Computer Networking Fundamentals Chapter 1

DEC30023 : Computer
Networking Fundamentals
Chapter 1.0 Introduction to Network
Noted prepared by:

Pn. Wan Fazlini Idayu binti Wan Fakari
013-7023854
1
What is a Network?
A network consists of 2 or more computers connected

together, and they can communicate and share
resources (e.g. information)
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3
4
1.1 Basic Concepts And
Component Of Computer
Network
5
Networked Computing Relative &
Standalone Computing
Networked Standalone
Group of computers and other devices Uses programs and data only from its
connected by some type of transmission local disks and is not connected to a
media network
Networks enable users to share devices

and data, collectively called a network’s
resources
6
Advantages of networked computing
relative to standalone computing
1. Fewer Peripherals Needed
2. Increased Communication Capabilities
3. Avoid File Duplication and Corruption
4. Lower Cost Licensing
5. Centralized Administration
6. Conserve Resources
(memulihara)
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2. Many
Increased
devices can beCommunication
connected on a network. Each Capabilities
computer on the
network does not need to have its own printer, scanner, or backup device.
3. Multiple
Avoid FilecanDuplication
printers be set up in a centraland Corruption
location and shared among the
network users. All network users send print jobs to a central print server that
4. manages
Lower the Cost Licensing
print requests. The print server can distribute print jobs over
multiple printers, or queue jobs that require a specific printer.
8
Networks provide several different collaboration tools that can be used to
4. Lower
communicate Cost Licensing
between network users. Online collaboration tools include e-
mail, forums and chats, voice and video, and instant messaging. With these
tools, users can communicate with friends, family, and colleagues.
9
A server manages network resources. Servers store data and share it with
users on a network. Confidential or sensitive data can be protected and
shared with the users who have permission to access that data. Document
tracking software can be used to prevent users from overwriting files, or
changing files that others are accessing at the same time.
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1. Fewer Peripherals
Application licensing Needed
can be expensive for individual computers. Many
software vendors offer site licenses for networks, which can dramatically
2. Increased
reduce the cost of Communication Capabilities
software. The site license allows a group of people or an
entire organization to use the application for a single fee.
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Centralized administration reduces the number of people needed to manage
2. Increased Communication
the devices and data on the network, reducingCapabilities
time and cost to the company.
Individual network users do not need to manage their own data and devices.
One administrator can control the data, devices, and permissions of users on
the network. Backing up data is easier because the data is stored in a central
4. Lower
location.
Cost Licensing
12
Data processing can be distributed across many computers to prevent one
4. Lower Cost
computer fromLicensing
becoming overloaded with processing tasks.
(memulihara)
13
Type of networks
Peer-to-peer Client/server
network network
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Element of Client/server network
• Client
• Server
• Workstation
• Network interface card
• Network operating system
• Node
• Connectivity device
• Backbone
• Segment
• Topology
• Transmission media
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request and receive
• Client information over the
• Server network client. Client
computers also depends
• Workstation primarily on the central
• Network interface card server for processing
activities
• Node
• Connectivity device A computer on the network that manages
shared resources; servers usually have more
• Backbone processing power, memory, and hard disk
• Segment space than clients. They run network
operating software that can manage not only
• Topology data, but also users, groups, security, and
applications on the network.
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FE Jun 2014 – fungsi NIC

A personal computer
• Client (such as a desktop or
• Server laptop), which may or
may not be connected to
• Workstation a network; most clients
• Network interface card are workstation
computers.
• Node The device inside a computer that connects a computer
• Connectivity device to the network media, thus allowing it to communicate
with other computers; many companies (such as 3Com,
• Backbone IBM, Intel, SMC, and Xircom) manufacture NICs, which
come with a variety of specifications that are tailored to
• Segment the requirements of the workstation and the network.
• Topology Some connect to the motherboard, which is the main
circuit that controls the computer, some are integrated as
• Transmission media part of the motherboard, and others connect via an
external port. NICs are also known as network adapters.
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• Client
• Server definition: The software that runs on a server
• Workstation and enables the server to manage data, users,
groups, security, applications, and other
• Network interface card networking functions.
• Network operating system Examples : include various types of UNIX and
• Node Linux operating systems, Microsoft Windows
Server 2003 or Windows Server 2008, and
• Connectivity device Mac OS X Server.
• Backbone
• Segment
• Topology
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• Client Funtions :
1) Manage data and other resources for a
• Server number of clients
• Workstation 2) Ensure that only authorized users acess the
network.
• Network interface card 3) Control which type of files a user can open
and read
• Network operating system 4) Restrict when and from where users can
• Node access the network.
5) Dictate which rules computers will use to
• Connectivity device communicate
• Backbone 6) Supply applications to clients.
(final exam Jun 2013)
• Segment
• Topology
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• Client
• Server
• Workstation
• Network interface card
• Node
• Connectivity device
• Backbone A client, server, or other device that can
• Segment communicate over a network and that is
identified by a unique number, known as its
• Topology network addressers.
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-A specialized device that allows multiple
• Client networks or multiple parts of one
• Server network to connect and exchange data. A
client/server network can operate
• Workstation without connectivity devices. However,
• Network interface card medium- and large-sized LANs use them
to extend the network and to connect
• Network operating system with WANs.
• Node
• Connectivity device The part of a network to which segments and
significant shared devices (such as routers,
• Backbone switches, and servers) connect. A backbone is
• Segment sometimes referred to as "a network of
networks," because of its role in
• Topology interconnecting smaller parts of a LAN or
WAN.
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• Client A part of a network. Usually, a segment is composed
• Server of a group of nodes that use the same
communications channel for all their traffic
• Workstation
• Network interface card refers to the way computers and peripherals are
• Network operating system configured to form networks. The physical layout of
a computer network. Topologies vary according
• Node to the needs of the organization and available
hardware and expertise. Networks can be arranged
• Connectivity device in a ring, bus, or star formation, and the star
• Backbone formation is the most common. Hybrid
combinations of these patterns are also possible.
• Segment
• Topology
The means through which data is transmitted and
• Transmission media received. Transmission media may be physical, such as wire
or cable, or atmospheric (wireless), such as radio waves.
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• Client - request and receive information over the network client. Client computers also depends primarily on the central server for processing
activities
• Server - A computer on the network that manages shared resources; servers usually have more processing power, memory, and hard disk space
than clients. They run network operating software that can manage not only data, but also users, groups, security, and applications on the
network.
• Workstation - A personal computer (such as a desktop or laptop), which may or may not be connected to a network; most clients are workstation
computers.
• Network interface card - The device (pronounced nick) inside a computer that connects a computer to the network media, thus allowing it to
communicate with other computers; many companies (such as 3Com, IBM, Intel, SMC, and Xircom) manufacture NICs, which come with a variety
of specifications that are tailored to the requirements of the workstation and the network. Some connect to the motherboard, which is the main
circuit that controls the computer, some are integrated as part of the motherboard, and others connect via an external port. NICs are also known
as network adapters.
• Network operating system - The software that runs on a server and enables the server to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and
other networking functions. Examples include various types of UNIX and Linux operating systems, Microsoft Windows Server 2003 or Windows
Server 2008, and Mac OS X Server.
• Node - A client, server, or other device that can communicate over a network and that is identified by a unique number, known as its network
addressers.
• Connectivity device - A specialized device that allows multiple networks or multiple parts of one network to connect and exchange data. A
client/server network can operate without connectivity devices. However, medium- and large-sized LANs use them to extend the network and to
connect with WANs.
• Backbone - The part of a network to which segments and significant shared devices (such as routers, switches, and servers) connect. A backbone is
sometimes referred to as "a network of networks," because of its role in interconnecting smaller parts of a LAN or WAN.
• Segment - A part of a network. Usually, a segment is composed of a group of nodes that use the same communications channel for all their traffic
• Topology - refers to the way computers and peripherals are configured to form networks. The physical layout of a computer network. Topologies
vary according to the needs of the organization and available hardware and expertise. Networks can be arranged in a ring, bus, or star formation,
and the star formation is the most common. Hybrid combinations of these patterns are also possible.
• Transmission media – The means through which data is transmitted and received. Transmission media may be physical, such as wire or cable, or
atmospheric (wireless), such as radio waves.
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1.2 Networking standards
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Organization that set the standards for network:-
a. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

b. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) and
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
c. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
d. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
e. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
f. Internet Society (ISOC)
g. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN)
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Networking Standards Organizations
• Standards are documented agreements containing

technical specifications
• ANSI (American National Standards Institute) is an

organization composed of more than a thousand
representatives from industry and government who
together determine standards for the electronics industry
and other fields, such as chemical and nuclear
engineering, health and safety, and construction
26
(continued)
• ANSI also represents the United States in setting

international standards
• EIA (Electronic Industries Alliance) is a trade organization

composed of representatives from electronics
manufacturing firms across the United States
27
(continued)
• TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) Focuses

on standards for information technology, wireless,
satellite, fiber optics, and telephone equipment
• TIA/EIA alliance are its guidelines for how network cable

should be installed in commercial buildings, known as the
“TIA/EIA 568-B Series.”
28
(continued)
• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), or

“I-triple-E,” is an international society composed of
engineering professionals
• IEEE goals are to promote development and education in

the electrical engineering and computer science fields
29
(continued)
• ISO (International Organization for Standardization),

headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, is a collection of
standards and organizations representing 148 countries
• ISO’s goal is to establish international technological

standards to facilitate global exchange of information and
barrier-free trade
30
(continued)
• The ITU (International Telecommunication Union) is a

specialized United Nations agency that regulates
international telecommunications, including radio and TV
frequencies, satellite and telephony specifications,
networking infrastructure, and tariffs applied to global
communications
31
(continued)
• ISOC (Internet Society), founded in 1992, is a professional

membership society that helps to establish technical
standards for the Internet
• ISOC oversees groups with specific missions, such as the

IAB and IETF
32
(continued)
• IAB (Internet Architecture Board) is a technical advisory

group of researchers and technical professionals
interested in overseeing the Internet’s design and
management
• IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), the organization

that sets standards for how systems communicate over
the Internet—in particular, how protocols operate and
interact
33
(continued)
• IANA and ICANN
• Every computer / host on a network must have a unique
address
• Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) kept records of

available and reserved IP addresses and determined how
addresses were issued out
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

(ICANN), a private, nonprofit corporation and is now
ultimately responsible for IP addressing and domain name
management
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1.3 Type of network & classification
of networks according to its size
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Type of networks
Peer-to-peer Client/server
network network
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Peer-to-peer network
• A peer-to-peer distributed network architecture is composed of
participants that make a portion of their resources (such as processing
power, disk storage, and network bandwidth) available directly to their
peers without intermediary network hosts or servers.
• Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the
traditional client-server model where only servers supply, and clients
consume.
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Client/server network
• In this arrangement, a single computer called a 'server' is given
the duty to provide a particular service on behalf of one or more
'client' computers. The clients make requests to the server and
the server responds to the requests.
• There are many kinds of server that include
– File server - stores, handles and serves files to clients
– Print server - stores, handles and organizes printing jobs for its clients
– FTP server - provides a means to move large amounts of data
– Video server - stores and distributes video files
– Backup server - sits on the network taking periodic backups of clients.
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Type of networks
There are essentially two types of network architectures—client-server
and peer-to-peer.
Peer-to-pear networks Client/server network

A Peer-to-peer model can be defined as a A client-server model can be defined as a
decentralized environment, where the user centralized environment, where all users,
must be assigned permissions on each objects, resources, and so on are
workstation in order to access any available administered in a centralized location and
resources. can, if configured, use any network
resources on any workstation on the
domain.
Computers connect with each other in a sends information from a client computer to
workgroup to share files, printers, and a server, which then relays the information
Internet access. This is used to connect a back to the client computer, or to other
small number of computers (around 2 to 10 computers on the network
computer).
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Type of networks
Peer-to-pear networks Client/server network
• Higher cabling cost. • Cheaper cabling cost.
• Easy to setup • High level of security are supported, all of
• Less expensive which are controlled from the server.
• Can implemented on a wide range of • Such measures prevent the deletion of
operating systems. essential system files or the changing of
• More time consuming to maintain the settings.
software being used (as computers must • No limit to the number of computer that
be managed individually). can be supported by the network.
• Very low levels security supported or • Demands that the network administrator
none at all. These can be vary to have high level of IT skills with good
cumbersome to set up, depending on the working knowledge of the server
operating system being used. operating system.
• Ideal for networks with less than 10
computers.
• Does not require a server
• Demands a moderate level of skill to
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administer network.
Classification of networks
Metropolitan Wide Area

Local Area
Area Network
Network
Network
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42
Local Area Network is a network that connects
Local Area Network (LAN) computers and device in a limited geographical area
such as a home, school laboratory, office building.
Coverage area less than 10 kilometers.
LAN support a variety of communications transmission

medium such as a Ethernet cable (thin cable, thick
cable, and twisted pair), fiber and wireless
transmission.
A LAN usually has low cost, installation, expansion and

maintenance and LAN installation is relatively simple,
good scalability.
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44
45
Classification of networks according to its size
Different LAN MAN WAN

Network Size low optic high higher
Speed faster slower slowest
twisted-pair, Fiber optic,
Transmission
twisted-pair fibre-optic radio wave,
Media cable satellite
Biggest Area
small area Big Area
area size (10km) (10~50km)
(more than
50km)
School, World,
Example laboratory, in City, State country,
building Internet
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1.4 Computer network
topologies
47
Computer network topology
• Bus topology
• Ring topology
• Star topology
• Hybrid topology
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all computers are linked by a single line
• Bus of cable
– A bus is the simplest physical topology.
– It consists of a single cable that runs to every workstation.
– This topology uses the least amount of cabling but also covers
the shortest distance.
– Each computer shares the same data and address path . With a
logical bus topology, messages pass through the trunk, and each
workstation checks to see if the message is addressed to itself.
– If the address of the message matches the workstation’s
address, the network adapter copies the message to the card’s
on-board memory.
Refer full note at:

49
http://flylib.com/books/en/1.55.1.40/1/
each computer or workstation is connected to two other
• Ring computers, with the entire network forming a circle
– A physical ring topology is a unique topology.

– Each computer connects to two other computers,
joining them in a circle, creating a unidirectional path
where messages move from workstation to
workstation.
– Each entity participating in the ring reads a message,
then regenerates it and hands it to its neighbor on a
different network cable.
Refer full note at: 50

multiple computers and peripheral devices are
linked to a central computer, called a host
• Star
– A physical star topology branches each network device off a central
device called a hub , making it very easy to add a new workstation.
– Also, if any workstation goes down, it does not affect the entire
network. (But, as you might expect, if the central device goes down,
the entire network goes down.)
– Modern Ethernet (10BaseT, 100BaseT, and Gigabit Ethernet) uses a
physical star topology, as does Token Ring. Figure 6.7 gives an example
of the organization of the star network.

combine network layout types to meet their needs
• Hybrid
– The hybrid topology is simply a mix of the other
topologies.
– It would be impossible to illustrate it, because there
are many combinations.
– Most networks today are not only hybrid, but
heterogeneous (by heterogeneous I mean they include
a mix of components of different types and brands).
– The hybrid network may be more expensive than
some types of network topologies, but, on the other
hand, it takes the best features of all the other
topologies and exploits them.

Hybrid topology example
53
FE Jun 2014 – takrif & lukis topology star-bus (hybrid)

Topology Advantages Disadvantages
Bus Cheap. Easy to install. Difficult to reconfigure. A
break in the bus disables
the entire network.
Star Cheap. Easy to install. More expensive than bus.
Easy to reconfigure. Fault
tolerant.
Ring Efficient. Easy to install. Reconfiguration is difficult.
Very expensive.
Hybrid Combines the best Complex (less so than
features of each topology mesh, however).
used.
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1.5 Describe principles of
communication in networking
55
Principles of communication in
networking
• Source
• Channel
• Destinations
56
SOURCE, CHANNEL & DESTINATION
 Source - Sources are objects which encode message/

data and transmit the information, via a channel, to
one or more receiver. (adalah objek yang ‘encode’ mesej / data dan menyampaikan
maklumat tersebut, melalui saluran, untuk satu atau lebih penerima)
 Channel - refers either to a physical transmission

medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection
over a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel.
 Destination - the receiving end of a communication
channel. It receives decoded messages/information
from the sender, who first encoded them. (penerima terakhir
dari sebuah saluran komunikasi. Ia menerima decode mesej / maklumat dari penghantar)
57
SOURCE, CHANNEL & DESTINATION…Cont
58
1.6 Apply Various Networking
Hardware
59
Network Interface Card (NIC)
• Act as a physical interface and connectors between

your computer and network cable. (Bertindak sebagai
antaramuka fizikal atau penyambung di antara komputer anda dengan kabel rangkaian)
• to provide a physical link to a computer network.

This connection allows computers to communicate
with servers, as well as other computers on the
network. (untuk menyediakan link fizikal kepada jaringan komputer. Sambungan ini
membolehkan komputer untuk berkomunikasi dengan pelayan, serta komputer lain di
dalam rangkaian)
• Each NIC has a unique serial number, which is called

a MAC address. (Setiap NIC mempunyai satu nombor siri yang unik, yang
disebut alamat MAC)
60
Network Interface Card (NIC)…Cont…
• Network interface card functions are:

– Provide data from computer to network cable.
(Menyediakan data dari komputer untuk kabel rangkaian)
– Sending data to another computer. (Menghantar data ke komputer

yang lain)
– Control the flow of data between the computer and

plug the cable system. (Mengawal aliran data di antara komputer dan sistem
kabel penyambung)
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FE Jun 2014 – fungsi NIC
Figure 1-5 A NIC (network interface card)
62
Various Types Of Network Interface Card
a. Cards on an expansion board inside a

computer (PCI NIC, PCI Express NIC).
b. Cards installed to the computer’s bus
externally (PCMCIA adapter, USB port,
FireWire, Compact Flash NIC)
c. On-board NIC
d. Wireless NIC
63
64

It is used to connect Fast Ethernet Networks together and it is
connected to a PCI Slot located on your computer's Motherboard
c. On-board NIC
d. Wireless NIC
65

c. On-board NIC
PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association),
d.
USBWireless NIC
(universal serial bus), CompactFlash, or FireWire (IEEE 1394) slots
can all be used to connect peripherals such as NICs. One advantage to
externally attached NICs is their simple installation.
66
A NIC that is integrated into a computer’s motherboard, rather than
Various Types
connected Of Network
via an expansion Interface
slot or peripheral bus. Card
Not all peripheral devices are connected to a computer’s
motherboard via an expansion slot or peripheral bus.
Some are connected directly to the motherboard using on-board
computer
ports.
(PCI NIC, PCI Express NIC).
b. Cards installed
For example, to theconnection
the electrical computer’s bus
that controls a computer’s
externally
mouse operates(PCMCIA adapter,
through an on-board port,USB port,
as does the connection
FireWire, Compact
for its keyboard and monitor.Flash NIC)
c. On-board NIC
d. Wireless NIC
67

computer
Wireless adapters(PCI NIC,in most
are found PCIportable
Express NIC).
devices, such as
b.laptops,
Cards installed
smart phones, andto thedevices.
tablet computer’s bus
externally
External wireless (PCMCIA
adapters can beadapter,
purchased andUSB port,
installed on most
FireWire,
computers havingCompact Flash NIC)
an open USB (Universal Serial Bus) port, or unused
expansion slot.
c. On-board NIC
d. Wireless NIC
68
Install and configure NIC hardware and software.
• Refer video in internet

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xbTDCclOn8
69
Functions of LAN connectivity
hardware:
a. Repeater
b. Hub / Switch
c. Bridges
d. Routers
e. Gateways
FE Dis 2014: funtions of repeater,bridge,routers

70
(a) Repeater
• To regenerate the signal when the signal received is

weak or interference, this device will make a copy
of bits to bits by the original signal strength.
• Repeater will receive digital signals from one of their
port then regenerate the signal before sending out
the signal.
71
Repeater…Cont…
72
(b) Hub
• connection point between the station with the station

and between stations with the server.
• have a several number of RJ-45 female connector,
known as a port.
• The function of the hub is broadcasting i.e data is
forwarded towards the all ports of a hub, regardless of
whether the data was intended for the particular
systems in the network or not.
73
Hub & Bridge connections in Network
74
(b) Switch
• Switch is a combination of hub and bridge

technology. (Switch adalah gabungan teknologi hub dan bridge)
• Switch function is like as it was built by a
small bridge on each port. (Switch berfungsi seolah-olah ia dibina
dengan mempunyai bridge kecil pada setiap portnya)
• Unlike hubs, switch only transmit or forwards

the data to the destined computer and it
does not broadcasts the data to all its ports.
(Tidak seperti hub, switch hanya menghantar data ke komputer penerima sahaja dan tidak broadcast
data ke semua port)
75
(b) Switch
76
(b) Switch
Switches support three methods of switching.
• Store and Forward
– This is the basic mode of switching. In this mode Switch buffers entire frame into the
memory and run FCS (Frame Check Sequence) to ensure that frame is valid and not
corrupted. A frame less than 64bytes and higher than 1518bytes is invalid. Only valid
frames are processed and all invalid frames are automatically dropped. Among these
three methods, this method has highest latency. Latency is the time taken by device in
passing frame from it.
• Cut and Through
– Cut and Through method has lowest latency. In this method Switch only read first six
bytes from frame after the preamble. These six bytes are the destination address of
frame. This is the fastest method of switching. This method also process invalid frames.
Only advantage of this method is speed.
• Fragment Free
– This is a hybrid version of Store and Forward method and Cut and Through method. It
takes goodies from both methods and makes a perfect method for switching. It checks
first 64 bytes of frame for error. It processes only those frames that have first 64bytes
valid. Any frame less than 64 bytes is known as runt. Runt is an invalid frame type. This
method filters runt while maintaining the speed. 77
(c) Bridges
• A bridge is a device that connects two LANs, or two

segments of the same LAN that use the same
protocol.
• They are not concerned with protocols. Their main
job is to pass data to a destination address that is
predetermined in the data packet.
• With a bridge, all your computers are on the same
network subnet. This means your computers can
communicate with each other and have their own
Internet connection.
78
(c) Bridges
• If you assign your own IP Addresses be sure to use

the same first 3 “octets” of the IP Address (for
example, 192.168.0.X).
• Appearance bridge is like a small box with two
network connectors (port) are connected to two
separate networks.
• Used to transmit data between networks that using
the same protocol.
79
(c) Bridges
Bridges
80
Bridges…Cont…
Jadual Bridge
PORT PORT
“A” “B”
00C08B44E50C
AHMAD JAMAL
MAC=00C08BBE0052 MAC=00C08B11C439
PORT PORT
“A” “B”
HUB BRIDGE HUB
ZIANA SITI
MAC=00C08B44E50C MAC=00C08B477B72
Rajah 5.4 : Ziana menghantar data kepada Ahmad
81
Bridges…Cont…
Jadual Bridge
PORT PORT
“A” “B”
00C08B44E50C
00C08BBE0052
AHMAD JAMAL
MAC=00C08BBE0052 MAC=00C08B11C439
PORT PORT
“A” “B”
HUB BRIDGE HUB
Frame Transmission
ZIANA SITI
MAC=00C08B44E50C MAC=00C08B477B72
82
Bridges…Cont…
83
(VI) Routers
• A router is a device that forward data packets over networks.

• Most commonly, a router is connected to at least two
networks (normally LANs or WANs).
• Routers are located at gateways, the place where two
networks are connected. Routers do little data filtering, they
mainly deliver the data.
84
FE Jun 2014 – fungsi router
(VI) Routers
• Multi-port device that makes decisions on how to manage

the contents of the frame, based on protocol and network
address.
• Routers route the data between two logically and physically
different networks.
85
FE Jun 2014 – fungsi router
Routers…Cont…
• Unlike Switches and Bridges, which use hardware configured

MAC address to determine the destination of the data,
router uses logical network address such as IP address to
make the decision in determining the destination of the data.
86
Routers…Cont…
Basically routers are used :-

• To connect different network segments.
• To connect different network protocols such as IP and IPX.
• To connect several smaller networks into a large network (known as
internetwork)
• To break a large network in smaller networks (Known as subnet usually
created to improve the performance or manageability)
• To connect two different media types such as UTP and fiber optical.
• To connect two different network architectures such as token ring and
Ethernet.
• To connect LAN network with Telco company’s office (Known as DTE
device).
• To access DSL services (known as DSL Router).
87
(e) Gateways
• Used to connect a computer network with one or more

computer networks that use a different communications
protocols so that information from a computer network can
be given to other computer networks that have a different
protocol.
• A gateway performs the function of translating the
data from one format to another format without
changing the data itself.
88
Gateways…Cont…
• A gateway can be a device, system, software.

• Router acts as a gateway e.g a router that routes the
data from a IPX network to a IP network is
technically a gateway.
• Switch acts as a gateway e.g translational switch
converts from a Ethernet network to a token ring
network.
89
differences between hub and switch
(FE jun 2013, Dec 2017)
Hub Switch
Hub is broadcasting device. Switch is point to point communication
Hub operates at physical layer Switch operates at data link layer.
Hub is not an intelligent service

Switch is intelligent device
(dummy device)
Switch uses switching table to find the correct
Hub simply broadcast the incoming
destination
Hub cannot be used as repeater Switch can be used as repeater
Hub is an ordinary old type of

Switch is very sophisticated device.
device
90
differences between hub and switch (FE jun 2013)
Hub Switch
Layer: Physical layer(Layer 1 Device) Data Link Layer (Layer 2 devices)
Hubs classify as Layer 1 devices in the Network switches operate at layer two (Data Link
Technical Specifications:
OSI model Layer) of the OSI model.
Transmission Type: only Broadcast At Initial Level Broadcast then Uni-cast & Multicast
Ports: 4 ports/12 ports Switch is multi port Bridge. 24/48 ports
There is no MAC table in Hub, Hub Store MAC address in lookup table and maintain
Table:
can't learn MAC address. address at its own, Switch can Learn MAC address.
Collision: In Hub collision occur. In Full Duplex Switch no Collision occur.
Device Type: Passive Device (Without Software) Active Device (With Software) & Networking device
Transmission Mode: Half duplex Full duplex
Switch has one broadcast domain [unless VLAN
Broadcast Domain: Hub has one Broadcast Domain.
implemented]
Spanning-Tree: No Spanning-Tree Many Spanning-tree Possible
Collision Domain: Hub has One collision domain. in Switch, every port has its own collision domain.
Used in (LAN, MAN,
LAN LAN
WAN):
91
http://www.diffen.com/difference/Hub_vs_Switch
Practical Activities
Build simple peer-to-peer network using
TIA/EIA-568-A or TIA/EIA-568-B wiring
standard. (Lab 1)
Build simple LAN using two hosts and a switch.
Build network drive to share a file.
Integrate a printer is a simple LAN
92
Practical Activities
• Investigate a computer network connection
– Classify the network connection topology
– Distinguish the network weakness
93

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Computer Networking Fundamentals Chapter 1

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DEC30023 : Computer

Chapter 1.0 Introduction to Network

Noted prepared by:

A network consists of 2 or more computers connected

Networks enable users to share devices

Element of Client/server network

a. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

• Standards are documented agreements containing

• ANSI (American National Standards Institute) is an

• ANSI also represents the United States in setting

• EIA (Electronic Industries Alliance) is a trade organization

• TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) Focuses

• TIA/EIA alliance are its guidelines for how network cable

• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), or

• IEEE goals are to promote development and education in

• ISO (International Organization for Standardization),

• ISO’s goal is to establish international technological

• The ITU (International Telecommunication Union) is a

• ISOC (Internet Society), founded in 1992, is a professional

• ISOC oversees groups with specific missions, such as the

• IAB (Internet Architecture Board) is a technical advisory

• IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), the organization

• Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) kept records of

• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

Peer-to-pear networks Client/server network

Metropolitan Wide Area

Coverage area less than 10 kilometers.

LAN support a variety of communications transmission

A LAN usually has low cost, installation, expansion and

Different LAN MAN WAN

Refer full note at:

– A physical ring topology is a unique topology.

Refer full note at: 50

Refer full note at: 51

Refer full note at: 52

Computer network topology

 Source - Sources are objects which encode message/

 Channel - refers either to a physical transmission

• Act as a physical interface and connectors between

• to provide a physical link to a computer network.

• Each NIC has a unique serial number, which is called

• Network interface card functions are:

– Sending data to another computer. (Menghantar data ke komputer

– Control the flow of data between the computer and

a. Cards on an expansion board inside a

a. Cards on an expansion board inside a

a. Cards on an expansion board inside a

a. Cards on an expansion board inside a

• Refer video in internet

FE Dis 2014: funtions of repeater,bridge,routers

• To regenerate the signal when the signal received is

• connection point between the station with the station

• Switch is a combination of hub and bridge

• Unlike hubs, switch only transmit or forwards

• A bridge is a device that connects two LANs, or two

• If you assign your own IP Addresses be sure to use

HUB BRIDGE HUB

Rajah 5.4 : Ziana menghantar data kepada Ahmad

HUB BRIDGE HUB

• A router is a device that forward data packets over networks.

• Multi-port device that makes decisions on how to manage

• Unlike Switches and Bridges, which use hardware configured

Basically routers are used :-

• Used to connect a computer network with one or more