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2-Soil-Water-Crop Relationship
2-Soil-Water-Crop Relationship
Soil Constituents
Chapter-1 2
Proportions
of
Soil Constituents
20%
45% MINERALS
OM
Water
Air
30%
5%
Chapter-1 3
Mineral Components
• Except in the case of organic soils, most of a soil’s solid
framework consists of mineral particles.
USDA ISS
Chapter-1 6
Silt and Clay Components
Silt Particles are smaller than sand. The silt particles are too
small to be seen without a microscope. It feels smooth but
not sticky, even when wet.
Chapter-1 7
Colloidal Material
The smaller particles (< 0.001 mm) of clay and similar sized
organic particles) have colloidal properties and can be seen
with an electronic microscope.
The colloidal particles have a very large area per unit weight
so there are enough surface charges to which water and ions
can be attracted. These charges make them adhere together.
Humus improves the water holding capacity of the soil.
Chapter-1 8
Soil Water
Quantity of water in a soil as determined by its moisture content
does not give a true indication of the soil ‘wetness’.
A clay soil, which on handling feels dry, can be at the same moisture
content as a sandy soil, which feels wet.
A plant will have less difficulty extracting water from a sandy soil
than from a clay soil at the same moisture content.
There is need for a soil ‘wetness’ which reflects the ease or difficulty
of extraction of water from the soil by the plant.
The total potential of soil water at a point is the sum of all the
components of potential, which are acting. Note that the movement
of water in the soil is slow, so kinetic energy is neglected.
Chapter-1 11
Classes of Soil Water
Water present in the soil may be classified under
three heads:
1. Hygroscopic water: When an oven dried sample
is kept open in the atmosphere, it absorbs some
amount of water from the atmosphere. This is
known as hygroscopic water, and is not capable of
movement by the action of gravity or capillary
forces.
2. Capillary water: Capillary water is that part, in
excess of hygroscopic water, which exists in the
pore space of the soil by molecular attraction.
3. Gravitational water: Gravitational water is that
part in excess of hygroscopic and capillary water
which will move out of the soil if favorable
drainage is provided.
Chapter-1 13
Availability of Soil Water
Soil moisture is always being subjected to pressure gradients and vapour pressure
differences that cause it to move. Certain moisture contents are of particular
significance, often called soil moisture constants, with regards to irrigation and
agriculture engineering, viz:
Saturation capacity: When all the pores of the soil are filled with water, the soil is said
to be under saturation capacity or maximum water-holding capacity. The tension of
water at saturation capacity is almost zero and it is equal to free water surface.
Field capacity: The field capacity of soil is the moisture content after the drainage of
gravitational water has become very slow and the moisture content has become
relatively stable.
This situation usually exists for one to three days after the soil has been thoroughly
wetted by rain or irrigation.
At field capacity, the large soil pores are filled with air, the micro pores are filled with
water and any further drainage is slow.
The field capacity is the upper limit of available moisture range in soil moisture and
plant relations.
Water Requirement of Crops 14
Moisture equivalent:
This is an artificial moisture property of the soil and is used as an index of the
natural properties.
It is the percentage of moisture retained in a small sample of wet soil 1 cm
deep when subjected to a centrifugal force 1000 times as great as gravity,
usually for a period of 30 minutes.
Moisture equivalent is used as a single factor to which the properties of soil
can be related within reasonable limits.
The moisture equivalent roughly equals field capacity for a medium textured
soil. The relation between these are as follows:
Moisture equivalent ≈ Field capacity
= 1.8 to 2 Permanent wilting point
= 2.7 Hygroscopic coefficient
Chapter-1 24
Example 3.10, p/57, Punmia
Find the field capacity of a soil for the following data:
Solution:
Available moisture = Field capacity – Permanent wilting point
= 27 – 14 = 13%
Let, the Readily available moisture be 80% of the Available moisture.
Therefore, Readily available moisture = 0.8 x 13% = 10.4%
Water Requirement of Crops 27
Water Requirement of Crops 28
Water Requirement of Crops 29
Suitability of Soil for Irrigation
The soil should be carefully studied with regard to the fol1owing:
(a) Size of soil particles
(b) Compactness
(c) Depth
(d) Organic matter content
(e) Position of water table.
All the above aspects influence the depth of available water that the
irrigator can store in the root zone of soil in a single application of
water and hence influence the required frequency of watering.
• When the same crop is grown again and again in the same field, the fertility
of land gets reduced as the soil becomes deficient in plant foods favorable to
that particular crop.
• In order to enhance the fertility of the land and to make the soil regain its
original structure, it is often found necessary and helpful to give some rest to
the land.
• This can be achieved either by allowing the land to lie fallow without any
cultivation for some time, or to grow crops which do not mainly require
those salts or foods which were mainly required by the earlier grown crop.
• This method of growing different crops in rotation, one after the other, in the
same field, is called Rotation of Crops.
• Moreover, if only one type of crop is grown in the same field, numerous
insects and pests (of similar nature) will get developed. The crop rotation
will also help in checking such growths.
• Crop rotation will thus help in increasing the fertility of soil and reducing
the diseases and wastage due to insects, and hence increasing the overall
crop yield.