMOS for English usage in deciding questions of grammar, sentence structure, style, and usage. Other
recommended resources include:
“A Unified Style Sheet for Linguistics Journals.” Linguistic Society of America.
https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/unified-style-sheet.
Hodges, John C., Winifred B. Horne, Suzanne S. Webb, and Robert K. Miller. 1998. Harbrace College
Handbook, 13th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace. – Or a newer edition – Glenn, below.
Glenn, Cheryl, Loretta Gray, 2012 Harbrace College Handbook, 18th ed. Beverly, MA: Wadsworth
Publishing.
White, E. B., and William Strunk Jr. 2003. The Elements of Style by William Strunk Jr. 4 edition. Pearson.
Williams, Joseph M. 1990. Style: Toward Clarity and Grace. University of Chicago Press. – A good book
for those interested in working on their writing. Intelligently written and useful to those with a
background in linguistics. DIU Library Call #: 808.042 W724s 1990. There is also a 1995 version
published.

Zinsser, William. 2016. On Writing Well. Harper Perennial.

But The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), 17th edition (2017) remains the primary style standard,
except in cases it does not cover. CMOS

Personal Titles – Titles such as Mr., Mrs., Ms., Dr., Dean, and Professor are ordinarily not used in the
text of a thesis.

General Matters of Usage

An academic thesis is the work of one person: its author. Therefore, when referring to yourself,
use the pronoun I. Avoid using we unless the people included are clearly identified. Style
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 manuals often caution against overusing the first-person pronoun I. This is generally good
advice, but substituting the editorial we is never a satisfactory alternative. Judicious use of I
will resolve most of these difficulties. Use of first-person plural pronouns may be appropriate
when you are figuratively leading the reader through a process of logical reasoning (for
example, “We begin by placing the segment…”).
A thesis presents a completed argument or project, so you should avoid future tense when
referring to procedure and method (“This thesis will comprise five chapters…”). Present or
present perfect tense serves better in such contexts (“This thesis comprises five chapters…”).
An argument or a study is not a human being and should not be spoken of as though it possessed
human capabilities. The editors of the APA Publication Manual explain that “An experiment
cannot attempt to demonstrate, control unwanted variables, or interpret findings, nor can
variables or figures compare (all of these can, however, show or indicate)” (1994:30). Judicious
use of I can avoid such illogical statements, as well as acknowledging accountability for the
results and conclusions.
Make sure your conclusion chapter really has conclusions and implications. Do not simply
restate your findings. Always bear in mind the question, “So what?” Help the reader understand
what your findings mean. Clarify the key conclusions to be drawn from your research.
Your Name

Your name on the thesis must match your name on your transcript and other official DIU
records, unless the thesis chair grants permission for variation (such as using only a middle
initial, not a full middle name).
14. Review the draft with your chair for corrections.
15. Submit a corrected complete first draft to your committee. Ideally, this should happen right at the start
of the term you intend to defend your thesis, as subsequent steps and revisions will likely take more time
than you anticipate.
16. Have an individual consultation with each committee member.
17. Work with your chair to integrate each committee member’s comments. NOTE: You should plan and
aim for having a full draft of your thesis ready for your committee by the start of the term in which you
wish to defend and graduate. This gives them plenty of time to give you feed back, and then for you
respond to their feedback and make your thesis ready for your defense.
18. Submit a complete defense-ready copy of your thesis to each committee member at least two weeks
prior to the defense date to give them time to evaluate it. This deadline for providing your committee
with a defense-ready copy of your theses is at least four weeks before the last day of the term (five or
six weeks would be better and kinder to your committee members). Note that the end of the term is the
last Final Exams and Projects day.
19. Schedule the Thesis Defense: Schedule your thesis defense only after all your committee members agree
that you are ready. After every member of your committee has given approval that you are ready to

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 defend, schedule the date and time, emailing the 2251 Approval to Schedule Thesis Defense form (see
Thesis-related forms on DIU website) to academic_affairs@diu.edu and reserving the venue for the
defense. The 2251 form must be approved (not just submitted) at least 14 days before the proposed date
of the defense (so actually 15 days would be better). This approval of your thesis defense date will be at
least four weeks before the last day of the term.
The last possible date to defend your thesis is two weeks prior to the last day of the term for the Fall,
Spring, and Summer terms. May-Extended term dates are not considered. The earlier in the term you are
able to defend, the better, as there may be time-consuming revisions needed after the defense. The
deadline for the submission of your final electronic thesis file copies is nominally the last day of the
term, but your final submission will be accepted up to the day prior to the first day of the following term.
(i.e., If you defend in the Fall term, you have until the day before the Spring term to turn in your final
electronic copies. If you defend in the Spring term, you have until the day before the Summer term to
turn in your final electronic copies. If you defend in the Summer term, you have until the day before the
Fall term to turn in your final electronic copies.) There will be no exceptions granted to this submission
deadline, and if you miss it, your official graduation date and diploma will be delayed for a full term
(though no further charges for thesis credits will be incurred).
20. Thesis Oral Defense
You are required to defend at least two weeks prior to the last day of the term.
The defense is public; you may invite anyone you want to attend. The defense will involve you giving
a brief presentation of your research followed by questions from the audience. Then the audience will
be dismissed, and the committee members will ask you questions in a private meeting.
You will benefit by attending one or two defenses before your own. This will show you the typical
interactions, strategies, procedures, and so forth. Pay attention to what you like, what you want to avoid,
and what could be improved.
If you fail to defend at least two weeks prior to the last day of the term, you may petition the Dean of
Academic Affairs to permit a defense after the deadline and before the start of the following term. But a
consequence of not defending at least two weeks prior to the end of the term is that you will not graduate
that term. Your graduation will be in the following term (Fall, Spring, or Summer – no one graduates in
the May-Extended term), assuming you meet the submission deadline for either the term of the defense
or the following term.
Once you have successfully defended, either before the defense deadline, or by petition after the defense
deadline, you will no longer be required to enroll in dissertation credits in any following term.

21. Thesis Approval

After the oral defense, make any corrections required by your committee, and submit the revised copy
to each committee member for final approval
Acceptance of your thesis is based on the quality of your written thesis, not on your performance at the
defense—although the oral defense is a requirement for graduation. Three outcomes are possible, usually

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 reached by consensus among the committee members. The three possible outcomes are:
(a) unconditional pass; (b) pass with conditions; or (c) fail.
If you receive a “pass with conditions,” the committee may require you to rewrite substantial portions
of the thesis. Each committee member has the right to review the required changes before signing the
approval form. Alternatively, they may sign at the time of the defense, delegating responsibility for the
final check to the chairperson. Allow time for this process in your planning.
If you receive a “fail,” you will not be permitted to graduate or receive a DIU Master’s degree. If
circumstances warrant, a student who has been dropped from the program due to receiving a fail on the
thesis may petition for a second defense after substantial re-working of the thesis.
22. Library Check
After you have made any corrections required by your committee and have obtained their approval of
your revisions, submit a revised PDF copy of your thesis to the DIU Library Director for checks on the
citations and References Cited section of your manuscript.
The DIU Library promises a two-week turnaround time, but will aim for a one-week turnaround.
The DIU Library will complete the following four steps in checking your thesis::
1. Hyperlink verification – all hyperlinks throughout the document are operational and lead to the
intended site
2. In-text citation verification – all in-text citations have a corresponding citation in the Works Cited
section
3. Works Cited verification – all references listed in the Works Cited section have a corresponding
in-text citation
4. CMOS format check – Works Cited section is reviewed for compliance with CMOS 17th ed

23. Proofing Checks

Responsibility for ensuring the thesis is properly formatted lies primarily with the thesis student and
secondarily with the thesis chairperson, not with the Academic Affairs Office or the DIU Library.
Your thesis is a professional publication representing you and the school, so should be published with
professional-level spelling, grammar, and formatting.
1. Run your thesis through Word’s Spelling and Grammar checker.
2. It is best to have a third party who is not familiar with your thesis, such as a friend or family member,
to read though it for spelling and grammar. It is highly recommended that you print out your thesis on
normal printer paper for this read through. It is a well-known fact that it is easier to spot errors on paper
than it is on a computer screen.
3. It is recommended that you hire someone to check your thesis for formatting requirements. Or if you
are unwilling to hire someone, you must do this formatting check yourself. In either case, either for a
hired 3rd party format checker or for the thesis writer, form 2257 Thesis-Dissertation Formatting
Checklist.pdf must be used for this check, and each item on this form must be signed off on by the
checker, affirming that the check has been done. This form will be submitted as part of the list of
required electronic files for your final submission.
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 After all changes required by your committee as a result of the thesis defense have been completed,
and all proofing checks are done, secure your committee’s approval to submit the final electronic file
copies to Academic Affairs to be printed and bound.
Internal Links

Most people who read your thesis, assuming you make it available for publication, will be reading
an electronic copy. Relatively few will read the printed physical copies in the DIU Library.
For ease of navigation in the electronic version of your thesis, it is highly recommended that you
add internal links. Adding links is NOT required, but makes your thesis much more user friendly.
At a minimum, it would be good to link all the lines in your table of contents to the corresponding
headings in the thesis and in the back matter. You might also want to link photos, tables, and figures
to their corresponding lists in the front matter. Or if you reference a table or figure multiple times
in your thesis far from where it appears, you could link each reference to the corresponding figure.
Creating these links is a bit time consuming, but not difficult to do and will make your electronic
copies much easier to navigate and use. If you do not know how to do this, check for an appendix
to this manual with instructions or ask someone to show you.
24. Obtain Committee Member signatures
Academic Affairs requires a signed thesis approval page in both the Word .docx file and in the PDF file
you will submit for posting on the DIU Thesis webpage. They require signatures in the Word .docx file
for the print-ready PDF they will generate for the printer/binder, and also for the Epub file that will
eventually be generated from your submitted docx file. See the explanation about Epub here.
Obtaining signatures in PDF files is relatively easy, but not so for Word docx files. But if you obtain the
signatures in Word, then all PDFs generated from that docx file will also have the signatures. Therefore,
the thesis student is required to obtain their Committee members signatures in the submitted final thesis
Word docx document.
By far the easiest way to do this is to have each committee member sign and date a sheet of paper
(preferably signed on some preprinted line), and scan it to a jpg or png file (or take a photo of it). Then,
you simply crop each signature/date image, and import each signature image into the Word docx file and
position it in the proper location on the approval page. Make sure each committee member’s name is
typed below their signature. Tell the committee members to send the signature/date images not only to
you for inclusion in the docx file, but to also copy academic_affairs@diu.edu stating in the email that
they have approved your thesis as of the date in their signature. These emails will also go in the thesis
archive.
It is the responsibility of the student to obtain all signatures in time for the final submission deadline and
figure out how to do it. The student would be wise to plan ahead and allow extra time for this step so
their graduation date is not delayed.
25. Thesis Printing and Binding Fee: Payment of the thesis printing and binding fee should be made in the
DIU Finance Office before submitting the final electronic files to academic_affairs@diu.edu in step 25.
Check with academic_affairs@diu.edu for a current price list. Note: DIU does not handle the printing or
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 binding of personal or complimentary copies of a thesis for members of your committee or anyone else.
Printing and binding of such copies is the responsibility of the student. Please note that your employer
or sponsoring organization may also require you to give them a bound copy of your thesis. Check with
them regarding their expectations. If they require one or more copies, it is your responsibility to print
and bind those copies according to their specifications. DIU does not print extra copies. But you may
check with the DIU Library for direction on how to get such copies made. You can probably use the
same printer/binder that DIU does.
26. Submission Deadline: It is strongly preferred that you submit your final electronic files to Academic
Affairs by the last day of the term when you defend. But the day before the first day of the following
term will be the final non-negotiable deadline. No special permission is needed to submit your thesis
late, but it is required by the final submission deadline. Submissions after this final deadline will mean
a delay in your graduation by a full term. Note that you may meet this final submission deadline for the
term in which you defended, but if you defended after the defense deadline, your graduation will still be
delayed by a term.

REQUIRED SUBMISSION FILES

Submit your final electronic thesis files to academic_affairs@diu.edu via email. The submitted files
will include the following: (submit them all together as attachments to a single email)
1) Your thesis in a Word docx file – with all fonts embedded in it. All text, photos, and figures
must be in black and white or grayscale – no color – unless you have your thesis committee
chair’s written approval and pay extra for the color printing. If your thesis committee chair
approves of your printing your thesis in color, have them email their explicit permission to
academic_affairs@diu.edu, and that permission will be archived. The approval page in this
docx file must include your committee members’ signatures with dates.
Name your file: John Smith-thesis.docx (of course use your own name)
2) A PDF file generated from the docx file using the File > Export > Create PDF/XPS
command in Word. This method of creating a PDF from the docx file will preserve any
internal links existing in the docx file. Printing the docx as a PDF will eliminate any internal
links you have made.
Name your file: Smith, John-thesis.pdf
3) Your signed 2257 Thesis-Dissertation Formatting Checklist.pdf form. Going through this
checklist could take several hours.
Name your file: Smith, John-checklist.pdf
4) Your signed 2255 Thesis Publication Permission.pdf form. (Link to form page on website)
You are encouraged to make your thesis available electronically on our website. To do so,
you must give written permission in this form. Note that DIU requests the non-exclusive
right to post your thesis on the same web page as our other theses (Link to Theses webpage).

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 This will not technically preclude you from publishing your thesis in any other venues, either
in printed or electronic forms. You retain the copyright for your work.
But be aware that no publisher will go to any expense to publish your theses if it is already
freely available for download on the web. Maybe they would in electronic form in an online
journal if they thought it was a valuable contribution to the field in which you wrote. But
there would be zero incentive for them to publish it in print for sale as a book, because they
would have no possibility of making a profit. However, you could post it on other websites
yourself, and/or you can later take a portion of your thesis, expand on it, and find a journal
to publish an article based on your thesis.
Name your file: Smith, John-publication permission.pdf
5) Zotero rdf file containing a citation of your thesis. Use Zotero entry type “Thesis.” In the
“Type” field put “MA Thesis.” This is because the Zotero Thesis entry type will be used for
both MA Theses and PhD Dissertations and this field will identify the type of document.
Name your file: Smith, John-citation.rdf
6) PDF file documenting permissions for using any copyrighted material in your thesis. This
PDF will be archived with your thesis.
Name your file: Smith, John-copyright permissions.pdf
7) Optional: If your thesis will be printed in black and white and greyscale, but you want your
posted PDF to have color, submit the following two additional files, both having “color” in
the filenames:
a) Your Word docx file containing color elements. Also with signatures on the approval page
and all fonts embedded.
Name your file: Smith, John-thesis-color.docx
b) A PDF generated from your color docx file using the File > Export > Create PDF/XPS
command in Word.
Name your file: John Smith-thesis-color.pdf
No permission is needed to submit color versions of your thesis for posting online.

Epub version: Note that if you grant publication permission to DIU, your PDF (or your color PDF
if you provide one) will be posted on the DIU Thesis webpage for downloading. It is also planned
for the future that we will use your docx file (or color docx file) to generate an Epub version of your
thesis that will be viewable in an E-book reader on any screen size (i.e., phone, tablet, computer
screen). This Epub version will also eventually be made available for download from the DIU Thesis
webpage. Return link to Obtaining Committee Signatures
The electronic files you submit will all be placed in DIU’s electronic archives.
The Submission email with the attached files should contain:
• student's full name;

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 • the complete name of the degree and major (for example, MA in Applied Linguistics);
• the complete and correct title of the thesis;
• the month and year of graduation.
Academic Affairs will take your docx file, adjust the left and right margins for a wider inside margin
for binding, and will modify the page numbers on even-numbered pages to format it for printing.
They will then use the modified docx file to generate a print-ready PDF for the DIU library, which
will which arrange for all printing and binding of your thesis. The library sends out all theses and
dissertations for printing and binding, once a year, usually in the early Summer.
Academic Affairs will also send you, the thesis writer, a copy of the print-ready PDF in case you
want to arrange for other printed copies for yourself or your thesis committee members, or for a
sponsoring organization.
Academic Affairs does no explicit formatting check of any kind. IF, however, during the course of
creating the print-ready PDF, they observe any glaring formatting defect, they will reject your
submission.

Summary of Deadlines

NOTE: All Thesis Deadlines pertain only to Fall, Spring, and Summer terms. The May-Extended Term is ignored.
The end of any term is the last Final Exams and Projects day.
1. A complete first draft of your thesis should be ready for your committee by the start of the term in which you
intend to defend.
2. At least 4 weeks before the last day of the term, and at least 2 weeks before the defense date, submit a defense-
ready draft to your committee.
3. After your committee says you are ready, at least 4 weeks before the end of the term and at least 14 calendar
days, before your defense date, submit the 2251 Approval to Schedule Thesis Defense form, signed by your
committee, to academic_affairs@diu.edu.
4. Defend your Thesis at least 2 weeks before the end of the term. If you miss this date, you will not graduate
until the following term.
5. After the defense, make all revisions required by your committee, then submit your thesis to the library their
reference check. This will be a 1-2 week turnaround time. Then make any final corrections after the reference
check.
6. It is strongly preferred that final electronic files are submitted to academic_affairs@diu.edu by the end of the
term, but they will be accepted until the day before the next term starts.
7. You may petition to defend after the defense deadline, but you will NOT graduate until the following term,
even if you meet the submission deadline.

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 ❖ PART 2: PhD Dissertation Preparation Guide
Introduction

Although you have ideally been gathering background material and writing on the general topic of your
dissertation since the second term of your PhD studies, your dissertation research and writing formally
begins after you have successfully passed 24 credit hours of PhD coursework (eight courses) and the oral
Candidacy Exam.
You will begin your dissertation research and writing process by registering for the WA6391 Dissertation
Proposal Writing course (3 graduate credit hours). During this course, you will work through the process of
designing your research project, writing your dissertation proposal, and obtaining approval by your
dissertation committee. When that step is complete, you are free to register each semester for WA6x91
Dissertation Writing until you successfully defend the dissertation. The total number of dissertation credits
(any course with the WA6X91 number) must be at least 24, however the number of dissertation-writing
credits you register for each semester can be flexible. Those who need a longer period of time to complete
their dissertation will take fewer credits per semester than those who wish to complete the process in three
terms (the minimum time allowed). You are not required to take credits during the summer term unless you
request feedback from your committee or chair during that term.
You should use this Manual, the Dissertation Template, and Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition) for
formatting. Do not use a previous thesis or dissertation as the sole model for your writing.

Preliminary Advice

Utilizing each course in the PhD program to prepare for the dissertation maximizes your PhD coursework
and facilitates your proposal-writing process. Although it is not recommended that students do extensive field
research before the dissertation proposal is approved, each course contributes toward your understanding of
the topic and your preparation for research and writing. Fieldwork undertaken in advance of the Dissertation
Proposal Writing course must have approved Human Subject Research (HSR) / Institutional Review Board
(IRB) permissions, including the signature of your dissertation adviser.
[Should add details on how to go about this, and links to any documents or forms.]
See the chart below for how each course relates to the dissertation topic (or see source document):
PhD application Description of 1-3 preliminary research interests
6370 Multidisciplinary Perspectives expansion & exploration of topic ideas as student reads extensively from related disciplines
6390 Research & Communication for WA first brief articulation of diss research topic & receiving input from professors
6381 Cross-cultural Education Methods may choose to teach a brief seminar on the topic for practical teaching assignment
6385 WA & Religious Expression explore a possible intersection of religious expression with the topic
6339 Avanced Theory for WA explore intersections of theory with the topic & choice of at least one theory for engagement
6387 Area Studies in WA gather corpus of artistic expressions and resources related to the topic, study arts ethnography models
6389 Advanced Artistic Form Analysis analyze a corpus of artistic expression related the topic
6380 Advanced Theory for Ethnodoxology apply ethnodoxology theory and methods to the topic
6099 Candidacy Exam write a preliminary publishable paper on the topic for presentation to committee
6391 Dissertation Proposal develop a dissertation proposal on the topic, gain HSR and committee approval of the proposal
6x91 Dissertation Research research and write on the topic

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Meaning and Scope of a Dissertation
A dissertation represents original research. This process includes the creating, analyzing, interpreting,
synthesizing, and integrating knowledge in ways that extend current theories or inform the construction of
new ones.

Developing a Dissertation Topic

The following recommendations should guide you in developing a dissertation topic. In addition, see the
bibliography in the ???section later in this PART 2, for some helpful guides to developing a research question.
[No such bibliography was included in the document you provided.]
• Explore topics that interest you. Do not be overly influenced by what you think others might want you
to research, although you will need to get the approval of your committee. Choose a topic that energizes
you, since you are the one who will be living with it for the next few years. This is particularly true if
you are doing research related to the publications or research of your adviser.
• Choose a topic that you feel will contribute to human flourishing or will fill significant gaps in World Arts
knowledge.
• One of the strengths of the World Arts program is its interdisciplinary approach. Does this topic build
connections and provide new insights across multiple disciplines?
• Think through the boundaries of the topic. Avoid the temptation to be too broad. A broader topic might
sound better, but it will probably prove to be unfeasible.

Dissertation Committee Composition

A DIU student writing a thesis will select a thesis committee of at least three members, all of whom hold
terminal degrees. The committee chair and at least one committee member must be a member of the Dallas
International University faculty (Core, Adjunct, Senior, or Emeritus). Non-DIU faculty members serving on
Thesis Committees must be approved by the committee chair and the Academic Dean. (Policy 192)
Email a copy of the non-DIU faculty member’s CV to academic_affairs@diu.edu for the Dean’s approval.
The dissertation committee guides the candidate's research and writing, conducts the candidate's defense, and
evaluates the quality of the dissertation. All dissertation committee members must be present (in person or
virtually) for the dissertation defense.

Dissertation Proposal

The dissertation proposal (1.5 spacing) is typically 40–60 pages. You must pass your candidacy exams before
completing the proposal. Before registering for WA6X91 Dissertation Research credits, email a completed
2630 Dissertation Proposal form (https://diu.edu/diu-forms/#academic-forms-faq), signed by the members
of your committee, to academic_affairs@diu.edu, copying the department chair.

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You will create a dissertation proposal during the WA6391 course, but even earlier in the program you can
begin to think about the following components to prepare for that process:

1. RESEARCH TOPIC AND QUESTION

The first part of your proposal explains your research topic (the larger research area to which your
dissertation contributes) and your research question (what exactly you want to discover). These will be
described in the introductory chapter of your dissertation. This section of the proposal should include a
clear, concise statement of your research question. How would you answer in less than half a minute, a
fellow scholar who asks what your dissertation is going to be all about? The introductory chapter will
also include a statement regarding the problem that your research will address, describing the scope and
limitations of your research and its significance. It will also introduce key terms and definitions.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Reviewing the literature before the proposal stage will reveal gaps in the literature, clarifying what
contribution you might choose to make. Extensive reading on the chosen topic will tell you who the
primary voices are in the discussion and what methods other scholars have used to carry out their
research. Start now to create a system in Zotero for gathering and organizing what you read in a way that will
facilitate your growing knowledge in the field.

3. METHODS: PARADIGM AND APPROACHES

In designing a research project, you will need to make choices between varying paradigms and
approaches to research. Sharpening your understanding of your own philosophical assumptions and
biases will help you to choose an appropriate and robust design for your research with a supportive
theoretical framework.

4. METHODS: DATA TYPES AND COLLECTION METHODS

Think about the types of data your research project will require in order to address the research question. For
each type of data, think about how, where, and from whom you plan to gather the data.
Keep in mind that when describing your research methods, you will need to gain the approval of the DIU
Institutional Review Board (IRB), which is responsible for reviewing and approving your plans for Human
Subjects Research (HSR). Consider ethical issues that might arise in your proposed research. As you think
about your data collection methods, be prepared to outline benefits and potential risks to participants in your
research. Before you begin the research, you will need to complete the requirements for gaining IRB
approval, making adjustments to your methods that the IRB committee recommends.

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 5. METHODS: DATA ANALYSIS

What will be the key analytical or coding methods for the data you expect to collect in this project?
Think about if there are analysis methods in which you are not an expert. How will you acquire the
specific analysis skills you need to complete this project most effectively?

6. PROPOSED RESEARCH TIMELINE

Think through a proposed timeline for your research that includes the following parts: Data collection,
data analysis, drafting your chapters, revising the draft, editing and formatting the details, defending the
dissertation, revising based on committee recommendations, final formatting and checking. Consider
any particularly urgent deadlines that, if missed, could throw off the intended completion date.
Remember that timelines are rarely shortened and most often extended. Give yourself some extra time
at the end for unexpected delays.

Language and Usage

We encourage you to consult reliable guides for English usage in deciding questions of grammar, sentence
structure, style, and usage. Recommended resources include:
The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition (2017)
Garner, Bryan A. 2016. Garner’s Modern English Usage
Garner, Bryan A. 2016. The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation
Hodges, John C. 1998. The Harbrace College Handbook. OR
Glenn, Cheryl, Loretta Gray, 2012. Harbrace College Handbook, 18th ed. Beverly, MA: Wadsworth
Publishing.
Williams, Joseph M. 1990. Style: Toward Clarity and Grace. University of Chicago Press. DIU Library
Call #: 808.042 W724s 1990. There is also a 1995 version.

Zinsser, William. 2016. On Writing Well. Harper Perennial.

Personal Titles

Titles such as Mr., Mrs., Ms., Dr., Dean, and Professor are ordinarily not used in the text of the dissertation.

General Matters of Usage

An academic dissertation is the work of one person: its author. Therefore, when referring to yourself, use the
pronoun I. Avoid using we unless the people included are clearly identified. Style manuals often caution
against overusing the first-person pronoun I. This is generally good advice but substituting the editorial we
is never a satisfactory alternative. Judicious use of I will resolve most of these difficulties. Use of first-person
plural pronouns may be appropriate when you are figuratively leading the reader through a process of logical
reasoning (for example, “We begin by placing the segment…”).
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 A dissertation presents a completed argument or project, so you should avoid future tense when referring to
procedure and method (“This dissertation will comprise five chapters…”). Present or present perfect tense
serves better in such contexts (“This dissertation comprises five chapters…”).
An argument or a study is not a human being and should not be spoken of as though it possessed human
capabilities. The editors of the APA Publication Manual explain that “An experiment cannot attempt to
demonstrate, control unwanted variables, or interpret findings, nor can variables or figures compare (all of
these can, however, show or indicate)” (1994:30). Judicious use of I can avoid such illogical statements,
as well as acknowledging accountability for the results and conclusions.
Make sure your conclusion chapter really has conclusions and implications. Do not simply restate your
findings. Always bear in mind the question, “So what?” Help the reader understand what your findings mean.
Clarify the key conclusions to be drawn from your research.

Choosing a Title

Although this can be revised toward the end of the dissertation-writing process, it is wise to thoroughly
discuss with your adviser an appropriate initial title for your dissertation. Retrieval systems use the words
in the title, and occasionally other descriptive words to locate your work. The title must be a meaningful
description of the contents of your dissertation. Here are some things to remember:
• avoid ambiguous words;
• locate the most important words near the beginning of the title; and
• include keywords to help other researchers find your dissertation.

Order of Dissertation Research and Defense (condensed list)

See the chart under Preliminary Advice for how to work toward your dissertation during the coursework
phase of the program. After coursework and a successful Candidacy Exam, you will register for WA6391
Dissertation Proposal Writing, resulting in an approved 2630-Dissertation-Proposal.pdf form (obtained
from your advisor) signed by your dissertation adviser, committee, and IRB coordinator. Normal steps that
follow an approved dissertation proposal are as follows:
• Register for WA6X91 Dissertation Writing credits (as described in the Introduction).
• Begin your research, coding and organizing it as you go along.
• Decide with your committee whether you will submit drafts of each chapter, or several chapters at a
time, or present the full dissertation as a single document to them toward the end.
• Submit regular progress reports to your adviser, being prepared to make necessary adjustments.
• Begin to write a first draft of your dissertation. For formatting, use the Dissertation Template (in MS
Word Styles), the formatting specifications in Section 3 of this Manual, and follow Chicago author-
date style for citations.
• Review the draft with your adviser for corrections, working to submit chapters according to the
schedule outlined your timetable.
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 • Submit a corrected first draft to your committee.
• Have individual consultations with each committee member.
• Work with your adviser to integrate committee members’ comments.
• When the committee agrees that you are ready, schedule a time and location for your defense, emailing
the 2631-Approval-to-Schedule-Dissertation-Defense.pdf form (obtained from your advisor) to
academic_affairs@diu.edu at least 15 days before the proposed date of defense.
• Submit a defense copy of your dissertation to each committee member and to the DIU Library
Director for checks on the references cited at least one month prior to the defense. Responsibility for
ensuring proper formatting is primarily with the student and secondarily with the adviser, not with
the Academic Affairs Office or the DIU Library.
• An oral defense must be scheduled to happen at least four weeks before the last day of the term.
• After the defense, make any corrections required by your committee.
• Before printing out a proof copy, it is recommended that you print out your dissertation on normal
printer paper and have someone proofread your dissertation for spelling, punctuation, and grammar.
Also have them check the margins and other formatting requirements, as spelled out in this manual.
It’s often best if the proofreader has not seen your dissertation before. Mistakes usually stand out more
clearly on paper than they do on a computer screen, and you will have already made all the editing
suggestions coming from your spell-checker and grammar program. Whoever does the format
checking will need to follow the 2257 Thesis-Dissertation Formatting Checklist.pdf [not yet
approved] form (obtained from your advisor) and sign to indicate that the listed checks have been
made.
• After proofing, submit your dissertation to the committee (or just the adviser, depending on what’s
been agreed at the defense) for final approval and obtain all needed signatures.
• Payment of the Dissertation Printing and Binding Fee should be made in the DIU Finance Office
before submitting the final electronic copies to for the Submission Check. Check with
academic_affairs@diu.edu for a current price list.
• Submit the required electronic file copies.

Dissertation Defense

You are required to defend at least four weeks prior to the last day of the term in order to participate in that
semester’s graduation.
At least four weeks before the defense (which will be at least eight weeks before the last day of the term),
submit a final, “defense” draft of your dissertation to each committee member.
Schedule your dissertation defense only after all your committee members agree that you are ready. After
every member of your committee has given approval that you are ready to defend, schedule the date and
time, emailing the 2631 Approval to Schedule Dissertation Defense form to academic_affairs@diu.edu and

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 reserving the venue for the defense. The 2631 form must be approved at least 14 days before the proposed
date of the defense, which will be at least six weeks before the last day of the term.
The defense is public; you may invite anyone you want to attend. The defense will involve you giving a brief
presentation of your research followed by questions from the audience. After the public presentation of your
work, the audience will be dismissed and you will defend your dissertation to the committee.
You will benefit by attending one or two defenses before your own. This will show you the typical
interactions, strategies, procedures, and so forth. Pay attention to what you like, what you want to avoid, and
what could be improved.
If you fail to defend at least four weeks prior to the last day of the term, you may petition the Dean of
Academic Affairs to permit a defense after the deadline and before the start of the following term. But a
consequence of not defending at least four weeks prior to the end of the term is that you will not graduate
that term. Your graduation will be in the following term (Fall, Spring, or Summer – no one graduates in the
May-Extended term), assuming you meet the submission deadline for either the term of the defense or the
following term.
Once you have successfully defended, either before the defense deadline, or by petition after the defense
deadline, you will no longer be required to enroll in dissertation credits in any following term.

Dissertation Approval

Acceptance of your dissertation is based on the quality of your written dissertation, not on your performance
at the defense—although the oral defense is a requirement for graduation. Three outcomes are possible,
usually reached by consensus among the committee members. These possible outcomes are:
(a) unconditional pass; (b) pass with conditions; or (c) fail.
If you receive a “pass with conditions,” the committee may require you to rewrite anything from small
suggestions to improve the dissertation to complete re-writes of substantial portions. Each committee member
has the right to review the required changes before signing the approval form. Alternatively, they may sign at
the time of the defense, delegating responsibility for the final check to the chairperson.
If you receive a “fail,” you will not be permitted to graduate or receive a PhD. If circumstances warrant, a
student who has been dropped from the program due to receiving a fail on the dissertation may petition for
a second defense after substantial re-working of the dissertation.
Work with your committee to make all the changes they require.

Library Check

After you have made any corrections required by your committee, submit a revised PDF copy of your
dissertation to the DIU Library Director for checks on the citations and References Cited section of your
manuscript.
The DIU Library promises a two-week turnaround time, but will aim for a one-week turnaround.
The DIU Library will complete the following four steps in checking your dissertation::
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 1. Hyperlink verification – all hyperlinks throughout the document are operational and lead to the
intended site
2. In-text citation verification – all in-text citations have a corresponding citation in the Works Cited
section
3. Works Cited verification – all references listed in the Works Cited section have a corresponding
in-text citation
4. CMOS format check – Works Cited section is reviewed for compliance with CMOS 17th ed

Proofing Checks

Your dissertation is a professional publication representing you and the school, so should be published with
professional-level spelling, grammar, and formatting.
1. Run your dissertation through Word’s Spelling and Grammar checker.
2. You are required to hire someone to check your dissertation for formatting requirements and possibly also
for spelling and grammar. That person will sign of on each item listed in form 2257 Thesis-Dissertation
Formatting Checklist.pdf which must be used for this check. Mistakes will stand out more clearly on a hard-
copy printout than on a computer screen. The checker will indicate, either on a hard copy or in a Word
document with track changes, any errors they find and the dissertation writer will be responsible for making
all corrections in their docx file. The 2257 form will be submitted as part of the list of required electronic
files for your final submission.
After all changes required by your committee after the dissertation defense have been completed, and all
proofing checks are done, secure your committee’s approval to submit the final electronic file copies to
Academic Affairs to be printed and bound.
Internal Links

Most people who read your dissertation, assuming you make it available for publication, will be reading
an electronic copy. Relatively few will read the printed physical copies in the DIU Library.
For ease of navigation in the electronic version of your dissertation, it is highly recommended that you
add internal links. Adding links is NOT required, but makes your dissertation much more user friendly.
At a minimum, it would be good to link all the lines in your table of contents to the corresponding
headings in the dissertation and in the back matter. You might also want to link photos, tables, and
figures to their corresponding lists in the front matter. Or if you reference a table or figure multiple times
in your dissertation far from where it appears, you could link each reference to the corresponding figure.
Creating these links is a bit time consuming, but not difficult to do and will make your electronic copies
much easier to navigate and use. If you do not know how to do this, check for an appendix to this manual
with instructions or ask someone to show you.

Obtain Committee Member Signatures

Do not wait until the last minute to secure the approval of your committee. Please allow sufficient time
to make required corrections and adjustments. If no corrections or adjustments are required, there is no

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 harm in receiving approval before the deadline. If corrections or adjustments are required and you have
not allowed sufficient time, graduation and the awarding of your degree may be delayed.
After you have made all changes to your dissertation required by your committee, and also made
all spelling, grammatical and formatting changes required by the proofing checks, o btain your
committee members’ signatures for the Dissertation Approval Sheet.
Academic Affairs requires a signed dissertation approval page in both the Word .docx file and in the
PDF file you will submit for posting on the DIU Dissertation webpage. They require signatures in the
Word .docx file for the print-ready PDF they will generate for the printer/binder, and also for the Epub
file that will eventually be generated from your submitted docx file. See the explanation about Epub
here.
Obtaining signatures in PDF files is relatively easy, but not so for Word docx files. But if you obtain the
signatures in Word, then all PDFs generated from that docx file will also have the signatures. Therefore,
the dissertation student is required to obtain their Committee members’ signatures on the Dissertation
Approval Sheet in the submitted final dissertation Word docx document.
By far the easiest way to do this is to have each committee member sign and date a sheet of paper
(preferably signed on some preprinted line), and scan it to a jpg or png file (or take a photo of it). Then,
you simply crop each signature/date image, and import each signature image into the Word docx file,
positioning it in the proper location on the approval page. Make sure each committee member’s name is
typed below their signature. Tell the committee members to send the signature/date images not only to
you for inclusion in the docx file, but to also copy academic_affairs@diu.edu stating in the email that
they have approved your dissertation as of the date in their signature. These emails will also go in the
dissertation archive.
It is the responsibility of the student to obtain all signatures in time for the final submission deadline and
figure out how to do it. The student would be wise to plan ahead and allow extra time for this step so
their graduation date is not delayed.

Dissertation Printing and Binding Fee

Payment of the dissertation printing and binding fee should be made in the DIU Finance Office before
submitting the final electronic files to academic_affairs@diu.edu in the next step under Submission
Deadline. Note: DIU does not handle the printing or binding of personal or complimentary copies of a
dissertation for members of your committee or anyone else. Printing and binding of such copies is the
responsibility of the student. Please note that your employer or sponsoring organization may also require
you to give them a bound copy of your dissertation. Check with them regarding their expectations. If
they require one or more copies, it is your responsibility to print and bind those copies according to their
specifications. DIU does not print extra copies. But you may check with the DIU Library for directions
on how to get such copies made. You can probably use the same printer/binder that DIU does.

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Submission Deadline

It is strongly preferred that you submit your final electronic files to Academic Affairs by the last day of the
term when you defend. But the day before the first day of the following term (Spring, Summer, or Fall) will
be the final non-negotiable deadline. No special permission is needed to submit your dissertation late, but is
required by the final submission deadline. Submissions after this final deadline will mean a delay in your
graduation by a full term. Note that you may meet this final submission deadline for the term in which you
defended, but if you defended after the defense deadline, your graduation will still be delayed by a term.

REQUIRED SUBMISSION FILES

Submit your final electronic dissertation files to academic_affairs@diu.edu via email. The submitted
files will include the following: (submit them all together as attachments to a single email)
1) Your dissertation in a Word docx file – with all fonts embedded in it. All text, photos, and
figures must be in black and white or grayscale – no color – unless you have your dissertation
chair’s written approval and pay extra for the color printing. If your dissertation committee
chair approves of your printing your dissertation in color, have them email their explicit
permission to academic_affairs@diu.edu, and that permission will be archived along with
the dissertation. The approval page in this docx file must include all of your committee
members’ signatures with dates.
Name your file: Smith, John-dissertation.docx (of course use your own name)
2) A PDF file generated from the docx file using the File > Export > Create PDF/XPS
command in Word. This method of creating a PDF from the docx file will preserve any
internal links existing in the docx file. Printing the docx as a PDF will eliminate any internal
links you have made.
Name your file: Smith, John-dissertation.pdf
3) Your 2257 Thesis-Dissertation Formatting Checklist.pdf form signed by your third-party
checker.
Name your file: Smith, John-checklist.pdf
4) Your signed 2634 Dissertation Publication Permission.pdf form which will be available on
this webpage: DIU Academic Forms, You are encouraged to make your dissertation available
electronically on the DIU website. To do so, you must give written permission in this form.
Note that DIU requests the non-exclusive right to post your dissertation on the same web
page as our other dissertation theses (Link to Dissertation webpage – does not yet exist).
This will not preclude you from publishing your dissertation in any other venues, either in
printed or electronic forms. You retain the copyright for your work.
Name your file: Smith, John-publication permission.pdf

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 5) Zotero rdf file containing a citation of your thesis. Use Zotero entry type “Thesis.” But in the
“Type” field put “PhD Dissertation.”
Name your file: Smith, John-citation.rdf
6) PDF file documenting permissions for using any copyrighted material in your dissertation.
This PDF will be archived with your dissertation.
Name your file: Smith, John-copyright permissions.pdf
7) Optional: If your dissertation will be printed in black and white and greyscale, but you want
your posted PDF to have color, submit the following two additional files, both having
“color” in the filenames:
a) Your Word docx file containing color elements. Also with signatures on the approval
page and all fonts embedded.
Name your file: Smith, John-dissertation-color.docx
b) A PDF generated from your color docx file using the File > Export > Create PDF/XPS
command in Word.
Name your file: Smith, John-dissertation-color.pdf
No permission is needed to submit color versions of your dissertation for posting online.

Epub version: Note that if you grant publication permission to DIU, your PDF (or your color PDF
if you provide one) will be posted on the DIU Dissertation webpage for downloading. It is also
planned for the future that we will use your docx file (or color docx file) to generate an Epub version
of your dissertation that will be viewable in an E-book reader on any screen size (i.e., phone, tablet,
computer screen). This Epub version will also eventually be made available for download from the
DIU Dissertation webpage. Return link to Obtaining Committee Signatures
The electronic files you submit will all be placed in DIU’s electronic archives.
The Submission email with the attached files should contain:
• student's full name;
• the complete name of the degree and major (for example, PhD in World Arts);
• the complete and correct title of the dissertation;
• the month and year of graduation.
Academic Affairs will take your docx file, adjust the left and right margins for a wider inside margin
for binding, and will modify the page numbers on even-numbered pages to format it for printing.
They will then use the modified docx file to generate a print-ready PDF for the DIU library, which
will which arrange for the printing and binding of your dissertation. The library sends out all theses
and dissertations for printing and binding, once a year, usually in the early Summer.
Academic Affairs will also send you, the dissertation writer, a copy of the print-ready PDF in case
you want to arrange for other printed copies for yourself or your dissertation committee members,
or for a sponsoring organization.
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 Academic Affairs does no explicit formatting check of any kind. IF, however, during the course of
creating the print-ready PDF, they observe any glaring formatting defect, they will reject your
submission.

Summary of Deadlines

NOTE: All Dissertation Deadlines pertain only to Fall, Spring, and Summer terms. The May-Extended Term is
ignored. The end of any term is the last Final Exams and Projects day.
1. A complete first draft of your dissertation should be ready for your committee by the start of the term in which
you intend to defend.
2. At least 8 weeks before the last day of the term, submit a defense-ready draft to your committee.
3. After your committee says you are ready, at least 6 weeks before the end of the term and at least 14 calendar
days before your defense date, submit the 2631 Approval to Schedule Dissertation Defense form, signed by
your committee, to academic_affairs@diu.edu.
4. Defend your Dissertation at least 4 weeks before the end of the term. If you miss this date, you will not graduate
until the following term.
5. After the defense, make all revisions required by your committee, then submit your dissertation to the library
their reference check. This will be a 1-2 week turnaround time. Then make any final corrections after the
reference check.
6. It is strongly preferred that final electronic files are submitted to academic_affairs@diu.edu by the end of the
term, but they will be accepted until the day before the next term starts.
7. You may petition to defend after the defense deadline, but you will NOT graduate until the following term,
even if you meet the submission deadline.

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 ❖ PART 3: Thesis and Dissertation Format Specifications
(alphabetically organized)

Applicability of Format Specifications

Note that the formatting specifications in this Section 3 apply to all DIU Master’s Theses and PhD
Dissertations. But for brevity, only “thesis” is referred to in the following specifications instead of “thesis or
dissertation.”
The thesis writer is responsible to meet all requirements and format specifications in this document. Dissertation
students are required to hire a third-party format checker – who will sign off on form 2257 Formatting
Checklist.pdf indicating a thorough format check has been done. For MA Thesis students who choose not to hire
someone to do the formatting check, they themselves will be required to use the 2257 Thesis-Dissertation
Formatting Checklist.pdf form and sign of on each point that they have made that check, and their thesis chair
will need to approve that they are satisfied the MA Thesis has been sufficiently checked for formatting.
Unless your Committed Chair grants you special permission to use a different program, using MS-Word to write
and format your thesis or dissertation is required. And the use of Word Paragraph and Character Styles for all
paragraphs, headings, figure titles, figure captions, footnotes, emphasis, non-English language words and
paragraphs, etc. (i.e. all nameable features) is mandatory if you use MS-Word. If you do not know how to use
Styles in MS-Word, see the Appendices to this document starting at Appendix E, and if you need more help write
academic_affairs@diu.edu.

Arrangement of the Thesis – 18 Components

Optional items are noted as such below. All other numbered items are required.
Sample pages can be found in Appendix B.
Page Terminology – For double-sided printing, all odd-number pages are on the right side of an open book.
Any right-hand page in a bound book is called a “recto” page. The reverse side of a recto page, which is
the left-hand page in a bound book, is called a “verso” page, and is always an even-numbered page.
Page Counting for Double-sided Printing All MA Theses and PhD Dissertations will be formatted and
printed double sided. For double-sided printing, both sides of all pages are counted, starting with the
recto Thesis Approval Page as page “i.” For double-sided printing, a few of the first pages of the Front
Matter pages will have blank verso pages. Any blank verso pages are always counted for the purpose of
page numbering, even though no page numbers are ever printed on blank verso pages. So for the length
of your thesis (not counting cover pages that are blank on both sides), the official number of pages of
your thesis (for the purpose of determining the cost of printing and binding) is the number of sheets of

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 paper used times two – even though some of the verso pages are totally blank and the number of pages
actually printed is less.
The Printing of Page Numbers in the Front Matter Pages – All front matter pages use lower-case Roman-
numeral page numbers. But the first page that has a printed page number is the Dedication page, which
is an optional page. If there is no Dedication page, then the Acknowledgements page will be the first
page with a printed page number. All Roman-numeral page numbers (i.e. all Front Matter page numbers
that are printed) are centered in the bottom margin, 0.50 inches above the bottom edge of the page.
1. Thesis Approval Page – The layout of this page will be set out in the template that you use. See the
Sample Thesis Approval Sheet. [This is page number “i”.]
2. Title Page – The layout of this page will be set out in the template that you use. See the Sample Title
Page. [This is page “iii”.]
3. Copyright Page – The layout of this page will be set out in the template that you use. See the Sample
Copyright Page. [This is page number “v”.]
4. Certificate (for Copyright Disclaimer) Page – The layout and content of this page will be set out in the
template that you use. . Use the style Heading 1 for the CERTIFICATE page title. See the Sample
Certificate Page. [This is verso page “vi”]
5. Thesis Duplication Release Page – The layout and content of this page will be set out in the template
that you use. See section on Thesis Duplication Release Explanation. Use the style Heading 1 for the
THESIS/DISSERTATION DUPLICATION RELEASE page title. See the Sample Thesis Duplication
Release Page. [This is recto page “vii”]
6. Abstract Page - The Abstract should be a concise statement of the content of the thesis. It should be
written in complete sentences and paragraphs rather than in note or outline form. The Abstract should
typically contain no more than 150 words. Do not include formulas, diagrams, or other illustrative
material. The title on the Abstract must be the same as the title on the Title Page.
The layout of this page will be set out in the template that you use. Formatting: 2.0 inch top margin, line
spacing set to exactly 16.7 point (equivalent to 1.15 spacing), 0.50 inch first line indent, left or justified
alignment depending on department, 6 points of space following paragraphs. Use the style Heading 1
for the ABSTRACT page title. See the Sample Abstract Page. [This is verso page “viii”]
7. Dedication Page – See the Sample Dedication Page.
The layout of this page will be set out in the template that you use. This page is optional. Formatting:
2.0 inch top margin, line spacing set to exactly 16.7 point (equivalent to 1.15 spacing), 0.50 inch first
line indent, left or justified alignment depending on department, 6 points of space following paragraphs.
Use the style Heading 1 for the DEDICATION page title, followed by 42 points of space before the first
line of the Dedication text. If it is included, this is the first page that will have a printed page number.
[This is recto page “ix”]

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8. Acknowledgments Page – Use the Acknowledgments page to mention the assistance of those to whom
you wish to express appreciation – and it may be up to two pages long.
The layout of this page will be set out in the template that you use. Formatting: 2.0 inch top margin, line
spacing set to exactly 16.7 point (equivalent to 1.15 spacing), 0.50 inch first line indent, left or justified
alignment depending on department, 6 points of space following paragraphs. Use the style Heading 1
for the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS page title, followed by 42 points of space before the first line of the
Acknowledgments text. See the Sample Acknowledgments Page. [This is the first page with printing on the
verso side. From here to the end of the front matter, almost all pages will be printed on both sides, with a few possible
exceptions explained later. Continue on numbering the pages as previously, from now on printing every page number as a
Roman numeral for all front-matter pages. The page immediately before Chapter 1 is where the front-matter ends and the
Body of the Thesis begins.]

9.Table of Contents (TOC) Pages(s) – Each entry in the TOC will end with a page number. The TOC will
include the Abstract and Acknowledgments pages, and every front-matter page after the
Acknowledgment page except the TOC itself. This will include entries for the List of Figures, List of
Tables, List of Maps, and List of Abbreviations, and then will go on to include all Chapters and major
headings, also lower-level headings. You must use MS-Word’s built-in paragraph styles “Heading 1,
Heading 2,” etc. for Major Section and Chapter divisions, and then have MS-Word automatically
generate a Table of Contents. This allows you to add and delete pages to the body of your thesis and not
worry about the page numbers in the TOC, which can be regenerated with a simple command. This will
also guarantee that your TOC will be an accurate outline of the thesis, and it will show you if you have
placed a particular heading at the wrong level.
Formatting: 2.0 inch top margin for the first page of the TOC. Subsequent pages will revert to the normal
1.5 inch top margin. Single spaced. You may have 0 to 6 points of space after each line to aid in
readability and to improve appearance. Use the style Heading 1 for the TABLE OF CONTENTS page
title, followed by 42 points of space before the first line of the TOC. See the Sample Table of Contents
Page.
10. List of Tables – Include this if the thesis includes Data Tables. Do not combine the List of Tables with
the List of Figures or List of Maps.
Formatting: 2.0 inch top margin for the first page of the List of Tables section. If there are more than
one page to this section, subsequent pages will revert to the normal 1.5 inch top margin. Single spaced.
You may have 0 to 6 points of space after each line to aid in readability and to improve appearance. Use
the style Heading 1 for the LIST OF TABLES section title. See the Sample List of Tables Page.
11. List of Figures – Include this if the thesis includes any kind of figures, including diagrams, illustrations,
charts, and photos, etc. (but this does not include maps or tables). Aside from maps and data tables, all
other kinds of figures are referred to in this document, and in the thesis text and in figure titles and
captions, with the general term “Figures.”

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 Formatting: 2.0 inch top margin for the first page of the List of Figures section. If there are more than
one page to this section, subsequent pages will revert to the normal 1.5 inch top margin. Single spaced.
You may have 0 to 6 points of space after each line to aid in readability and to improve appearance. Use
the style Heading 1 for the LIST OF FIGURES section title. See the Sample List of Figures Pages.
12. List of Maps – This page is created only if your thesis has maps. Formatting: 2.0 inch top margin for
the first page of the List of Maps section. If there are more than one page to this section, subsequent
pages will revert to the normal 1.5 inch top margin. Single spaced. You may have 0 to 6 points of space
after each line to aid in readability and to improve appearance. Use the style Heading 1 for the LIST OF
MAPS section title. See the Sample List of Maps Page.
13. List of Abbreviations – List all abbreviations used in the thesis. This section is the only place in your
thesis that you may use a double or multiple column format, if you cannot fit all of your abbreviations
on a single page in the normal single-column. The spacing between columns should be at least 0.25 inch.
Formatting: 2.0 inch top margin for the first page of the List of Abbreviations section. If there are more
than one page to this section, subsequent pages will revert to the normal 1.5 inch top margin. Single
spaced. You may have 0 to 6 points of space after each line to aid in readability and to improve
appearance. Use the style Heading 1 for the LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS section title. See the Sample
List of Abbreviations Page.
14. Body of the thesis – Starting with the first page of actual thesis content, begin page numbering using
Arabic numeral 1 and continue consecutively to the very end of the document, through to the Curriculum
Vitae page. Page numbers on pages that are the start of a new chapter, (or the start of a major section
that occur after the main body of the thesis – described below) are centered in the bottom margin 0.50
inch from the bottom of the page. On all other pages, the page number is placed in the top margin, 1.0
inch from the top of the page, and aligned to the right side of the page (adjacent to the right margin). To
achieve this in MS-Word with automatic page numbering, all pages with bottom margin centered
numbers will need to be separate single-page sections. You will need to learn how to manage page
number formatting between sections. You may ask Academic Affairs for help with this if you or your
committee chair don’t know how to do it already. See Sample First Page of the Body of the Thesis.
15. Appendices – One or more appendices are optional. The first page of any Appendix should be formatted
like the first page of any chapter in the body of the thesis and appear on a recto page. All appendix
material must meet the same margin requirements and line spacing as the body of the thesis. The plural
of “appendix” is either “appendices” or “appendixes” – and either is acceptable. See the Sample
Appendix Page.
Formatting: 2.0 inch top margin for the first page of any Appendix. Subsequent pages will revert to the
normal 1.5 inch top margin. 1.5 line spaced paragraphs. Use the style Heading 1 for the APPENDIX
section title. See the Sample Appendix first page.

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 16. Glossary – A Glossary is optional. The first page of the Glossary should be formatted like the first page
of any chapter in the body of the thesis and appear on a recto page. It is best to create a glossary entry
paragraph style. See the Sample Glossary Page.
Formatting: 2.0 inch top margin, line spacing set to exactly 16.7 point (equivalent to 1.15 spacing), 0.50
inch first line indent, left or justified alignment depending on department, 6 points of space following
glossary entries. Use the style Heading 1 for the GLOSSARY page title, followed by 42 points of space
before the first line of the first Glossary entry..
17. References Cited – The first page of the References Cited section should be formatted like the first page
of any chapter in the body of the thesis and appear on a recto page. Each entry should be formatted by
Zotero (or equivalent program) using the Chicago Manual of Style (author – date) format. Each entry
should be a separate paragraph with a 0 to 4 point space after it. It is best to create a Zotero entry
paragraph style that is single-spaced and having a 0.50 inch hanging indent. Only references actually
cited within the thesis are allowed to be in this section.
Formatting: 2.0 inch top margin for the first page of this section. Subsequent pages will revert to the
normal 1.5 inch top margin. Use the style Heading 1 for the REFERENCES CITED section title. See
the Sample References Cited Page.
18. Curriculum Vitae (CV) – A CV of the thesis author should be included. The first page should be
formatted like the first page of any chapter in the body of the thesis and appear on a recto page. This
should be single-spaced within sub-sections after a sub-section heading, and include these headings (if
applicable):
1. Education – a brief account of all post-secondary education and training
2. Experience – a summary of experience pertinent to the degree
3. Professional memberships and contributions
4. Publications
Your thesis committee chair must approve your CV and its length. All information within each section
must be presented in reverse chronological order.
Formatting: 2.0 inch top margin for the first page of this section. Subsequent pages will revert to the
normal 1.5 inch top margin. Use the style Heading 1 for the CURRICULUM VITAE section title. See
Sample CV Page.

Block Quote Paragraph Formatting

Quotations that are longer than 40 words should appear in a separate paragraph, formatted as a Block Quote.
There should be no quotation marks around the Block Quote paragraph(s) except for quotations or dialogue within
the Block Quote.
Alignment: Block Quote paragraphs will be aligned Justified (even right).
Left and Right indentations of 0.50 inch

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 No first line indent
Single Spaced
Same font and font size as standard paragraphs (normally 12-point Times New Roman)
See Appendix on Creating a Block Quote Paragraph Style.

Body Text Paragraph Formatting

Alignment: Body text paragraphs will be aligned either Left (ragged right) or Justified (even right). This will
be specified in the template provided by your department.
First line indent of 0.50 inch
Line Spacing 1.5
12-point Times New Roman font (unless you have a valid reason and permission from your committee chair
to use something else)

Note: For Left-Aligned text, the ragged-right edge will be more even if you allow hyphenation. But the use
of hyphenation is not required.
Note: For Justified-Aligned text, the spacing between words will be more even if you allow hyphenation.
But the use of hyphenation is not required.
See Appendix – How to Create a Body Text Paragraph Style

Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) Online Reference

All DIU students have free access to CMOS online. Open any Microsoft 365 application (like MS-Word or
Outlook). Then click on this link: library's A-Z page [where is this link found in desktop applications?] (which is
also on DIU’s website), scroll down to “Chicago Manual of Style Online,” then click on the link to open it. In
the top banner is a black “Log In” button. Ignore it because you are already logged in. Click on the orange
rectangle labeled, “The Chicago Manual of Style Contents,” then search for what you are looking for. Other
ways to search are demonstrated in a very helpful 3-minute YouTube video on how to use the online CMOS.

Columns

Only single-column text is allowed, except In the following front matter section: List of Abbreviations.

Copyright of Your Thesis

The student author of the thesis holds the copyright to the thesis, but the final copies printed and bound by DIU
for the Library are DIU property. You may make no private agreements that restrict or infringe upon DIU’s rights
to use those bound copies or to place them in DIU archives or in library circulation. If you have security concerns,
please talk to a DIU librarian about them, preferably before you make your thesis proposal.

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DIU does not register a claim to the copyright for your thesis. You may register the claim to copyright yourself if
you wish. To do so go to Online Copyright Application.
While the law does not require a copyright notice page, DIU requires you to include it in your thesis. Registering
your copyright with the Copyright Office is optional. The Copyright page notifies the public that the work is
copyrighted, it identifies the copyright owner, it shows the year of first publication and, if the work is infringed,
the presence of the notice removes the weight of a defendant’s claim of innocent infringement. Also, if the work
is registered, the copyright owner can receive up to $100,000 for each infringement. Use of the copyright notice
below in your thesis does not require permission from or registration with the Copyright Office.

FORM OF THE COPYRIGHT NOTICE

The notice must contain four elements:

1. The symbol © This symbol is available in most fonts within MS-Word.
2. The year of first publication (i.e., the year you submit your final file copies); and
3. The name of the copyright owner I.e., Your name as it appears everywhere in your thesis.
4. The statement “All Rights Reserved”
For example,

© 2012 John Adam Smith

All Rights Reserved

The above lines are centered between the side margins, and placed vertically so the bottom of the second
line is roughly half-way between the top and bottom of the page (not the top and bottom margins). See the
Sample Copyright notice page.

DOUBLE-SIDED PRINTING ISSUES

DIU has set a standard that all MA Theses and PhD Dissertations must be formatted to be printed double-
sided. Students will not print their own final copies of their thesis or dissertation. Instead, they will pay a
printing and binding fee, and the DIU Library will pass on the electronic file to a bindery which will do the
printing and binding of the library copies.
Pages with Blank Verso side
Pages that must start on an odd-numbered right-hand recto page:

The following pages in the Front Matter must start on a right-hand (recto) page, with nothing printed
on the back verso side:
Thesis Approval Sheet
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 Title Page
Copyright Page
Certificate (Copyright Disclaimer Page)
Thesis Duplication Release Page
Abstract Page
Dedication Page

The following pages also must start on an odd-numbered right-hand recto page, but they will have
printing on the verso side unless immediately followed by another page in this list that must start on
an odd-numbered right-hand recto page:
Acknowledgements Page
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Maps
Liat of Tables
List of Abbreviations
The first page of each Chapter
The first page of each Appendix
The first page of a Glossary
The first page of the References Cited section
The first page of the Curriculum Vitae
Page numbering: For blank verso pages, count the blank verso pages, but do not print a page number on
blank verso pages.
All recto pages will have an odd page number.
All verso pages will have an even page number (whether or not it is printed).

Duplication Release Page

Include a digitally signed Thesis Duplication Release on the appropriate page in the thesis, using this statement:
I hereby authorize the Dallas International University Library to make this thesis available for
general circulation, and in doing so acknowledge it may be duplicated for research, scholarship,
or personal purposes by any library patron, including those outside of the University.
Important Note to the Thesis Student: Granting duplication permission means that any person physically in
the DIU Library may take your thesis off the shelf and copy it in any way they like. If you have granted
permission for your thesis to be posted on the DIU website for downloading, then go ahead and give duplication
permission, as you have already decided to make your thesis available to anyone. But the DIU Library cannot
legally ask anyone who takes it off the shelf (or checks it out if they have checkout privileges) what their intended
purpose is for use. Anyone with permission to be on the Center property may enter the library, even if they have
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 no connection to DIU, and may use the photocopier in the library to scan it or photocopy it or use their phone to
photograph it. The Librarians will not interfere with this unless the extent of the content being duplicated clearly
exceeds acceptable use policy (i.e., if someone attempts to photocopy a large portion of a work). A copyright
notice is posted above the copier, but compliance is the responsibility of the user.
If you don’t want just anyone physically in the library to be able to duplicate your thesis, then 1) deny
permission to duplicate it on this page, and 2) discuss with the librarian what steps can be taken to limit who
has access to the physical copy. If you want access restricted in any way, you will undoubtedly also fill out
the Thesis Publication Permission form such that your thesis will not be posted on the DIU website for
download.
Note the statement in the first paragraph of the “Copyright of Your Thesis” section above, which states: “You
may make no private agreements that restrict or infringe upon DIU’s rights to use that material or to place it
in archives or in library circulation.” You own the copyright, but DIU owns the physical copies that DIU will
print and have bound, and technically the University has the right to use a printed copy of your thesis like
any other book in the library, making it available for checkout, or reading within the library (and any kind of
duplication available) like any other book. But you may discuss possible restrictions of access with the
Librarian. If your thesis topic is sensitive, you should probably discuss this with the Librarian before
writing your thesis to understand what access protections are available. This may impact the topic of
your thesis or what you will be willing to say in your thesis.

Examples within the Body of the Thesis

If you have numbered examples of in the body of your thesis text, such as interlinearized text examples, or any
other kind of example, they should be numbered sequentially throughout the thesis, so each one has a unique
number.
The example will be its own paragraph, and will have a hanging indent such that the largest example number will
remain to the left of the entire example. The example number will be in parenthesis and be followed by a tab.
Each line of the example, if not a continuous paragraph, will end in a manual line break (not paragraph break)
entered using shift-return. Here is an interlinear text example which is a single paragraph:
(21) ʃtu ɑz kwən-in?
how 1SG.NOM do.NPST-1SG.AGR
“What (lit. ‘how’) (should) I do?”

Figures / Diagrams / Illustrations, Charts, Maps / Photos / Tables

In this document, special matter (figures, diagrams, illustrations, photos, charts, maps, and tables) are all
generically referred to as “figures,” and can mean any of the above when talking about margins, and page
placement, and other formatting. But maps and tables are listed separately from other kinds figures in the thesis
front-matter pages.

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Tables will be referred to by “Table # (followed optionally by a colon and a descriptive title – try to keep this to
a single line if possible).” Table labels will occur above the table with 6 points of space below the label, and a
standard blank line (of 1.5 line spacing) above it if it follows a paragraph on the same page.
Maps will be referred to by “Map # (followed optionally by a colon and a descriptive title – try to keep this to a
single line if possible).” Map labels will occur under the map with 6 points of space above the label, and a standard
blank line (of 1.5 line spacing) below it if there is a following paragraph on the same page.
All other kinds of figures, diagrams, photos, charts, or drawings will be referred to generically as “Figure #
(followed optionally by a colon and a descriptive title – try to keep this to a single line if possible).” Figure labels
will occur under the figure map with 6 points of space above the label, and a standard blank line (of 1.5 line
spacing) below it if there is a following paragraph on the same page.
See Appendix – How to Create a Figure Title Paragraph Style

All kinds of figures are to be high quality and professional looking. If a figure must be hand-drawn, it should be
neatly executed, and labeled in the appropriate font.
Image File Types For Photos And Figures

If you are inserting photos or graphics into your Word document, it is recommended that you don’t use
TIFF/TIF format. These files are extremely large and will make your Word document slow to load and
respond. Instead, use JPEG/JPG, or PNG files for photographs, and use GIF or PNG files for simple graphics.
Note that JPEG/JPG images use a compression method that loses detail in compression. Don’t take a small
JPEG/JPG image (i.e. smaller when you first import it to your thesis page than you want it to appear), and
then enlarge it on your page. If the original JPEG/JPG image is larger than you want when imported into
your thesis document, reducing its size on the page will be OK and not lose any visible details. Note that
JPEG and JPG files are exactly the same, and it does not matter which suffix is on the end of the file. Here
is an online reference to understand the different image file formats and their advantages, disadvantages, and
most common uses: Image Types
Use Tables To Present Data – except for interlinearized text

Do not format data in a table arrangement (which has a table label) by using the space bar and tab key.
Instead, insert a table. This produces better results and will save you time and effort in the long run. Table
borders may be hidden if desired.
With permission from your Committee Chair, color may be used in any kind of figure to aid in differentiating and
contrasting data, making it more readable, and to make it attractive. Be aware though that if your printed and
bound copies use color, it will cost you more. The use of is encouraged for the PDF copies of your thesis that you
submit which will be posted on our website. But also use symbols, cross-hatching or other methods of identifying
the data so someone who is completely color blind could identify and follow the data. Also be aware that about
8% of men world wide have some degree of red-green colorblindness, so choose your colors accordingly, and
with as much bright contrast as possible. It is not known how long laser printed color will last on a printed page,
though it will last forever in a PDF copy. For all pages that will be printed in color, as a check, print them out in
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grayscale on a black and white laser printer and submit them to your thesis chair for approval. The grayscale-
printed pages must show the data in a way that all data is easily differentiated without the color present.
Note: If your thesis chair does not approve the use of color for the physical copies that will reside in the library,
your Word docx file and the PDF generated from the docx (which will be used to print the physical copies) will
be in black and white and grayscale. But you may, only if you wish, also submit a second Word docx file with
color used wherever you want it used, and a color PDF generated from that color Word docx file, and label them
as color versions, and the color versions will be used for posting on the DIU website. In the color versions, you
may also decide to use higher resolution photo files so they can be enlarged on a screen and not lose detail.
All printing used in figures must conform to the font typefaces and sizes used in the rest of the thesis. It is preferred
that text in figures be 10-12 points in size. No text in figures or their labels may be larger than 12 points. If
necessary, text as small as 8-10 points may be used in a figure with the approval of the thesis committee chair.

CREDIT FOR BORROWED MATERIAL

Give full source citation for all borrowed material in tables and all kinds of figures.

POSITIONING A FIGURE ON A PAGE

Figures are to be incorporated into the body of the text rather on a separate page alone or on a page of figures
unless a figure is too wide to fit between the side margins. In that case a figure may be placed in landscape
mode, or span pages.
Place the figure after the point in the text that refers to it, and as close to the reference as formatting will
permit. Center the figure between the
It is possible that a figure will appear at the top of a page, or at the bottom of a page, or between paragraphs
on a page.
There should always be a blank line (of the standard 1.5 line spacing) between the figure and any paragraph
above it and/or below it on a page. The blank lines will be above a table label which should always appear
with a table, and below any map or figure label which should always appear with a map or figure. A table
title is considered part of the table, and a figure title is considered part of the figure.

LANDSCAPE-ORIENTED FIGURES

If a figure is sufficiently wide that it must be inserted in landscape format, the page number must still appear
in the top corner of the page adjacent to the right page margin when viewed in portrait orientation.
1. Definition of Landscape Orientation

Any Figure in landscape orientation will have the “top” of the Figure toward the edge of the page to
be bound. For the right-hand odd-page-numbered recto page, this is the left (or inner) margin. For the
left-hand even-page-numbered verso page, this is the right (or inner) margin.
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 2. How to Landscape-Orient a Table – See Appendix ???

The table and label must all fit in the standard page margins. You may reduce the text size down to
10 points to make it fit. If that is not small enough to fit, consult with your Thesis Committee Chair.
Do not use any font smaller than eight points.
3. Insert a Landscape-Oriented Graphic – See Appendix ???

PHOTOGRAPHS

Black and white or color photographs may be included in the thesis, provided they fit within the page margins.
All photos should be printed and approved by your thesis committee chair to ensure they are of sufficient
quality. Be aware that in printed copies, the color in photos may fade over time with the different toners
fading at different rates, meaning the color of the original photo may become untrue over time.
Photos should be of a high quality and not be stretched out of their original ratio or proportions. If you frame
your photos, use the same frame style throughout the document.
In your submitted PDF copy of the thesis for downloading, it is encouraged that you use high-resolution
photographs if there would be any reason for a reader to enlarge them to view some detail. PNG image files
would be better than JPEG/JPG images for this purpose.
See the section Image File Types For Photos And Figures.

TABLES

Tables may continue from one page to the next as long as they fit in the page margins, and it is reasonably
easy to read the table on every page. You may need to repeat axis labels on each page to enable ease of
reading if the table pages are front to back.
It is allowed to have a figure span a left and right hand page layout. However, on each page the figure must
fit inside the thesis margins.

Fonts

ADVANCED CHARACTER SPACING IN MS-WORD

Normally, all paragraph and heading and label text will be at 100% scale, normal spacing, normal position,
with no kerning. Only with your committee chair’s permission, you may do non-standard things, including
the following discussion regarding the last lines of paragraphs that are very short.
However, if you have a paragraph where you have just one or two words on the last line, this looks less than
professional and wastes page space. You may attempt to condense the character spacing in the paragraph by
no more than 0.25 point in order to eliminate that trailing short line.

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Compare the above paragraph, which has a short trailing one-word line, to the one identical in content below,
which was condensed by 0.05 point.
However, if you have a paragraph where you have just one or two words on the last line, this looks less than
ideal and wastes page space. You may attempt to compress the character spacing in the paragraph by no more
than 0.25 point in order to eliminate that trailing short line.
If you cannot get rid of a short last line in a short paragraph by condensing the entire paragraph by 0.25 point,
you can try expanding the paragraph by up to 0.25 points to lengthen the last line in order to make the
paragraph look nicer.

ALLOWED TYPEFACES

The only typefaces normally allowed in your thesis are Times New Roman and Arial. If special circumstances
require a different font, especially for special characters or foreign languages, consult your thesis committee
chair for approval.
The Difference Between a Typeface and a Font
Reference: https://99designs.com/blog/tips/typeface-vs-font/
For most purposes, the term typeface and font can be used interchangeably.
A typeface is defined by a particular set of characteristics and has a name. Times New Roman and
Arial are technically typefaces, but in common usage these are called “fonts.”
A font is a given typeface including a particular size, weight within that typeface family, including
whether or not the letters are bold or italic or bold-italic. A typeface encompasses a family of fonts.
Most modern typefaces fall under one of two categories: serif or sans-serif. Times New Roman is a
serif typeface, and Arial is a sans-serif typeface.
For most of this document, the term “font” is used rather than “typeface.”

FONTS IN FIGURE LABELS

Labels for any kind of figure may be in font 10-12 points in size. But all figure labels should use the same
font size. Examples below in 9 and 12 point font sizes are only for comparison.
9-point type Times New Roman 9-point type Arial

10-point type Times New Roman 10-point type Arial

10.5-point type Times New Roman 10.5-point type Arial
11-point type Times New Roman 11-point type Arial
12-point type Times New Roman 12-point type Arial

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FONT SIZE IN TABLES

Small type (8 or 9 points) may be used only for large tables, in order to keep the content within the page
margins and requires the approval of your committee chair. Realize that small type often does not reproduce
well. 7-point font is too small for easy reading. The example below in 7-point font size is only for comparison.
7-point type Times New Roman 7-point type Arial

8-point type Times New Roman 8-point type Arial

9-point type Times New Roman 9-point type Arial

FONTS IN FOOTNOTES

See Footnote Formatting section.

FONTS IN HEADINGS AND TITLES

See the section on Headings and Titles Formatting for details. No font larger than 14 points may be used
anywhere in the thesis.

FONTS IN INTERLINEARIZED TEXTS

For interlinearized texts, consult with AL Department Chair. He will direct you on formatting any
interlinearized text. See the Section on Interlinearized Text Formatting for more details.

FONTS IN MAIN BODY TEXT

Typographers say that on a printed page, a serif font like Times New Roman (used in this paragraph), is much
easier to read in a multi-sentence paragraph than a sans-serif font like Arial because the serifs give more
visible cues. Therefore, the main body text will be in 12-point Times New Roman font. If you wish to use
Arial as your main paragraph font throughout the thesis, you must have permission from your committee
chair. If there is some problem with using Times New Roman, Times Roman will be acceptable with your
committee chair’s approval. Though in any given font size, the letters in Arial are bigger than the letters in
Times New Roman, the line spacing is the same. So in the case of small font sizes in tables and figures, the
sans-serif font Arial may be more readable.
As a digression, some typographers are now saying that a sans-serif font like Arial is more readable than a
serif font of the same size on a computer screen. In these specifications, we are focused on readability on
paper. The use of Arial in headings or captions as a contrast and break from Times New Roman can be
attractive, and for single lines of text is often clearer to read than a serif font.
See the section on Fonts in Special Characters below for exceptions.
See the Body Text Paragraph formatting section for more details.

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FONTS IN PAGE NUMBERS

Page numbers will be 12-point Times New Roman (or whatever your main body text font is). The will in a
regular typeface, no bold or italics.
See Appendix – How to Position Page Numbers. This appendix will define all specifications for page numbers.

FONTS FOR SPECIAL CHARACTERS

Best practice for all special characters (i.e., any character that is not part of the English roman alphabet, that
may use accents or diacritic marks, or is from a non-Roman alphabet) is to use Unicode characters throughout
the thesis. If you don’t know how to use Unicode, seek help. If you use special characters for your thesis, the
likelihood is that you will need them in your professional future, and learning Unicode now is the best way to
go forward. Plan ahead. You may someday desire to use portions of your thesis in a journal article. But if you
copy and paste special characters that are not Unicode, the characters when pasted into another document in a
different style or font could very well could change to characters to something other than the ones you copied.
However, Unicode is not required for your thesis, unless required by your committee chair. All fonts used in
your thesis beyond the standard Microsoft Times New Roman and Microsoft Arial that comes with MS-
Word must be embedded in your docx file. This will guarantee that when Academic Affairs uses the docx
file the characters you use will be preserved in printing and in viewing on another computer.
If you are needing to have extended text (i.e., more than a few words) in a language that uses a non-Roman
alphabet, it recommended that you use a font specifically designed for that language, e.g., Greek, Hebrew,
Cyrillic, etc. rather than, for example, using Hebrew letters in the Times New Roman font. Consult with your
thesis committee chair about this choice. If you need to present text in a right-to-left font, it would be
preferable to do that in a separate paragraph. MS-Word gets easily confused if you try to mix right-to-left
text inside a left-to-right paragraph.
For diacritics, IPA symbols, and other special characters, find an appropriate font if they are not in Times
New Roman or Arial. But Unicode versions of Times Roman and Arial are available. For the purpose of
rendering special characters, any Times Roman font may be substituted for Times New Roman if needed for
either just the special characters, or for all Main Body Text.
If text needs to be in a font other than Times New Roman or Arial in order to print special characters, it is
recommended that you create a special Character Style that uses the appropriate font, which can easily be
applied to single characters, or single words, or single sentences within an English paragraph.
Statistical symbols (N, p, R, etc.) are generally italicized or underlined in tables and in text.

USE OF SMALL CAPS

Small caps are forbidden in most text, titles, headings, or subheadings, but may be used in linguistic
abbreviations and in other such labels.

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Footnote Formatting

Use footnotes (on the bottom of the page) rather than endnotes (at the end of the chapter or thesis).
Number your footnotes sequentially through the entire thesis so each footnote is numbered uniquely.
Use Zotero citation insertion for references in the text of your thesis, instead of putting them in footnotes. In this
regard, your thesis will not follow the Chicago Manual of Style for footnotes.
Use footnotes for other kinds of notes that are not citations. To insert a footnote in Word: Click on the References
tab in the Ribbon, and in the Footnotes section, click on the Insert Footnote command (or: Alt + Ctrl + F).
Footnotes should be in a 10-point font, and single spaced. For appearance and readability, it is also recommended
that they have a hanging indent of 0.20 inch and a 4-point space after each.
See Appendix – How to Create Footnote Paragraph Style.

Headings and Titles

TITLES

Any heading that appears immediately below a 2.0 inch top margin will use the MS-Word’s built-in Heading
1 paragraph style. From here on this will be referred to as a “Title.” So all sections of the Front Matter (i.e.,
Certificate, Duplication Release, Abstract, Dedication, Acknowledgments, Table of Contents, Lists of Tables,
Figures, Maps, Abbreviations) and Back Matter (i.e. Appendices, Glossary, References Cited, Curriculum
Vitae) will have a section Title. All Chapters in the body of the thesis will have a chapter Title.
All Titles (both section and chapter) will used MS-Word’s built-in paragraph style Heading 1.
The reason to use the built-in MS-Word Heading styles is that this enables you to automatically generate a
Table of Contents that will incorporate all these levels of heading, making your Table of Contents into an
outline of your headings. You can research online or within MS-Word to learn how to autogenerate your
Table of Contents.

HEADING LEVELS

Below the Chapter-Title level, the writer should aim to organize their thesis with two or three levels of heading
within a chapter. However, sometimes a fourth level is needed. Try not to unnecessarily proliferate them. There
may be a maximum of four levels below the chapter title.
Beneath the Chapter Title, there are a maximum of four heading levels, using the built-in Word heading styles
named Heading 2 through Heading 5.
All Heading levels

1.5 line spacing

Font – choice of Times New Roman or Arial (must be the same for all Heading levels)
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Heading 1 formatting

Section Titles will have only the section title itself

Chapter Titles will have “Chapter #. <space> followed by optional chapter title text
Center aligned
Bold – applied to entire Title
Capitalization Scheme – student or department defined, either ALL CAPS or Title Case
Capitalization Scheme (must be the same for all section and chapter titles)
Font size: 14 points
Example:
Chapter 4. Chapter title

Heading 2 formatting

Preceded by chapter #, +1 level of decimal sub-number+<space>+heading text

Left aligned
Bold – applied to entire heading
Title Case Capitalization Scheme
Font size: 14 points
Example:
4.1 Heading Text
Heading 3 formatting

Preceded by chapter #, +2 levels of decimal sub-numbers +<space>+heading text

Left aligned
Bold – applied to entire heading
Title Case Capitalization Scheme
Font size: 12 points
Example:
4.1.1 History and Characteristics

Heading 4 formatting

Preceded by chapter #, +3 levels of decimal sub-numbers +<space>+heading text

Left aligned
Regular font – no bold, no italics
Title Case Capitalization Scheme
Font size: 12 points
Example:
4.1.1.1 The Implications of Natqgu Directionals

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 Heading 5 formatting

Preceded by chapter #, +4 levels of decimal sub-numbers +<space>+heading text

Left aligned
Regular font – no bold, no italics
Title Case Capitalization Scheme
Font size: 12 points
Example:
4.1.1.1.1 The Implications of Natqgu Directionals

Summary of Headings

Chapter 4. Chapter title

4.1 Heading Text
4.1.1 History and Characteristics
4.1.1.1 The Implications of Natqgu Directionals
4.1.1.1.1 The Implications of Natqgu Directionals

Capitalization in Headings and Titles

The Title Case Capitalization Scheme, is also known as the Headline Capitalization Scheme.
It has the following rules:
• Capitalize the first and last word in a heading/title, regardless of part of speech
• Capitalize all nouns, pronouns, verbs, helping verbs, variations of the verb “to be” (e.g. “Is”),
adjectives, adverbs, and subordinating conjunctions (as, because, although)
• Lowercase “to” as part of an infinitive
• Lowercase all articles (a, an, the), all prepositions (unless it’s the last word of the heading/title), and
coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor)

Here is an online tool to check your Title Case Capitalization: https://headlinecapitalization.com/

Use the Chicago Manual of Style option.

The Chicago Manual of Style's guidelines for capitalizing hyphenated words in headings/titles:
• Capitalize the first element of the hyphenated word.
• Capitalize subsequent elements unless they are articles, prepositions, or coordinating conjunctions
(and, but, for, or, nor). Examples:
o High-Quality Web Services
o First-Rate U.S. Lawyers
o Bed-and-Breakfast Options in Savannah
• Capitalize the second element in a hyphenated spelled-out number.
o Forty-Ninth Street Blues
• Do not capitalize the second element if the first element is a prefix that could not stand alone by
itself (such as anti- or pre-).
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 o Anti-inflammatory Dieting
o Pre-existing Conditions

Indents – for Body Text (first line) and Block Quote Paragraphs

See Block Quote Paragraph Formatting and Body Text Paragraph Formatting sections.

Line Spacing

For Body Text Paragraphs, it is required that you use 1.5 line spacing
See the Body Text Paragraph Formatting section for line spacing specifications on this main body text and
appendix text paragraphs.
In general, most other sections of the thesis are single spaced.
Single-spacing is used for:
• Data in Tables
• Any lists
• Block Quote paragraphs
• Footnotes
• ABSTRACT page text – exception: use 1.15 line spacing which is exactly 16.7 points
• DEDICATION page text – exception: use 1.15 line spacing which is exactly 16.7 points
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS page text – exception: use 1.15 line spacing which is exactly 16.7 points
• TABLE OF CONTENTS lines
• LIST OF TABLES lines
• LIST OF FIGURES lines
• LIST OF MAPS lines
• LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS lines
• REFERENCES CITED (single within entries, but may use 0-4 points between entries)
• GLOSSARY ENTRIES – exception: use 1.15 line spacing which is exactly 16.7 points within an entry,
and may add 0-6 points between entries
• CURRICULUM VITAE single space lines within sections, but may use 0-6 points before a subsection
heading
• Interlinearized text examples – but see the AL Department for detailed instructions

MARGINS

The left and right page margins are sacred. No text, figure, section heading, chapter number, label, symbol, or
graphic may appear in them or bleed over into them. They must remain the blank white of the paper used.

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No exceptions are made for the margin standards. Keep these margins in mind when preparing questionnaires,
letters, graphs, or other research documents you might incorporate into your thesis.
In top and bottom page margins, only simple page numbers may appear there. See the section on Page Numbers
for details.
Side-of-Page Margins (all pages)
1.25 inch on the inside (bound) margin
1.25 inch on the outside page edge margin

Top-of-Page Margins
For most pages – those without a Title Heading

1.5 inches – In Word, just set the default top of page margin to 1.5 inches in
Layout (ribbon) > Margins > Custom Margins > Top
It is highly recommended that you set the top of page margin to 1.5 inches for all pages, and then for
the Title pages described below which require a 2.0 inch top margin, add an additional 0.50 inch (36
pts) space above the Title Heading (built-in Word style Heading 1) which will be the first line of text,
rather than changing the top margin for those pages. This will result in fewer top margin mistakes,
and will make it much easier to correct any that do happen.
For Pages having a Title Heading

For pages that start with a Title, such as:

CERTIFICATE
THESIS DUPLICATION RELEASE
ABSTRACT
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
APPENDIX
REFERENCES CITED
CURRICULUM VITAE
First pages of new Chapters
The top of the page margin must be 2.0 inches, achieved by a default 1.5 inch top of page margin plus
a 0.50 inch space before the Title heading (built-in Word style Heading 1) on the page.
See Appendix L – How To Create a Top of Page Heading Style with 2.0 inch top margin

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 Bottom of Page Margins –

All pages in the thesis will have bottom page margins set to 1.00 inches. This is a minimum specification,
since where the last line of text on a page is positioned will depend on several factors, including the
occurrence of various kind of headings and figures on the page.
The only text of any kind allowed to appear within the bottom margin of some pages is a page number.
See the section on Page Numbers for details.

PAGE HEADERS AND FOOTERS

The only thing allowed in page headers and footers are plain page numbers. No other content is allowed in them,
such as lines, chapter information, section information, graphics, etc. The next section on Page Numbers specifies
the allowed page number placement and the formatting of those numbers.

PAGE NUMBERS

Numbering Front Matter pages with Roman numerals

The Front Matter consists of all pages prior to the first page of Chapter 1 of your thesis.
In the Front Matter, page numbers are in Roman numerals, which are all centered 0.50 inches from the bottom
edge of the paper within the bottom-of-page margin (for those pages where they are printed).
All pages, even those that are blank, are counted.
The first page with a printed Roman numeral will be the optional Dedication page. If you do not include such
a page, the Acknowledgements page will be the first page with a printed Roman-numeral page number.
Starting with the above first page with a printed Roman-numeral page number, all subsequent pages will also
have a printed Roman-numeral page number, unless it is an otherwise-blank verso page.
Roman-numeral page numbers specifications
Font – same as used for main body text (usually Times New Roman)
Font Size – 12 points
Font Characteristics – Regular, i.e., not bold, not italic, not underlined
Numbering Pages in the Body of the Thesis

Page numbers starting on page 1 of Chapter 1 through to the end of the document will be in normal Arabic
numerals.
Every page will be counted, but otherwise-blank verso pages will not have the page number printed.
For Most Pages
Pages lacking a Title Heading (i.e. section or chapter title using the built-in Word Heading 1 style)
will have the page number placed in the top-of-page margin, 1.0 inch from the top of the page, and
adjacent to the right margin.
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 For Pages Having a Title Heading
Pages with a Title Heading (i.e. section or chapter title using the built-in Word Heading 1 style) will
have the page number placed in the bottom-of-page margin, 0.50 inch from the bottom of the page,
centered between the left and right margins.

Arabic-numeral page number specifications

Font – same as used for main body text (usually Times New Roman)
Font Size – 12 points
Font Characteristics – Regular, i.e., not bold, not italic, not underlined
In order to have page numbers placed in different positions on different kinds of pages, the pages need to be
in different Word sections. All pages having a Title Heading will need to be in their own one-page section in
Word. See Appendix L – Sections within Word for page number placement.

REFERENCES CITED

Your list of sources section will be labeled “References Cited” and will only contain references actually cited
in your thesis.
It is highly recommended that you use citation software such as Zotero for placing citations within the thesis
body, and also for the References Cited section. Even so, check citations and references very carefully for
accuracy. Use the Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition (author-date) format in Zotero for References Cited.
Be sure that your References Cited section is in alphabetical order.
Each entry will be single spaced and have a 0.50 inch hanging indent. You may add 0-4 pints after each entry
if desired.
Avoid widow and orphan lines in your entries, ensuring that each entry is complete on a given page and not
divided by a page break.

SENTENCE-LEVEL FORMATTING ISSUES.

Use the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) Online for punctuation standards: CMOS Online
Emphasis and Other Text Features Indicated by Bold, Italics, Bold-Italics, or Underlining

Be consistent in your use of italics and boldface for various features like emphasis, citing linguistic
forms, bibliographic references, and so forth. Discuss with your committee the guidelines you will
follow. It is recommended that you create your own style sheet for such things, keeping that nearby as
you write and revise your thesis. The use of Character Styles for all these features is highly

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recommended. That will enforce consistency throughout your thesis. Keep in mind that the Chicago
Manual of Style should guide you in all such formatting decisions.
Quote Marks

In English text, “curly” quote marks (known as “smart quotes” in MS-Word, or also called typographer’s
quotes) are preferred over "straight" quote marks. It is more professional looking and is required in your
thesis unless straight quotes are required in some special circumstances, as in another language or for a
non-punctuation use.
Double or Single Quote Marks

The first level of quote marks always uses double quotes, even within a Block Quote Paragraph.
Never use single quote marks (not even for a single word being referenced) unless the single-quoted
material is already within double quote marks. E.g. He wrote “bare” in his sentence, but it should
have been spelled “bear.” E.g., He said, “Mary shouted, ‘Boo!’ ”
According to CMOS, references to single words or phrases should normally be placed in italics,
rather than in quote marks. E.g. He wrote bare in his sentence, but it should have been spelled bear.
But the example in the above paragraph was meant to show that single quote marks are not to be
used for this purpose, unless the sentence is already somewhere within a larger quote using the
double quote marks.
Punctuation with Quote Marks

The period is unique among punctuation marks in that it always goes inside the quote marks. For
instance, He said, “I’m going to the mall.” Or, The gloss for this word is “empty.”
However, this is not the case for all end punctuation marks. For other punctuation marks, where the
closing punctuation goes depends on which idea it refers to (the sentence or the quote).
For example, if the sentence is a question, but the words in the quote are not, the question mark
would go outside the quote marks. E.g., Has he already said, “I’m going to the mall”?
If, on the other hand, the sentence is not a question, but the words in the quote are, then the question
mark would go inside the quote marks. E.g., He asked, “Can I go to the mall?”
When the context calls for a comma at the end of material enclosed in quote marks, the comma should
be placed inside the quote marks: E.g., We should study the report on “discrimination in the workplace,”
which was written by the personnel office.
Sentence Spaces

A left-over practice from typewriter days which some people still follow is to type two spaces after the
end of each sentence in a paragraph. However, typographers say this is unnecessary and no longer the
professional standard for proportional-spaced fonts (which almost all computer fonts are, except for a
few like Courier). All sentences should be followed by a single space only.

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USE OF COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL

DIU discourages the inclusion of copyrighted material (for example, printed tests, reprints of copyrighted
articles) in an appendix. Such published material is usually available to the reader and can be referenced with
a URL rather than reprinted. In addition, use of that material without permission from the copyright holder
is a violation of copyright law.
DIU assumes no responsibility for direct quotations you use without permission. You are responsible to
ensure that you have not violated the intellectual property rights of others by your thesis. You are responsible
to obtain written permission from the copyright holder, and you must include the proper copyright notice (for
example, “Copyright 2001 by John Doe. Used by permission.”) at the bottom of the first page of the
copyrighted material. A helpful resource you should become familiar with is “Copyright and Your
Dissertation or Thesis,” available online at: https://grad.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/guide5.PDF
You are also responsible to provide the DIU Academic Affairs Office with copies of all necessary
permissions as part of filing your thesis with the school. Combine them into a single PDF file with page
number references where the material can be found in the thesis or dissertation, and on the first page have
your committee chair sign off stating his or her approval of the material used and the permissions obtained.
This PDF will be submitted to academic_affairs@diu.edu along with the final thesis file copies, and it will
be filed in the DIU SharePoint archive of Theses or Dissertations.

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 ❖ PART 4: How To Format Using Styles in MS-Word
Appendix A – Best Practices and Recommendations
DON'T INCLUDE LINKS TO WEB SITES

Your thesis will be available online for perpetuity, if you grant DIU permission to post it there, but web sites
you link to may not be. List web sites in your Referenced Cited entries, but avoid placing links in the text of
your Thesis.

USE MS-WORD

Unless granted special permission by your committee chair, you are required to use MS-Word to create your
thesis or dissertation. If you don’t use MS-Word, it is not likely that anyone at DIU will be able to help you
properly format your thesis if you run into problems.
.doc or .docx?

Docx files are more compact, are the default for all versions of Word since Word 2007, and all DIU
faculty, students, and staff have access to Word 365 which uses .docx files by default, so you will be
most compatible saving your thesis as a docx file.
If you have a committee member that does not use Word or a version of Word since 2007, be aware
that saving a .docx file to a .doc format (or any other format, like .rtf, Google Docs, or .odt documents
produced by Libre Office or other word-processing programs – even if other programs can read or save
to Word .docx files), or vice versa, the document’s formatting will probably change to some extent, and
this is generally undesirable.

Use MS-Word Styles For All Formatting

If you use MS-Word, the use of styles for all paragraphs, headings, captions, footnotes, etc. is required.
Large documents like a thesis will always benefit from the use of styles, and enable you to quickly and
easily change your mind at any point as to how you wish to format certain features of your thesis. Use
of styles forces consistency of formatting, and enables uniform changes throughout your document in
seconds. Never use the built-in default “Normal” style for anything in your thesis. This will avoid several
kinds of problems.
If you don’t know how to create, modify, and use styles in MS-Word, see Appendix E in this document,
or ask someone on your committee to teach you how to use them, or ask academic_affairs@diu.edu for
an easy reference to follow. Learning to use styles will save you much time, effort, and grief in the long
run for your thesis, and also in the future for any articles you might write, or for any long document you
ever work on. You can get a basic orientation to MS-Word styles in about half an hour, and it is well
worth your while to do so for your professional future.

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57
ANTIVIRUS SOFTWARE

Install and use antivirus software on your computer. If you don’t already have such software on your computer,
consult the DIU IT department for recommendations. A virus could destroy all your work at any point.

MAKE REGULAR BACKUP COPIES

Keep regular and multiple backup copies of your thesis. At the end of every writing or editing session, or
minimally at least once a day, save your work in the current file, and then also save it with a new filename
(e.g. ending or starting with a new number or date). Resume your work next time in the new file. If you do
this daily, you will never accidently delete or lose more than a single day’s worth of work. Even one day’s
worth of work lost can be very discouraging.
Also, always back up the most recent copy of your thesis (along with all the previous versions) on one or
more flash drives daily, or after every session, in case your computer dies at some point. Saving backups on
two flash drives means you always have three copies of your most recent work, you can carry one flash drive
around, but if you lose it you still have a backup flash drive at home, as well as your work on your computer.
If you lose a flash drive, replace it ASAP. Flash drives large enough to store all backup copies of your thesis
or dissertation are very cheap these days. In 2023, the smallest flash drives available are 8 GB, have more
capacity than you need, and you can purchase 10 of them for about $20. Get into this backup habit and it will
save you a lot of grief.
Check Your Flash Drives For Viruses

Be sure to check any flash drives for viruses before using them. If you ever lend a flash drive to anyone
else, to an editor or even a thesis committee member, when you receive it back check it for viruses
immediately. Anybody’s computer can become infected with a virus without them knowing. Keep your
work secure.

FOR FORMATTING HELP

If you have questions about any aspect of formatting your thesis, check with your thesis committee members,
particularly your chair, and you can also ask for help from academic_affairs@diu.edu.

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58
 Appendix B – Example Thesis Pages and Formatting Specifications

The following example Thesis Pages will often have two versions of the same page. First a version
of the page with formatting specifications, and the second a version of the page with possible
sample text, but no formatting specifications so you can see how the page should actually look.
The lines below are linked to the corresponding sample pages.

Thesis Approval Page ............................................................................................................61

Title Page ...............................................................................................................................63
Copyright Page ......................................................................................................................65
Certificate for Copyright Disclaimer .....................................................................................67
Thesis Duplication Release.....................................................................................................69
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................71
Dedication (optional) ..............................................................................................................73
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................75
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................77
List of Tables (if included) ....................................................................................................79
List of Figures (if included). ...................................................................................................81
List of Maps (if included) .......................................................................................................83
List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................85
Chapter 1 first page (Body of thesis with page number in footer)......................................................87
Chapter 1 (verso page 2) .........................................................................................................89
Appendices (optional) .............................................................................................................90
Glossary (optional) .................................................................................................................92
References Cited .....................................................................................................................93
Curriculum Vitae ....................................................................................................................96

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59
 Thesis Approval Sheet

This thesis, entitled

[Thesis Title– use decreasing line lengths resulting in an
inverted pyramid shape for multiple lines]
written by
[full name of student as it appears on your transcript]
and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS
with major in [degree name]

has been read and approved by the undersigned members of the faculty of

DALLAS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

______________________________________
[typed name] (Supervising Professor)

______________________________________
[typed name]

______________________________________
[typed name]

{The Thesis title should be a maximum of 15 words and be identical everywhere it is

used.} {This is thesis page i - but the page number is not printed }

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60
 Thesis Approval Sheet

This thesis, entitled

SOMALI JIIDDU LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT:

A SEVENTY-YEAR JOURNEY,
1951-2021
written by

Michael S. Neterer

and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS
with major in Language and Culture Studies

has been read and approved by the undersigned members of the faculty of

DALLAS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Stephen L. Walter include date signed

Supervised by Stephen L. Walter, PhD

Peter Unseth include date signed

Peter Unseth, PhD

Carl Follingstad include date signed

Carl Follingstad, PhD

61
Thesis Title Page
2.0 inch top margin
Include all the text in the order given, but the choice of font and font size (up to 14 pt), is
entirely up to you, Make it look nice.

[Thesis Title]
If title is longer than one line, use inverted pyramid form.
Leave 0.5 inch to 0.75 inch of space below the last line of the Title.

By
[Author name]

Leave 1.0 inch to 1.25 inch of space below author name.

Presented to the Faculty of

DALLAS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Leave 0.5 inch of space above name of degree

Master of Arts

with major in [degree name]

Leave 1.25 inch to 1.75 inch below name of degree,, depending on length of the thesis title.

Defense Date:
Degree Awarded:
Contact Registrar@diu.edu for correct graduation month and year.

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 SOMALI JIIDDU LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT:
A SEVENTY-YEAR JOURNEY,
1951-2021

By

Michael S. Neterer

Presented to the Faculty of

DALLAS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS
with major in Language and Culture Studies

Defense Date: March 15, 2021

Degree Awarded: April 29, 2021
Copyright page – roughly center notice vertically, and center horizontally between the
page margins.

© [year degree awarded] [full student name]

All Rights Reserved

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© 2021 Michael S. Neterer
All Rights Reserved
Copyright Disclaimer Certificate Page – Top Margin should be 2.0 inches from the top
of the page. Use the style Heading 1 for the page title.

CERTIFICATE
I acknowledge that use of copyrighted material in my thesis may place me under
an obligation to the copyright owner, especially when use of such material exceeds
usual fair use provisions. I hereby certify that I have obtained the written permission
of the copyright owner for any and all such occurrences and that no portion of my
thesis has been copyrighted previously unless properly referenced. I hereby agree to
indemnify and hold harmless Dallas International University from any and all claims
that may be asserted or that may arise from any copyright violation.

_______________________________
Author signature

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 CERTIFICATE
I acknowledge that use of copyrighted material in my thesis may place me under
an obligation to the copyright owner, especially when use of such material exceeds
usual fair use provisions. I hereby certify that I have obtained the written permission
of the copyright owner for any and all such occurrences and that no portion of my
thesis has been copyrighted previously unless properly referenced. I hereby agree to
indemnify and hold harmless Dallas International University from any and all claims
that may be asserted or that may arise from any copyright violation.

Michael S. Neterer signature date

 Duplication Release Page - Title must be 2.0 inches from the top of the page.
Include both signature lines, but sign only one. Use the style Heading 1 for the page
title.

THESIS / DISSERTATION DUPLICATION RELEASE

I hereby authorize the Dallas International University Library to make
this thesis/dissertation available for general circulation, and in doing so
acknowledge it may be duplicated for research, scholarship, or personal
purposes by any library patron, including those outside of the
University.

Agreed: ________________________________
Author signature

Refused: ________________________________
Author signature

NOTE: This notice is for your information only. Do not include this
notice on your “Thesis Duplication Release” page.
To comply with Public Law 94-553–October 19, 1976 of the 94th Congress,
an Act for the General revision of the Copyright Law, Title 17 of the
United States Code, this “Thesis Duplication Release” is to be in the thesis
and signed by the student.

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 THESIS DUPLICATION RELEASE
I hereby authorize the Dallas International University Library to make this
thesis/dissertation available for general circulation, and in doing so
acknowledge it may be duplicated for research, scholarship, or personal
purposes by any library patron, including those outside of the University.

Agreed: Michael S. Neterer digital date

Refused: __________________________
Abstract Page – Top Margin must be 2.0 inches from the top of the page. The text of the abstract should be
single spaced. It should be about 150 words long (actual length is subject to thesis committee’s approval).
Numbers should be counted as words. Hyphenated words count as two words; acronyms, initials, and
abbreviations count as words. Country names that are more than one word count only one word. Do not use
illustrative material—for example, tables or charts—in the Abstract. Lines above the text of the abstract itself
are not included in the 150 word count. Include in your abstract pertinent place names, names of people,
language names, and other proper nouns that will help researchers identify the relevance of your thesis to
their research. If the thesis title will take more than one line, center the title, double-spaced, in inverted
pyramid form. Use the style Heading 1 for the page title.

ABSTRACT

Leave 0.5 to 0.75 inches between ABSTRACT title and Thesis title.

[THESIS TITLE]
Leave 0.25 inches (18 points) after Thesis title.

[Author’s full name]

Master of Arts
with major in [degree name]

Dallas International University

Leave 0.25 inches (18 points) before Supervising Professor line

Supervising Professor: [name of thesis committee chair]

Leave 0.25 inches (18 points) after Supervising Professor line

[Text of the abstract, maximum of 150 words. Use left or justified aligned text (the same
as what you used for standard paragraphs in the body of the thesis/dissertation), with 0.5
inch first line indent.]

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 ABSTRACT

SOMALI JIIDDU LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT:

A SEVENTY-YEAR JOURNEY,
1951-2021
Michael S. Neterer

Master of Arts
with major in Language and Culture Studies
Dallas International University

Supervising Professor: Stephen L. Walter, PhD

The Jiiddu language (jii), situated in the linguistically diverse Lower Shabeelle
region of Southwest Somalia, is “endangered” according to the Ethnologue “Size and
Vitality of Jiiddu” assessment of the size of the Jiiddo tribe and the fact of
intergenerational disruption (Eberhard, Simons and Fennig 2021). This case study of Jii
language development efforts is a response to the Jiiddo community's request to “help
preserve our linguistic heritage” (Ibrahim Ibro, in discussion with this researcher, 2010).
The thesis comprises a literature review of sources from 1951 onward, including the Jii
dictionary (S. Ibro 1998), and an account of language development activities to date. A
trajectory for Jii revitalization efforts is proposed that is based on interviews with Jiiddo
youth and elders and informed by the Sustainable Use Model (SUM) theory of
Community-Based Language and Identity Development (CBLID). Especially critical to
the future of Jii language development is the need to address the vital challenge of
intergenerational disruption by increasing oral transmission of the language from parents
to children.
Dedication Page – Top margin must be 2.0 inches from the top of the page. If the
Dedication continues on to two pages, the top page margin changes back to 1.5 inches.
The dedication may be one or two pages long. Formatting: 2.0 inch top margin, single
spaced, 0.50 inch first line indent, Use left or justified aligned text (the same as what you
used for standard paragraphs in the body of the thesis/dissertation), 6 points of space
following each paragraph. Use the style Heading 1 for the page title.

DEDICATION
Title followed by 42 points of space (triple single spacing of a 12-pt font).
[Text of Dedication]

Place Page number below the lower margin, in lower case Roman numeral, centered 0.5
inch from the bottom of the page.

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vii
 DEDICATION
This account of the Jiiddo journey of language development is dedicated to
Professor Salim Alio Ibro, who blazed the trail by publishing the historic Jiiddu-Somali-
English dictionary in Australia (S. Ibro 1998). The dedication also goes to the memory of
Professor Salim’s uncle, Cavaliere ‘Chief or Mayor’ Ábdio Ibráu (Abdow Ibro), in
whose footsteps Salim followed. Cavaliere Ábdio took the first step in this journey by
welcoming Italian linguist Martino Moreno and sharing with him the Jiiddu phrases that
would become the first published in an academic paper, Brevi notazioni di ǧiddu (Moreno
1951). Professor Salim followed in his uncle’s footsteps by welcoming a second Italian
linguist and language development specialist in 1979, Dr. Giorgio Banti, who helped
establish the Jiiddu orthography.
This thesis is also dedicated to the memory of Professor Salim’s older brother, the
late Sultan Ibrahim Alio Ibro, who supported his brother’s work and enlisted my help on
the dictionary here in Minnesota. His son, Sultan Warsame Alio Ibro, and the next
generation of youth leaders are now carrying Sultan Ibrahim’s legacy of Jiiddu language
and culture preservation.
I dedicate this thesis to the glory of God and the heritage of the Jiiddo people. My
prayer is that this paper will be helpful to the entire Jiiddo family, both Safar and Wajis. I
hope it may somehow benefit their Digil neighbors, who are also considering the future
of their languages for their children and future generations. If the Jiiddo community wish
to continue this ‘Language and Identity Journey,’ I am happy to walk with them.

vii
Acknowledgments Page – Leave 2.0 inch margin above title. f the acknowledgements
continues on to two pages, the top page margin changes back to 1.5 inches. This page is
optional, and may be up to two pages long. The diction and contents of any
acknowledgments must be restrained and appropriate to scholarly work. Formatting: 2.0
inch top margin, single spaced, 0.50 inch first line indent, lUse left or justified aligned
text (the same as what you used for standard paragraphs in the body of the
thesis/dissertation), 6 points of space following each paragraph. Use the style Heading 1
for the page title.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Title followed by 42 points of space (triple single spacing of a 12-pt font).

[Text of Acknowledgments]

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viii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This thesis could not have been written without Ayub Osman whose vision for
Jiiddu language development has inspired me and the Jiiddo Youth Association (JYA).
According to the wisdom of the Jiiddo, Nam sheli berey beryi dareerka somne miiri. ‘A
man who ran away yesterday cannot be caught up to today by walking.’ Osman has
begun the journey, and the rest of us will have to run to catch up. I thank him and his
elders, especially Ahmed Borille, Sultan Ibro, and Professor Salim Ibro, for their support
to Osman and the JYA, as well as for their personal contributions.
I appreciate Sultan Warsame Alio Ibro’s endorsement of this language
development project and his oversight of Ayub Osman and the JYA’s activities. He is
living up to his name Warsame ‘One who brings good news’ as he empowers the next
generation of youth leaders. I am thankful to Sultan’s friend Reuben Nzuki for asking me
to accompany him to Somalia in 2015 for community assessment.
I am grateful to the faculty of the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics
(GIAL), at Dallas International University (DIU), starting with librarian Carole Unseth,
for her professional assistance and personal encouragement. And many thanks go to my
instructors Robert McKee, Jack Shoemaker, and particularly Jonathan Dailey for teaching
me how to use FLEx in Field Data Management, and for his help in publishing the Jiiddu
lexicon via Dictionary App Builder. Regarding technology, appreciation goes to the team
of software engineers at SIL for their work to create and improve such programs.
I thank my committee for their profound investment. Carl Follingstad has
generously shared his expertise in linguistics via correspondence, and in person, in Texas,
Minnesota, and Kenya. I am grateful for the linguistics training he provided the JYA in
Kenya in 2018. Pete Unseth’s “reach out to a scholar” assignment in the Oral Tradition &
Literature class opened an important door in Sweden. His Language Development &
Planning class proved foundational for this project. Stephen L. Walter inspired me in
Multilingual Education class with his experiences in Eritrea and other nations for what is
possible in Somalia. I am grateful for his wise leadership as committee chair and his high
academic standards. Of course, any errors remain my own.
Thanks to Mohamed Haji Mukhtar for his invitation to the Somali Maay
Language Conference in Sweden in 2018. Thanks to Doug Person for sharing resources
that he gathered over a lifetime. Deep gratitude goes to Dr. Giorgio Banti in Italy for
countlesshours of consultation on Jiiddu morphology. Thanks to David Eberhard and his
team for sharing the principles of the Sustainable Use Model (SUM).
I thank my colleagues and leaders at SALT-Arrive Ministries and Transform
Minnesota for their compassionate work on behalf of refugees. I thank my friends and
family across the US, from Minnesota to Virginia, for financial and moral support.

ix
Table of Contents (TOC) Page – Leave 2.0 inch margin above title. If the TOC
continues on to one or more subsequent pages, the top page margin changes back to 1.5
inches. Do not include Table of Contents and its page # in the TOC list. You should use
the built in Heading 1, Heading 2, etc. styles for each of the headings you want in your
TOC and allow MS-Word to generated it automatically for you. This will also enable you
to see if your outline structure (level of headings) is correct and automatically include the
correct page numbers. Formatting: single spaced. You may have 0-6 points of space after
each line to aid in readability and to improve appearance. Use the style Heading 1 for the
page title.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
[Headings and page numbers for TOC]

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TOC for Appendix B
x
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................ vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ix
LIST OF MAPS AND FIGURES ................................................................................................................. x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................... xv
1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 RESEARCH PROBLEM: ENDANGERED LANGUAGE ................................................................................................ 1
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION: REQUEST FOR ASSISTANCE FROM JIIDDO LEADERSHIP ......................................... 3
1.3 THESIS PURPOSE AND GOALS...................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 OVERVIEW OF THE THESIS ........................................................................................................................................... 5
1.5 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................................................. 9
1.5.1 Jii for Jiiddu .......................................................................................................................... 9
1.5.2 Development in Turbulent Times ........................................................................................... 9
1.5.3 Language Development Achievements for Jiiddu and Neighboring Languages ................... 9
1.5.4 Objective of this Study and Theoretical Framework ........................................................... 10
1.6 HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF JIIDDU LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT, 1951-2021 ..................................... 12
1.6.1 Moreno and Lamberti 1951-1981........................................................................................ 17
1.6.2 Banti and Ibro 1978-1998 ................................................................................................... 17
1.7 GENERATIONS OF JIIDDO LEADERSHIP 1991 TO 2021 ...................................................................... 17
1.7.1 Salim Alio Ibro, MP............................................................................................................. 18
1.7.2 Sultan Ibrahim Alio Ibro ..................................................................................................... 19
1.7.3 Sultan Warsame Ibrahim Alio Ibro ..................................................................................... 20
1.7.4 Ayub Osman and the Jiiddo Youth Association (JYA) ......................................................... 21
2 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................................ 25
2.1 ORIGINS OF THE JIIDDO25 PEOPLE AND THE JIIDDU LANGUAGE .................................................................... 27
2.1.1 M. Nuuh Ali and 27Arvanite’s “Place of Jiiddu in Proto-Soomaali” (1985) ..................... 28
2.1.2 M. Nuuh Ali’s History in the Horn of Africa, 1000 B.C. - 1500 A.D. (1985) ...................... 29
2.1.3 Lamberti’s Origin of the Jiiddu of Somalia (1988) ............................................................. 31
2.1.4 Ehret’s Eastern Horn of Africa, 1000 B.C. to 1400 AD: Historical Roots (1995) .............. 32
2.1.5 Mohamed Haji Mukhtar’s Historical Dictionary of Somalia (2003) .................................. 34
2.1.6 Ayub Osman’s Traditional Account (2018) ......................................................................... 35
2.2 JIIDDU DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS ........................................................................................................................... 35
2.2.1 Moreno’s Brevi Notazioni di Ǧiddu (1951) ......................................................................... 35
2.2.2 Lamberti’s Der Dialekt Der Jiddu: Af Jiddu (1981) ........................................................... 37
2.2.3 Lamberti’s PhD Dissertation, The Somali Dialects (1983) ................................................. 38
2.2.4 Lamberti’s Map of Somali Dialects (1986) ......................................................................... 39

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 LIST OF TABLES
[List of all Tables in the thesis]

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x
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Sablaale, Lower Shabeelle Audio Tape Collection (Low 1986) .........................43
Table 2. Map Legend, JYA Linguistic Ecology: Languages We Speak, Where (2018) .. 94
Table 3. EGIDS Description (Lewis and Simons, 2016) .................................................101
Table 4. Guide for Planning Our Language Future, Pre-training Questionnaire (2018) .132
Table 5. Action Step Commitments of the JYA (2018)...................................................164
Table 6. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats: SWOT Analysis (2021) ..171
Table 7. Swadesh 100 Word List .....................................................................................219

x
List of Figures – Top Margin must be 2.0 inches from top of page. If the list continues
on to one or more subsequent pages, the top page margin changes back to 1.5 inches.
Formatting: Single spaced. You may have 0-6 points of space after each line to aid in
readability and to improve appearance. Use the style Heading 1 for the page title.

LIST OF FIGURES
[List of Figures]

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xiii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Size and Vitality of Jiiddu: Endangered (Ethnologue 2021) ....................................... 2
Figure 2 Jiddu-Somali-English Mini-Dictionary (Ibro, 1998) ................................................ 10
Figure 3 Timeline of Jiiddu Language Development, 1951 to 2021 ....................................... 16
Figure 4 Qoryoley, Kurtunwarey, and Sablaale Critical Threats (Indermuehle 2017) ........... 22
Figure 5 M. N. Ali, History in the Horn of Africa, 1000 B.C. - 1500 A.D. (1985, 16) ............ 30
Figure 6 Chronology of Somali Prehistory, Mukhtar (2003, p. xxv) ...................................... 34
Figure 7 Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (Lewis and Simons 2011, 24) .............. 60
Figure 8 Shabeelle and Jubba Rivers (K. Musser, 2010, CC BY-SA 3.0)............................... 72
Figure 9 Political Situation in Somalia (Dahl 2017) ................................................................ 79
Figure 10 JYA Linguistic Ecology Map: Languages We Speak, Where? (2018) ..................... 93
Figure 11 Overview of the SUM (Lewis and Simons 2016, 5) ................................................. 99
Figure 12 EGIDS Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (Simons 2011) ....... 100
Figure 13 Hierarchy of Sustainable Use Levels (Seguin 2020) ............................................... 102
Figure 14 Sustainable Levels: Mountain Metaphor (Lewis and Simons 2016, 116) ............... 103
Figure 15 EGIDS Levels with 5D Digital Writing (Eberhard and Smith 2021, 99) ................ 106
Figure 16 Somalia Famine Death Toll, October 2010--April 2012 (BBC 2013) .................... 120
Figure 17 Secondary School Building in Qoryooleey Completed 2017 .................................. 126
Figure 18 Unused desks in Qoryooley ..................................................................................... 126
Figure 19 Jiiddu-English Dictionary App for Android ............................................................ 128
Figure 20 Somali-Maay Language & Culture Conference ...................................................... 134
Figure 21 “Where is our language going?” (Hanawalt et al. 2016, 25) ................................... 136
Figure 22 JYA Assessment of Jii Language Status ................................................................. 138

xiii
List of Maps – Top Margin must be 2.0 inches from top of page. If the list continues on
to one or more subsequent pages, the top page margin changes back to 1.5 inches.
Formatting: Single spaced. You may have 0-6 points of space after each line to aid in
readability and to improve appearance. Use the style Heading 1 for the page title.

LIST OF MAPS
[List of Maps]

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xvii
 LIST OF MAPS
Map 1 Lake Abaya and Bale Mountains of Ethiopia (Google Maps 2020)......................... 31
Map 2 Ganale-Jubba, and Shabeelle Rivers (Musser 2010) ................................................. 33
Map 3 Somali Regions Map (Peter Fitzgerald, CC BY 3.0)................................................. 70
Map 4 Qoryoley, Kurtunwarey, and Sablaale Districts (OCHA 2012) ................................ 74
Map 5 Eighteen Administrative Regions (“States of Somalia Map” 2020).......................... 76
Map 6 Somalia Language Map, Ethnologue 23rd edition 2020 ........................................... 83
Map 7 Ethnologue Map of Endangered Somali Languages (2021) .................................... 201
Map 8 Gandarshe, NE of Merka (Banti, Email 3/29, 2021) ............................................... 306
Map 9 Omo River of Ethiopia (Carr 2017) ......................................................................... 307
Map 10 Tana River of Kenya (“Map of the River Tana” 2017) ........................................... 309
Map 11 Ganale and Dawa Rivers into the Jubba River of Somalia (Musser 2010) ............. 316

xiv
(List of) Abbreviations Page – Top margin must be 2.0 inches from top of page. If
desired, you may use multiple columns on this page. If the list continues on to one or
more subsequent pages, the top page margin changes back to 1.5 inches. Formatting:
Single spaced. You may have 0-6 points of space after each line or definition to aid in
readability and to improve appearance. Use the style Heading 1 for the page title.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

[List of all abbreviations used in the thesis.]

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xv
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
*** analysis unknown IDP Internally Displaced Person
1PL first person plural IPA International Phonetic Alphabet
2LA second language acquisition ISO International Organization for
3M third person masculine Standardization
AMISOM African Union Mission in Jii or jii Jiiddu language
Somalia JYA Jiiddo Youth Association
BBC British Broadcasting L1 first language
Corporation L2 second language
CBLID Community-Based Language LWC Language of Wider
and Identity Development Communication
DC District Commissioner M masculine gender
DEFID definite identifiability MCH Maternal and Child Healthcare
DIU Dallas International University MP Minister of Parliament
EGIDS Expanded Graded MT mother-tongue
Intergenerational Disruption
Scale PFV perfective aspect POSS possessive
FAMED Functions, Acquisition, PST past tense
Motivation, Environment and RLS Reversing Language Shift
Differentiation SALT Somali Adult Literacy Training
FGM female genital mutilation SBA Sistema Bibliotecario di Ateneo
FLEx FieldWorks Language Explorer (University Library System)
FLI Forum for Language Initiatives, SIL SIL International (originally
in northern Pakistan Summer Institute of Linguistics)
FOC focus SUM Sustainable Use Model
FUT future tense SW Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala, Arabic,
GBV gender-based violence ‘Glory to Him, the Exalted’
GIAL Graduate Institute of Applied
Linguistics
GIDS Graded Intergenerational
Disruption Scale
GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Technische Zusammenarbeit
(German Agency for Technical
Cooperation)
HAB habitual aspect

xv
First page of Thesis Body. Top Margin must be 2.0 inches from top of page. This will be Page 1
(Arabic page numbers will used from here until the end of the document). Use MS-Word’s built
in style Heading 1 for the Chapter Title. The next page (if no major heading) goes back to a 1.5
inch top margin, with the page number in the top margin.

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
[Text for the first page of your thesis.]

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1
 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Am lahjatuna jiini? ‘Where is our language going?’ Four representatives of the Jiiddo
Youth Association (JYA) wrestled with this question in 2018 when they travelled from
Somalia to Nairobi, Kenya to participate in a five-day community-based language
development training.1 That week in October marked a milestone in the journey of Jiiddu
language development. The participants called this a “historic moment” as it was the first
time they had attempted to write in the Jiiddu language. Now, as they face the danger of
losing their heart language, the Jiiddo are under increasing pressure to use multiple
international, national, and regional languages. The remaining task is to engage the wider
Jiiddu-speaking community of Somalia with two questions, “Where is our language going?”
and more importantly, “Where do we want our language to go?” (Hanawalt et al. 2016).

1.1 Research Problem: Endangered Language

Currently, the Ethnologue’s assessed status of Jiiddu vitality indicates that the
language is “Endangered” based on the “mid-sized” speaker population and a perceived
trend of fewer children learning Jiiddu from their parents (“Size and Vitality of Jiiddu”
2021). The dot on the graph (colored red in the Ethnologue) and the “Endangered” label
indicate an EGIDS evaluation range of 6b—9 (Fig. 1). Jiiddu has been assessed as
“Threatened” (6b) on the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS).

1.2 Research Question: Request for Assistance from Jiiddo Leadership

The late Sultan of the Jiiddo, may have been sensing a decline in Jii language use and
cultural identity when he issued a plea for help to “help preserve our linguistic heritage” and
specifically asked for assistance in expanding the Jiiddu dictionary (Ibrahim Alio Ibro, in
discussion with this researcher, 2011). He himself was in the process of learning English, his
sixth language, to survive as a new immigrant in Minnesota. Perhaps he was realizing that his
own grandchildren would not speak Jii as they grew up in Minnesota.

1
 2

It takes real awareness to recognize the waning use of one’s language by the next
generation because often, “the process of language shift and death is very gradual and few
people notice what is happening in time to do anything about it” (Lewis and Simons 2016,
67). As language and ethnic identity are such intimately connected aspects of personhood
and self-esteem, raising this sensitive topic requires courage and humility from community
leaders. Sultan Ibrahim had survived the Somali civil war and had experienced the crisis of
refugee flight and resettlement. Perhaps the shock of those crises, and the need to learn
other languages, served as a “wake up” for Sultan to realize the importance of preserving
his first language and identity. If so, this would be similar to Jiiddo youth leader Ayub
Osman’s experience. He did not speak Jiiddu as a child (see Appendix 16, interview
question 8.2.2), but purposed to learn it as a young adult when he realized he was learning
other languages like Swahili and English, but could not yet speak his father’s language.

1.3 Thesis Purpose and Goals

The word “journey” was chosen for the title of this thesis because this study is not
only a seventy-year historical review, but also an up-to-the-moment case study of
development efforts in the Somali Jiiddu language, concluding with a modest attempt to
answer the question: “Where is Jiiddu going?” The metaphor of “journey” also fits the
way JYA leader Ayub Osman used a Jiiddu proverb to describe this endeavor.2 In an
address to his fellow language development practitioners, he sought to encourage them
with the progress already made, and to challenge them to reach future goals. He said, “As
you my fellow brothers and sisters can realize, this work has taken time and [we have]
reached [a few] of our goals. [Yet] we have not reached our destination”.3 Then Osman
shared a proverb to encourage them to pick up the pace saying, “Someone who ran away
yesterday cannot be reached now just by walking.” Osman and the JYA are making
progress in transcribing and translating their language as they have participated in
analyzing morpheme breaks such as this text:
First page of an Appendix – Format this page just like any other page with a majopr
heading, with the top margin 2.0 inches below the top of the page. You may use numbers
or letters to identify your appendices. Line spacing is the same as in the body of the
thesis.

-[Appendix K: appendix title]

[Start of Appendix text.

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199
 A PPENDIX K – Five Endangered Languages of Somalia
The Ethnologue, 24th Edition, identifies five endangered languages in Somalia 1)
Jiiddu, 2) Dabarre, 3) Tunni, 4) Boon, and 5) Mushungulu (Chizigua) (2021). A language
is considered endangered “when its users begin to teach and speak a more dominant
language to their children” (Fig. 34).177 Jii is one of 3,018 languages in the world assessed
as endangered. That means Jii is part of the 42% of the world’s 7,139 total languages.178

Figure 34. Ethnologue Map of Endangered Somali Languages (2021)

177
“How Many Languages Are Endangered? | Ethnologue.” 2021.
https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/how-many-languages-endangered
178
“How many languages are there in the world? | Ethnologue.” 2021.
https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/how-many-languages

199
First page of an optional Glossary. The top margin must be 2.0 inches below the top of
the page. If the Glossary continues on to another page the top margin reverts to 1.5 inch.
Glossary entries may be single spaced, with extra spacing between entries. Try not to not
allow a glossary entry to span pages. Currently, this manual has no example page for a
Glossary.

Glossary

[ glossary entry 1]
[ glossary entry 2]
[ glossary entry 3]
[ glossary entry 4]

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200
REFERENCES CITED Page - Top margin must be 2.0 inches below the top of page.
Use the Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition (author-date) in Zotero for references
cited.
Make sure a page break does not interrupt any single entry. The examples on the next
page may not be in Chicago Manual of Style (author-date) format, but are listed for
visual effect. Formatting: Single spaced within a single reference. You may have 6 points
of space after each reference to aid in readability and to improve appearance.

REFERENCES CITED
[ List bibliographic entries]

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201
 REFERENCES CITED
“About SIL.” 2012. SIL International. August 3, 2012. https://www.sil.org/about
Adam, Hussein M. 1968. “A Nation in Search of a Script: The Problem of Establishing a
National Orthography for Somali.” MA thesis. University of East Africa. Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania.
Adam, Hussein M., and Charles Geshekter. 1980. The Revolutionary Development of the
Somali Language. Los Angeles: African Studies Center, University of California.
“AfMaayMaay.Com.” 2021. https://www.afmaaymaay.com/en/ha-dhowaathy Ali,
Abdinaasir. 2011. Libaantii Qoryooley ‘The Glory of Qoryoley.’
https://youtu.be/JN3EDae51u0
Ali, Maday Jeylani. 2015. Dhowaawshabanina [We welcome him]. Unpublished
translation of welcome speech. Kurtunwarey, Lower Shabeelle, Somalia.
Ali, Mohamed Nuuh. 1985. “History in the Horn of Africa, 1000 B.C. - 1500 A.D.:
Aspects of Social and Economic Change between the Rift Valley and the Indian
Ocean.” PhD Diss., University of California, Los Angeles.
Ali, Mohamed Nuuh. 2019 “Somali History.” Video recorded lecture hosted by Amoud
University, Rays Hotel Borama, Somaliland, July 24, 2019.
https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=538900073313452
Ali, Mohamed Nuuh, and Linda Arvanites. 1985. “The Place of Jiiddu in Proto-
Soomaali.” Studies in African Linguistics Supplement 9 (December): 6–10.
https://journals.flvc.org/sal/article/view/107603/102919
AllAfrica.Com. 2021. “Somalia Authorities Shut Down Radio Barawa,” January 3, 2021.
https://allafrica.com/stories/202101030164.html
Banti, Giorgio. 1984. “Possessive Affixes in the Somali Area.” In Proceedings of the
Second International Congress of Somali Studies, edited by Thomas Labahn, Vol.
I: Linguistics and Literature, 135–54. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/handle/2307/2845
Banti, Giorgio. 1987. “Evidence for a Second Type of Suffix Conjugation in Cushitic.” In
Proceedings of the Fourth International Hamito-Semitic Congress, edited by
Herrmann Jungraithmayr and Walter W. Mueller. Current Issues in Linguistic
Theory 44, 123–168. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Banti, Giorgio. 2001. “New Perspectives on the Cushitic Verbal System.” Annual
Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 27 (2): 1–48.
7https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v27i2.1076

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 202

Banti, Giorgio. 2004. “Comparative Notes on the Cushitic Imperative.” In Studia

semitica et semitohamitica - Festschrift für Rainer M.Voigt anläßlich seines 60.
Geburtstages am 17. Januar 2004, edited by Bogdan Burtea, Josef Tropper, and
Helen Younansardaroud, 55–91. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
http://hdl.handle.net/2307/4723
Banti, Giorgio. 2009. “Somali Variation across Space and Society: State of the Art.” HH
Polylektalität 27–29 (November): 15.
Banti, Giorgio. 2020a. “Giorgio Banti Curriculum Vitae.” Academia.edu.
https://unior.academia.edu/GiorgioBanti/CurriculumVitae
Banti, Giorgio. 2020b. “Jiiddu Verb Paradigms.” Unpublished manuscript. Italy.
Banti, Giorgio. 2020c. “Jiiddu Vowels.” Unpublished manuscript. Italy.
Banti, Giorgio, and Saalim Aliyow Ibraaw. 2020a. “Jiiddu: An Extended Basic Word
List.” Unpublished manuscript. Italy.
BBC News. 2013. “Somalia Famine ‘killed 260,000 People’ - BBC News,” May 2, 2013,
sec. Africa. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-22380352
Business Daily. 2020. “Somalia Offers Cheapest Internet in Region, Kenya Lags on Low
Investment,” September 6, 2020.
https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/datahub/Somalia-offers-cheapest-Internet-
in-region/3815418-5619970-46v0p6/index.html
Cabdi, Maxammud M. 1984. QURAANKA KARIIMKA Iyo Tarjamada Macnihiisa Ee
Afka Soomaaliga. Saudi Arabia: King Fahd Complex for Printing The Quran.
https://d1.islamhouse.com/data/so/ih_books/single/so_quraanka_Kariimka_Iyo_T
arjamada_Macnihiisa_Ee_Afka_Soomaaliga.PDF
Carr, Claudia. 2017. “Location of the Gibe III Dam on the Omo River in the Tri-Nation
Transboundary Region.” in Human Rights Violations and the Policy Crossroads, 5. New
York: Springer. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Location-of-the- Gibe-III-
dam-on-the-Omo-River-in-the-tri-nation-transboundary- region_fig1_312323306
Cerulli, Enrico. 1957. Somalia I - Storia della Somalia. L’Islam in Somalia. Il libro degli
Zengi. Rome: Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato.
https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/handle/2307/1510
Chittick, H. Neville. 1976. “The Book of the Zenj and the Miji Kenda.” The International
Journal of African Historical Studies 9 (1): 68–73. https://doi.org/10.2307/217391
“Chizigula of Somalia Dictionary.” 2020. https://www.webonary.org/somali-
chizigula/
Coles, Felice. 1994. Review of Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical
Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages, by Joshua A. Fishman.
Language in Society 23, no. 1 (March): 115–19.
Curriculum Vitae (CV) page. For MA Theses, this is intended to be a single page CV, listing only your
Name, Education, and Work experience (especially as related to your field of study and intended future
work – don’t list high school and/or college jobs that have nothing to do with your career. If you desire to
list Professional Memberships and Contributions and/or Publications, or if the CV will be longer than one
page, get advice and permission from your thesis committee chair. For all entries, list them in reverse
chronological order within each category. Some MA students may have only a few lines, and that is OK.
Volunteer experience is valid if related to your vocation. Do not use obscure abbreviations like in the
example CV “2LA” in the third entry in the Education section. CVs for PhD students may be longer.

Curriculum Vitae
Name:

Education

Experience

Professional Memberships and Contributions

Publications

Single entries in a list may be single spaced if an entry has more than one line. Add 6
points of space between entries. Add 12 points of space above and below each section
heading.

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 Curriculum Vitae
Name: Michael S. Neterer

Education

2021 MA in Language and Culture Studies, Dallas International University, USA

2010 MA in Organizational Management, Concordia University, Saint Paul, USA
2003, 1999, 1996, Graduate coursework in Literacy Programming, Linguistics, and
2LA, Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL), University of North Dakota, USA
1993 BA in Cross- Cultural Studies, Bethany Global University, Minneapolis, USA

Experience

2003 to present SALT (Somali Adult Literacy Training), a department of Arrive

Ministries, (previously World Relief Minnesota), Minneapolis,
USA. Recruiting, training and mobilizing ELL and literacy
volunteer tutors to serve Somali refugees. Developing mother-
tongue and culturally specific literacy materials.
1998 to 2003 International Institute of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA; Planned and
implemented curriculum for teaching English and work-readiness
skills to pre-literate adult refugees.
1995 to 1998 Global Language Institute (GLI), St. Paul, USA. Provided custom-
designed and individualized programs of study to international
professionals in GLI’s Executive English Program.
1993 August Internship in Uzbekistan & Tajikistan, as part of my BA degree
work.

347
 Appendix C – Interlinearized Text Formattting
Interlinearized texts might appear within the body of your thesis, or might be added as
one or more appendices.
Interlinear examples must follow the Leipzig glossing rules.
Ask your Applied Linguistics Department committee member for formatting guidelines.

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 Appendix D – Sample Table Formatting

Be consistent in the text alignment in all your tables—that is, cells should be uniformly
aligned top-left, or center-left, or whatever you and your committee decide on.
A Nicely Formatted Table: The key is for it to look neat and have, as much as possible,
equal spacing above and below any text inside the cells, and some systematic way of lining
up text within the cells. E.g., in this table, all the cells are left justified, with the cell contents
centered vertically. The column widths match the widest data in the cells in that column.

Tense & aspect auxiliaries Mood/modality & negator auxiliaries

bay ‘PST’ ba/bahāꞌ/kaꞌ ‘Q’
sōng ‘FUT’ konoꞌ ‘hearsay’
22
waꞌi, (h)ēꞌ ‘PRF’ du ‘definitely’
23
na ‘now/already’ gantaꞌ ‘hypothetical’
24
(la)giꞌ ‘still/yet’ hatiꞌ ‘counter to expectation’
paꞌin ‘contemporaneous action’ subay, wajib ‘should, ought’
mbal, halam ‘negator’
daꞌa ‘imperative negator’

A Poorly Formatted Table: This example has the text in the cells all at the bottom of the
cell so there is much more space above the text than below. Some columns are center
justified and some are left justified. The left column is too wide for the data in it. It looks
very unprofessional.

Tense & aspect auxiliaries Mood/modality & negator auxiliaries

bay ‘PST’ ba/bahāꞌ/kaꞌ ‘Q’

sōng ‘FUT’ konoꞌ ‘hearsay’

waꞌi, ‘PRF’22 du ‘definitely’

na ‘now/already’23 gantaꞌ ‘hypothetical’

(la)giꞌ ‘still/yet’24 hatiꞌ ‘counter to expectation’

‘contemporaneous
paꞌin action’ subay, wajib ‘should, ought’

mbal, halam ‘negator’

daꞌa ‘imperative negator’

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Alternate Acceptable Table Formatting Strategy – When a column has cells with much
more text than others. – Align all the cells to the top of the cell.
The entire table was selected, then all the cell margins (top, bottom, left, right) were set to
0.08 inch. That keeps the text spaced at least 0.08 inch away from the cell borders.

Surface Notional Sentences Content

Structure Structure

Introduction S1-4 Ebongué identifies himself and the subject of the

narrative.

Stage Exposition S5-30 Tchimbuta is introduced along with his wife and young
daughter (both named Kondel). They lived in the forest
and they made salt through a process of burning a tree
called ku and filtering its ashes through water.

Episode 1 S31-38 The wife and daughter are making Kwakum salt when
they run into this Del man.

Episode 2 S39-48 They go back to the camp where they meet Tchimbuta
and give this man the name Kwalku.

Episode 3 S49-54 Tchimbuta’s daughter became a woman. They were all

living in the same camp, so Tchimbuta and his wife told
Kwalku to build his own camp.

Episode 4 S55-57 Tchimbuta encourages his daughter to move in with

Kwalku, and she does.

Episode 5 S58-68 Kwalku and his new wife birthed three children: Benge,
Kingkoma, and Kongandi.

Closure Conclusion S69-76 The family tree is filled out: Benge is the father of the
Dimako district, Kingkoma is the father of Kempong
and Goumbérgérong, Kongandi is the father of the other
Doumé district villages.

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 Appendix E – How to Use Styles in MS-Word
Assuming you are using MS-Word to write and format your thesis or dissertation, the
use of Word Styles for all paragraphs, headings, figure titles, figure captions, footnotes,
emphasis, non-English language words and paragraphs, etc. is mandatory.

A “style” is a set of formatting characteristics that is applied to a portion of text – either

a paragraph or a string of characters within a paragraph. These characteristics can
include any elements that define the appearance of text in your document: font, font
size, font color, bold, underline, line spacing, indentation, centering, numbering, etc. So
there are two basic kinds of styles:
Paragraph Styles that apply to whole paragraphs (or even single-line headings, which
are also paragraphs)
Character Styles that apply to (i.e. modify) a single character or a string of characters
(a word, phrase, sentence, etc.) that you select within a paragraph.

A specific set of characteristics can be saved and given a name. For example, you might
want to create a style named “Para Body Text” that would be applied to most paragraphs
in the body of your thesis. The style “Heading Chapter Title” could be applied to chapter
headings.

With a long document like a thesis, dissertation, or a professional publication, it’s

essential to use styles to create a consistently-formatted document. This can be done
by using the same style for similar elements in your document. For example, use the
same style for all chapter headings. Use another style for all first level subdivisions
within a chapter.

APPLYING STYLES TO PARAGRAPHS AND STRINGS OF CHARACTERS INSIDE A PARAGRAPH

To apply a Paragraph Style to a paragraph, place the insertion cursor anywhere within
the paragraph and then click on the paragraph style name in the Styles pane. Toggle the
Styles pane on and off with ALT+CTRL+SHIFT-S.

To apply a Character Style to a single character or a string of characters (e.g. a word or

a phrase or a sentence within a paragraph), select the character string you want to apply
a style to, the click on the character style in the Styles pane. For example, if you use
foreign words, phrases, and sentences in your English text, you could choose some
Character Style that uses any combination of italics, bold, different foreign language
font, different font size, etc. to always apply to such foreign words to make them stand
out as clearly non-English text.

If you decide to change the appearance of any element in your document, it’s easy to
make changes in the appearance of the style which will then be reflected throughout
your document. For example, to change all Chapter Titles from centered to left-
justified, you only have to make one change to the style, rather than hunt for and then

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 change each chapter title individually. See details on how to modify styles below.

Configure Word for Working with Styles

• To work with styles, it’s often helpful to have Word configured with these
settings:
• Use Draft view
• Style Area visible (at left side)
• Styles displayed in the Styles Pane (at right side)
• Use Print Layout to check your page numbering and general page appearance
• Display Field Shading
• Display the Paste Options menu

The table below shows how to configure these settings.

Table 1. Basic Configuration for Word

To make this setting: Follow this sequence of menus:

Draft View The Style Area is View ribbon | Views section of ribbon | Draft
visible only in Draft View
Style Area Displays at the left side File menu | Options (bottom of column)| Advanced | Scroll
of the screen and shows Styles down to Display section | Style Area Pane Width (1”)
applied to each portion of your Note: once visible, you can put the mouse cursor over the
document. dividing line, click and drag to adjust the width.
Styles Pane Displays at right side Home ribbon | Styles section of ribbon | Click the arrow to
of screen and shows a list of select Show Styles. Or toggle with ALT+CTRL+SHIFT-S
available Styles.
Print Layout Displays page View ribbon | Views section of ribbon | Print Layout
numbers (not visible in Web
Layout view)
Field Shading Places a gray File menu | Options (bottom of column) || Advanced |
background in fields auto-generated scroll down to Show document content section | Field
by Word, including Table of shading box (Always)
Contents, List of Tables, etc.
Paste Options Displays the Paste File menu | Options (bottom of column) | Advanced | Scroll
Options menu after you paste a down to Cut, Copy, Paste section | check Show Paste
selection. Options Button

Once you have Word configured in this way, your Web Layout view should look like
the following example:

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 Figure 1. Style Area and Styles Pane

The Style Area (at the left) indicates the style applied to a specific portion of
text. Notice these styles in the figure above:
• Heading 1 is applied to the “Chapter 2 – Enter Your Chapter Title Here” title.
• Heading 2 is applied to the “Subhead (Heading 2 style)”.
• Body Text style is applied to the paragraphs and blank space between.
The above styles are in Figure 1 but are not necessarily the names of styles you will
use in your Thesis.
The Styles Pane displays a list of all available styles and is useful if
you want to apply a different style to some text or to modify the
appearance of a style.
Styles You Might Use in Your Thesis
Table 2. Possible Thesis Styles
Template Section Style
Thesis title on the title page
CERTIFICATE page title
THESIS DUPLICATE RELEASE page title
ABSTRACT page title
DEDICATION page title
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS page title
TABLE OF CONTENTS page title
LIST OF TABLES page title Heading 1 - 2-inches from top margin
LIST OF FIGURES page title
LIST OF MAPS page title
ABBREVIATIONS page title
GLOSSARY page title
REFERENCES CITED page title
CURRICULUM VITAE page title

Centered paragraphs on title page, copyright page, etc. Para Centered or Para Centered Single Spaced
Thesis Defense Date Para Right Justified
Text (abstract, chapters, appendix) Para Body Text

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Apply a different style to all elements having the same style.

As you work with your document, you may need to change the style
assigned to a particular portion of text. Follow these steps:

1. In the Style Area at the left, click the style on the text you want to
change. This selects all the text that is using that style.
2. In the Styles Pane, click the style you want to apply.

For example, to change all subheadings from “Heading 2 section” to

“Heading 3 section,” click “Heading 2 section” in the left Style Area to
select the subheading, then click “Heading 3 section” in the Styles Pane at
the right. All headings previously having style “Heading 2 section” will
now have “Heading 3 section.” It’s that simple. If you only wanted to
change a single heading from one style to another, put the cursor in the
heading to be changed and click on the new style to be applied to that
paragraph.

Modify a Style

If you want to make any changes to an existing style, it’s best to use the
Modify Styles feature. It’s possible to make extensive changes in the
appearance of a style, but the basic steps are as follows:

1. In the Styles Pane, point to the style you want to modify. A down arrow
will appear. Pull down the arrow and click Modify.
2. A new Modify Style window will open.
3. Click the attribute you want to change.
4. To see more options, click Format, and then click the attribute — such as
Font or
Numbering — you
want to change.
5. Click OK after you've modified the attribute, and then repeat for any
additional attributes you want to change.

Creating a New Style

At the bottom of the Styles Pane, click on the icon A+ to create a new style. You will
need to
1. give the style a name
2. specify if it is a paragraph or character style
3. Decide if you want to base your style on another existing style (starting with all the
attributes
of that existing style) or create a new one not based on any existing style.
Character styles are all based on the style of the underlying paragraph, and
then you change those features that you want changed in the Character style.

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You can see the other choices available in the window.

HOW TO CREATE A PARAGRAPH STYLE

With the Styles pane open (toggled by ALT+CTRL+SHIFT+S), click on the

lower left A+ icon, and a “Create a New Style from Formatting” window will
open.
Style Name: give your style a name
Style type: Paragraph
Style based on: will it be based on an existing style, or will you start from
scratch with “no style”
Style for following paragraph: What style do you expect will follow this
paragraph style? i.e. What will be the default style of the next paragraph
when you type the Return key?
At the bottom of the window:
Add to the Styles Gallery: CHECK
Automatically update: UNCHECKED – Careful! If you mark a style to
be automatically updated, then every time you change a paragraph
characteristic in a paragraph where this style is applied, that new
characteristic will be changed in all paragraphs having this style.
For example, if you want to compress a paragraph of the Body Text
style to get rid of a single word last line of the paragraph, then when
you compress that one specific paragraph, all Body Text paragraphs
will be shrunk by the same amount.
Only in this document – choose this option – i.e. will this style only
appear in this document and versions of this document that you save,
or do you want it to appear as a style in EVERY Word document you
create in the future?
Click on the Format drop-down menu and select Paragraph…
In the Paragraph window that opens:
Indents and Spacing tab:
Alignment: Left – or as desired
Outline Level: Body Text – you can choose other options if you want this
kind of paragraph to only be used on a lower outline level.
Indentation Left: 0” – or as desired – applies to every line in the paragraph
effectively changing the left margin
Indentation Right: 0” – or as desired – applies to every line in the paragraph
effectively changing the right margin
Indentation Special: (none) By: (blank) – used for first line indents and
hanging indents
Mirror Indents: UNCHECKED
Spacing Before: 0 pt – or as desired – can be specified in points (pt) or in inches (in)
Spacing After: 0 pt – or as desired – can be specified in points (pt) or in inches (in)
Line Spacing: as desired
Don’t add space between paragraphs of the same style: as desired

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Line and Page Breaks tab:
Widow/Orphan control: CHECKED
Other options on this tab: UNCHECKED
Click on OK to exit the Paragraph window.
Click on the Format drop-down menu and select Font…
In the Font window that opens:
Font tab:
Font: Times New Roman or Arial – or whatever font is desired
Font Style: Regular – or bold, italic, bold italic
Size: points – as desired
Font color: Automatic (i.e. black, or any color you want)
Underline style: (none) – or as desired
Effects: ALL UNCHECKED
Advanced tab:
Character Spacing: usually normal
Scale: 100%
Spacing: Normal By: (blank) – used for expanding or condensing the space
between characters in the paragraph, by increments of 0.05 pt
Position: Normal By: (blank) – for raising or lowering the characters
relative to the base line
Kerning for fonts: UNCHECKED
OpenType Features: (All default settings - unused)
Click on OK to exit the Font window.
Click on OK to exit the Create a New Style from Formatting” window.
The new Paragraph style name should appear in the Styles Pane.

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HOW TO CREATE A CHARACTER STYLE

With the Styles pane open (toggled by ALT+CTRL+SHIFT+S), click on the

lower left A+ icon, and a “Create a New Style from Formatting” window will
open.
Style Name: give your style a name
Style type: Character
Style based on: a Default Paragraph Font
Style for following paragraph:
At the bottom of the window:
Add to the Styles Gallery: CHECK
Only in this document – choose this option – i.e. will this style only
appear in this document and versions of this document that you save,
or do you want it to appear as a style in EVERY Word document you
create in the future?
Click on the Format drop-down menu and select Font…
In the Font window that opens:
Font tab:
Font: whatever font is desired
Font Style: Regular – or bold, italic, bold italic
Size: points – as desired
Font color: Automatic (i.e. black, or any color you want)
Underline style: (none) – or as desired
Effects: ALL UNCHECKED
Advanced tab:
Character Spacing: usually normal
Scale: 100%
Spacing: Normal By: (blank) – used for expanding or condensing the space
between characters in the paragraph, by increments of 0.05 pt
Position: Normal By: (blank) – for raising or lowering the characters
relative to the base line
Kerning for fonts: UNCHECKED
OpenType Features: (All default settings - unused)
Click on OK to exit the Font window.
Click on OK to exit the Create a New Style from Formatting” window.
The new Paragraph style name should appear in the Styles Pane.

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 Appendix F – How To Create a Block Quote Paragraph Style
Return to Block Quote Paragraph Specification

Create a Block Quote Paragraph style to be applied to Block Quote paragraphs. In MS-
Word:
With the Styles pane open (toggled by ALT+CTRL+SHIFT+S), click on the lower left
A+ icon, and a
“Create a New Style from Formatting” window will open.
Style Name: Block Quote
Style type: Paragraph
Style based on: (no style)
Style for following paragraph: (doesn’t matter what is here)
At the bottom of the window:
Add to the Styles Gallery: CHECK
Automatically update: UNCHECKED
Only in this document – choose this option
Click on the Format drop-down menu and select Paragraph…
In the Paragraph window that opens:
Indents and Spacing tab:
Alignment: Justified
Outline Level: Body Text
Indentation Left: 0.50”
Indentation Right: 0.50”
Indentation Special: (none) By: (blank)
Mirror Indents: UNCHECKED
Spacing Before: 0 pt
Spacing After: 0 pt
Line Spacing: Single At: (blank)
Don’t add space between paragraphs of the same style: UNCHECKED
Line and Page Breaks tab:
Widow/Orphan control: CHECKED
Other options on this tab: UNCHECKED
Click on OK to exit the Paragraph window.
Click on the Format drop-down menu and select Font…
In the Font window that opens:
Font tab:
Font: Times New Roman
Font Style: Regular
Size: 12
Font color: Automatic
Underline style: (none)
Effects: ALL UNCHECKED

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Return to Block Quote Paragraph Specification
 Advanced tab:
Character Spacing:
Scale: 100%
Spacing: Normal By: (blank)
Position: Normal By: (blank)
Kerning for fonts: UNCHECKED
OpenType Features: (All default settings - unused)
Click on OK to exit the Font window.
Click on OK to exit the Create a New Style from Formatting” window.
The Block Quote Paragraph style should appear in the Styles Pane.

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Return to Block Quote Paragraph Specification
 Appendix G – How To Create a Body Text Paragraph Style
Create a Body Text Paragraph style (the name of this style can be anything, but
don’t name it “normal”) to be applied to most thesis paragraphs, including
paragraphs within Appendices.
With the Styles pane open (toggled by ALT+CTRL+SHIFT-S), click on the lower
left A+ icon, and a “Create a New Style from Formatting” window will open.
Style Name: Body Text – or whatever name you desire
Style type: Paragraph
Style based on: (no style)
Style for following paragraph: Body Text (use same name as first line)
At the bottom of the window:
Add to the Styles Gallery: CHECK
Automatically update: UNCHECKED
Only in this document – choose this option
Click on the Format drop-down menu and select Paragraph…
In the Paragraph window that opens:
Indents and Spacing tab:
Alignment: Left or Justified (depending on department)
Outline Level: Body Text
Indentation Left: 0”
Indentation Right: 0”
Indentation Special: First Line By: 0.5”
Mirror Indents: UNCHECKED
Spacing Before: 0 pt
Spacing After: 0 pt
Line Spacing: 1.5 At: (blank)
Don’t add space between paragraphs of the same style: UNCHECKED
Line and Page Breaks tab:
Widow/Orphan control: CHECKED
Other options on this tab: UNCHECKED
Click on OK to exit the Paragraph window.
Click on the Format drop-down menu and select Font…
In the Font window that opens:
Font tab:
Font: Times New Roman Or any Times Roman font if Times New Roman is inadequate for
some reason.
Font Style: Regular
Size: 12
Font color: Automatic
Underline style: (none)
Effects: ALL UNCHECKED

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Return to Body Text Paragraph Specification
Advanced tab:
Character Spacing:
Scale: 100%
Spacing: Normal By: (blank)
Position: Normal By: (blank)
Kerning for fonts: UNCHECKED
OpenType Features: (All default settings - unused)
Click on OK to exit the Font window.
Click on OK to exit the Create a New Style from Formatting” window.
The Block Quote Paragraph style should appear in the Styles Pane.

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Return to Body Text Paragraph Specification
Appendix H – How To Create a Figure Title Paragraph Style

With the Styles pane open (toggled by ALT+CTRL+SHIFT+S), click on the

lower left A+ icon, and a “Create a New Style from Formatting” window
will open.
Style Name: Figure Title
Style type: Paragraph
Style based on: (no style)
Style for following paragraph: Body Text
At the bottom of the window:
Add to the Styles Gallery: CHECK
Automatically update: UNCHECKED
Only in this document – choose this option
Click on the Format drop-down menu and select Paragraph…
In the Paragraph window that opens:
Indents and Spacing tab:
Alignment: Center (IF the figure is centered between the margins.)
Outline Level: Level 1
Indentation Left: 0”
Indentation Right: 0”
Indentation Special: (none) By: (blank)
Mirror Indents: UNCHECKED
Spacing Before: 0 pt
Spacing After: 6 pt
Line Spacing: Single
Don’t add space between paragraphs of the same style:
UNCHECKED
Line and Page Breaks tab:
Widow/Orphan control: CHECKED
Other options on this tab: UNCHECKED
Click on OK to exit the Paragraph window.
Click on the Format drop-down menu and select Font…
In the Font window that opens:
Font tab:
Font: Arial (suggested, or Times New Roman)
Font Style: Regular or Bold
Size: 12 points (or as you desire)
Font color: Automatic
Underline style: (none)
Effects: ALL UNCHECKED

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Return to Figure Title Paragraph Specification
Advanced tab:
Character Spacing:
Scale: 100%
Spacing: Normal By: (blank)
Position: Normal By: (blank)
Kerning for fonts: UNCHECKED
OpenType Features: (All default settings - unused)
Click on OK to exit the Font window.
Click on OK to exit the Create a New Style from Formatting” window.
The Figure Title Paragraph style should appear in the Styles Pane.

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Return to Figure Title Paragraph Specification
 Appendix I – How To Create a Footnote Paragraph Style

With the Styles pane open (toggled by ALT+CTRL+SHIFT+S), click on the lower left
A+ icon, and a “Create a New Style from Formatting” window will open.
Style Name: Footnote
Style type: Paragraph
Style based on: (no style)
Style for following paragraph: Footnote
At the bottom of the window:
Add to the Styles Gallery: CHECK
Automatically update: UNCHECKED
Only in this document – choose this option
Click on the Format drop-down menu and select Paragraph…
In the Paragraph window that opens:
Indents and Spacing tab:
Alignment: Left
Outline Level: Body Text
Indentation Left: Hanging By: 0.25”
Indentation Right: 0”
Indentation Special: (none) By: (blank)
Mirror Indents: UNCHECKED
Spacing Before: 0 pt
Spacing After: 3 pt
Line Spacing: Single
Don’t add space between paragraphs of the same style: UNCHECKED
Line and Page Breaks tab:
Widow/Orphan control: CHECKED
Other options on this tab: UNCHECKED
Click on OK to exit the Paragraph window.
Click on the Format drop-down menu and select Font…
In the Font window that opens:
Font tab:
Font: Times New Roman or Arial
Font Style: Regular
Size: 10 points
Font color: Automatic
Underline style: (none)
Effects: ALL UNCHECKED

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Advanced tab:
Character Spacing:
Scale: 100%
Spacing: Normal By: (blank)
Position: Normal By: (blank)
Kerning for fonts: UNCHECKED
OpenType Features: (All default settings - unused)
Click on OK to exit the Font window.
Click on OK to exit the Create a New Style from Formatting” window.
The Footnote Paragraph style should appear in the Styles Pane.

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Appendix J– How To Create a Title Style with 2.0 inch top margin

With the Styles pane open (toggled by ALT+CTRL+SHIFT+S),

right click on the Heading 1 style and click on Modify.
Style Name: Heading 1 (you are going to add 0.5 inch above Heading 1 so the
top margin will be a total of two inches)
Style type: Paragraph
Style based on: (no style)
Style for following paragraph:
At the bottom of the window:
Add to the Styles Gallery: CHECK
Automatically update: UNCHECKED
Only in this document – choose this option
Click on the Format drop-down menu and select Paragraph…
In the Paragraph window that opens:
Indents and Spacing tab:
Alignment: Centered
Outline Level: Body Text
Indentation Left: 0”
Indentation Right: 0”
Indentation Special: (none) By: (blank)
Mirror Indents: UNCHECKED
Spacing Before: 0.5 inch = 36 pt (this added to the 1.5 inch top page margin
will give a 2.0 inch top margin above the Heading.)
Spacing After: 36 pt – or as desired
Line Spacing: Single (Do NOT set this to 1.5 – you will get odd results.)
Don’t add space between paragraphs of the same style: UNCHECKED
Line and Page Breaks tab:
Widow/Orphan control: CHECKED
Other options on this tab: UNCHECKED
Click on OK to exit the Paragraph window.
Click on the Format drop-down menu and select Font…
In the Font window that opens:
Font tab:
Font: Times New Roman or Arial (Be consistent with ALL heading styles. E.g. a common
choice is that Body Text will be Times New Roman, and all headings, figure titles, captions,
etc. will be Arial. Don’t make some level of heading a different font than other headings. It
will look unprofessional.)
Font Style: Bold
Size: 12-14 points
Font color: Automatic
Underline style: (none)
Effects: ALL UNCHECKED

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Advanced tab:
Character Spacing:
Scale: 100%
Spacing: Normal By: (blank)
Position: Normal By: (blank)
Kerning for fonts: UNCHECKED
OpenType Features: (All default settings - unused)
Click on OK to exit the Font window.
Click on OK to exit the Create a New Style from Formatting” window.

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 Appendix K – Section Breaks in MS-Word
When you start a new document in MS-Word, it has a single “section.” A section is a portion of
the document which can have certain settings different than other sections. Such settings include
margins, header(s), footers(s), page number placement and numbering (i.e. different from
numbering of other sections), and the number of columns of text and the column settings.
In order to have page numbers placed in different positions on different pages, you must create
separate sections in the document. Starting with Chapter 1 page 1, all pages with the start of a new
chapter or having a title heading (like appendices, references cited, etc.) will need to be in a new
single-page section so the page number can be placed in the bottom margin rather than in the top
right corner.
A new section is created by the insertion of a section break. There are several types of section
breaks, but for your thesis you will mainly want to create a new section at the end of a given page,
with the new section’s settings starting on the next page. Just like you can insert a page break, you
can instead insert a “Next Page” section break, which both inserts a page break and starts a new
section. The Insert Break menu is brought up in MS-Word by pressing and holding the ALT key,
then pressing I B in sequence (case does not matter). ALT-I-B. On that menu, of the section break
types listed you will mostly use the “Next page” break.
Sections in a Word document are numbered sequentially. To view the section you are in, double
click in either the header (top margin) or footer (bottom margin) area. In the left margin near the
top margin boundary, will be a label “Header – Section #.” And in the left margin near the bottom
margin boundary, will be a label “Footer – Section #.” With the section numbers visible you can
use Page-Up and Page-Down commands to go to an adjacent page until you reach a new section
number. OR, when the header and footer are visible, in the Ribbon will be a menu and ribbon
named “Header & Footer.” In that ribbon, in the “Navigation” section are two commands “Next”
and “Previous.” Clicking on these will take you to the start of the next or previous section in the
document.
Another way to view what section you are in, is to use the Status Bar at the bottom of the MS-
Word window. In the far left of the status bar, you should be able to read what section number you
are in. If that is not visible, right click on the status bar and then check Section near the top of the
list of possible status bar information displayed.
For help inside MS-Word, go to the Help ribbon, then the Help icon, then search for “section
breaks,” then click on the link in the Tip that says, “Use section breaks to change the layout or
formatting in one section of your document.”
For a ten minute video tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7KcjlipyGk8
For written documentation:
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/insert-a-section-break-eef20fd8-e38c-4ba6-a027-
e503bdf8375c
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/use-section-breaks-to-change-the-layout-or-
formatting-in-one-section-of-your-document-4cdfa638-3ea9-434a-8034-bf1e4274c450 On this
page, see the drop down arrow sections: “Work with section breaks,” and “Formatting your section
breaks.”

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Hidden Text Toggle

To toggle on or off the display of hidden text, which shows section breaks, paragraph breaks, page
breaks, line breaks (all kinds of breaks), spaces, and tabs, go to the Home ribbon, the Paragraph
section, and click on this icon: “¶” A keyboard short cut to do the same thing is press and hold the
CTRL and SHIFT keys down, then press the asterisk (8) key. CTRL+SHIFT-*

Steps When Creating a New Section

When you create a new section, make the hidden text visible, then double click inside the top
margin (i.e., between the top edge of the page and 1.5 inches down). A dashed line will appear
across the top of the page along the top 1.5 inch margin. Under this line, to the left, will be a label
that says Header, Section #. Under the dashed line to the right may be a label that says “Same as
Previous.” If the “Same as Previous” label is there, this means the header of the new section will
be identical to the header of the previous section. But each time you create a new section, you will
want to change both the header, and the footer. So you need to get rid of the “Same as Previous”
label. To do this, go to the Header and Footer ribbon, which should now be visible in your tabs
across the top of the window. In the “Navigation” section, click on “Link to Previous” icon in
the lower right corner of that section, and the label should disappear. Then click on the “Go to
Footer” icon and again click on the “Link to Previous” icon, so the “Same as Previous” label
disappears from the footer too.
Having eliminated all “Same as Previous” labels, your new section is now isolated from the
previous section and can have a different header and footer from the previous section.
You can put off dealing with footers and headers until after most of your document is done (though
you should create the separate sections as you go). If you do this – or in order to check all the
footers and headers when you are done, go to the start of the file, double click on either the header
or footer to enter the Header & Footer mode, go to the Header and Footer ribbon, and in the
Navigation section of the ribbon you can click on the Previous or Next icons to jump to the
Previous or Next section. This is an easy way to go through the entire document checking all your
headers and footers.
To exit the Header & Footer mode to get back in the main part of the page, double click in the
main part of the page, somewhere between all of the margins.

Create a Page Number Paragraph Style

This style will specify the page number’s font and font size. Then later if you change your mind
about which font or font size you want for your page numbers, you can change that in this Page
Number Style only, and they will be changed everywhere in your Thesis document. All page
numbers should use the same font and the same font size no matter where they appear in the footer
or header. Note that the only thing this style defines is the font and font size of the page number.
It does specify centered alignment, but another style based on this one, which will define the
position of the page number in a header, will over ride this alignment for header page numbers.
Page Number paragraph style:

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With the Styles pane open (toggled by ALT+CTRL+SHIFT+S), click on the lower left A+
icon, and a “Create a New Style from Formatting” window will open.
Style Name: Page Number
Style type: Paragraph
Style based on: (no style)
Style for following paragraph: Body Text
At the bottom of the window:
Add to the Styles Gallery: CHECK
Automatically update: UNCHECKED
Only in this document – choose this option
Click on the Format drop-down menu and select Paragraph…
In the Paragraph window that opens:
Indents and Spacing tab:
Alignment: Centered
Outline Level: Body Text
Indentation Left: 0”
Indentation Right: 0”
Indentation Special: (none) By: (blank)
Mirror Indents: UNCHECKED
Spacing Before: 0 pt
Spacing After: 0 pt
Line Spacing: Single At: (blank)
Don’t add space between paragraphs of the same style: UNCHECKED
Line and Page Breaks tab:
Widow/Orphan control: UNCHECKED
Other options on this tab: UNCHECKED
Click on OK to exit the Paragraph window.
Click on the Format drop-down menu and select Font…
In the Font window that opens:
Font tab:
Font: Times New Roman (or Arial – your choice)
Font Style: Regular (or bold)
Size: 12 (you may choose any size from 10 to 12 points)
Font color: Automatic
Underline style: (none)
Effects: ALL UNCHECKED
Advanced tab:
Character Spacing:
Scale: 100%
Spacing: Normal By: (blank)
Position: Normal By: (blank)
Kerning for fonts: UNCHECKED
OpenType Features: (All default settings - unused)
Click on OK to exit the Font window.
Click on OK to exit the Create a New Style from Formatting” window.
The Page Number Paragraph style should appear in the Styles Pane.

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Footers and Headers

First, create a new Numbered Header paragraph style based on the previously defined Page
Number Style. With the Styles pane open (toggled by ALT+CTRL+SHIFT+S), click on the lower
left A+ icon, and a “Create a New Style from Formatting” window will open.
Style Name: Numbered Header
Style type: Paragraph
Style based on: ¶ Page Number (the ¶ means it is a paragraph style, as opposed to a character
style) (basing this style on the Page number style means that if you ever change the font or font size in the
Page Number style, it will also be changed in this style.}
Leave all other settings the same.
At the bottom of the window:
Add to the Styles Gallery: CHECK
Automatically update: UNCHECKED
Only in this document – choose this option
Click on the Format drop-down menu and select Paragraph…
In the Paragraph window that opens:
Indents and Spacing tab:
Alignment: Right
Outline Level: Body Text
Indentation Left: 0”
Indentation Right: 0”
Indentation Special: (none) By: (blank)
Mirror Indents: UNCHECKED
Spacing Before: 0 pt
Spacing After: 0 pt
Line Spacing: Single At: (blank)
Don’t add space between paragraphs of the same style: UNCHECKED
Click on OK to exit the Paragraph window.
Click on OK to exit the Create a New Style from Formatting” window.
The newly created Numbered Header style should appear in the Styles pane.

You will need to use two different footers.

BLANK FOOTER

The first kind of footer, which this document calls the “Blank Footer,” will be for most pages
(those which have a 1.5 inch top margin and no Title heading), and the footer will have no
page number in it at all, but will be totally blank.

NUMBERED FOOTER

The second kind of footer, which this document calls the “Numbered Footer,” is for pages
with Chapter or Major Section Titles that require the 2.0 inch top margin (which you will

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 create by having a 1.5 inch top margin with the Heading 1 style having 0.5 inch space before
the heading), and which have a page number in the footer, which is centered between the side
margins and 0.5 inch above the bottom of the page.

Pages with a Chapter or Major Section Titles

1. Create a New Section for the page with a Chapter or Major Section Title. Make sure hidden text
is visible.
2. If you are not already in it, double click in the top margin to enter the Header and Footer mode.
Follow the Steps When Creating a New Section to remove the “Same as Previous” labels in
the Header and Footer mode.
3. Make sure the Header is Blank. Select any and all text in the top margin and delete, leaving only
a single paragraph marker ¶.
4. Click on the Go to Footer icon, or just click in the bottom margin, which should be blank. When
you are in the Header and Footer mode, the Header and Footer ribbon is active. At the far
left of that ribbon will be the Header & Footer section.
5. Click on the down arrow below the Page Number icon. Click on the “Bottom of Page” menu
option, then on the Plain Option 2 (centered page number). This will insert a page number
centered between the side margins. Delete any paragraph ¶ marks in the footer area aside from
the one immediately adjacent to the page number. Again, click on the down arrow next to the
Page Number icon in the Header & Footer section, then on the Format Page Numbers…
menu item, and the Page Number Format window will open. Make sure the proper Number
Format is chosen (Arabic numerals for the main body of the thesis, Roman numerals for the
front matter sections). And in the “Page Numbering” section in lower part of the window the
first option “Continue from previous section” should be checked. The only exceptions to this
choice will be on the first numbered page of the front matter, when you will specify the starting
Roman numeral page number, and the first page of the main body of the thesis, when you will
specify starting at page 1 in Arabic numerals. The Continue from previous section means MS-
Word will continue incrementing the page number from the previous section. But the absence
of the “Same as Previous” label above the footer means the footer will not be the same as the
previous section.
6. Select the page number in the Numbered Footer. Apply the Page Number paragraph style to
the page number, by finding the Page Number style in the list of styles, and clicking on that
style name.
7. Double click in the center of the page to exit the Header and Footer mode. Then add the Chapter
or Major Section Title and the text for this page.
8. After the last line that will fit on this page, insert a Next Page section break.

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9. If you are using paragraphs with Left Alignment that produces a ragged right margin, simply go
on to the next page.
Or, if your last line is the last line of a paragraph and the sentence ends in this last line, simply
go on to the next page.
But, if you are using justified alignment paragraphs that produces a fully justified right margin,
and your last line ends in the middle of a sentence which continues on the next page, after
inserting the Next Page section break, your end of line likely does not go all the way to the right
margin. In this situation, select the last paragraph or just the last few lines, or just the last line
on that page (you may have to experiment as to how many lines to select), and press ALT-O-F-
V to open the Advanced tab of the Font formatting window. Then expand the spacing of those
selected lines by 0.1 point increments until the line is too long and wraps to the next page. Then
reduce the expansion by 0.05 point and the end of the last line should reach the right margin on
the proper page. If this does not work and the line is still on the next page, start over selecting
fewer lines to expand. Having the last line fully justified will make your page look more
professional.

Pages without a Chapter or Major Section Title (most of your pages)

1. This is only for the second page of the main body of the thesis and later. All front matter pages
have the page number in the bottom margin.
2. Double click in the bottom margin of this new page to enter Header and Footer mode. Make
sure hidden text is visible.
3. Make sure the Footer is Blank. If not, select any and all text in the bottom margin and delete,
leaving only a single paragraph marker ¶.
4. Click on the Go to Header icon, or just click in the top margin, which should be blank. When
you are in the Header and Footer mode, the Header and Footer ribbon is active. At the far left
of that ribbon will be the Header & Footer section.
5. Click on the down arrow below the Page Number icon. Click on the “Top of Page” menu
option, then on the Plain Option 2 (right justified page number). This will insert a page number
next to the right margin. Delete any paragraph ¶ marks in the footer area aside from the one
immediately adjacent to the page number. Again, click on the down arrow next to the Page
Number icon in the Header & Footer section, then on the Format Page Numbers… menu
item, and the Page Number Format window will open. Make sure the proper Number Format
is chosen (Arabic numerals for the main body of the thesis). And in the “Page Numbering”
section in lower part of the window the first option “Continue from previous section” should
be checked. Exit the Page Number Format window by clicking on OK. The appropriate page
number should be there.

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6. Select the page number in the Numbered Header. Apply the Numbered Header paragraph style
to the page number, by finding the Numbered Header style in the list of styles, and clicking on
that style name.
7. You should not format any more page footers or headers in this section, until you again come
to a Major/Chapter Title and insert a Next Page break before it to create a new section.

Fancy Headers and Footers

DIU only allows page numbers in headers and footers – no dividing line between the header and the text
below, no graphic, no chapter number or any other information – only a simple bare page number.0

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