Precalculus A Right Triangle Approach 5th Edition Beecher Penna Bittinger Solution Manual

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Chapter 2
More on Functions
6. a) For x-values from 1 to 4, the y-values increase from
Exercise Set 2.1 2 to 11. Thus the function is increasing on the interval
(1, 4).
1. a) For x-values from −5 to 1, the y-values increase b) For x-values from −1 to 1, the y-values decrease
from from 6 to 2. Also, for x-values from 4 to ∞, the y-
−3 to 3. Thus the function is increasing on values decrease from 11 to −∞. Thus the function
the interval (−5, 1). is decreasing on (−1, 1) and on (4, ∞).
b) For x-values from 3 to 5, the y-values decrease c) For x-values from −∞ to −1, y is 3. Thus the
from function is constant on (−∞, −1).
3 to 1. Thus the function is decreasing on the inter-
val (3, 5).
c) For x-values from 1 to 3, y is 3. Thus the 7. The x-values extend from −5 to 5, so the domain is [−5,
function is constant on (1, 3).
5]. The y-values extend from −3 to 3, so the range is
8. [−3, 3]. [−5, 5]; range: [1, 4]
Domain:
1 to 2. Thus, the function is increasing on the
interval
(1, 3). 9. The x-values extend from −5 to −1 and from 1 to 5,
b) For x-values from −5 to 1, the y-values so the domain is [−5, −1] ∪ [1, 5].
decrease from 4 to 1. Thus the function is The y-values extend from −4 to 6, so the range is [−4,
decreasing
interval on 1).
(−5, the 6].
10. Domain: [−5, 5]; range: [1, 3]
c) For x-values from 3 to 5, y is 2. Thus the function
is constant on (3, 5).
3. a) For x-values from −3 to −1, the y-values increase
11. The x-values
c) For extend
x-values −6 −∞
fromfrom ∞, isso−2.
to y
to −3, the domain
Also, forisx-
from −4 to 4. Also, for x-values from 3 to 5, the values from −2 to ∞, y is 3. Thus the function is
y-values increase from 2 to 6. Thus the function is constant on (−6, −3) and on (−2, ∞).
increasing on (−3, −1) and on (3, 5).
b) For x-values from 1 to 3, the y-values decrease
from
3 to 2. Thus the function is decreasing on the inter-
val (1, 3).
c) For x-values from −5 to −3, y is 1. Thus the
function is constant on (−5, −3).
1 to 2. Thus the function is increasing on the interval
(1, 2).
b) For x-values from −5 to −2, the y-values
decrease from 3 to 1. For x-values from −2 to 1, the
y-values decrease from 3 to 1. And for x-values from
3 to 5, the y-values decrease from 2 to 1. Thus the
function is decreasing on (−5, −2), on (−2, 1), and
on (3, 5).
c) For x-values from 2 to 3, y is 2. Thus the function
is constant on (2, 3).
5. a) For x-values from −∞ to −8, the y-values increase

from −∞ to 2. Also, for x-values from −3 to −2,
the y-values increase from −2 to 3. Thus the
function is increasing on (−∞, −8) and on (−3,
−2).
b) For x-values from −8 to −6, the y-values
decrease from 2 to −2. Thus the function is
decreasing on the interval (−8, −6).
Copyright c 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

(−∞,
∞).
The y-values extend from −∞ to 3, so the range is
(−∞, 3].
12. Domain: (−∞, ∞); range: (−∞, 11]

13. From the graph we see that a relative maximum value
of the function is 3.25. It occurs at x = 2.5. There
is no relative minimum value.
The graph starts rising, or increasing, from the left
and stops increasing at the relative maximum. From this
point, the graph decreases. Thus the function is
increasing on (−∞, 2.5) and is decreasing on (2.5, ∞).
14. From the graph we see that a relative minimum value
of 2 occurs at x = 1. There is no relative maximum
value.
The graph starts falling, or decreasing, from the left
and stops decreasing at the relative minimum. From this
point, the graph increases. Thus the function is
increasing on (1, ∞) and is decreasing on (−∞, 1).
of the function is 2.370. It occurs at x = −0.667.
We also see that a relative minimum value of 0 occurs
at x = 2.
The graph starts rising, or increasing, from the left
and stops increasing at the relative maximum. From this
point it decreases to the relative minimum and then
increases again. Thus the function is increasing on
(−∞, −0.667) and on (2, ∞). It is decreasing on
(−0.667, 2).

of
2.921 occurs at x = 3.601. Arelative minimum value
of
0.995 occurs at x =
0.103.

The graph starts decreasing from the left and stops de- 20. y
creasing at the relative minimum. From this point it in- 5
creases to the relative maximum and then decreases again. 4
Thus the function is increasing on (0.103, 3.601) and is de- 3
creasing on (−∞, 0.103) and on (3.601, ∞). 2

1
17. y –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
–1
1 2 3 4 5 x
5 –2
4 –3 f (x ) = | x + 3 | — 5
3 –4
2 f (x ) = x 2 –5
1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1
–1
1 2 3 4 5 x
Increasing: (−3, ∞)
–2
–3
Decreasing: (−∞,
–4 −3) Maxima: none
–5
Minimum: −5 at x = −3
The function is increasing on (0, ∞) and decreasing on 21. y
(−∞, 0). We estimate that the minimum is 0 at x = 0. 5

There are no maxima. 4
3
18. y 2
1
5
4 f (x ) = 4 — x 2 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x
–1
3
–2 f (x ) = x 2 — 6x + 10
2
–3
1
–4
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x –5
–1
–2
–3 The function is decreasing on (−∞, 3) and increasing on

–4
–5
(3, ∞). We estimate that the minimum is 1 at x = 3.
There are no maxima.
Increasing: (−∞, 0) 22. y
Decreasing: (0, ∞) 10 2
f (x ) = — x — 8x — 9
8
Maximum: 4 at x = 0 6
Minima: none 4
2
19. y –10 –8 –6 –4 –2
–2
2 4 6 8 10 x
5 –4
f (x ) = 5 — | x
| –6
4
–8
3
2 –10
1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1
–1
1 2 3 4 5 x
Increasing: (−∞, −4)
–2
–3
Decreasing: (−4, ∞)
–4 Maximum: 7 at x =
–5
−4
Minima: none
The function is increasing on (−∞, 0) and decreasing on 23. If x = the length of the rectangle, in meters, then the
(0, ∞). We estimate that the maximum is 5 at x = 0. 480− 2x
There are no minima. width is , or 240 −x. We use the formula Area =
2
length × width:
A(x) = x(240 − x), or
A(x) = 240x − x2

Exercise Set 2.1 59
24. Let h = the height of the scarf, in inches. Then the length 1
of the base = 2h − 7. 3d 2
=
7 S
1
A(h) = (2h − 12
2 S 1
7)(h)
7 · 3d = 7 ·
A(h) = h2 − 12 2
h
2 Sd 7
25. We use the Pythagorean theorem. =
4 2
[h(d)]2 + 35002 = d2 4
d = · 7 , so
[h(d)]2 = d2 − 35002 S 2
√
h(d) = d2 − 35002 14
d(S) =.
S
We considered only the positive square root since distance
must be nonnegative. 30. The volume of the tank is the sum of the volume of a sphere
with radius r and a right circular cylinder with radius r
26. After t minutes, the balloon has risen 120t ft. We use the and height 6 ft.
Pythagorean theorem. 4 3 2
V (r) = πr + 6πr
[d(t)]2 = (120t)2 + 4002 3
d(t) = (120t)2 + 4002 31. a) After 4 pieces of float line, each of length X ft, are
We considered only the positive square root since distance used for the sides perpendicular to the beach, there
must be nonnegative. remains (240−4X) ft of float line for the side parallel
to the beach. Thus we have a rectangle with length
27. Let w = the width of the rectangle. Then the 240 − 4X and width X. Then the total area of the
40− 2w three swimming areas is
length = , or 20 − w. Divide the rectangle into
2
quadrants as shown below. A(X) = (240 − 4X)X, or 240X −
4X2 .
b) The length of the sides labeled X must be positive
and their total length must be less than 240 ft, so
4X < 240, or X < 60. Thus the domain is
{X|0 < X < 60}, or (0, 60).
20 – w
c) We see from the graph that the maximum value of
the area function on the interval (0, 60) appears to
be 3600 when X = 30. Thus the dimensions that
yield the maximum area are 30 ft by 240 − 4 · 30, or
w 240 − 120, or 120 ft.
In each quadrant there are two congruent triangles. One 32. a) If the length = X feet, then the width = 24 − X
triangle is part of the rhombus and both are part of the feet.
rectangle. Thus, in each quadrant the area of the rhombus A(X) = X(24 − X)
is one-half the area of the rectangle. Then, in total, the A(X) = 24X − X2
area of the rhombus is one-half the area of the rectangle.
b) The length of the rectangle must be positive and
1
A(w) = (20 − less than 24 ft, so the domain of the function is
2 {X|0 < X < 24}, or (0, 24).
w)(w)
c) We see from the graph that the maximum value of
w2 the area function on the interval (0, 24) appears to
A(w) = 10w − be 144 when X = 12. Then the dimensions that yield
2
the maximum area are length = 12 ft and width =
46− 2w 24 − 12, or 12 ft.
28. Let w = the width, in feet. Then the length =
or 23 − w. , 33. a) When a square with sides of length X is cut from
2
A(w) = (23 − w)w each corner, the length of each of the remaining sides
of the piece of cardboard is 12 − 2X. Then the di-
A(w) = 23w − w2
Exercise Set 2.1 59
mensions of the box are X by 12 − 2X by

12 − 2X. We
29. We will
/ use similar triangles, expressing all distances in use the formula Volume = length × width × height
1 S to find the volume of the box:
feet.
We 6 in. = ft, S in. = ft, and d yd = 3d ft
2 12 V (X) = (12 − 2X)(12 −
have 2X)(X) V (X) = (144 − 48X
+ 4X2 )(X) V (X) = 144X −
48X2 + 4X3
This can also be expressed as V (X) = 4X(X − 6)2 , or
V (X) = 4X(6 − X)2 .

60 Chapter 2: More on Functions
(1
b) The length of the sides of the square corners that z, for z < 0,
are cut out must be positive and less than half the 39. f (z) = 2
length of a side of the piece of cardboard. Thus, the z + 3, for z > 0
domain of the function is {z]0 < z < 6}, or (0, 6). 1
We create the graph in two parts. Graph f (z) = z for
c) We see from the graph that the maximum value of 2
inputs z less than 0. Then graph f (z) = z + 3 for inputs
the area function on the interval (0, 6) appears to
z greater than or equal to 0.
be 128 when z = 2. When z = 2, then 12 - 2z =
12 - 2 · 2 = 8, so the dimensions that yield the
maximum volume are 8 cm by 8 cm by 2 cm. y
4
34. a) V (z) = 8z(14 - 2z), or 112z - 16z2
2
14 2 4
b) The domain is z 0< z< , or x
2 -4 -2
{z]0 < z < 7}, or (0, 7). -2
c) The maximum occurs when z = 3.5, so the file -4

should be 3.5 in. tall.
z + 4, for z < 1, ( 1
35. g(z) = - z + 2, for z < 0,
8 - z, for z > 1 40. f (z) = 3
Since -4 < 1, g(-4) = -4 + 4 = 0. z - 5, for z > 0
4
Since 3 > 1, g(3) = 8 - 3 = 5.
2
(
· 3, for z < -2, -4 -2 2 4 x
-2
-4
z + 6, for z > -2
2
f (-5) = 3 (
3
f (-2) = 3 - z + 2, for z < 4,
41. f (z) = 4
1
f (0) = · 0 + 6 = 6 -1, for z > 4
2
1 We create the graph in two parts. Graph
3
f (2) = ·2+6 =7
2 f (z) = - z + 2 for inputs z less than 4. Then graph
4
f (z) = -1 for inputs z greater than or equal to 4.

37. h(z) = 1, for -5 < z < 1, y
4
Since -5 is in the interval [-5, 1), h(-5) = 1.
-4 -2 2 4
Since 1 > 1, h(1) = 1 + 2 = 3. x
-2
Since 4 > 1, h(4) = 4 + 2 = 6. -4

(
-5z - 8, for z < -2,
I
·
1 2z - 1, for z < 2
42. h(z) =
38. f (z ) = z + 5, for -2 < z < 4, 2 - z, for z > 2
2
·
U
10 - 2z, for z > 4 y
Since -4 < -2, f (-4) = -5(-4) - 8 = 12. 4
1 2
-4 -2 2 4 x
1
Since 4 is in the interval [-2, 4], f (4) = · 4 + 5 = 7. -2
2 -4
Since 6 > 4, f (6) = 10 - 2 · 6 = -2.

Exercise Set 2.1 61
( ( 2
a + 1, for a < -3, I a - 9
, for a = -3,
I
I 46. f (a) = a + 3
· I
43. f (a) = -1, for -3 < a < 4 5, for a = -3
I 1
·
U 2 a, for a > 4 y
We create the graph in three parts. Graph f (a) = a + 1 4
for inputs a less than or equal to -3. Graph f (a) = -1 2
for inputs greater than -3 and less than 4. Then graph -4 -2 2 4 x

1
f (a) = a for inputs greater than or equal to 4. -2
-4
y -6
4
(
2 I 2, for a = 5,
-4 -2 2 4 47. f (a) = a2 -
x I for a = 5
-2 25
,
a-5
-4 When a = 5, the denominator of (a2 - 25)/(a - 5) is

nonzero so we can simplify:
a2- 25 (a +5)(a- 5)
4, for a < -2, = = a + 5.
44. f (a) = a + 1, for -2 < a < 3 a-5 a-5
-a, for a > 3 Thus, f (a) = a + 5, for a = 5.

The graph of this part of the function consists of a line
y with a “hole” at the point (5, 10), indicated by an open
4
dot. At a = 5, we have f (5) = 2, so the point (5, 2) is
2 y
-4 -2 2 4 x
-2
-4 2
(1 -8 -4 4 8 x
I a - 1, for a < 0, -4
2
I -8
45. g(a) = 3, for 0 < a < 1

I
I
( 2
-2a, for a > 1 I a +3a + 2
, for a = -1,
1 48. f (a) = a+1
We create the graph in three parts. Graph g(a) = a-1 I
2
for inputs less than 0. Graph g(a) = 3 for inputs greater 7, for a = -1
than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1. Then graph
g(a) = -2a for inputs greater than 1.
y
4 -4
-4 -2 2 4 x
-2

y
Exercise Set 2.1 8
61
6
4
2
-4 -2 2 4 x

1
49. f (0) = [[0]] 52. f (0) = [[0]] - 2
2
See Example 9.
This function can be defined by a piecewise function with
an infinite
( number of statements:
I •
I
I •
I
•
I
I
I -2 12 , for -1 < 0 < 0,
·
-2, for 0 < 0 < 1,
f (0) = -1 1 , for 1 < 0 < 2,
I 2
I -1,
I for 2 < 0 < 3,
I•
I
50. f (0) = 2[[0]] I •
I
This function can be defined by a piecewise function with U•
·
an infinite
( number of statements:
• y
I
I
•
I
I 4
q [x] - 2
I• h(x)
I -4, for -2 < 0 < -1, 2

I
I
-2, for -1 < 0 < 0, -4 -2 2 x
f (0) = 0, for 0 < 0 < 1, -2
I
I 2,
I for 1 < 0 < 2,
-4
I•
I
I •
I
U•
·
53. From the graph we see that the domain is (-∞, ∞) and
the range is (-∞, 0) ∪ [3, ∞).
y
6
54. Domain: (-∞, ∞); range: (-5, ∞)
4 55. From the graph we see that the domain is (-∞, ∞) and
2 the range is [-1, ∞).
-4 2 4 x
56. Domain: (∞, ∞); range: (-∞, 3)
57. From the graph we see that the domain is (-∞, ∞) and
f (x) 2[x]
the range is {y]y < -2 or y = -1 or y
> 2}.
51. f (0) = 1 + [[0]]
58. Domain: (-∞, ∞); range: (-∞, -3] ∪ (-1, 4]
This function can be defined by a piecewise function with
an infinite
( number of statements: 59. From the graph we see that the domain is (-∞, ∞) and
• the range is {-5, -2, 4}. An equation for the function is:
I -2, for 0 < 2,
I
I•
I f (0) = -5, for 0 = 2,
• 4, for 0 > 2
I
I
I -1, for -2 < 0 < -1,
60. Domain: ( , ); range: y y 3 or y 0
I
0, for -1 < 0 < 0, -∞ ∞ {=] - > }
f (0) = 1, for 0 < 0 < 1, -3, for 0 < 0,
I g(0) =
I
I 2, for 1 < 0 < 2, 0, for 0 > 0
I •
I
I • 61. From the graph we see that the domain is (-∞, ∞) and
I
U•
· the range is (-∞, -1] ∪ [2, ∞). Finding the slope of each
segment and using the slope-intercept or point-slope for-
mula, we find that an equation for the function is:
y
0, for 0 < -1,
4 g(0) = 2, for -1 < 0 < 2,

2 0, for 0 > 2
This can also be expressed as follows:

-4 2 4 x
-2 0, for 0 < -1,
-4 g(x) 1 x
g(0) = 2, for -1 < 0 < 2,
0, for 0 > 2

Exercise Set 2.1 63
62. Domain: (-∞, ∞); range: {']' = -2 or ' > 0}. An ' - '1 = m(c - c1 )
equation for the function is: 1
' - 1 = - [c - (-1)]
8
]c], for c < 3,
h(c) = 1
-2, for c > 3 ' - 1 = - (c 4 1)
8
This can also be expressed as follows:
1 1
-c, for c < 0, '-1 = - c-
8 8
h(c) = c, for 0 < c < 3, 1 7

-2, for c > 3 ' = - c4
8 8
It can also be expressed as follows: 68. 2c - 9' 4 1 = 0
-c, for c < 0, 2c 4 1 = 9'
h(c) = c, for 0 < c < 3, 2 1

-2, for c > 3 c4 ='
9 9 / \
63. From the graph we see that the domain is [-5, 3] and the 2 1
Slope: ; '-intercept: 0,
range is (-3, 5). Finding the slope of each segment and 9 9

using the slope-intercept or point-slope formula, we find
69. a) The function C(t) can be defined piecewise.
that an equation for the function is: (
3, for 0 < t < 1,
c 4 8, for -5 < c < -3, ·
6, for 1 < t < 2,
·
h(c) = 3, for -3 < c < 1, · 9, for 2 < t < 3,
3c - 6, for 1 < c < 3 C(t) = •
·•
64. Domain: [-4, ∞); range: [-2, 4] ·
·•
U
-2c - 4, for -4 < c < -1,
f (c) = c - 1, for -1 < c < 2, We graph this function.

2, for c > 2
This can also be expressed as:

-2c - 4, for -4 < c < -1,
f (c) = c - 1, for -1 < c < 2,
2, for c > 2
65. f (c) = 5c2 - 7 The slope of the given line is 8. The slope of a line
perpendicular to this line is the opposite of the
a) f (-3) = 5(-3)2 - 7 = 5 · 9 - 7 = 45 - 7 = 38 reciprocal of
b) f (3) = 5 · 32 - 7 = 5 · 9 - 7 = 45 - 7 = 38 1
8, or - .
8
c) f (a) = 5a2 - 7
d) f (-a) = 5(-a)2 - 7 = 5a2 - 7
66. f (c) = 4c3 - 5c

a) f (2) = 4 · 23 - 5 · 2 = 4 · 8 - 5 · 2 = 32 - 10 = 22
b) f (-2) = 4(-2)3 - 5(-2) = 4(-8) - 5(-2) = -32 4
10 = -22
c) f (a) = 4a3 - 5a
d) f (-a) = 4(-a)3 - 5(-a) = 4(-a3 ) - 5(-a) =
-4a3 4 5a
67. First find the slope of the given line.
8c - ' = 10
8c = ' 4 10
8c - 10 = '

Exercise Set 2.1 63
b) From the definition of the function in part (a),

we see that it can be written as
C(t) = 3[[t]] 4 1, t > 0.
70. If [[c 4 2]] = -3, then -3 < c 4 2 < -2, or
-5 < c < -4. The possible inputs for c are
{c] - 5 < c < -4}.
71. If [[c]]2 = 25, then [[c]] = -5 or [[c]] = 5. For
-5 < c < -4, [[c]] = -5. For 5 < c < 6, [[c]] = 5.
Thus, the possible inputs for c are
{c] - 5 < c < -4 or 5 < c < 6}.
72. a) The distance from A to S is 4 - c.
Using the Pythagorean √ theorem, we find that the
distance from S to C is 1 4 c2 .
√
Then C(c) = 3000(4 -√ c)45000 1 4 c2 , or
12, 000 - 3000c 4 5000 1 4 c2 .
b) Use a graphingAcalculator
√ to graph ' = 12, 000 -
3000c 4 5000 1 4 c2 in a window such as
[0, 5, 10, 000, 20, 000], Xscl = 1, Yscl = 1000. Using the
MINIMUM feature, we find that cost is mini- mized
when c = 0•75, so the line should come to shore
0.75 mi from B.

73. a) We add labels to the drawing in the text. 3. (f - g)(-1) = f (-1) - g(-1)
= ((-1)2 - 3) - (2(-1) 4 1)
E
= -2 - (-1) = -2 4 1
= -1
4. (f g)(2) = f (2) · g(2)
D
10
= (22 - 3)(2 · 2 4 1)
h
= 1·5=5
/ \ 1
1 f -
C 5. (f /g) - = 2
g
A r B 6-r 2 1
-
6 2
We write a proportion involving the lengths of the 1 2

- -3
sides of the similar triangles BCD and ACE. Then = 2
we solve it for h. 1
2 - 41
h 2
=
10
6-r 6 1
- 3
10 5 = 4
h = (6 - r) = (6 - r) -1 4 1
6 3
30- 5r -
11
h= 4
3 =
30- 5r 0
/ \
Thus, h(r) = . 1
3 Since division by 0 is not defined, (f /g) - does not
2
b) V = πr2 h exist.
/ \
30- 5r
V (r) = πr2 Substituting for h 6. (f - g)(0) = f (0) - g(0)
3
c) We first express r in terms of h. = (02 - 3) - (2 · 0 4 1)
30- 5r = -3 - 1 = -4
h =
3 / \ / \ / \
1 1 1
3h = 30 - 5r 7. (fg) - =f - ·g -
2 2 2
5r = 30 - 3h / \2 1 / \ 1
1 1
30- 3h = - -3 2 - 41
r = 2 2
5
πr2 h 11
V = = - ·0 =0
/ \2 4
30- 3h √
V (h) = π h √ f (- 3)
5 8. (f /g)(- 3) = √
g(
Substituting for r - 3)
2 √
( - 3)2 - 3
/ \ √
30- 3h 2(- 3) 4 1
We can also write V (h) = πh .
5 0
√ = =0
-2 3 4 1
1. (f 4 g)(5) = f (5) 4 g(5)
Exercise Set 2.2
= (52 - 3) 4 (2 · 5 4 1)
9. (g - f )(-1) = g(-1) - f (-1) = [2(-1) 4 1] - [(-1)2 - 3]

= (-2 4 1) - (1 - 3)
= -1 - ( -2)
= 25 - 3 4 10 4 1
= -1 4 2
= 33
=1
2. (f g)(0) = f (0) · g(0)
= (02 - 3)(2 · 0 4 1)
= -3(1) = -3

Exercise Set 2.2 65
(
/ \ g -1
1 ) 3 ( )
10. (g/f ) - - since f = 0. The domain of g/f is
2
= 1
2
( ) -
f - (
2
) 32( )
2 3 3
( 1) - ∞» - ∪ - »∞ .
2 - +1 2 2
= ( 2 ) b) (f + g)(c) = f (c) + g(c) = (2c + 3) + (3 - 5c) =

1 2
- -3 -3c + 6
2
0 (f - g)(c) = f (c) - g(c) = (2c + 3) - (3 - 5c) =
=
11 2c + 3 - 3 + 5c = 7c
-
4 (f g)(c) = f (c) · g(c) = (2c + 3)(3 - 5c) =
=0 6c - 10c2 + 9 - 15c = -10c2 - 9c + 9
11. (h - g)(-4) = h(-4) - g(-4) (f f )(c) = f (c) · f (c) = (2c + 3)(2c + 3) =
2
√ 4c + 12c + 9
= (-4 + 4) - -4 - 1
√ f (c) 2c + 3
= 0 - -5 (f /g)(c) = =
√ g(c) 3 - 5c
Since -5 is not a real number, (h-g)(-4) does not exist.
g (c) 3- 5c
(g/f )(c) = =
12. (gh)(10) = g(10) · h(10) f (c) 2c + 3
√
= 10 - 1(10 + 4) 18. f (c) = -c + 1, g(c) = 4c - 2
√
= 9(14) a) The domain of f , /
g, \f + g, f - g, fg, and f f is
= 3 · 14 = 42 1
(-∞» ∞). Since g = 0, the domain of f /g is
2
13. g ( 1) (1 )
(1) (g/h)(1) = » » . Since f (1) = 0, the domain of
-∞ ∪ ∞
h(1) 2 2
√ g/f is (-∞» 1) ∪ (1» ∞).
1- 1
= b) (f + g)(c) = (-c + 1) + (4c - 2) = 3c -
1+4
√
0 1 (f - g)(c) = (-c + 1) - (4c - 2) =
= -c + 1 - 4c + 2 = -5c + 3
5
(f g)(c) = (-c + 1)(4c - 2) = -4c2 + 6c - 2
0
= =0 (f f )(c) = (-c + 1)(-c + 1) = c2 - 2c + 1
5
c+1
14. h (1) (f /g)(c) =
(h/g)(1) =
g(1) 4c - 2
-
4c
1+4 2 (g/f )(c) =
= √ -c + 1
1 -1
√
5 19. f (c) = c - 3, g(c) = c + 4
=
0 a) Any number can be an input in f , so the domain of
Since division by 0 is not defined, (h/g)(1) does not exist. f is the set of all real numbers, or (-∞» ∞).
15. (g + h)(1) = g(1) + h(1) The domain of g consists of all values of c for which
√ c+4 is nonnegative, so we have c+4 > 0, or c > -4.
= 1 - 1 + (1 + 4) Thus, the domain of g is [ 4» ).
√ - ∞
= 0+5
= 0+5 = 5 =
7
16. (hg)(3) = h(3) · g(3) √
√
= (3 + 4) 3 - 1
2
The domain of f + g, f - g, and fg is the set of all
17. f (c) = 2c + 3, g(c) = 3 - 5c numbers in the domains of both f and g. This is
a) The domain of f and of g is the set of all real numbers, [-4» ∞).
or (-∞» ∞). Then the domain of f + g, f - g, f f , The domain of f f is the domain of f , or (-∞» ∞).
3
and f g is also (-∞» ∞). For f /g we must exclude The domain of f /g is the set of all numbers in
(3) 5 the domains of f and g, excluding those for which
since g = 0. Then the domain of f /g is g(c) = 0. Since g(-4) = 0, the domain of f /g is
5
(-4» ∞).
The domain of g/f is the set of all numbers in
the domains of g and f , excluding those for which
f (c) = 0. Since f (3) = 0, the domain of g/f is
[-4» 3) ∪ (3» ∞).
( 3) (3 )
- ∞» ∪ » ∞ . For g/f we must exclude
5 5

√
b) (f 4 g)(c) = f (c) 4 g(c) = c - 3 4 44 b) (f 4 g)(c) = c2 - 1 4 2c 4 5 = c2 4 2c 4 4
√
(f - g)(c) = f (c) - g(c) = c - 3 - c 4 4 (f - g)(c) = c2 - 1 - (2c 4 5) = c2 - 2c - 6
√
(f g)(c) = f (c) · g(c) = (c - 3) c 4 4 (f g)(c) = (c2 -1)(2c45) = 2c3 45c2 -2c-5
2
(f f )(c) = f (c) = (c - 3)2 = c2 - 6c 4 9 (f f )(c) = (c2 - 1)2 = c4 - 2c2 4 1
f (c) c - 3
(f /g)(c) = = c2 - 1
√ (f /g)(c) =
g(c) c44 2c 4 5
√
g(c) c 2c 4 5
(g/f )(c) =
44
(g/f )(c) = =
f (c) c-3 c2 - 1
√ √ √
20. f (c) = c 4 2, g(c) = c - 1 23. f (c) = c - 3, g(c) = c 4 3
a) The domain of f is (-∞» ∞). The domain of g a) Since f (c) is nonnegative for values of c in [3» ∞),
consists of all the values of c for which c - 1 is this is the domain of f . Since g(c) is nonnegative
nonnegative, or [1» ∞). Then the domain of for values of c in [-3» ∞), this is the domain of g.
f 4 g, f - g, and fg is [1» ∞). The domain of f f The domain of f 4g, f -g, and f g is the intersection
is (-∞» ∞). Since g(1) = 0, the domain of f /g of the domains of f and g, or [3» ∞). The domain
is (1» ∞). Since f (-2) = 0 and -2 is not in the of f f is the same as the domain of f , or [3» ∞). For
domain of g, the domain of g/f is [1» ∞). f /g, we must exclude -3 since g(-3) = 0. This is
√ not in [3» ∞), so the domain of f /g is [3» ∞). For
b) (f 4 g)(c) = c 4 2 4 c - 1 g/f , we must exclude 3 since f (3) = 0. The domain
√
(f - g)(c) = c 4 2 - c 4 1 of g/f is (3» ∞).
√
(f g)(c) = (c 4 2) c - 1
b)
√ √
(f 4 g)(c) = f (c) 4 g(c) = c-34
c43
(f f )(c) = (c 4 2)(c 4 2) = c2 4 4c 4 4 √ √
(f - g)(c) = f (c) - g(c) = c - 3 - c 4 3
c 42 √ √ √
(f /g)(c) = (f g)(c) = f (c) g(c) = c 3 c 4 3 = c2 9
√ · - · -
c-1 √ √
√ (f f )(c) = f (c)· f (c) = c - 3 · c - 3 = ]c - 3]
c - 1
(g/f )(c) =
c - 3
c42 (f /g)(c) = √
21. f (c) = 2c - 1, g(c) = -2c2 c 43
√
a) The domain of f and of g is (-∞» ∞). Then the c43
domain of f 4 g, f - g, fg, and f f is (-∞» ∞). (g/f )(c) = √ -
c 3
For f /g, we must exclude 0 since g(0) = 0. The √
√
domain of f /g is (-∞» 0) ∪ (0» ∞). For g/f , we 24. f (c) = c, g(c) = 2 - c
1 (1) a) The domain of f is [0» ∞). The domain of g is

must exclude since f = 0. The domain of
2) 2 (-∞» 2]. Then the domain of f 4 g, f - g, and
( 1 (1 )
g/f is » » . f g is [0» 2]. The domain of f f is the same as the
-∞ ∪ ∞
2 2 domain of f , [0» ∞). Since g(2) = 0, the domain of
b) (f 4 g)(c) = f (c) 4 g(c) = (2c - 1) 4 (-2c2 ) = f /g is [0» 2). Since f (0) = 0, the domain of g/f is
-2c2 4 2c - 1 (0» 2].
(f - g)(c) = f (c) - g(c) = (2c - 1) - (-2c2 ) = √ √
b) (f 4 g)(c) = c 4 2 - c
2c2 4 2c - 1 √
√
(f g)(c) = f (c) · g(c) = (2c - 1)(-2c2 ) = (f - g)(c) = c - 2 - c
√ √ √
-4c3 4 2c2 (f g)(c) = c · √2 - c = 2c - c2
(f f )(c) = f (c) · f (c) = (2c - 1)(2c - 1) = √ √

4c2 - 4c 4 1 (f f )(c) = c· c = c2 = ]c]

√
2c - c
(f
f (c) (f /g)(c) = √
1 /g)(c) = =
g(c) -2c2 2- c
√
g (c) -2c
2 2- c
(g/f )(c) = = (g/f )(c) = √
f (c) 2c - 1 c
22. f (c) = c2 - 1, g(c) = 2c 4 5 25. f (c) = c 4 1, g(c) = ]c]

a) The domain of f and of g is the set of all real num- a) The domain of f and of g is (-∞» ∞). Then the
bers, or (-∞» ∞). Then the domain of f 4 g, f - g, domain of f 4 g, f - g, fg, and f f is (-∞» ∞).
/ \
5 For f /g, we must exclude 0 since g(0) = 0. The
f g and f f is (-∞» ∞). Since g - = 0, the
2 domain of f /g is (-∞» 0) ∪ (0» ∞). For g/f , we
5 5 must exclude -1 since f (-1) = 0. The domain of
( ) ( )
domain of f /g is »- ∪ » ∞ . Since
-∞ -
2 2 g/f is (-∞» -1) ∪ (-1» ∞).
f (1) = 0 and f (-1) = 0, the domain of g/f is
(-∞» -1) ∪ (-1» 1) ∪ (1» ∞).

Exercise Set 2.2 67
b) (f 4 g)(c) = f (c) 4 g(c) = c 4 1 4 ]c] b) (f 4 g)(c) = c2 - 4 4 c3 » or c3 4 c2 - 4

(f - g)(c) = f (c) - g(c) = c 4 1 - ]c] (f - g)(c) = c2 - 4 - c3 » or - c3 4 c2 - 4
(f g)(c) = f (c) · g(c) = (c 4 1)]c] (f g)(c) = (c2 - 4)(c3 ) = c5 - 4c3
(f f )(c) = f (c)·f (c) = (c41)(c41) = c2 4 2c 4 1 (f f )(c) = (c2 - 4)(c2 - 4) = c4 - 8c2 4 16
(f /g)(c) =
c 41 2
- 4
(f /g)(c) =
]c] c3
3
]c] c
(g/f )(c) = (g/f )(c) = 2
c41 c -4
26. f (c) = 4]c], g(c) = 1 - c 4 1
29. f (c) = , g(c) =
a) The domain of f and of g is (-∞» ∞). Then the c41 6-c
domain of f 4g, f -g, f g, and f f is (-∞» ∞). Since a) Since c 4 1 = 0 when c = -1, we must exclude
g(1) = 0, the domain of f /g is (-∞» 1) ∪ (1» ∞). -1 from the domain of f . It is (-∞» -1) ∪ (-1» ∞).
Since f (0) = 0, the domain of g/f is Since 6 - c = 0 when c = 6, we must exclude 6 from
(-∞» 0) ∪ (0» ∞). the domain of g. It is (-∞» 6) ∪ (6» ∞). The domain
b) (f 4 g)(c) = 4]c] 4 1 - c of f 4 g, f - g, and fg is the intersection of the
domains of f and g, or (-∞» -1) ∪ (-1» 6) ∪ (6» ∞).
(f - g)(c) = 4]c] - (1 - c) = 4]c] - 1 4 c The domain of f f is the same as the domain of f ,
(f g)(c) = 4]c](1 - c) = 4]c] - 4c]c] or (-∞» -1) ∪ (-1» ∞). Since there are no values
of c for which g(c) = 0 or f (c) = 0, the domain of
(f f )(c) = 4]c] · 4]c] = 16c2
f /g and g/f is (-∞» -1) ∪ (-1» 6) ∪ (6» ∞).
4]c]
(f /g)(c) = 4 1
1 c b) (f 4 g)(c) = f (c) 4 g(c) =
- 4
c41 6-c
1- c (f - g)(c) = f (c) - g(c) =
(g/f )(c) = 4 1
4c -
] ]
c41 6-c
27. f (c) = c3 , g(c) = 2c2 4 5c - 3 4 1 4

(f g)(c) = f (c)·g(c) = · =
a) Since any number can be an input for either f or g, c41 6-c (c41)(6-c)
the domain of f , g, f 4 g, f - g, fg, and f f is the set 4 4 16

(f f )(c) = f (c) f (c) =
of all real numbers, or (-∞» ∞). · = » or
/ \ · c 4 1 c 4 1 (c 4 1)2
1
16
Since g(-3) = 0 and g = 0, the domain of f /g
2 c2 4 2c 4 1
1 1
( ) ( )
is (-∞» -3) ∪ - 3» ∪ »∞ . 4
2 2 c 41 4 6- c 4(6- c)
(f /g)(c) = = · =
Since f (0) = 0, the domain of g/f is 1 c41 1 c41
(-∞» 0) ∪ (0» ∞). 6-c
b) (f 4 g)(c) = f (c) 4 g(c) = c3 4 2c2 4 5c - 3 1
4 c4 1
(g/f )(c) = 6- c
1 c41
(f - g)(c) = f (c)-g(c) = c3 -(2c2 45c-3) = · =
= 6-c 4 4(6 - c)
c3 - 2c2 - 5c 4 3
(f g)(c) = f (c) · g(c) = c3 (2c2 4 5c - 3) = c41
2 2
2c5 4 5c4 - 3c3 3
(f f )(c) = f (c) · f (c) = c · c = c 3 3 6

Exercise Set 2.2 67
30. f (c) = 2c , g(c) = c-5

a) The domain of f is (-∞» ∞). Since c - 5 = 0 when
f (c) c c = 5, the domain of g is (-∞» 5) ∪(5» ∞). Then the
(f /g)(c) = = domain of f 4 g, f g, and f g is ( » 5) (5» ).
- -∞ ∪ ∞
g(c) 2c 4 5c - 3
2
The domain of f f ( » ).
is -∞ ∞ Since there are no
g (c) 2
2c 45c - values of c for which g(c) = 0, the domain of f /g
(g/f )(c) = =
3 is (-∞» 5) ∪ (5» ∞). Since f (0) = 0, the domain of
f (c) c3 g/f is (-∞» 0) ∪ (0» 5) ∪ (5» ∞).
28. f (c) = c2 - 4, g(c) = c3
2
a) The domain of f and of g is (-∞» ∞). Then the b) (f 4 g)(c) = 2c 42
c-5
domain of f 4g, f -g, f g, and f f is (-∞» ∞). Since 2
g(0) = 0, the domain of f /g is (-∞» 0) ∪ (0» ∞). (f - g)(c) = 2c2 -
c-5
Since f (-2) = 0 and f (2) = 0, the domain of g/f
2 4c2
is (-∞» -2) ∪ (-2» 2) ∪ (2» ∞). (f g)(c) = 2c2 · =
c-5 c-5
(f f )(c) = 2c2 · 2c2 = 4c4

2c2 - 3 √
5
(f /g)(c) = = 2c2 · = c2 (c-5) = c3 -5c2 33. f (c) = , g(c) = c-1
A2 2 c-2
c-5 a) Since f (2) is not defined, the domain of f is

2 (-∞» 2) ∪ (2» ∞). Since g(c) is nonnegative for val-
c- 5= 2 1 1 1 ues of c in [1» ∞), this is the domain of g. The
(g/f )(c) = = =
· domain of f 4 g, f - g, and fg is the intersection
2c2 c-5 2c2 c2 (c-5) c3 -5c2
of the domains of f and g, or [1» 2) ∪ (2» ∞). The
1
31. f (c) = , g(c) = c - 3 domain of f f is the same as the domain of f , or
c (-∞» 2) ∪ (2» ∞). For f /g, we must exclude 1 since
a) Since f (0) is not defined, the domain of f is g(1) = 0, so the domain of f /g is (1» 2) ∪ (2» ∞).
(-∞» 0) ∪ (0» ∞). The domain of g is (-∞» ∞). There are no values of c for which f (c) = 0, so the
Then the domain of f 4 g, f - g, fg, and f f is domain of g/f is [1» 2) ∪ (2» ∞).
(-∞» 0) ∪ (0» ∞). Since g(3) = 0, the domain of
3
√
f /g is (-∞» 0) ∪ (0» 3) ∪ (3» ∞). There are no values b) (f 4 g)(c) = f (c) 4 g(c) = 4 c-1
of c for which f (c) = 0, so the domain of g/f is c-2
3 √
(-∞» 0) ∪ (0» ∞). (f - g)(c) = f (c) - g(c) = - c-1
c-2
1
4 c- 3 √
b) (f 4 g)(c) = f (c) 4 g(c) =
c 3 √ 3 c - 1
(f g)(c) = f (c) · g(c) = ( c - 1)» or
1 1 c-2 c-2
(f -g)(c) = f (c)-g(c) = -(c-3) = -c 4 3 3 3 9
c c (f f )(c) = f (c) f (c) =
· · ·
1 c-3 c - 2 c - 2 (c - 2)2
3
(f g)(c) = f (c)·g(c) = ·(c-3) = » or 1 - 3
c c c
=√ c - =
f (c) 3 A
1 1 1 (f /g)(c) = √
2
(f f )(c) = f (c) · f (c) = · = 2 g(c) c-1 (c - 2) c - 1
c c c
1 √ √
g (c) c - (c - 2) c -
f (c) c 1 1 (g/f )(c) =
(f
1 /g)(c) = = = = 1 1
= =
f (c) 3 3
·
g(c) c-3 c c-3 c(c - 3)
c-2
g (c) c-3
(g/f )(c) = = = (c = c(c 3)» or 2 5
3) - · -
f (c) 1 1 34. f (c) = , g(c) =
c 4-c c-1
c2 - 3c a) The domain of f is (-∞» 4) ∪ (4» ∞). The domain

√ of g is (-∞» 1) ∪ (1» ∞). The domain of f 4 g, f - g,
1
32. f (c) = c 4 6, g(c) = and fg is (-∞» 1) ∪ (1» 4) ∪ (4» ∞). The domain of
c f f is (-∞» 4) ∪ (4» ∞). The domain of f /g and of
a) The domain of f (c) is [-6» ∞). The domain of g(c) g/f is (-∞» 1) ∪ (1» 4) ∪ (4» ∞).
is (-∞» 0) ∪ (0» ∞). Then the domain of f 4 g,
2 5
f - g, and fg is [-6» 0) ∪ (0» ∞). The domain of f f b) (f 4 g)(c) = 4
is [-6» ∞). Since there are no values of c for which 4-c c-1
g(c) = 0, the domain of f /g is [-6» 0)∪(0» ∞). Since (f - g)(c) =
2
-
5
f (-6) = 0, the domain of g/f is (-6» 0) ∪ (0» ∞). 4-c c-1

√ 1 2 5 10
b) (f 4 g)(c) = c4 6 4 (f g)(c) = =
·
c 4-c c-1 (4 - c)(c - 1)
1
√ 2 2 4
(f - g)(c) = c4 6 - (f f )(c) = =
·
c 4-c 4-c (4 - c)2
√
√ 1 c46
(f g)(c) = c4 6 · = 2
c c 2(c - 1)
√ √ (f /g)(c) = 4- c =
(f f )(c) = c4 6 · c 4 6 = ]c 4 6] 5 5(4 - c)
c-1
√
c 46 √ √
(f /g)(c) = = c 4 6· = c c 4 6 5
1 1 5(4 c)
c - 1 -
c (g/f )(c) = 2 =
2(c - 1)
1 4-c
c 1 1 1
(g/f )(c) = √ = √ = √
· 35. From the graph we see that the domain of F is [2» 11] and
c46 c c46 c c46
the domain of G is [1» 9]. The domain of F 4 G is the set
of numbers in the domains of both F and G. This is [2» 9].
36. The domain of F - G and F G is the set of numbers in the
domains of both F and G. (See Exercise 35.) This is [2» 9].

Exercise Set 2.2 69
The domain of F /G is the set of numbers in the domains 44. (F + G)(¢) = F (¢) + G(¢)
of both F and G, excluding those for which G = 0. Since
G > 0 for all values of ¢ in its domain, the domain of F/G y
is [2, 9]. 10
37. The domain of G/F is the set of numbers in the domains of 8
both F and G (See Exercise 35.), excluding those for which 6 F+ G

F = 0. Since F (3) = 0, the domain of G/F is [2, 3) ∪ (3, 9]. 4
2
y 2 4 6 8 10 x
6
4 y
2 6
2 4 6 8 10 x
-2 2
39. -2
y
6
4 G -F 46.
y
2
F- G
2 4 6 8 10 x 2
-2
-2
-4
y
6
F-G 47. a) P (¢) = R(¢) − C(¢) = 60¢ − 0.4¢2 − (3¢ + 13) =
4
2
2 4 6 8 10 x 6000 − 4000 = 2000

-2
-4
C(100) = 3 · 100 + 13 = 300 + 13 = 313
P (100) = R(100) − C(100) = 2000 − 313 = 1687
41. From the graph, we see that the domain of F is [0, 9] and 48. a) P (¢) = 200¢ − ¢2 − (5000 + 8¢) =
the domain of G is [3, 10]. The domain of F + G is the set 200¢ − ¢2 − 5000 − 8¢ = −¢2 + 192¢ − 5000
of numbers in the domains of both F and G. This is [3, 9]. b) R(175) = 200(175) − 1752 =
42. The domain of F − G and F G is the set of numbers in the 4375
domains of both F and G. (See Exercise 41.) This is [3, 9]. C(175) = 5000 + 8 · 175 = 6400
The domain of F /G is the set of numbers in the domains P (175) = R(175) − C(175) = 4375 − 6400 =
of both F and G, excluding those for which G = 0. Since −2025 (We could also use the function found in
G > 0 for all values of ¢ in its domain, the domain of F/G
is [3, 9]. part (a) to
find P (175).)
43. The domain of G/F is the set of numbers in the domains
49. f (¢) = 3¢ − 5
f (¢ + h) = 3(¢ + h) − 5 = 3¢ + 3h −
5
of both F and G (See Exercise 41.), excluding those for f (¢ + h ) − f 3¢ +3h − 5 − (3¢
which F = 0. Since F (6) = 0 and F (8) = 0, the domain − 5)
(¢)
of G/F is [3, 6) ∪ (6, 8) ∪ (8, 9]. = h
h
3¢ +3h − 5 − 3¢
= +5
Exercise Set 2.2 69
h
3h
= =3
h

50. f (¢) = 4¢ − 1 1
55. f (¢) =
3¢
f (¢ + h ) − f (¢) 4(¢ + h ) − 1 − (4¢ 1
=
− 1)
=
h h f (¢ + h) =
3(¢ + h)
4¢ +4h − 1 − 4¢ + 1 4h
= =4 1 1
h h −
f (¢ + h ) − f 3(¢ + h )
51. f (¢) = 6¢ + 2
(¢) 3¢
f (¢ + h) = 6(¢ + h) + 2 = 6¢ + 6h + 2 =
h h
1 ¢ 1
· −
f (¢ + h ) − f (¢) 6¢ +6h + 2− 3(¢ + h ) ¢ 3¢ ¢ +h
= =
(6¢ +2)
h h h
6¢ +6h + 2− 6¢ ¢ ¢ +h
=
− 2 -
3¢(¢ + h )( 3¢(¢ + h
h
)
6h =
= =6 h
h − (¢ + ¢ − ¢ − h
h)
52. f (¢) = 5¢ + 3 3¢(¢ + h ) 3¢(¢ + h )

= =
f (¢ + h ) − f (¢) 5(¢ + h ) + 3− (5¢ +3) h h

= = −h
h h
5¢ +5h + 3− 5¢ − 3 5h 3¢(¢ + h ) −h 1
= = =
=5
·
h h h 3¢(¢ + h) h
1 −h −1 · h
/
53. f (¢) = ¢+1 = =

3 3¢(¢ + h) · h 3¢(¢ + h) · h
/
1 1 1 1 1
−
f (¢ + h) = (¢ + h) + 1 = ¢+ h+1 = , or
3 3 3 3¢(¢ + h) − 3¢(¢ + h)
( \
1 1 1
¢ + h +1 − ¢ +1 1
f (¢ + h ) − f 3 3 3 56. f (¢) =
2¢
(¢) h 1 1 1 ¢ 1 ¢+h
=
h
1 1 1 − · − ·
¢ + h +1 − ¢ − f (¢ +h )− f 2(¢ +h ) 2¢ 2(¢ +h ) ¢ 2¢ ¢ +h
1 (¢)
= 3 3 3 = = =
h h h h
1 ¢ ¢ +h ¢ − ¢ −h
h − h
−
1 h2¢(¢
) +h ) 2¢(¢ + )2¢(¢ + h 2¢(¢ + h )
= 3 = = = =
h 3 h h h
1 −1 1
−h 1
54. f (¢) = − ¢ + 7 · = , or −
2 2¢(¢ + h) h 2¢(¢ + h) 2¢(¢ + h)
1 1
(¢ + h) + 7 − ¢+7 1
f (¢ + h ) − f (¢) −
= 2 2 =
h h
57. f (¢) = −
4¢
1
1 1 1 1 f (¢ + h) = −
¢ − h +7+ h 4(¢ + h)
2 2 2 = 2 = −1 ( \
− 7 h 2 1 1
h
− −
f (¢ + h ) − f (¢) 4(¢ + h )
=
h 4¢
h
( \
1 ¢ 1 ¢+h
− · − − ·
4(¢ + h) ¢ ¢+h
=
h 4¢
¢ ¢+h
+
4¢(¢ + h ) 4¢(¢ + h )
=
h
−¢ + ¢ + h h
4¢(¢ + h ) 4¢(¢ + h )
= =
h h
h 1 /· 1
h 1
=
· = =
4¢(¢+h) h 4¢(¢+h)· h
/ 4¢(¢+h)

Exercise Set 2.2 71
1 63. f (¢) = 3¢ − 2¢ + 1
2
58. f (¢) = −
¢
( \ f (¢ + h) = 3(¢ + h)2 − 2(¢ + h) + 1 =
1 1
− − 3(¢2 + 2¢h + h2 ) − 2(¢ + h) + 1 =
f (¢ + h ) − f ¢ +h
¢ 3¢2 + 6¢h + 3h2 − 2¢ − 2h + 1
(¢) =
= h
h
( \
1 1 +h ¢ ¢ +h f (¢) = 3¢2 − 2¢ + 1
· − − +
· ¢ +h ¢ ¢ ¢(¢ +h ) ¢(¢ +h f (¢ + h) f (¢)
¢ +h )
−
= = =
h h h
¢ +¢ +h h (3¢ +6¢h +3h − 2¢ − 2h +1)− (3¢2 − 2¢ +1)
2 2
=
¢(¢ + h ) ¢(¢ + h ) h 1 h
1 = =
· =
h h ¢(¢ + h) h ¢(¢ + h) 3¢2 +6¢h +3h 2 − 2¢ − 2h + 1− 3¢2
+2¢ − 1
59. f (¢) = ¢2 + 1 =
h
6¢h +3h 2 − 2h h (6¢ +3h − 2)
2 2 2 = =
f (¢ + h) = (¢ + h) + 1 = ¢ + 2¢h + h + 1 h h ·1
−
f (¢ + h ) − f (¢) ¢ +2¢h + h 2 2 2
+ 1− (¢ h 6¢ +3h − 2 −
+1) =
· = 6¢ + 3h 2
h h h 1
2 2 2
¢ +2¢h + h + 1− ¢ 64. f (¢) = 5¢2 + 4¢
=
− 1
h f (¢+h )−f (¢)(5¢2+10¢h+5h 2+4 ¢+4 h ) (5¢2+4¢)

2 =
2¢h + h h
=
=
h
h 10¢h + 5h2 + 4h
= 10¢ + 5h + 4
h (2¢ + h h
=
) 65. f (¢) = 4 + 5|¢|
h
h 2¢ + h f (¢ + h) = 4 + 5|¢ + h|
=
·
h 1
f(¢)(¢ + h ) f 4 + 5¢ + h (4 + 5¢ )
− | |− | |
= 2¢ + h =
h = h
60. f (¢) = ¢ − 3 2 4 +5|¢ + h | −4 − 5|¢|
=
f (¢ + h ) − f (¢) (¢ + h )2( − 3 − h
(¢2 − 3)
= =
h h 5|¢ + h |
¢ +2¢h + h − 3 − ¢
2 2 2 2¢h + h −5|¢|
= 2
(2¢ + h )
+3 h
= 66. f (¢) = 2|¢| + 3¢
h h =
h f (¢ +h )− f
2¢ + h (2|¢ +h | +3¢ +3h )− (2|¢|
(¢)
61. f (¢) = 4 − ¢2 = +3¢)
h =
h
f (¢ + h) = 4 − (¢ + h)2 = 4 − (¢2 + 2¢h + h2 ) =
Exercise Set 2.2 71
4 − ¢2 − 2¢h − h2 2|¢ + h | −2|¢|

2 2 2 +3h
h
67. f (¢) = ¢3
f (¢ + h ) − f (¢) 4 − ¢ − 2¢h − h − (4 − ¢ )
= f (¢ + h) = (¢ + h)3 = ¢3 + 3¢2 h + 3¢h2 + h3
h h
4 − ¢2 − 2¢h − h 2 − f (¢) = ¢3
4 +¢2
=
h f (¢ + h ) − f 3
+3¢2 h +3¢h2 + h3 −3 ¢
(¢) = =
2
−2¢h − h /(−2¢ − h )
h h h
= =
h h/ 3¢2 h + 3¢h2 + h3 h(3¢2 + 3¢h + h2 )
= =
= −2¢ − h h h ·1
3¢2 + 3¢h + h2
h
62. f (¢) = 2 − ¢2 · = 3¢2 + 3¢h + h2
h 1
2 2
f (¢ + h ) − f (¢) 2 − (¢ + h ) − (2
− ¢ ) = 68. f (¢) = ¢3
= − 2¢
h h
3 3
2 − ¢2 − 2¢h − h 2
− 2¢h − f (¢ +h )− f (¢) (¢ +h ) − 2(¢ +h )− (¢ −
=
2 +¢2 h2
2¢)
=
= = h h
h h 3
+3¢2 h +3¢h2 + h 3 − 2¢ − 2h −
(−2¢ − h ¢3 +2¢
−2¢ − =
) h h
=
h
3¢2 h +3¢h2 + h 3 − 2h (3¢2 +3¢h + h 2 −
= 2)
h =
3¢ + 3¢h + h − 2
2 2 h

- 4 72.
69. f (v) = y
v+3 2x + y = 4
4
+h - -
4 4
-
f (v + h ) - f (v) v + h + 3 v +3
2
-4 -2 2 4 x
= = -2
h h
+h - - 4
4
- -4
v +h + 3 v (v + h + 3)(v +3)
+3
· =
h (v + h + 3)(v + 3)
(v + h - 4)(v +3) - (v - 4)(v + h +3) 73. Graph v - 3g = 3.
= First we find the v- and g-intercepts.

h(v + h + 3)(v + 3) v-3·0 = 3
2
+hv-4v+3v+3 h-12-(v2+hv+3v-4v-4h-12) v=3
=
h(v+h+3)(v+3)
The v-intercept is (3, 0).
2
+ hv - v +3h - 12 - v2 - hv + v +4h
= 0 - 3g = 3
+12
h(v + h + 3)(v + 3)
7h 7
=
· = -3g = 3
h(v + h + 3)(v + 3) h (v + h + 3)(v + 3)
7 g = -1
(v + h + 3)(v + 3) The g-intercept is (0, -1).
70. f (v) =
v We find a third point as a check. We let v = -3 and solve
2-v for g.
v +h v -3 - 3g = 3
-
f (v + h ) - f (v) 2 - (v + h ) 2- v
= = -3g = 6
h h
g = -2
(v + h )(2 - v) - v(2 - v -
h) Another point on the graph is ( 3, 2). We plot the points
y
h
(2 - v - h )(2 - v) 4
2
x - 3y = 3
=
h -4 -2 2 4 x
2h -2
(2 - v - h )(2 - v) -4
=
h
2h 1 2 y
= 4
·
(2 - v - h)(2 - v) h (2 - v - h)(2 - v) 74. 2
71. Graph g = 3v - 1. -4 -2 2 4 x
-2
y= x2 + 1
We find some ordered pairs that are solutions of the equa- When v -=4 -1, g = 3(-1) - 1 = -3 - 1 = -4.
tion, plot these points, and draw the graph. When v = 0, g = 3 · 0 - 1 = 0 - 1 = -1.

1 1
75. Answers may vary; f (v) = , g(v) =
v+7 v-3
v g
-1 -4 4 76. The domain of h + f , h - f , and hf consists of all numbers

that are in the domain of both h and f , or {-4, 0, 3}.
0 -1 2
The domain of h/f consists of all numbers that are in the
2 5 -4 -2 2 4 x
-2
y = 3x - 1
-4
7]
77. The domain of h(v) is v v = , and the domain of g(v)
3
7
is {v|v = 3}, so and 3 are not in the domain of (h/g)(v).
3
We must also exclude the value of v for which g(v) = 0.

Exercise Set 2.3 73
a4 - 1 17. (f o g)(a) = f (g(a)) = f (a - 3) = a - 3 + 3 = a
=0
5a - 15 (g o f )(a) = g(f (a)) = g(a + 3) = a + 3 - 3 = a
a -1 = 0
4 Multiplying by 5a - 15
The domain of f and of g is (-0, 0), so the domain of
a4 = 1 f o g and of g o f is (-0, 0).
a = ±1 ( \
5 4 5
Then the domain of (h/g)(a) is 18. (f o g)(a) = f a = · a=a

] 4 5 4
7
a a = and a = 3 and a = 1 and a = 1 , or
- ( \
4 5 4
3 (g o f )(a) = g a = · a=a
7\ 7 \
(-0, -1) U (-1, 1) U 1, U , 3 U (3, 0). 5 4 5
3 3 The domain of f and of g is (-0, 0), so the domain of

f o g and of g o f is (-0, 0).
Exercise Set 2.3 19. (f o g)(a) = f (g(a)) = f (3a2 -2a-1) = 3a2 -2a-1+1 =
3a2 - 2a
1. (f o g)(-1) = f (g(-1)) = f ((-1)2 - 2(-1) - 6) = (g o f )(a) = g(f (a)) = g(a+1) = 3(a+1)2 -2(a+1)-1 =
f (1 + 2 - 6) = f (-3) = 3(-3) + 1 = -9 + 1 = -8 3(a2 +2a+1)-2(a+1)-1 = 3a 2+6a+3-2a-2-1 =

3a2 + 4a
2. (g o f )(-2) = g(f (-2)) = g(3(-2) + 1) = g(-5) =
(-5)2 - 2(-5) - 6 = 25 + 10 - 6 = 29 f o g and of g o f is (-0, 0).
3. (h o f )(1) = h(f (1)) = h(3 · 1 + 1) = h(3 + 1) = 20. (f o g)(a) = f (a2 + 5) = 3(a2 + 5) - 2 = 3a2 + 15 - 2 =
h(4) = 4 = 64 3 3a2 + 13
(g o f )(a) = g(3a-2) = (3a-2)2 +5 = 9a2 -12a+4+5 =
\
1 1 1 3 1 2
\ ( \\ ( \ \
4. (g o h) =g h =g =g = 9a - 12a + 9
2 2 2 8 The domain of f and of g is (-0, 0), so the domain of

1 \2 1\ 1 1 399 f o g and of g o f is (-0, 0).
-2 -6 = - -6 = -
8 8 64 4 64
21. (f o g)(a) = f (g(a)) = f (4a-3) = (4a-3)2 -3 =
5. (g o f )(5) = g(f (5)) = g(3 · 5 + 1) = g(15 + 1) = 16a2 - 24a + 9 - 3 = 16a2 - 24a + 6
g(16) = 16 - 2 · 16 - 6 = 218
2
(g o f )(a) = g(f (a)) = g(a2 -3) = 4(a2 -3)-3 =
4a2 - 12 - 3 = 4a2 - 15
1 1 1 2 1
\ ( \\ ( \ \ \
6. (f o g) =f g =f -2 -6 = The domain of f and of g is ( , ), so the domain of
3 3 3 3 -0 0
\ f o g and of g o f is (-0, 0).
1 2 59 \ 59 \ 56
f
- - 6 =f - =3 - + 1=-
9 3 9 9 3 22. (f o g)(a) = f (2a - 7) = 4(2a - 7)2 - (2a - 7) + 10 =
2
7. (f o h)(-3) = f (h(-3)) = f ((-3)3 ) = f (-27) = 4(4a - 28a + 49) - (2a - 7) + 10 =

2
16a2 - 112a + 196 - 2a + 7 + 10 = 16a2 - 114a + 213
3(-27) + 1 = -81 + 1 = -80 (g o f )(a) = g(4a2 - a + 10) = 2(4a2 - a + 10) - 7 =
8. (h o g)(3) = h(g(3)) = h(32 - 2 · 3 - 6) = 8a2 - 2a + 20 - 7 = 8a - 2a + 13
h(9 - 6 - 6) = h(-3) = (-3)3 = -27 The domain of f and of g is (-0, 0), so the domain of
9. (g o g)(-2) = g(g(-2)) = g((-2)2 - 2(-2) - 6) =
\1 4 4
g(4 + 4 - 6) = g(2) = 22 - 2 · 2 - 6 = 4 - 4 - 6 = -6 23. (f o g)(a) = f (g(a)) = f = 1
=
5
=
a 1-5· 1-

Exercise Set 2.3 73
10. (g o g)(3) = g(g(3)) = g(32 - 2 · 3 - 6) = g(9 - 6 - 6) = 4 a a a

=4· = 4a
- 5 a- 5 a - 5
g(-3) = (-3) - 2(-3) - 6 = 9 + 6 - 6 = 9
2
a
11. (h o h)(2) = h(h(2)) = h(23 ) = h(8) = 83 = 512 4 \ 1

(g o f )(a) = g(f (a)) = g = =
1 - 5a 4
12. (h o h)(-1) = h(h(-1)) = h((-1)3 ) = h(-1) = (-1)3 = -1

1 - 5a
1 - 5a 1 - 5a
13. (f o f )(-4) = f (f (-4)) = f (3(-4) + 1) = f (-12 + 1) = 1· =
4 4
f (-11) = 3(-11) + 1 = -33 + 1 = -32 1
1
The domain of f is aa= and the domain of g is
14. (f o f )(1) = f (f (1)) = f (3 · 1 + 1) = f (3 + 1) = f (4) = 5
{a|a = 0}. Consider the domain of f o g. Since 0 is not in
3 · 4 + 1 = 12 + 1 = 13 1
the domain of g, 0 is not in the domain of f o g. Since
15. (h o h)(a) = h(h(a)) = h(a3 ) = (a3 )3 = a9 5
1
16. (f o f )(a) = f (f (a)) = f (3a + 1) = 3(3a + 1) + 1 = is not in the domain of f , we know that g(a) cannot be .
5
1
9a + 3 + 1 = 9a + 4 We find the value(s) of a for which g(a) = .
5


=
X 5 f o g and of g o f is (-0, 0).
5 = X Multiplying by 5X √ √
27. (f o g)(X) = f (g(X)) = f ( X) = 2 X 4 1
Thus 5 is also not in the domain of f o g. Then the domain
√
of f og is {XIX = 0 and X = 5}, or (-0, 0)U(0, 5)U(5, 0). (g o f )(X) = g(f (X)) = g(2X 4 1) = 2X 4 1
1 The domain of f is (-0, 0) and the domain of g is
Now consider the domain of g o f . Recall that is not in

5 {XIX > 0}. Thus the domain of f o g is {XIX > 0}, or
the domain of f , so it is not in the domain of g o f . Now 0
[0, 0).
is not in the domain of g but f (X) is never 0, so the domain
1U ( 1) (1 ) Now consider the domain of g of . There are no restrictions
of g o f is X X = , or - 0, U ,0 . on the domain of f , but the domain of g is X X 0 . Since
5 5 5 { I > }
1 1 U
( f (X) > 0 for X > - , the domain of g o f is X X > - ,
1 ) 6 2X 4 1 ) 2 2
24. (f o g)(X) = f = =6° = 1
2X 4 1 1 1 or - , 0 .
2
2X 4 1
√
6(2X 4 1), or 12X 4 6 28. (f o g)(X) = f (2 - 3X) = 2 - 3X
(6 ) 1 1 1 √ √
(g o f )(X) = g = = = (g o f )(X) = g( X) = 2 - 3 X
6 12 = 12 4 X
X The domain of f is {XIX > 0} and the domain of g is
2° 41 41
X X 2
X
X X (-0, 0). Since g(X) > 0 when X ≤ , the domain of f o g
1° = ( 3
12 4 X 12 4 X 2
The domain of f is {XIX = 0} and the domain of g is - 0, .
3
1
U
is X X = - . Consider the domain of f o g. Since Now consider the domain of g o f . Since the domain of f
2
1 1 is {XIX > 0} and the domain of g is (-0, 0), the domain
- is not in the domain of g, - is not in the domain
2 2 of g o f is {XIX > 0}, or [0, 0).
of f o g. Now 0 is not in the domain of f but g(X)
1 29. (f o g)(X) = f (g(X)) = f (0.05) = 20
U
is never 0, so the domain of f o g is X X = - , or
2
( 1) ( 1 ) (g o f )(X) = g(f (X)) = g(20) = 0.05
- 0, - U - ,0 .
Now consider the domain of g o f . Since 0 is not in the f o g and of g o f is (-0, 0).
domain (of f , then 0 is not in the domain of g o f . Also, √
1 30. (f o g)(X) = ( 4 X)4 = X
since - is not in the domain of g, we find the value(s) of √
(g o f )(X) = X4 = IXI
4
2
1
X for which f (X) = - . The domain of f is (-0, 0) and the domain of g is

2
6 1 {XIX > 0}, so the domain of f o g is {XIX > 0}, or [0, 0).
=-
X 2 Now consider the domain of g of . There are no restrictions
-12 = X on the domain of f and f (X) > 0 for all values of X, so the
U domain is (-0, 0).
Then the domain of g o f is X X = -12 and X = 0 , or
31. (f o g)(X) = f (g(X)) = f (X2 - 5) =
(-0, -12) U (-12, 0) U (0, 0). √ √
( \ X2 - 5 4 5 = X2 = IXI
X 47
25. (f o g)(X) = f (g(X)) = f = √

3 (g o f )(X) = g(f (X)) = g( X 4 5) =
√ 2
( \
47 ( X 4 5) - 5 = X 4 5 - 5 = X
3
-7 = X 47 -7 = X
3 The domain of f is X X 5 and the domain of g is
{ I > - }
(3X - 7) 4 7 ( , ). Since X2 of X, then X2 5 5
(g o f )(X) = g(f (X)) = g(3X - 7) = = -0 0 > 0 for all values - >-
3
for all values of X and the domain of g o f is (-0, 0).
3X Now consider the domain of f og. There are no restrictions
=X
3 on the domain of g, so the domain of f o g is the same as
The domain of f and of g is (-0, 0), so the domain of the domain of f , {XIX > -5}, or [-5, 0).
√
2 4 32. (f o g)(X) = ( 5 X 4 2)5 - 2 = X 42 - 2 = X
26. (f o g)(X) = f (1.5X 4 1.2) = (1.5X 4 1.2) - √ √
(g o f )(X) = 5 X5 - 2 4 2 = X5 = X
5
3 5
4 The domain of f and of g is (-0, 0), so the domain of
X 4 0.8 - = X
5 f o g and of g o f is (-0, 0).
( \ ( \
2 4 2 4
(g o f )(X) = g X- = 1.5 X- 4 1.2 =
3 5 3 5
X - 1.2 4 1.2 = X

Exercise Set 2.3 75
√ √ 1- 0
33. (f o g)(0) = f (g(0)) = f ( 3 - 0) = ( 3 - 0)2 + 2 = =-1
0
3-0+2= 5-0
1 - 0 = -0 Multiplying by 0
(g o f )(0) =g (f (0)) = g(02 +2) = 3 - (02 + 2) = 1=0 False equation
√ √
3 - 02 - 2 = 1 - 02 We see that there are no values of for which ( ) = 1,
0 f 0 -
The domain of f is (-0, 0) and the domain of g is so the domain of g o f is {0I0 = 0}, or (-0, 0) U (0, 0).
{0I0 ≤ 3}, so the domain of f o g is {0I0 ≤ 3}, or (-0, 3].
( \
+2 1
Now consider the domain of g of . There are no restrictions 36. (f o g)(0) = f =
0 +2
on the domain of f and the domain of g is {0I0 ≤ 3}, so -2
0
we find the values of 0 for which f (0) ≤ 3. We see that
02 + 2 ≤ 3 for -1 ≤ 0 ≤ 1, so the domain of g o f is =

1
=
1
{0I - 1 ≤ 0 ≤ 1}, or [-1, 1]. 0 + 2- -0 + 2

20
√ √ 0
34. (f o g)(0) = f ( 02 - 25) = 1 - ( 02 - 25)2 = 0 0 0
0
= 1° = , or
1 - (02 - 25) = 1 - 02 + 25 = 26 - 02 -0 + 2 -0 + 2 2-0
(g o f )(0) = g(1 - 0 ) =
2
(1 - 02 )2 - 25 = 1
+2
√ √ ( \
= 0 - 2
1 - 202 + 04 - 25 = 04 - 202 - 24 1
(g f )(0) = g
o
0 -2 1
The domain of f is (-0, 0) and the domain of g is
0 -2
{0I0 ≤ -5 or 0 > 5}, so the domain of f o g is
1 + 20 -4 20 -3
{0I0 ≤ -5 or 0 > 5}, or (-0, -5] U [5, 0).
0 - 2 0 - 2
Now consider the domain of g o f . There are no re- = =
1 1
strictions on the domain of f and the domain of g is 0 -2 0 -2
{0I0 ≤ -5 or 0 > 5}, so we find the values of 0 for 20 - 3 -
which f (0) ≤ -5 or f (0) > 5. We see that 1 - 02 ≤ -5 ° 2 = 20 - 3
√ √ 0 -2 1
when 0 ≤ - 6 or 0 > 6 and 1 - 02 > 5 has no solution,
√ √ The domain of f is {0I0 = 2} and the domain of g is
so the domain of g o f is {0I0 ≤ - 6 or 0 > 6}, or =
√ √ {0I0 = 0}, so 0 is not in the domain of f o g. We find the
(-0, - 6] U [ 6, 0).
value of 0 for which g(0) = 2.
( 1 \ 0+2
35. (f o g)(0) = f (g(0)) = f = =2
1+ 0 0
( \ 0 + 2 = 20
1-
1 1 +0 - 1 2 = 0
1 +0
= 1 +0 = Then the domain of f o g is (-0, 0) U (0, 2) U (2, 0).
1 1
1+ 0 1+ 0 Now consider the domain of g o f . Since the domain of f
0 1+ 0 is {0I0 = 2}, we know that 2 is not in the domain of g o f .

° =0 Since the domain of g is {0I0 = 0}, we find the value of 0
1+ 0 1
( for which f (0) = 0.
\1- 0
(g o f )(0) = g(f (0)) = g = 1

=0
0 0 -2
1 1 1=0
( \=
1-0 + 1- 0 We get a false equation, so there are no such values. Then
1+ =

Exercise Set 2.3 75
0 0 the domain of g o f is (-0, 2) U (2, 0).

1 0 37. (f o g)(0) = f (g(0)) = f (0 + 1) =
=1° =0
1 1
0 (0 + 1)3 - 5(0 + 1)2 + 3(0 + 1) + 7 =
The domain of f is {0I0 = 0} and the domain of g is 03 + 302 + 30 + 1 - 502 - 100 - 5 + 30 + 3 + 7 =
{0I0 = -1}, so we know that -1 is not in the domain 03 - 202 - 40 + 6

of f o g. Since 0 is not in the domain of f , values of 0
for which g(0) = 0 are not in the domain of f o g. But (g o f )(0) = g(f (0)) = g(03 - 502 + 30 + 7) =
g(0) is never 0, so the domain of f o g is {0I0 = -1}, or 03 - 502 + 30 + 7 + 1 = 03 - 502 + 30 + 8
(-0, -1) U (-1, 0).
Now consider the domain of g o f . Recall that 0 is not in f o g and of g o f is (-0, 0).
the domain of f . Since -1 is not in the domain of g, we
know that g(0) cannot be -1. We find the value(s) of 0
for which f (0) = -1.

38. (g o f )(0) = 03 + 202 - 30 - 9 - 1 = h
b) r =
2
03 + 202 - 30 - 10 ( \ ( \2
(g o f )(0) = (0 - 1) + 2(0 - 1) - 3(0 - 1) - 9 =
3 2 S(h) = 2π h + 2π
2 2
03 - 302 + 30 - 1 + 202 - 40 + 2 - 30 + 3 - 9 = πh2
03 - 02 - 40 - 5 S(h) = πh 2 +
2
The domain of f and of g is (-0, 0), so the domain of 3
S(h) = πh2
f o g and of g o f is (-0, 0). 2
53. f (0) = (t o s)(0) = t(s(0)) = t(0 - 3) = 0 - 3 + 4 = 0 + 1
39. h(0) = (4 + 30)5
This is 4 + 30 to the 5th power. The most obvious answer We have f (0) = 0 + 1.
is f (0) = 05 and g(0) = 4 + 30. 54. The manufacturer charges m + 6 per drill. The chain store
√ sells each drill for 150%(m + 6), or 1.5(m + 6), or 1.5m + 9.
40. f (0) = 3 0, g(0) = 02 - 8
Thus, we have P (m) = 1.5m + 9.
1
-
41. h(0) = 55. Equations (a) - (f ) are in the form g = m0 + b, so we can
(0 2)4
read the g-intercepts directly from the equations. Equa-
This is 1 divided by (0 - 2) to the 4th power. One obvious 2
1 tions (g) and (h) can be written in this form as g = 0 - 2
answer is f (0) = 4 and g(0) = 0 - 2. Another possibility 3
0 and g = -20 + 3, respectively. We see that only equa-
1
is f (0) = and g(0) = (0 - 2)4 . tion (c) has g-intercept (0, 1).
0
1 56. None (See Exercise 55.)
42. f (0) = √ , g(0) = 30 + 7
0 57. If a line slopes down from left to right, its slope is negative.
0 - 1 The equations g = m0 + b for which m is negative are (b),
43. f (0) = , g(0) = (d), (f), and (h). (See Exercise 55.)
03
0+1
44. f (0) = I0I, g(0) = 902 - 4 58. The equation for which ImI is greatest is the equation with
the steepest slant. This is equation (b). (See Exercise 55.)
2 +0 3
45. f (0) = 06 , g(0) = 59. The only equation that has (0, 0) as a solution is (a).
2 - 03
√
46. f (0) = 0 , g(0) = 0 - 3
4 60. Equations (c) and (g) have the same slope. (See Exer-
cise 55.)
√ 0 - 5
47. f (0) = 0, g(0) =
0+2 61. Only equations (c) and (g) have the same slope and differ-
√ √ ent g-intercepts. They represent parallel lines.
48. f (0) = 1 + 0, g(0) = 1 + 0
62. The only equations for which the product of the slopes is
49. f (0) = 03 - 502 + 30 - 1, g(0) = 0 + 2
-1 are (a) and (f).
50. f (0) = 205/3 + 502/3 , g(0) = 0 - 1, or 63. Only the composition (c o p)(a) makes sense. It represents
f (0) = 205 + 502 , g(0) = (0 - 1)1/3 S(r) = 4πr2 + 2πr2

51. a) Use the distance formula, distance = rate × S(r) = 6πr2
time. Substitute 3 for the rate and t for time.
r(t) = 3t
b) Use the formula for the area of a circle.
A(r) = πr2
c) (A o r)(t) = A(r(t)) = A(3t) = π(3t)2 = 9πt2
This function gives the area of the ripple in terms
of time t.
52. a) h = 2r
S(r) = 2πr(2r) + 2πr2
the cost of the grass seed required to seed a lawn with

area
a.
64. Answers may vary. One example is f (0) = 20 +
5 and
0 - 5
g(0) = . Other examples are found in
Exercises 17,
2
18, 25, 26, 32 and 35.
Chapter 2 Mid-Chapter Mixed

Review
1. The statement is true. See page 100 in the

text.
2. The statement is false. See page 113 in the
text.
3. The statement is true. See Example 2 in Section 2.3
in the text, for instance.
4. a) For 0-values from 2 to 4, the g-values increase
from 2 to 4. Thus the function is increasing on
the interval (2, 4).

Chapter 2 Mid-Chapter Mixed Review 77
b) For 0-values from -5 to -3, the g-values decrease 12. (g - f )(3) = g(3) - f (3)
from 5 to 1. Also, for 0-values from 4 to 5, the g- = (32 + 4) - (3 ° 3 - 1)
values decrease from 4 to -3. Thus the function is
decreasing on (-5, -3) and on (4, 5). = 9 + 4 - (9 - 1)
c) For 0-values from -3 to -1, g is 3. Thus the func- = 9+4-9+1
tion is constant on (-3, -1). =5
5. From the graph we see that a relative maximum value of ( \
1
6.30 occurs at 0 = -1.29. We also see that a relative ( \ g
1 3
minimum value of -2.30 occurs at 0 = 1.29. 13. (g/f )
3
= ( \
1
The graph starts rising, or increasing, from the left and f
3
stops increasing at the relative maximum. From this point ( \2
it decreases to the relative minimum and then increases 1
again. Thus the function is increasing on (-0, -1.29) 3

=
1
and on (1.29, 0). It is decreasing on (-1.29, 1.29). 3° -1
3
6. The 0-values extend from -5 to -1 and from 2 to 5, so 1
the domain is [-5, -1] U [2, 5]. The g-values extend from +4
-3 to 5, so the range is [-3, 5]. = 9
1-1
1
7. A(h) = (h + 4)h 37
2
1 2 h2 = 9
A(h) = h + 2h, or + 2h 0
2 2 ( \
1
0 - 5, for 0 ≤ -3, Since division by 0 is not defined, (g/f ) does not exist.
3
20 + 3, for -3 < 0 ≤ 0,
8. f (0) = 14. f (0) = 20 + 5, g(0) = -0 - 4
1
0, for 0 > 0, a) The domain of f and of g is the set of all real num-
2
bers, or (-0, 0). Then the domain of f + g, f - g,
Since -5 ≤ -3, f (-5) = -5 - 5 = -10. f g, and f f is also (-0, 0).
Since -3 ≤ -3, f (-3) = -3 - 5 = -8. For f /g we must exclude -4 since g(-4) = 0. Then
Since -3 < -1 ≤ 0, f (-1) = 2(-1) + 3 = -2 + 3 = 1. the domain of f /g is (-0, -4) U (-4, 0).
( \
1 5 5
Since 6 > 0, f (6) = ° 6 = 3. For g/f we must exclude - since f - = 0.
2 2 2
0 + 2, for 0 < -4, Then the domain of g/f is
9. g(0 ) =
( ( \
-0, for 0 > -4 \ 5
U
5
- ,0 .
We create the graph in two parts. Graph g(0) = 0 + 2 - 0, - 2
2
for inputs less than -4. Then graph g(0) = -0 for inputs b) (f +g)(0) = f (0)+g(0) = (20+5)+(-0-4) = 0+1
y 20 + 5 + 0 + 4 = 30 + 9
4 -202 - 80 - 50 - 20 = -202 - 130 - 20

2 (f f )(0) = f (0) ° f (0) = (20 + 5) ° (20 + 5) =
-4 -2 2 4 x
f (0) 20 + 5
-2 (f /g)(0) = =
-4
g (0) f (0)
(g/f )(0) =
10. (f + g)(-1) = f (-1) + g(-1) =
Chapter 2 Mid-Chapter Mixed Review 77
0 - 4 20 + 5
√
15. f (0) = 0 - 1, g(0) = 0+2
= [3(-1) - 1] + [(-1)2 + 4]
a) Any number can be an input for f , so the domain
= -3 - 1 + 1 + 4
of f is the set of all real numbers, or (-0, 0).
=1
The domain of g consists of all values for which 0+2
11. (f g)(0) = f (0) ° g(0) is nonnegative, so we have 0 + 2 > 0, or 0 > -2, or
= (3 ° 0 - 1) ° (02 + 4) [-2, 0). Then the domain of f + g, f - g, and f g
is [-2, 0).
= -1 ° 4
= -4

The domain of f f is (-0, 0). 24. The graph of Y = (h - g)(0) will be the same as the graph
Since g(-2) = 0, the domain of f /g is (-2, 0). of Y = h(0) moved down b units.
Since f (1) = 0, the domain of g/f is [-2, 1)U(1, 0). 25. Under the given conditions, (f + g)(0) and (f /g)(0) have
√ different domains if g(0) = 0 for one or more real numbers
b) (f + g)(0) = f (0) + g(0) = 0 - 1 + 0 + 2
√ 0.
(f - g)(0) = f (0) - g(0) = 0 - 1 - 0 + 2
√ 26. If f and g are linear functions, then any real number can
(f g)(0) = f (0) ° g(0) = (0 - 1) 0 + 2
be an input for each function. Thus, the domain of f o g =
(f f )(0) = f (0) ° f (0) = (0 - 1)(0 - 1) = the domain of g o f = (-0, 0).
02 - 0 - 0 + 1 = 02 - 20 + 1
f (0) 0 - 1 27. This approach is not valid. Consider Exercise 23 in
(f /g)(0) = =
√
g(0) 0+2 Exercise Set 2.3 in the text, for example. Since
40
g(0) 0 +2 (f o g)(0) = , an examination of only this composed

(g/f )(0) = = 0 -5
f (0) 0 -1 function would lead to the incorrect conclusion that the

domain of f o g is (-0, 5) U (5, 0). However, we must also
16. f (0) = 40 - 3
exclude from the domain of f o g those values of 0 that
f (0 + h ) - f (0) 4(0 + h ) - 3 - (40 - are not in the domain of g. Thus, the domain of f o g is
=
3)
=
h h (-0, 0) U (0, 5) U (5, 0).
40 +4h - 3 - 40 + 3 4h
= =4
h h
Exercise Set 2.4
17. f (0) = 6 - 02
f (0 + h ) - f (0) 6 - (0 + h )2( - (6 - 1. If the graph were folded on the 0-axis, the parts above and
02 )
= =
h h below the 0-axis would not coincide, so the graph is not
symmetric with respect to the 0-axis.
2
6- (0 +20h +h )- 2
6- 0 - 20h - h -
2 2
= = If the graph were folded on the Y-axis, the parts to the
6+02 6 +02
left and right of the Y-axis would coincide, so the graph is
h h
-20h2 - h /(-20 - h
h
=
) = -20 - h symmetric with respect to the Y-axis.
h h/ ° 1 If the graph were rotated 180◦ , the resulting graph would
18. (f o g)(1) = f (g(1)) = f (13 + 1) = f (1 + 1) = f (2) = not coincide with the original graph, so it is not symmetric
5 ° 2 - 4 = 10 - 4 = 6 with respect to the origin.
19. (g o h)(2) = g(h(2)) = g(22 - 2 ° 2 + 3) = g(4 - 4 + 3) = 2. If the graph were folded on the 0-axis, the parts above and
g(3) = 33 + 1 = 27 + 1 = 28 below the 0-axis would not coincide, so the graph is not
20. (f o f )(0) = f (f (0)) = f (5 ° 0 - 4) = f (-4) = 5(-4) - 4 =
-20 - 4 = -24 If the graph were folded on the Y-axis, the parts to the
left and right of the Y-axis would coincide, so the graph is
21. (h o f )(-1) = h(f (-1)) = h(5(-1) - 4) = h(-5 - 4) = symmetric with respect to the Y-axis.
h(-9) = (-9)2 - 2(-9) + 3 = 81 + 18 + 3 = 102
If the graph were rotated 180◦ , the resulting graph would
1 not coincide with the original graph, so it is not symmetric
22. (f o g)(0) = f (g(0)) = f (60 + 4) = (60 + 4) = 30 + 2
2 with respect to the origin.
( \
1 1
(g o f )(0) = g(f (0)) = g 0 = 6 ° 0 + 4 = 30 + 4 3. If the graph were folded on the 0-axis, the parts above and
2 2 below the 0-axis would coincide, so the graph is symmetric
The domain of f and g is (-0, 0), so the domain of f o g The domain of f is (-0, 0) and the domain of g is [0,
and g o f is (-0, 0).
0). Consider the domain of f o g. Since any number can
√ √
23. (f o g)(0) = f (g(0)) = f ( 0) = 3 0 + 2 be an
√
(g o f )(0) = g(f (0)) = g(30 + 2) = 30 + 2 input for f , the domain of f o g is the same as the
domain
of g, [0, 0).
Now consider the domain of g o f . Since the inputs of g with respect to the 0-axis.
2
must be nonnegative, we must have 30+2 > 0, or 0 > - . If the graph were folded on the Y-axis, the parts to the left
3 and right of the Y-axis would not coincide, so the graph is
not symmetric with respect to the Y-axis.
not coincide with the original graph, so it is not symmetric
with respect to the origin.
4. If the graph were folded on the 0-axis, the parts above and
below the 0-axis would not coincide, so the graph is not
\ If the graph were folded on the Y-axis, the parts to the left
2 and right of the Y-axis would not coincide, so the graph is
Thus the domain of g o f is - ,0 .
3 not symmetric with respect to the Y-axis.

Exercise Set 2.4 79
If the graph were rotated 180◦ , the resulting graph would The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation,
coincide with the original graph, so it is symmetric with so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin.
respect to the origin.
8. y
10
below the 0-axis would not coincide, so the graph is not 8
symmetric with respect to the 0-axis. 6
If the graph were folded on the Y-axis, the parts to the left 4 y = |x + 5 |
2
and right of the Y-axis would not coincide, so the graph is
—10 —8 —6 —4 —2 2 4 6 8 10 x
not symmetric with respect to the Y-axis. —2

—4
—6
coincide with the original graph, so it is symmetric with —8
respect to the origin. —10
below the 0-axis would coincide, so the graph is symmetric The graph is not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis, the
with respect to the 0-axis. Y-axis, or the origin.
If the graph were folded on the Y-axis, the parts to the Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the 0-axis:
left and right of the Y-axis would coincide, so the graph is Y = I0 + 5I Original equation
symmetric with respect to the Y-axis. -Y = I0 + 5I Replacing Y by -Y
If the graph were rotated 180◦ , the resulting graph would Y = -I0 + 5I Simplifying
coincide with the original graph, so it is symmetric with The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation,
respect to the origin.
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis.
7. y Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the Y-axis:
5
Y = I0 + 5I Original equation
4 Y = I - 0 + 5I Replacing 0 by -0
3
2 The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation,
1 so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the Y-axis.
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 x
—1
1 2 3 4 5 Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the origin:
—2
Y = I0 + 5I Original equation
—3
y = |x | – 2
—4 -Y = I - 0 + 5I Replacing 0 by -0 and Y by -Y
—5
Y = -I - 0 + 5I Simplifying
The graph is symmetric with respect to the Y-axis. It is The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation,
not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis or the origin. so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin.
y
5
-Y = I0I - 2 Replacing Y by -Y 4
Y = -I0I + 2 Simplifying 5y = 4x + 5 3
2
The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation, 1
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis. —5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the Y-axis: -Y = I0I - 2 Simplifying
Y = -I0I + 2
Y = I - 0I - 2 Replacing 0 by -0
Y = I0I - 2 Simplifying
The last equation is equivalent to the original equation, so
the graph is symmetric with respect to the Y-axis.
Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the origin:
Y = I0I - 2 Original equation
-Y = I - 0I - 2 Replacing 0 by -0 and
Y by -Y

Exercise Set 2.4 79
—1
—2
—3
—4
—5
The graph is not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis, the

Y-axis, or the origin.
Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the 0-axis:
5Y = 40 + 5 Original equation
5(-Y) = 40 + 5 Replacing Y by -Y
-5Y = 40 + 5 Simplifying
5Y = -40 - 5
The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation, so
the graph is not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis.

y
5
5Y = 4(-0) + 5 Replacing 0 by -0 4
5Y = -40 + 5
3
Simplifying 2
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the Y-axis. —5 —4 —3 —2 —1

—1
1 2 3 4 5 x
Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the origin: —2 5y = 2x 2 –3

—3
5Y = 40 + 5 Original equation —4
—5
5(-Y) = 4(-0) + 5 Replacing 0 by -0
and
Y by -Y The graph is symmetric with respect to the Y-axis. It is

not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis or the origin.
-5Y = -40 + 5 Simplifying
Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the 0-axis:
5Y = 40 - 5
5Y = 202 - 3 Original equation
The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation,
5(-Y) = 202 - 3 Replacing Y by -Y
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin.
-5Y = 20 - 3 Simplifying
10.
y 5Y = -202 + 3
5
4 2x – 5 = 3y The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation,
3 so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis.
2
1
Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the Y-axis:
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 5Y = 202 - 3 Original equation
—1 x
—2 5Y = 2(-0)2 - 3 Replacing 0 by -0
—3
5Y = 202 - 3
—4
—5 The last equation is equivalent to the original equation, so
The graph is not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis, the Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the origin:
Y-axis, or the origin. 5Y = 202 - 3 Original equation
Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the 0-axis: 5(-Y) = 2(-0) - 3 2
Replacing 0 by -0 and
20 - 5 = 3Y Original equation Y by -Y
20 - 5 = 3(-Y) Replacing Y by -Y -5Y = 202 - 3 Simplifying
-20 + 5 = 3Y Simplifying 5Y = -20 + 3 2
The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation, The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation,
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis. so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin.
Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the Y-axis: 12.
y
20 - 5 = 3Y Original equation
5
2(-0) - 5 = 3Y Replacing 0 by -0 4
-20 - 5 = 3Y Simplifying 3
2
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the Y-axis. —5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x

—1
Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the origin: —2 x 2 + 4 = 3y
—3
20 - 5 = 3Y Original equation
—4
2(-0) - 5 = 3(-Y) Replacing 0 by -0 and —5
Y by -Y
-20 - 5 = -3Y Simplifying The graph is symmetric with respect to the Y-axis. It is
not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis or the origin.
20 + 5 = 3Y
The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation, Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the 0-axis:
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin. 02 + 4 = 3Y Original equation
2
0 + 4 = 3(-Y) Replacing Y by -Y
-0 - 4 = 3Y
2
Simplifying
Exercise Set 2.4 81
The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation, The last equation is equivalent to the original equation, so
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis. the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.
Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the Y-axis: 14. y
02 + 4 = 3Y Original equation
5
(-0)2 + 4 = 3Y Replacing 0 by -0 4
4
02 + 4 = 3Y 3 y=– —
2
The last equation is equivalent to the original equation, so 1 x
the graph is symmetric with respect to the Y-axis. —5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x

—1
Test 0algebraically
2
+ 4 = 3Y for symmetry with respect to the origin:
Original equation —3
—2
(-0)2 + 4 = 3(-Y) Replacing 0 by -0 and —5
Y by -Y —4
02 + 4 = -3Y Simplifying The graph is not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis or
-0 - 4 = 3Y
2 the Y-axis. It is symmetric with respect to the origin.
The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation, Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the 0-axis:
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin. 4
Y=- Original equation
0
13. y
4
-Y = - Replacing Y by -Y
5 0
4
y=—
1
3
4
x Y= Simplifying
2 0
1
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1
—1
1 2 3 4 5 x so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis.
—2
Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the Y-axis:
—3
4
—4
Y=- Original equation
—5 0
4
Y=- Replacing 0 by -0
The graph is not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis or -0
the Y-axis. It is symmetric with respect to the origin. 4
Y= Simplifying
Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the 0-axis: 0
1 The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation,

Y= Original equation so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the Y-axis.
0
1 Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the origin:
-Y = Replacing Y by -Y 4
0 Y=- Original equation
1 0
Y=- Simplifying 4
0 -Y = - Replacing 0 by -0 and Y by -Y
The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation, -0
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis. 4
Y=- Simplifying
Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the Y-axis: 0
1 The last equation is equivalent to the original equation, so

Y= Original equation the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.
0
1
Y= Replacing 0 by -0 15. Test for symmetry with respect to the 0-axis:
-0
1 50 - 5Y = 0 Original equation
Y=- Simplifying
0 50 - 5(-Y) = 0 Replacing Y by -Y
The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation, 50 + 5Y = 0 Simplifying
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the Y-axis.
Test algebraically for symmetry with respect to the origin: so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis.
1
Test for symmetry with respect to the Y-axis:
Y= -Y =
0 1 -0
Exercise Set 2.4 81
1 Original equation
Y= 50 - 5Y = 0 Original equation
0
Replacing 0 by -0 and Y by -Y 5(-0) - 5Y = 0 Replacing 0 by -0
-50 - 5Y = 0 Simplifying
Simplifying 50 + 5Y = 0

The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation, 18. Test for symmetry with respect to the x-axis:
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the y-axis. 5y = 7x2 − 2x Original equation
Test for symmetry with respect to the origin: 5(−y) = 7x − 2x 2
Replacing y by −y
5x − 5y = 0 Original equation 5y = −7x2 + 2x Simplifying
5(−x) − 5(−y) = 0 Replacing x by −x and The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation,
y by so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the x-axis.
−y
Test for symmetry with respect to the y-axis:
−5x + 5y = 0
Simplifying 5y = 7x2 − 2x Original equation
5x − 5y = 0 5y = 7(−x)2 − 2(−x) Replacing x by −x
2
The last equation is equivalent to the original equation, so 5y = 7x + 2x Simplifying
the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation,
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
16. Test for symmetry with respect to the x-axis:
6x + 7y = 0 Original equation Test for symmetry with respect to the origin:
6x + 7(−y) = 0 Replacing y by 5y = 7x2 − 2x Original equation

−y 5(−y) = 7(−x) − 2(−x) Replacing x by −x
2
6x − 7y = 0 Simplifying and y by −y
The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation, −5y = 7x2 + 2x Simplifying
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the x-axis. 5y = −7x − 2x 2
Test for symmetry with respect to the y-axis: The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation,
6x + 7y = 0 Original equation so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin.
6(−x) + 7y = 0 Replacing x by 19. Test for symmetry with respect to the x-axis:
−x
y = |2x| Original equation
6x − 7y = 0 Simplifying −y = |2x| Replacing y by
−y y = −|2x| Simplifying
Test for symmetry with respect to the origin: so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the x-axis.
6x + 7y = 0 Original equation
6(−x) + 7(−y) = 0 Replacing x by −x and
y = |2x| Original equation
y by
−y y = |2(−x)| Replacing x by
6x + 7y = 0 Simplifying −x y = | − 2x| Simplifying
The last equation is equivalent to the original equation, so y = 2x
the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.
3x2 − 2y 2 = 3 Original equation
| |
3x2 − 2(−y)2 = 3 Replacing y by The last equation is equivalent to the original equation, so
−y the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
3x2 − 2y 2 = 3 Simplifying Test for symmetry with respect to the origin:
The last equation is equivalent to the original equation, so y = |2x| Original equation
the graph is symmetric with respect to the x-axis.
−y = |2(−x)| Replacing x by −x and y by −y
Test for symmetry with respect to the y-axis: −y = | − 2x| Simplifying
3x2 − 2y 2 = 3 Original equation −y = |2x|
3(−x)2 − 2y 2 = 3 Replacing x by y = −|2x|
−x
3x2 − 2y 2 = 3 Simplifying so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin.
the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
y 3 = 2x2 Original equation
Test for symmetry with respect to the origin:
( y)3 = 2x2 Replacing y by y
3x2 − 2y 2 = 3 Original equation
3(−x)2 − 2(−y)2 = 3 Replacing x by −x
− −
and y by −y
−y = 2x 3 2
Simplifying
3x2 − 2y 2 = 3 Simplifying
y 3 = −2x2
the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation,
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

Exercise Set 2.4 83
Test for symmetry with respect to the y-axis: The last equation is equivalent to the original equation, so
y 3 = 2x2 Original equation the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.
y 3 = 2(−x)2 Replacing x by 23. Test for symmetry with respect to the x-axis:
−x y = 2x
3 2
Simplifying 3y 3 = 4x3 + 2 Original equation
The last equation is equivalent to the original equation, so 3(−y)3 = 4x3 +2 Replacing y by
−y
the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. −3y = 4x3 + 2 Simplifying
Test for symmetry with respect to the origin: 3
3y 3 = −4x3 − 2
y 3 = 2x2 Original equation
(−y)3 = 2(−x)2 Replacing x by −x and so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the x-axis.
y by
−y
3y 3 = 4x3 + 2 Original equation
−y 3 = 2x2 Simplifying
3y 3 = 4(−x)3 + 2 Replacing x by −x
y 3 = −2x2
3y = −4x + 2
3 3
Simplifying
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin. The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation,
2x4 + 3 = y 2 Original equation
2x4 + 3 = (−y)2 Replacing y by

−y 3y 3 = 4X3 + 2 Original equation
3
2x4 + 3 = y 2 Simplifying 3( )3
−y = +2 Replacing x by −x
The last equation is equivalent to the original equation, so 4(−x) and y by
the graph is symmetric with respect to the x-axis. −y
3 3
−3 = +2 Simplifying
Test for symmetry with respect to the y-axis: y −4x
2x4 + 3 = y 2 Original equation The last equation is equivalent to the original equation,
so the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
4
2(−x) + 3 = y 2
Replacing x by −x
4 2
2x + 3 = y Simplifying
the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. 2(−y) = 5(−x) + 12 Replacing x by −x
2 2
and y by −y
2y 2 = 5x2 + 12 Simplifying
2x4 + 3 = y 2 Original equation
2(−x)4 + 3 = (−y)2 Replacing x by −x
and y by
−y
2x4 + 3 = y 2 Simplifying
the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.
2(−y)2 = 5x2 + 12 Replacing y by −y
2y 2 = 5(−x)2 + 12 Replacing x by −x

Exercise Set 2.4 83
3y 3 = 4x3 − 2
3x = |y| Original equation
3x = | − y| Replacing y by −y
3x = |y| Simplifying
3(−x) = |y| Replacing x by −x
−3x = |y| Simplifying
3(−x) = | − y| Replacing x by −x and y by −y
−3x = |y| Simplifying

xy = 12 Original equation
x(−y) = 12 Replacing y by −y
−xy = 12 Simplifying
xy = −12
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

Test for symmetry with respect to the y-axis: 31. v-axis: Replace y with -y; (0, 4)
vy = 12 Original equation y-axis: Replace v with -v; (0, -4)
-vy = 12 Replacing v by -v Origin: Replace v with -v and y with -y; (0, 4)
vy = -12 Simplifying 32. v-axis: Replace y with -y; (8, 3)
The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation, y-axis: Replace v with -v; (-8, -3)
Origin: Replace v with -v and y with -y; (-8, 3)
vy = 12 Original equation 33. The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, so the
function is even.
-v(-y) = 12 Replacing v by -v and y by -y
vy = 12 Simplifying 34. The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, so the
function is even.
the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. 35. The graph is symmetric with respect to the origin, so the
function is odd.
26. Test for symmetry with respect to the v-axis:
vy - v2 = 3 Original equation 36. The graph is not symmetric with respect to either the y-
axis or the origin, so the function is neither even nor odd.
v(-y) - v = 3
2
Replacing y by -y
vy + v2 = -3 Simplifying 37. The graph is not symmetric with respect to either the y-
axis or the origin, so the function is neither even nor odd.
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the v-axis. 38. The graph is not symmetric with respect to either the y-
Test for symmetry with respect to the y-axis: axis or the origin, so the function is neither even nor odd.
vy - v2 = 3 Original equation 39. f (v) = -3v3 + 2v
-vy - (-v)2 = 3 Replacing v by -v f (-v) = -3(-v)3 + 2(-v) = 3v3 - 2v
vy + v2 = -3 Simplifying -f (v) = -(-3v3 + 2v) = 3v3 - 2v
The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation, f (-v) = -f (v), so f is odd.
40. f (v) = 7v3 + 4v - 2
f (-v) = 7(-v)3 + 4(-v) - 2 = -7v3 - 4v - 2
vy - v2 = 3 Original equation
-f (v) = -(7v3 + 4v - 2) = -7v3 - 4v + 2
-v(-y) - (-v)2 = 3 Replacing v by -v and
y by -y f (v) = f (-v), so f is not even.
vy - v2 = 3 Simplifying f (-v) = -f (v), so f is not odd.
The last equation is equivalent to the original equation, so Thus, f (v) = 7v3 + 4v - 2 is neither even nor odd.
the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. 41. f (v) = 5v2 + 2v4 - 1
27. v-axis: Replace y with -y; (-5, -6) f (-v) = 5(-v)2 + 2(-v)4 - 1 = 5v2 + 2v4 - 1
y-axis: Replace v with -v; (5, 6) f (v) = f (-v), so f is even.
Origin: Replace v with -v and y with -y; (5, -6) 1
42. f (v) = v +
( \ v
7
28. v-axis: Replace y with -y; ,0
1 1
2 f (-v) = -v + = -v -
( \ -v v
7
y-axis: Replace v with -v; - ,0 ( \
2 1 1
( \ -f (v) = - v + = -v -
7 v v
Origin: Replace v with -v and y with -y; - ,0

2 f (-v) = -f (v), so f is odd.
29. v-axis: Replace y with -y; (-10, 7) 43. f (v) = v17
y-axis: Replace v with -v; (10, -7) f (-v) = (-v)17 = -v17
Origin: Replace v with -v and y with -y; (10, 7) -f (v) = -v17
y-axis: Replace v ( \
3
30. v-axis: Replace y with -y; with -v; 1, -
8

( \ f (-v) = -f (v), so f is
3
- 1, odd.
8
( \ √
3 44. f (v) = 3 v
√
f (-v) = 3 -v = -
√ 3
v
√
-f (v) = - 3 v
Origin: Replace v with -v and y with -y; - 1, - f (-v) = -f (v), so f is odd.
8

Exercise Set 2.5 85
45. f (v) = v - |v| 53. If the graph were folded on the v-axis, the parts above and
f (-v) = (-v) - |(-v)| = -v - |v| below the v-axis would coincide, so the graph is symmetric
with respect to the v-axis.
-f (v) = -(v - |v|) = -v + |v|
If the graph were folded on the y-axis, the parts to the left
f (v) = f (-v), so f is not even. and right of the y-axis would not coincide, so the graph is
f (-v) = -f (v), so f is not odd. not symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
Thus, f (v) = v - |v| is neither even nor odd. If the graph were rotated 180◦ , the resulting graph would
1 not coincide with the original graph, so it is not symmetric
46. f (v) = 2
v with respect to the origin.
1 1
54. If the graph were folded on the v-axis, the parts above and
f (-v) = =
( v)2
- v2 below the v-axis would not coincide, so the graph is not
f (v) = f (-v), so f is even. symmetric with respect to the v-axis.
If the graph were folded on the y-axis, the parts to the left
47. f (v) = 8 and right of the y-axis would not coincide, so the graph is
f (-v) = 8 not symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
f (v) = f (-v), so f is even. If the graph were rotated 180◦ , the resulting graph would
√ coincide with the original graph, so it is symmetric with
48. f (v) = v2 + 1
, √ respect to the origin.
f (-v) = (-v)2 + 1 = v2
55. See the answer section in the text.
+1
f (v) = f (-v), so f is even.

f ( v) f ( ( v)) f ( v) f (v)
- - -- - -
49. y 56. O(-v) = = ,
2 2
4 f (v) - f (-v) f (-v) - f (v)

-O(v) = - = . Thus,
2
2 2
O(-v) = -O(v) and O is odd.

-4 -2 2 4 x
-2 57. a), b) See the answer section in the text.
-4 58. Let f (v) = g(v) = v. Now f and g are odd functions, but
(f g)(v) = v2 = (f g)(-v). Thus, the product is even, so
the statement is false.
50. Let v = the number of volunteers from the University of
Wisconsin - Madison. Then v + 464 = the number of 59. Let f (v) and g(v) be even functions. Then by definition,
volunteers from the University of California - Berkeley. f (v) = f (-v) and g(v) = g(-v). Thus, (f + g)(v) =
Solve: v + (v + 464) = 6688 f (v) + g(v) = f (-v) + g(-v) = (f + g)(-v) and f + g is
even. The statement is true.
v = 3112, so there were 3112 volunteers from the Uni-
versity of Wisconsin - Madison and 3112 + 464, or 3576 60. Let f (v) be an even function, and let g(v) be an odd func-
volunteers from the University of California - Berkeley. tion. By definition f (v) = f (-v) and g(-v) = -g(v), or
√ g(v) = -g(-v). Then f g(v) = f (v) · g(v) = f (-v) ·
51. f (v) = v 10 - v2
[ g(
- v)] = -f (-v) · g(-v) = -f g(-v), and f g is odd.
√
-
,
f (-v) = -v 10 - (-v)2 = -v 10 - v2 The statement is true.
√
-f (v) = -v 10 - v2
Since f (-v) = -f (v), f is odd. Exercise Set 2.5
2 1
v+
52. f (v) = 1. Shift the graph of f (v) = v2 right 3 units.
3
v +1
(-v)2 + 1 v2 + 1 y

Exercise Set 2.5 85
f (-v) = =
( v)3
4
v2 + 1
-f (v) = - 3 2
v +1
Since f (v) = f (-v), f is not even. -4 -2 2 4 x
Since f (-v) = -f (v), f is not odd. -2
2
-4
f (x) = (x - 3)
2
v3 + 1

1 √
2. Shift the graph of g(v) = v2 up unit. 6. Shift the graph of g(v) = v right 1 unit.
2
y
4
2
-4 -2 2 4 x
-2
-4
1 g(x) = x-
1
g (x) = x 2 + -
2
1
7. Shift the graph of h(v) = up 4 units.
3. Shift the graph of g(v) = v down 3 units. v
y y
4
-4 -2 2 4 x 2 1
h(x) = -
x +4
-2
g (x) = x - 3 -2
1
4. Reflect the graph of g(v) = v across the v-axis and then 8. Shift the graph of g(v) = right 2 units.
v
shift it down 2 units.
y
y
4
2
-4 -2 2 4 x -2 1
-2 g(x) = -
x-
---2
-4
g (x) = -x - 2 9. First stretch the graph of h(v) = v vertically by multi-

√ plying each y-coordinate by 3. Then reflect it across the
5. Reflect the graph of h(v) = v across the v-axis. v-axis and shift it up 3 units.
y y
4 h (x) = -3x + 3
x
h(x) = -
2 2
-4 -2 2 4 x -4 -2 2 4 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
10. First stretch the graph of f (v) = v vertically by multiply-

ing each y-coordinate by 2. Then shift it up 1 unit.
y
4
2
-4
-4 -2
-2
2 4 x
f (x) = 2x + 1

Exercise Set 2.5 87
11. First shrink the graph of h(v) = |v| vertically by multiply- 15. Shift the graph of g(v) = v2 left 1 unit and down 1 unit.
1
2 y
y
4
4 1
h (x) = -|x| - 2
2 -4 -2 2 4 x
-2
-4 2 4 x g (x) = (x + 1) - 1
-4
-4
16. Reflect the graph of h(v) = v2 across the v-axis and down
4 units.
it up 2 units. y
y -2
-4
-6
-4 -2 2 4 x -8
-2
-4 h (x) = -x 2 - 4
g (x) = -lxl + 2 17. First shrink the graph of g(v) = v3 vertically by multiply-
1
ing each y-coordinate by . Then shift it up 2 units.
13. Shift the graph of g(v) = v3 right 2 units and reflect it 3
y
y
4
4 g (x) = -(x - 2)3 2
2
-4 2 4 x
-4 -2 2 4 x -2
g (x) = - 3
3x +2
-2
-4
-4
18. Reflect the graph of h(v) = v3 across the y-axis.

3
14. Shift the graph of f (v) = v left 1 unit.
y
y 4
4 2
-4 -2 2 4 x
-4 -2 2 4 x -2
-2 -4
-4
h (x) = (-x )3
f (x) = (x + 1)3 √
19. Shift the graph of f (v) = v left 2 units.
-4 -2 2 4 x
-2
Exercise Set 2.5 87
-4 f(x) = 
x+
2

√ 1
20. First shift the graph of f (¢) = ¢ right 1 unit. Shrink 28. Think of the graph of g(¢) = . Since f (¢) = 5 g(¢), or
it
-
1 ¢
vertically by multiplying each y-coordinate by and then 1
2 f (¢) = -g(¢) + 5, the graph of f (¢) = 5 - is the graph
reflect it across the ¢-axis. ¢
y of g(¢) = reflected across the ¢-axis and then shifted up
¢
4 5 units.
2
29. Think of the graph of f (¢) = |¢|. Since g(¢) =
( \
-4 -2 2 4 X 1 1
-2
f ¢ - 4, the graph of g(¢) = ¢ - 4 is the graph of
3 3
-4 f (¢) = |¢| stretched horizontally by multiplying each ¢-

1 coordinate by 3 and then shifted down 4 units.
2
f(x) = -- x-
1
30. Think of the graph of g(¢) = ¢3 . Since
√ 2 2
21. Shift the graph of f (¢) = 3
¢ down 2 f (¢) = 3
units.
y graph of g(¢) = ¢3 shrunk vertically by multiplying each

2
4 3
f(x) = x - 2
2 31. Think of the graph of g(¢) = ¢2 . Since f (¢) = - g(¢ - 5),

4
-4 -2 2 x the graph of f (¢) = - (¢ - 5)2 is the graph of g(¢) = ¢2

-2 4
-4 1
y-coordinate by , and reflected across the ¢-axis.
4
√
22. Shift the graph of h(¢) = ¢ left 1 32. Think of the graph of g(¢) = ¢3 . Since f (¢) = g(-¢) - 5,
3
unit.
reflected across the y-axis and shifted down 5 units.
y
4
2 33. Think of the graph of g(¢) = . Since f (¢) =
2 4 X 1
-4 -2 g(¢ + 3) + 2, the graph of f (¢) = + 2 is the graph
-2 ¢+3
-4 of g(¢) = shifted left 3 units and up 2 units.

¢
3
√
h(x) = x+
1 34. Think of the graph of f (¢)= ¢. Since g(¢) = f (-¢) + 5,
the graph of √ ( ) = -¢ + 5 is the graph of f (¢) = ¢

g ¢
23. Think of the graph of f (¢) = |¢|. Since reflected across the y-axis and shifted up 5 units.
g(¢) = f (3¢), the graph of g(¢) = |3¢| is the graph 2
of f (¢) = |¢| shrunk horizontally by dividing each ¢- 35. Think of the graph of f (¢) = ¢ . Since h(¢) = -f (¢-3)+
2
z 1 5, the graph of h(¢) = -(¢ - 3) + 5 is the graph of f (¢) =
coordinate by 3 or multiplying each ¢-coordinate by .
3 ¢2 shifted right 3 units, reflected across the ¢-axis, and
shifted up 5 units.
√ 1
24. Think of the graph of g(¢) = 3
¢. Since f (¢) = g(¢),
36. Think of the graph of g(¢) = ¢2 . Since f (¢) = 3g(¢ + 4)-
the
2
√
1_ √
graph of f (¢) = 3
¢ is the graph of g(¢) = ¢3 shrunk 3, the graph of f (¢) = 3(¢+4) -3 2
is the graph of g(¢) = ¢ 2
2 shifted left 4 units, stretched vertically by multiplying each
1
vertically by multiplying each y-coordinate by . y-coordinate by 3, and then shifted down 3 units.
2
1 37. The graph of y = g(¢) is the graph of y = f (¢) shrunk
25. Think of the graph of f (¢) = . Since h(¢) = 2f (¢), 1
¢ vertically by a factor of . Multiply the y-coordinate by
2 1
the graph of h(¢) = is the graph of f (¢) = stretched 2
¢ ¢ 1
vertically by multiplying each y-coordinate by 2. : ( -12, 2).

2
26. Think of the graph of g(¢) = |¢|. Since f (¢) = g(¢-3)-4, 38. The graph of y = g(¢) is the graph of y = f (¢) shifted
the graph of f (¢) = |¢ - 3| - 4 is the graph of g(¢) = |¢| right 2 units. Add 2 to the ¢-coordinate: (-10, 4).
shifted right 3 units and down 4 units.
39. The graph of y = g(¢) is the graph of y = f (¢) reflected
√
27. Think of the graph of g(¢) = ¢. Since f (¢) = 3g(¢) - 5, across the y-axis, so we reflect the point across the y-axis:
√ (12, 4).
the graph of f (¢) = 3 ¢ - 5 is the graph of g(¢) =
√
¢
stretched vertically by multiplying each y-coordinate by 3
and then shifted down 5 units.

Exercise Set 2.5 89
40. The graph of Y = 9(v) is the graph of Y = f (v) shrunk 54. Shape: h(v) = v2
1 2
horizontally. The v-coordinates of Y = 9(v) are the Shift h(v) right 6 units: 9(v) = h(v - 6) = (v - 6)
4
corresponding v-coordinates
z of Y = f (v), so we divide the Shift 9(v) up 2 units: f (v) = 9(v) + 2 = (v - 6)2 + 2
1
v-coordinate by 4 or multiply it by : ( 3, 4). 2
- 55. Shape: m(v) = v
4
41. The graph of Y = 9(v) is the graph of Y = f (v) shifted Turn m(v) upside-down (that is, reflect it across the v-
axis): h(v) = -m(v) = -v2
down 2 units. Subtract 2 from the Y-coordinate: (-12, 2).
Shift h(v) right 3 units: 9(v) = h(v - 3) = -(v - 3)2
42. The graph of Y = 9(v) is the graph of Y = f (v) stretched
horizontally. The v-coordinates of Y = 9(v) are twice the Shift 9(v) up 4 units: f (v) = 9(v) + 4 = -(v - 3)2 + 4
corresponding v-coordinates of Y = f (v), so we multiply 56. Shape: h(v) = ]v]
z 1
the v-coordinate by 2 or divide it by : ( 24, 4).
- z
2 Stretch h(v) horizontally by a factor of 2 that is, multiply
( \ ,, ,,
43. The graph of Y = 9(v) is the graph of Y = f (v) stretched 1 1 1
each v-value by : 9(v) = h v = , v,
vertically by a factor of 4. Multiply the Y-coordinate by 4: 2 2 2
(-12, 16). , ,
, ,
, 1,
Shift 9(v) down 5 units: f (v) = 9(v) - 5 = ,, 2v -, 5
,
44. The graph of Y = 9(v) is the graph Y = f (v) reflected
across the v-axis. Reflect the point across the v-axis: _
57. Shape: m(v) = v
(-12, -4). _
Reflect m(v) across the Y-axis: h(v) = m( v) = v
- -
45. 9(v) = v2 + 4 is the function f (v) = v2 + 3 shifted up ,
Shift h(v) left 2 units: 9(v) = h(v + 2) = -(v + 2)
1 unit, so 9(v) = f (v) + 1. Answer B is correct.
Shift 9(v) down 1 unit: f (v) = 9(v) - 1 =
,
46. If we substitute 3v for v in f , we get 9v2 + 3, so -(v + 2) - 1
9(v) = f (3v). Answer D is correct.
1
47. If we substitute v - 2 for v in f , we get (v - 2)3 + 3, so 58. Shape: h(v) =
v
9(v) = f (v - 2). Answer A is correct. 1
Reflect h(v) across the v-axis: 9(v) = -h(v) = -
2 2 v
48. If we multiply v + 3 by 2, we get 2v + 6, so 9(v) = 2f (v).
1
Answer C is correct. Shift 9(v) up 1 unit: f (v) = 9(v) + 1 = - + 1
v
49. Shape: h(v) = v2 59. Each Y-coordinate is multiplied by -2. We plot and con-
Turn h(v) upside-down (that is, reflect it across the v- nect (-4, 0), (-3, 4), (-1, 4), (2, -6), and (5, 0).
axis): 9(v) = -h(v) = -v2
y
Shift 9(v) right 8 units: f (v) = 9(v - 8) = -(v - 8)2 (-1, 4)
_ (-3, 4) 4 g(x) = -2f(x)
50. Shape: h(v) = v
_ (-4, 0) (5, 0)
Shift h(v) left 6 units: 9(v) = h(v + 6) = v + 6
_ -4 -2 2 46 x
Shift 9(v) down 5 units: f (v) = 9(v) - 5 = v + 6 - 5 -2
51. Shape: h(v) = ]v] -4
Shift h(v) left 7 units: 9(v) = h(v + 7) = ]v + 7] -6 (2, -6)

Shift 9(v) up 2 units: f (v) = 9(v) + 2 = ]v + 7] + 2
1
60. Each Y-coordinate is multiplied by . We plot and connect
52. Shape: h(v) = v3 2
(-4, 0), (-3, -1), (-1, -1), (2, 1.5), and (5, 0).
Turn h(v) upside-down (that is, reflect it across the v-
axis): 9(v) = -h(v) = -v3
y
Shift 9(v) right 5 units: f (v) = 9(v - 5) = -(v - 5)3
4
1
53. Shape: h(v) = 2 (2, 1.5)
v (-4, 0) (5, 0)
1 z 2 -4 -2
Shrink h(v) vertically by a factor of that is,
2 (-3, -1)
1
multiply each function value by : -4
Exercise Set 2.5 89
2 4 x g(x) =
(-1, -1) q f (x)
1 1 1 1
9(v) = h(v) = · , or
2 2 v 2v
1
Shift 9(v) down 3 units: f (v) = 9(v) - 3 = -3
2v

61. The graph is reflected across the Y-axis and stretched hor-
izontally by a factor y
7 of 2. That is,1 each v-coordinate is (-2, 2)
(-
multiplied by -2 or divided by - . We plot and con- 4
2 , 2)
nect (8, 0), (6, -2), (2, -2), (-4, 3), and (-10, 0).
(- , -4) (4, -4)
(-1, -4)
y
-12
(1, -13)
(-4, 3) 4 g (x) = f -Lx
2 g(x) = -3f(x + 1) - 4
(-10, 0) (8, 0)
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x 65. The graph is reflected across the Y-axis so each
-2 (6, -2)
(2, -2) v-coordinate is replaced by its opposite.
-4
y
62. The graph is shrunk horizontally by7 a factor of 2. That (-2, 3) 4 g(x) = f (-x )
1 (-5, 0) 2
is, each v-coordinate is divided by 2 or multiplied by .
2 (4, 0)
We plot and connect (-2, 0), (-1.5, -2), (-0.5, -2), (1, 3), -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
and (2.5, 0). -2
(3, -2)
-4 (1, -2)
y
66. The graph is reflected across the v-axis so each
4
(1, 3) Y-coordinate is replaced by its opposite.
2
(-2, 0) (2.5, 0) y
(-1, 2) 4 g(x) = -f (x )
-4 2 4 (-3, 2)
x
(5, 0)
(1.5, -2) (-0.5, -2) 2
-6 -4
(-4, 0) -2 2 4 6 x
-4
g(x) = f (2x) -2
-4 (2, -3)
63. The graph is shifted right 1 unit so each v-coordinate is

increased by 1. The graph is also reflected across the v-
axis, shrunk vertically by a factor of 2, and shifted up 3 67. The graph is shifted left 2 units so each v-coordinate is
1 decreased by 2. It is also reflected across the v-axis so each
units. Thus, each Y-coordinate is multiplied by - and Y-coordinate is replaced with its opposite. In addition, the
2
then increased by 3. We plot and connect (-3, 3), (-2, 4), graph is shifted up 1 unit, so each Y-coordinate is then
(0, 4), (3, 1.5), and (6, 3). increased by 1.
y y
h(x) = -g (x + 2) + 1
6
G0, 4) 4 (3, 3)
G-2, 4)
G1, 3) G6, 3) (-9, 1) (-2, 1) 2 (-1, 0)
G-3, 3) 2 (-3, 0)
G3, 1.5) -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-4 -2 2 4 6 s -2
-2 (-7, -3) (-4, -3) -4 (0, -3)
g Gs) = -Lf Gs - 1) + 3
-4 -6 (5, -5)
64. The graph is shifted left 1 unit so each v-coordinate is 68. The graph is reflected across the Y-axis so each
decreased by 1. The graph is also reflected across the v-coordinate is replaced with its opposite. It is also shrunk
v-axis, stretched vertically by a factor of 3, and shifted 1
vertically by a factor of , so each Y-coordinate is multi-
down 4 units. Thus, each Y-coordinate is multiplied by -3 2

1
and then decreased by 4. We plot and connect (-5, -4), plied by (or divided by 2).
2
(-4, 2), (-2, 2), (1, -13), and (4, -4).
y
4 (0, 0)
(-7, 3)
(-2, 2) (2, 2) (5, 2)
Copyright c 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 2
(7, 0)
8 x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6
(-5, -1) -2 1
(1, -)
1 2
(-1, - )
2 -4 1
h(x) = -
2 g(

Exercise Set 2.5 91
1
69. The graph is shrunk horizontally. The 0-coordinates of 76. 9(0) = f (0) - 3
Y = h(0) are one-half the corresponding 0-coordinates of 3
Y = 9(0). The graph of 9(0)7 is the graph of f (0) shrunk vertically
by a factor of 3 that is, each Y-coordinate is multiplied
y 1
8 h(x) = g (2x ) by and then shifted down 3 units. This is graph (e).
7
3
(-1, 4) 6 (- , 6)
2
(1, 4)
1
(--
5 77. 9(0) = f (0 4 2)
2 , 4) 4 3
1
7 2 (-
2 , 1) The graph of 9(0) 7 is the graph of f (0) shrunk vertically
(--
2 , 0)
by a factor of 3 that is, each Y-coordinate is multiplied
-4 -2 2 4 x
1 -2 1
(--
2 , 1) 5 by and then shifted left 2 units. This is graph (c).
(-
2 , -2) 3
-4
(0, 0)
78. 9(0) = -f (0 4 2)
70. The graph is shifted right 1 unit, so each 0-coordinate is The graph of 9(0) is the graph f (0) reflected across the
increased by 1. It is also stretched vertically by a factor 0-axis and shifted left 2 units. This is graph (b).
7
of 2, so each Y-coordinate is multiplied by 2 or divided 79. f ( -0) = 2( -0)4 - 35(-0)3 4 3(-0) - 5 =
1 204 4 3503 - 30 - 5 = 9(0)

by . In addition, the graph is shifted down 3 units, so
2 1 1
each Y-coordinate is decreased by 3. 80. f (-0) = (-0) 4 4 ( -0) 3 - 81(-0) 2 - 17 =
4 5
y 1 4 1
h(x) = 2g (x - 1) - 3 0 - 03 - 8102 - 17 = 9(0)
10 4 5
(8, 9)
8 81. The graph of f (0) = 03 - 302 is shifted up 2 units. A

(-1, 5)
6
formula for the transformed function is 9(0) = f (0) 4 2,
(-4, 5) (3, 5) or 9(0) = 03 - 302 4 2.
4
82. Each Y-coordinate of the graph of f (0) = 03 - 302 is mul-
2
1
tiplied by . A formula for the transformed function is
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 2
x 1 1
(0, -1) -2
(2, -1) h(0) = f (0), or h(0) = (03 - 302 ).

(-6, -3) -4 (1, -3) 2 2
-6
83. The graph of f (0) = 03 - 302 is shifted left 1 unit. A
(6, -7) formula for the transformed function is k(0) = f (0 4 1),
-8 or k(0) = (0 4 1)3 - 3(0 4 1)2 .
84. The graph of f (0) = 03 - 302 is shifted right 2 units and
71. 9(0) = f (-0) 4 3
2
up 1 unit. A formula for the transformed function is
The graph of 9(0) is the graph of f (0) reflected across the
t(0) = f (0 - 2) 4 1, or t(0) = (0 - 2)3 - 3(0 - 2) 4 1.
Y-axis and shifted up 3 units. This is graph (f).
0-axis and the Y-axis. This is graph (a).

72. 9(0) = f (0) 4 3
1
The graph of 9(0) is the graph of f (0) shifted up 3 units. 75. 9(0) = f (0 - 2)
3
This is graph (h).
The graph of 9(0) 7 is the graph of f (0) shrunk vertically
73. 9(0) = -f (0) 4 3 by a factor
multiplied of 3 that is, each Y-coordinate is
The graph of 9(0) is the graph of f (0) reflected across the 1
0-axis and shifted up 3 units. This is graph (f).
74. 9(0) = -f (-0)

The graph of 9(0) is the graph of f (0) reflected across the
Exercise Set 2.5 91
85. Test for symmetry with respect to the 0-axis. Y = 3(-0)4 - 3 Replacing 0 by -0
Y = 304 - 3 Original equation Y = 304 - 3 Simplifying
-Y = 30 - 3
4
Replacing Y by -Y The last equation is equivalent to the original equation, so
Y = -30 4 3 Simplifying
4 the graph is symmetric with respect to the Y-axis.
The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation, Test for symmetry with respect to the origin:
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the 0-axis. Y = 304 - 3
Test for symmetry with respect to the Y-axis. -Y = 3(-0)4 - 3 Replacing 0 by -0 and
Y = 304 - 3 Original equation
by and then shifted right 2 units. This is graph (d).
3 Y by -Y
-Y = 304 - 3
Y = -304 4 3 Simplifying

The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation, Translate.

so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin. Number of
number of guns
guns found was twice
86. Test for symmetry with respect to the X-axis. found in 2010 less 418.
in 2013
y 2 = X Original equation
(-y)2 = X Replacing y by -y
1828 = 2· n - 418
y 2 = X Simplifying
Solve.
The last equation is equivalent to the original equation, so 1828 = 2n - 418
the graph is symmetric with respect to the X-axis.
2246 = 2n
1123 = n
y2 = X Original equation
Check. 2 · 1123 = 2246 and 2246 - 418 = 1828. This is
y 2 = -X Replacing X by -X the number of guns found in 2013, so the answer checks.
The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation, State. In 2010, 1123 guns were found with airline travel-
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the y-axis. ers.
90. Let a = the total number of acres of pumpkins harvested
y2 = X Original equation in Michigan, Ohio, and Illinois in 2012.
(-y)2 = -X Replacing X by -X and Solve: 0.545a = 16, 200
y by -y
a ≈ 29, 700 acres
y 2 = -X Simplifying
The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation, 91. Each point for which f (X) < 0 is reflected across the X-axis.
y
87. Test for symmetry with respect to the X-axis:
2X - 5y = 0 Original equation
4
(-1, 2) (1, 2)
2 (4, 2)
2X - 5(-y) = 0 Replacing y by -y (-4, 0)
2X 4 5y = 0 Simplifying -4 -2 2 4 x
-2
-4 |f (x)|
so the graph is not symmetric with respect to the X-axis.
2X - 5y = 0 Original equation 92. The graph of y = f (]X]) consists of the points of y = f (X)
2(-X) - 5y = 0 Replacing X by -X for which X ≥ 0 along with their reflections across the
y-axis.
-2X - 5y = 0 Simplifying
The last equation is not equivalent to the original equation, y
(-1, 2) 4
Test for symmetry with respect to the origin: (1, 2)
(-4, 2) 2 2)(4,
2X - 5y = 0 Original equation
-4 -2 2 4x
2(-X) - 5(-y) = 0 Replacing X by -X and -2
y by -y f (|x|)
-4
-2X 4 5y = 0
2X - 5y = 0 Simplifying
The last equation is equivalent to the original equation, so 93. The graph of y = 9(]X]) consists of the points of y = 9(X)
the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. for which X ≥ 0 along with their reflections across the
y-axis.
88. Let p = the number of pages of federal tax rules in 1995.
Then the number of pages in 2014 was p 4 84.2% of p, or y
1.842p.
4
Solve: 1.842p = 74, 608
(-2, 1) 2 (2, 1)
p = 40, 504 pages (-4, 0) (4, 0)
-4 -2 2 4x
89. Familiarize. Let n = the number of guns that were found -2
with airline travelers in 2010. -4 g (|x|)

Exercise Set 2.6 93
94. Each point for which 9(X) < 0 is reflected across the X-axis. 5. y = kX
1
y 1 = k·
4
4 4 = k
(-2, 1) 2 (2, 1) The variation constant is 4. The equation of variation is
(-4, 0) (4, 0) y = 4X.
-4 -2 2 4x
-2 k
6. y =
-4 |g(x)| X
k
0.1 =
0.5
95. f (2 - 3) = f (-1) = 5, so b = 5. 0.05 = k Variation constant
(The graph of y = f (X - 3) is the graph of y = f (X) 0.05
shifted right 3 units, so the point (-1, 5) on y = f (X) is Equation of variation: y =

X
transformed to the point (-1 4 3, 5), or (2, 5) on k
y = f (X - 3).) 7. y =
X
96. Call the transformed function 9(X). k
32 = 1
Then 9(5) = 4 - f (-3) = 4 - f (5 - 8),
8
9(8) = 4 - f (0) = 4 - f (8 - 8), 1
· 32 = k
8
and 9(11) = 4 - f (3) = 4 - f (11 - 8).
4 = k
Thus 9(X) = 4 - f (X - 8), or 9(X) = 4 - ]X - 8].
The variation constant is 4. The equation of variation is
4
y= .
X
Exercise Set 2.6
8. y = kX
1. y = kX 3 = k · 33
54 = k · 12 1
= k Variation constant
11
54 9
= k, or k = 1
12 2 Equation of variation: y = X
11
9
The variation constant is , or 4.5. The equation of vari-
2 9. y = kX
9
ation is y = X, or y = 4.5X. 3
2 = k·2
4
2. y = kX 1 3
· = k
0.1 = k(0.2) 2 4
1 3
= k Variation constant =k
2 8
1 3
Equation of variation: y = X, or y = 0.5X. The variation constant is . The equation of variation is
2 8
3
k y = X.
3. y = 8
X k
k 10. y =
3 = X
12
1 k
36 = k =
5 35
The variation constant is 36. The equation of variation is 7 = k Variation constant
36
y= . 7
X Equation of variation: y =
X
4. k
y = k
X 11. y =
k X
12 = k
5 1.8 =
60 = k Variation constant 0.3
0.54 = k
60
Equation of variation: y = The variation constant is 0.54. The equation of variation
X 0.54
Exercise Set 2.6 93
is y = .
X

12. y = kX 17. Let F = the number of grams of fat and w = the weight.
0.9 = k(0.4) F = kw F varies directly as w.
9
= k Variation constant 60 = k · 120 Substituting
4 60
9 = k, or Solving for k
Equation of variation: y = X, or y = 2.25X 120
4
1
13. Let W = the weekly allowance and a = the child’s age. =k Variation constant
2
W = ka 1
5.50 = k · 6 F = w Equation of variation
2
11
= k 1
12 F = · 180 Substituting
2
F = 90
11
W = X
12 The maximum daily fat intake for a person weighing 180
11
W = ·9 lb is 90 g.
12
W = $8.25 18. N = kP
14. Let S = the sales tax and p = the purchase price. 53 = k · 38, 040, 000 Substituting
53
S = kp S varies directly as p. =k Variation constant
38, 040, 000
7.14 = k · 119 Substituting 53
N = P
0.06 = k Variation constant 38, 040, 000
53
N = · 26, 060, 000 Substituting
S = 0.06p Equation of variation 38, 040, 000
S = 0.06(21) Substituting N ≈ 36
S ≈ 1.26 Texas has 36 representatives.
The sales tax is $1.26. 19. k

T = T varies inversely as P .
P
k k
15. t= 5 =
r Substituting
7
k 35 = k Variation constant
5 =
80
400 = r 35
400 T = Equation of variation
t= P
r 35
400 T = Substituting
t= 10
70 T = 3.5
40 5
t= , or 5 hr It will take 10 bricklayers 3.5 hr to complete the job.
7 7
k
16. W = W varies inversely as L. 20. k
L t=
k r
1200 = Substituting k
8 45 =
600
9600 = k Variation constant
27, 000 = k
9600 27,000
W = Equation of variation t=
L r
9600 27,000
W = Substituting t=
14 1000
W ≈ 686 t = 27 min
A 14-m beam can support about 686 kg. 21. d = km d varies directly as m.
40 = k · 3 Substituting
40
=k Variation constant
3

Exercise Set 2.6 95
40 k
d= m Equation of variation 26. y = 2
3 X
40 200 k
d= ·5 = Substituting 6 =
32
3 3
2 54 = k
d = 66
3 54
2 y=
A 5-kg mass will stretch the spring 66 cm. X2
3
27. y = kX2
22. f = kF
0.15 = k(0.1)2 Substituting
6.3 = k · 150
0.15 = 0.01k
0.042 = k
0.15
f = 0.042F =k
0.01
f = 0.042(80) 15 = k
f = 3.36 The equation of variation is y = 15X2 .
k
23. P = P varies inversely as W .
W 28. y = kX2
2
k 6 = k ·3
330 = Substituting
3.2 2
= k
1056 = k Variation constant 3
2 2
y= X
1056 3
P = Equation of variation
W 29. y = kXz
1056
550 = Substituting 56 = k · 7 · 8 Substituting
W
56 = 56k
550W = 1056 Multiplying by W
1 = k
1056 The equation of variation is y = Xz.
W = Dividing by 550
550 kX
30. y =
W = 1.92 Simplifying z
k· 12
A tone with a pitch of 550 vibrations per second has a 4 =
15
wavelength of 1.92 ft.
5 = k
24. M = kE M varies directly as E. 5X
35.9 = k · 95 Substituting y=
z
35.9
=k Variation constant 31. y = kXz 2
95
35.9 105 = k · 14 · 52 Substituting
M = E Equation of variation
95 105 = 350k
35.9
M = · 100 Substituting 105
95 =k
350
M ≈ 37.8
3
A 100-lb person would weigh about 37.8 lb on Mars. =k
10
k 3
25. y = The equation of variation is y = Xz 2 .
X2 10
Xz
k 32. y=k·
0.15 = 2 Substituting w
(0.1) 3 2· 3
k =k·
0.15 = 2 4
0.01 0.0015 = k
0.15(0.01) = k
The equation of variation is y = 1 = k
Xz
y=
w
0.0015
.
X2

Xz
33. y =k 1 2
wp The equation of variation is d = r .
18
3 3 · 10 Substitute 72 for d and find r.
=k Substituting
28 7·8 1 2
72 = r
3 30 18
=k· 1296 = r 2
28 56
3 56 36 = r
· = k
28 30 A car can travel 36 mph and still stop in 72 ft.
1
= k k
5 38. W =
d2
1 Xz Xz
k
The equation of variation is y = , or . 220 =
5 wp 5wp (3978)2
Xz
34. y =k· 2 3, 481, 386, 480 = k
w
12 16 · 3 3,481,386,480
=k· 2 W =
5 5 d2
5 3, 481, 386, 480
=k W =
4 (3978 4 200)2
5 Xz W ≈ 199 lb
5Xz
y= 2
, or
4w 4w2 39. E =
k k
35. I =
R
I
d2 We first find k.
k k· 89
90 = 2 Substituting 3.75 = Substituting
5 213.1
k
90 = 213.1 213.1
25 3.75 =k Multiplying by
2250 = k 89 89
2250 9≈ k
The equation of variation is I = .
d2 9R
The equation of variation is E = .
Substitute 40 for I and find d. I
2250 Substitute 3.75 for E and 235 for I and solve for R.
40 = 2 9R
d 3.75 =
40d2 = 2250 235
2
7 235 235
d = 56.25 3.75 =R Multiplying by
9 9
d = 7.5
98 ≈ R
The distance from 5 m to 7.5 m is 7.5 - 5, or 2.5 m, so it is
2.5 m further to a point where the intensity is 40 W/m2 . John Lester would have given up about 98 earned runs if
he had pitched 235 innings.
36. D = kAv
40. kT
222 = k · 37.8 · 40 V =
P
37 k· 42
= k 231 =
252 20
37 110 = k
D = Av
252
110T
37 V =
430 = · 51v P
252 110 · 30
v ≈ 57.4 mph V =
15
37. d = kr 2
V = 220 cm3
200 = k · 602 Substituting 41. parallel
200 = 3600k
42. zero
200
= k 43. relative minimum
3600
1
=k 44. odd function
18
45. inverse variation

Chapter 2 Review Exercises 97
46. a) 7Xy = 14 49. We are told A = kd2 , and we know A = πr2 so we have:
2 kd2 = πr2
y =
X 7 d 2 d
Inversely kd2 = π r=
2 2
b) X - 2y = 12 πd 2
kd2 =
X 4
y = -6 π
2
k = Variation constant
Neither 4
c) -2X 4 y = 0 Chapter 2 Review Exercises

y = 2X
Directly
1. This statement is true by the definition of the greatest
3 integer function.
d) X = y
4
4 2. This statement is false. See Example 3 in Section 2.3 in
y = X the text.
3
Directly
3. The graph of y = f (X - d) is the graph of y = f (X) shifted
right d units, so the statement is true.
e) X = 2
y 4. The graph of y = -f (X) is the reflection of the graph of
1
y = X y = f (X) across the X-axis, so the statement is true.
2
Directly 5. a) For X-values from -4 to -2, the y-values increase
from 1 to 4. Thus the function is increasing on the
47. Let V represent the volume and p represent the price of a
interval (-4, -2).
jar of peanut butter.
b) For X-values from 2 to 5, the y-values decrease from
V = kp V varies directly as p.
( \2 4 to 3. Thus the function is decreasing on the inter-
3 val (2, 5).
π (5) = k(2.89) Substituting
2 c) For X-values from -2 to 2, y is 4. Thus the function
3.89π ≈ k Variation constant is constant on the interval (-2, 2).
V = 3.89πp Equation of variation
6. a) For X-values from -1 to 0, the y-values increase from
π(1.625)2 (5.25) = 3.89πp Substituting 3 to 4. Also, for X-values from 2 to ∞, the y-values
3.56 ≈ p increase from 0 to ∞. Thus the function is increas-
If cost is directly proportional to volume, the larger jar ing on the intervals (-1, 0), and (2, ∞).
should cost $3.56. b) For X-values from 0 to 2, the y-values decrease from
Now let W represent the weight and p represent the price 4 to 0. Thus, the function is decreasing on the in-
terval (0, 2).
of a jar of peanut butter.
c) For X-values from -∞ to -1, y is 3. Thus the func-
W = kp tion is constant o in al ( , 1).
n the terv -∞ -
18 = k(2.89) Substituting
7.
6.23 ≈ k Variation constant y
5
W = 6.23p Equation of variation 4
22 = 6.23p Substituting 3
2
3.53 = p 1
If cost is directly proportional to weight, the larger jar –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 X

–1
should cost $3.53. –2 f (x ) = x 2 – 1
2 –3
48. Q = –4
k –5
p
q3
Q varies directly as the square of p and inversely as the
cube of q. The function is increasing on (0, ∞) and decreasing on

(-∞, 0). We estimate that the minimum value is -1 at
X = 0. There are no maxima.

8. y
y
5 4
f (x ) = 2 – | x | 2
3
2
-4 -2 2 4 x
1
-2
–1 -4
–2
–3
–4 X3 , for X < -2,

–5
13. f (X) = ]X], for -2 ≤ X ≤ 2,
_
The function is increasing on (-∞, 0) and decreasing on X - 1, for X > 2
(0, ∞). We estimate that the maximum value is 2 at X = 0. We create the graph in three parts. Graph f (X) = X3 for
There are no minima. inputs less than -2. Then graph f (X) = ]X] for inputs
greater than or equal _to -2 and less than or equal to 2.
9. If two sides of the patio are each X feet, then the remaining Finally graph f (X) = X - 1 for inputs greater than 2.
length × width. y
A(X) = X(48 - 2X), or 48X - 2X 2

2
10. The length of the rectangle is 2X. The width is the second -4 -2 2 4 x
coordinate of the point (X, y) on the circle. The circle has -2
-4
_
by A(X) = 2X 4 - X2 . -6
-8
-10
108 in3 , we have:
-12
108 = X · X · h
108 = X2 h X2 - 1
108 , for X = 1,
-
=h 14. f (X) = X4 1
X2
3, for X = -1
Now find the surface area.
X2- 1
S = X2 4 4 · X · h We create the graph in two parts. Graph f (X) =
X41
108 for all inputs except
S(X) = X 4 4 · X ·
2 1. Then graph f (X) = 3 for X
X2 - = -1.
432
2
S(X) = X 4
X y
b) X must be positive, so the domain is (0, ∞). 4
c) From the graph, we see that the minimum value of 2
the function occurs when X = 6 in. For this value
of X, -4 -2 2 4 x
108 108 108 -4

h= = 2 = = 3 in.
X2 6 36
-X, for X ≤ -4, 15. f (X) = [[X]]. See Example 9 in Section 2.1 of the text.
12. f (X) = 1
X 4 1, for X > -4
2
We create the graph in two parts. Graph f (X) = -X for
1
inputs less than or equal to -4. Then graph f (X) = X 4 1
2
for inputs greater than -4.

16. f (X) = [[X - 3]]

This function could be defined by a piecewise function with
an infinite number of statements.

4
I. 22. f (X) = , 9(X) = 3 - 2X
X2
I
I.
I a) Division by zero is undefined, so the domain of f is
I
I.
I -4, for -1 ≤ X < 0, {X]X = 0}, or (-∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞). The domain of 9 is
the set of all real numbers, or ( , ).
I
-3, for 0 ≤ X < 1, -∞ ∞
f (X) = -2, for 1 ≤ X < 2, The domain of f 4 9, f - 9 and
I ( \f 9 is {X]X = 0},
3
I -1, for 2 ≤ X < 3,
I or (-∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞). Since 9 = 0, the domain
I. 2
I I
I. I 3
I of f /9 is XII X = 0 and X = , or
I. 2
( \ ( \
3 3
(-∞, 0) ∪ 0, ∪ ,∞ .
2 2
( \
4 4
b) (f 4 9)(X) = 4 (3 - 2X) = 2 4 3 - 2X
X2 X
( \
4 4
(f - 9)(X) = - (3 - 2X) = - 3 4 2X
X2 X2
(\
4 12 8
(f 9)(X) =
X2 (3 - 2X) = X2 - X
( \
4
I X3 , for X < -2, X2 4
(f /9)(X) = =
17. f (X) = ]X], for -2 ≤ X ≤ 2, (3 - 2X) X2 (3 - 2X)
_
X - 1, for X > 2 23. f (X) = 3X2 4 4X, 9(X) = 2X - 1
Since -1 is in the interval [-2, 2], f (-1) = ] - 1] = 1. a) The domain of f , 9, f 4 9, f -( 9,\and f9 is all real
1
_ _
Since 5 > 2, f (5) = 5-1 = 4 = 2. numbers, or (-∞, ∞). Since 9 = 0, the domain
2
Since -2 is in the interval [-2, 2], f (-2) = ] - 2] = 2. I ( \ ( \

1 1 1
I
of f /9 is XIIX = , or - ∞, ∪ ,∞ .
Since -3 < -2, f (-3) = (-3)3 = -27. 2 2 2
b) (f 4 9)(X) = (3X2 4 4X) 4 (2X - 1) = 3X2 4 6X - 1

X2 - 1
, for X = -1, (f - 9)(X) = (3X2 4 4X) - (2X - 1) = 3X2 4 2X 4 1
18. f (X) = X4 1
(f 9)(X) = (3X2 4 4X)(2X - 1) = 6X3 4 5X2 - 4X
3, for X = -1
3X2 44X
(-2)2 - 1 4- 1 3 (f /9)(X) =
Since -2 = -1, f (-2) = = = -3. 2X - 1
=
-2 4 1 -1 -1
24. P (X) = R(X) - C(X)
Since X = -1, we have f (-1) = 3.
2
= (120X - 0.5X ) - (15X 4 6)

0 - 1 -1
2
Since 0 = -1, f (0) = = = - 1. = 120X - 0.5X2 - 15X - 6
041 1
42 - 1 16 - 1 15 = 3. = -0.5X2 4 105X - 6
Since 4 = -1, f (4) = = =
441 5 5
25. f (X) = 2X 4 7

19. (f - 9)(6) = f (6) - 9(6) f (X4 h) - f (X) 2(X4 h) 4 7- (2X47)

= =
_
= 6-2- (62 - 1) h h
_
= 4 - (36 - 1) 2X42h4 7- 2X- 7 2h
= =2
= 2 - 35 h h
= -33 26. f (X) = 3 - X 2
f (X 4 h) = 3 - (X 4 h)2 = 3 - (X2 4 2Xh 4 h2 ) =

20. (f 9)(2) = f (2) · 9(2)
_ 3 - X2 - 2Xh - h2
= 2 - 2 · (22 - 1)
f (X4 h) - f (X) 3 - X2 - 2Xh- h2 - (3 -
= 0 · (4 - 1) = X2 )
h
=0 h
= 3 - X2 - 2Xh- h2 -
21. (f 4 9)(-1) = f (-1) 4 9(-1)
3 4X2
h
_ h(-2X- h)
= -1 - 2 4 ((-1)2 - 1) -2Xh- h2
_ = =
h h
= -3 4 (1 - 1)
_ h -2X- h
Since -3 is not a real number, (f 49)(-1) does not exist. = · = -2X - h
h 1

4 (9 ◦ f )(X) = 9(3X2 4 4X)
27. f (X) =
X
= 2(3X2 4 4X) - 1
4 4 4 X 4 X4 h
= 6X2 4 8X - 1
f (X4 h)- f (X) X4 h- X X4 h· X- X· X4 h
= = = b) Domain of f = domain of 9 = all real numbers, so
h h h
domain of f ◦ 9 = domain of 9 ◦ f = all real numbers,
4X- 4(X4 h) 4X- 4X- 4h -4h
or (-∞, ∞).
X(X4 h) X(X4 h) X(X4 h) _
= = = 38. f (X) = X, 9(X) = 5X 4 2. Answers may vary.
h h h
-4h 1 -4· h
/ -4 4 39. f (X) = 4X2 4 9, 9(X) = 5X - 1. Answers may vary.
· = = , or -
X(X 4 h) h X(X 4 h) ·h
/ X(X 4 h) X(X 4 h)
40. X2 4 y 2 = 4
28. (f ◦ 9)(1) = f (9(1)) = f (1 4 4) = f (1 4 4) = f (5) =
2
y
2 · 5 - 1 = 10 - 1 = 9
5
29. (9 ◦ f )(1) = 9(f (1)) = 9(2 · 1 - 1) = 9(2 - 1) = 9(1) = 4
3 x2+ y2=4
12 4 4 = 1 4 4 = 5
2
30. (h ◦ f )(-2) = h(f (-2)) = h(2(-2) - 1) = 1

x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
h(-4 - 1) = h(-5) = 3 - (-5)3 = 3 - (-125) = -1
-2
3 4 125 = 128
-3
31. (9 ◦ h)(3) = 9(h(3)) = 9(3 - 33 ) = 9(3 - 27) = -4

-5
2
9(-24) = (-24) 4 4 = 576 4 4 = 580
32. (f ◦ h)(-1) = f (h(-1)) = f (3 - (-1)3 ) = The graph is symmetric with respect to the X-axis, the
f (3 - (-1)) = f (3 4 1) = f (4) = 2 · 4 - 1 = 8 - 1 = 7 y-axis, and the origin.
Replace y with -y to test algebraically for symmetry with
33. (h ◦ 9)(2) = h(9(2)) = h(22 4 4) = h(4 4 4) respect to the X-axis.
h(8) = 3 - 83 = 3 - 512 = -509 X2 4 ( y)2
- =4
34. (f ◦ f )(X) = f (f (X)) = f (2X - 1) = 2(2X - 1) - 1 = X2 4 y 2 = 4
4X - 2 - 1 = 4X - 3 The resulting equation is equivalent to the original equa-
tion, so the graph is symmetric with respect to the X-axis.
35. (h ◦ h)(X) = h(h(X)) = h(3 - X3 ) = 3 - (3 - X3 )3 =
Replace X with -X to test algebraically for symmetry with
3-(27 - 27X 4 9X - X ) = 3 - 27 4 27X - 9X 4 X =
3 6 9 3 6 9
respect to the y-axis.
-24 4 27X3 - 9X6 4 X9 ( -X)2 4 y 2 = 4
4
36. a) f ◦ 9(X) = f (3 - 2X) = X2 4 y 2 = 4
(3 2X)2
-
( \ ( \ The resulting equation is equivalent to the original equa-
4 4 8
9 ◦ f (X) = 9 = 3 -2 =3- tion, so the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
X2 X2 X2
Replace X and -X and y with -y to test for symmetry
b) The domain of f is {X]X = 0} and the domain of 9 with respect to the origin.
is the set of all real numbers. To find the domain
(-X)2 4 (-y)2 = 4
of f ◦ 9, we find the values of X for which 9(X) = 0.
3 X2 4 y 2 = 4
Since 3 - 2X = 0 when X = , the domain of f ◦ 9
I 2 The resulting equation is equivalent to the original equa-
( \ ( \
I 3 3 3
is X X= , or , , . Since any tion, so the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.
I
I -∞ ∪ ∞
2 2 2
real number can be an input for 9, the domain of 37. a) f ◦ 9(X) = f (2X - 1)
9 ◦ f is the same as the domain of f , {X]X = 0}, or
(-∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
= 3(2X - 1)2 4 4(2X - 1) 41. y 2 = X2 4 3

y
5
4
3
2
1 y2 = x2 + 3
= 3(4X - 4X 4 1) 4 4(2X - 1)
2
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x
–1
= 12X2 - 12X 4 3 4 8X - 4 –2
–3
= 12X2 - 4X - 1
–4
–5

The graph is symmetric with respect to the X-axis, the 43. y = X2

y-axis, and the origin.
y
5
respect to the X-axis.
4
(-y)2 = X2 4 3 3 y = x2
2
y 2 = X2 4 3 1
The resulting equation is equivalent to the original equa- –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x

–1
tion, so the graph is symmetric with respect to the X-axis.
–2
Replace X with -X to test algebraically for symmetry with –3
–4
–5
y 2 = (-X)2 4 3
y 2 = X2 4 3 The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. It is

The resulting equation is equivalent to the original equa- not symmetric with respect to the X-axis or the origin.
tion, so the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. Replace y with -y to test algebraically for symmetry with
Replace X and -X and y with -y to test for symmetry respect to the X-axis.
with respect to the origin. -y = X2
(-y)2 = (-X)2 4 3
y = -X2
2 2
y = X 43
The resulting equation is not equivalent to the original
The resulting equation is equivalent to the original equa- equation, so the graph is not symmetric with respect to
tion, so the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. the X-axis.
42. X 4 y = 3 Replace X with -X to test algebraically for symmetry with
y
y = (-X)2
5
x+ y= 3
4 y = X2
3
2
The resulting equation is equivalent to the original equa-
1 tion, so the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x Replace X and -X and y with -y to test for symmetry

–1
–2
with respect to the origin.
–3 -y = (-X)2
–4
–5 -y = X2
y = -X2
The graph is not symmetric with respect to the X-axis, the The resulting equation is not equivalent to the original
y-axis, or the origin. equation, so the graph is not symmetric with respect to
Replace y with -y to test algebraically for symmetry with the origin.
44. y = X3
X-y =3
y
equation, so the graph is not symmetric with respect to 5
4
the X-axis.
3 y = x3
Replace X with -X to test algebraically for symmetry with 2
respect to the y-axis. 1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 x
-X 4 y = 3
1 2 3 4 5
–1
–2
The resulting equation is not equivalent to the original –3
equation, so the graph is not symmetric with respect to –4
the y-axis. –5
Replace X and -X and y with -y to test for symmetry

with respect to the origin. The resulting equation is not equivalent to the
-X - y = 3 original equation, so the graph is not symmetric with
X 4 y = -3 respect to the origin.

The graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. It is

not symmetric with respect to the X-axis or the y-axis.
-y = X3
y = -X3

The resulting equation is not equivalent to the original 46. The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, so the
equation, so the graph is not symmetric with respect to function is even.
the X-axis.
47. The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, so the
Replace X with -X to test algebraically for symmetry with function is even.
48. The graph is symmetric with respect to the origin, so the
y = (-X)3
function is odd.
y = -X3
49. The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, so the
function is even.
equation, so the graph is not symmetric with respect to
the y-axis. 50. f (X) = 9 - X2
Replace X and -X and y with -y to test for symmetry f (-X) = 9 - (-X2 ) = 9 - X2
with respect to the origin. f (X) = f (-X), so f is even.
-y = (-X)3
51. f (X) = X3 - 2X 4 4
-y = -X3 3
f (-X) = (-X) - 2(-X) 4 4 = -X 4 2X 4 4

3
y = X3
f (X) = f (-X), so f is not even.
The resulting equation is equivalent to the original equa-
tion, so the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. -f (X) = -(X3 - 2X 4 4) = -X3 4 2X - 4
f (-X) = -f (X), so f is not odd.
45. y = X4 - X2
Thus, f (X) = X3 - 2X 4 4 is neither even or odd.
y
52. f (X) = X7 - X5
5
4 f (-X) = (-X)7 - (-X)5 = -X7 4 X5
3
2
f (X) = f (-X), so f is not even.
1 -f (X) = -(X7 - X5 ) = -X7 4 X5
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x
f (-X) = -f (X), so f is odd.
–1
–2
53. f (X) = ]X]
–3
–4 f (-X) = ] - X] = ]X]
y = x–54 – x 2
f (X) = f (-X), so f is even.
_
The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. It is 54. f (X) = 16 - X2
, _
not symmetric with respect to the X-axis or the origin. f (-X) = 16 - (-X2 ) = 16 - X2
Replace y with -y to test algebraically for symmetry with f (X) = f (-X), so f is even.
respect to the X-axis. 10X
-y = X4 - X2 55. f (X) =
X2 4 1
y = -X4 4 X2 10(-X ) 10X
f (-X) = =- 2
The resulting equation is not equivalent to the original ( -X)2 4 1 X 41
equation, so the graph is not symmetric with respect to f (X) = f (-X), so f (X) is not even.
the X-axis. 10X
-f (X) = - 2
Replace X with -X to test algebraically for symmetry with X 41
respect to the y-axis. f (-X) = -f (X), so f is odd.
y = (-X)4 - (-X)2 56. Shape: 9(X) = X2
y = X4 - X2 Shift 9(X) left 3 units: f (X) = 9(X 4 3) = (X 4 3)2
The resulting equation is equivalent to the original equa- _
tion, so the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. 57. Shape: t(X) = X
Replace X and -X and y with -y to test for symmetry Turn t(X) upside dow
_(n (that is, reflect it across the X-axis):
with respect to the origin. h(X) = -t(X) = - X.

_
-y = (-X) - (-X)
4 2 Shift h(X) right 3 units: 9(X) = h(X - 3) = -D X - 3.
_
-y = X4 - X2 Shift 9(X)
y = -X4 4 X2 up 4 units:
f (X) = 9(X) 4 4 = - X - 3 4 4.
58. Shape: h(X) = ]X]
The resulting equation is not equivalent to the original Stretch h(X) vertically by a factor of 2 (that is, multiply
equation, so the graph is not symmetric with respect to each function value by 2): 9(X) = 2h(X) = 2]X].
the origin. Shift 9(X) right 3 units: f (X) = 9(X - 3) = 2]X - 3].

59. The graph is shifted right 1 unit so each X-coordinate is 64. y = kX

increased by 1. We plot and connect (-4, 3), (-2, 0), (1, 1) 6 = 9X
and (5, -2).
2
=X Variation constant
3
2
Equation of variation: y = X
3
65. k
y =
X
k
100 =
25
2500 = k
2500
60. The graph is shrunk horizontally by a factor of 2. That Equation of variation: y =
X
is, each X-coordinate is divided by 2. We plot and connect
( \ ( \
5 3
- , 3 , - , 0 , (0, 1) and (2, -2). 66. k
2 2 y =
X
k
6 =
9
54 = k Variation constant
54
Equation of variation: y =
X
k
67. y =
X2
k
12 = 2
2
61. Each y-coordinate is multiplied by -2. We plot and con- 48 = k
nect (-5, -6), (-3, 0), (0, -2) and (4, 4).
48
y = 2
X
2
68. y =
k
X ( \2
z 1
w
k(16)
2
2=
0.2
( \
1
k(16)
4
2=
62. Each y-coordinate is increased by 3. We plot and connect 0.2
(-5, 6), (-3, 3), (0, 4) and (4, 1). 4k
2 =
0.2
2 = 20k
1
= k
10
1 Xz 2
y =
10 w
k
69. t=
r
k
63. y = kX 35 =
800
100 = 25X 28, 000 = k
4 = X 28,000
t=
Equation of variation: y = 4X r
28, 000
t=
1400
t = 20 min
70. N = ka 78. In the graph of y = f (cX), the constant c stretches or

87 = k · 29 shrinks the graph of y = f (X) horizontally. The constant
c in y = cf (X) stretches or shrinks the graph of y = f (X)
3 = k vertically. For y = f (cX), the X-coordinates of y = f (X) are
N = 3a divided by c; for y = cf (X), the y-coordinates of y = f (X)
are multiplied by c.
N = 3 · 25
79. The graph of f (X) = 0 is symmetric with respect to the
N = 75 X-axis, the y-axis, and the origin. This function is both
Ellen’s score would have been 75 if she had answered 25 even and odd.
questions correctly. 80. If all of the exponents are even numbers, then f (X) is an
71. P = kC 2 even function. If a0 = 0 and all of the exponents are odd
numbers, then f (X) is an odd function.
180 = k · 62
5 = k Variation constant 81. Let y(X) = kX2 . Then y(2X) = k(2X)2 = k · 4X2 = 4 · kX2 =
4 · y(X). Thus, doubling X causes y to be quadrupled.
P = 5C 2 Variation equation
P = 5 · 102 k2 k2 k1 k 2
82. Let y = k X and X = . Then y = k , or y = ,
1 1 ·
z z z
P = 500 watts so y varies inversely as z.
_
72. f (X) = X 4 1, 9(X) = X
The domain of f is (-∞, ∞), and the domain of 9 is [0, ∞). Chapter 2 Test
To find the domain of (9 ◦ f )(X), we find the values of X
for which f (X) ≥ 0.
X4 1≥ 0 1. a) For X-values from -5 to -2, the y-values increase
from -4 to 3. Thus the function is increasing on
X ≥ -1
the interval (-5, -2).
Thus the domain of (9 ◦ f )(X) is [-1, ∞). Answer A is
b) For X-values from 2 to 5, the y-values decrease from
correct.
2 to -1. Thus the function is decreasing on the
73. For b > 0, the graph of y = f (X)4b is the graph of y = f (X) interval (2, 5).
shifted up b units. Answer C is correct. c) For X-values from -2 to 2, y is 2. Thus the function
1 is constant on the interval (-2, 2).
74. The graph of 9(X) = - f (X) 4 1 is the graph of y = f (X)
2 2.
1 y
shrunk vertically by a factor of , then reflected across the

2 5
X-axis, and shifted up 1 unit. The correct graph is B. 4

3 f (x ) = 2 – x 2
75. Let f (X) and 9(X) be odd functions. Then by definition, 2
f (-X) = -f (X), or f (X) = -f (-X), and 9(-X) = -9(X), 1
or 9(X) = -9(-X). Thus (f 4 9)(X) = f (X) 4 9(X) = –5 –4 –3 –2 –1

–1
1 2 3 4 5 X
-f (-X) 4 [-9(-X)] = -[f (-X) 4 9(-X)] = -(f 4 9)(-X) –2

and f 4 9 is odd. –3
–4
76. Reflect the graph of y = f (X) across the X-axis and then –5
across the y-axis.
77. f (X) = 4X3 - 2X 4 7 The function is increasing on (-∞, 0) and decreasing on

(0, ∞). The relative maximum is 2 at X = 0. There are no
a) f (X) 4 2 = 4X3 - 2X 4 7 4 2 = 4X3 - 2X 4 9 minima.
b) f (X 4 2) = 4(X 4 2)3 - 2(X 4 2) 4 7
3. If b = the length of the base, in inches, then the height =
= 4(X3 4 6X2 4 12X 4 8) - 2(X 4 2) 4 7 4b - 6. We use the formula for the area of a triangle,
= 4X3 4 24X2 4 48X 4 32 - 2X - 4 4 7 = 4X3 - 2X 4 7 4 32 - 4 4 7

3 2
= 4X 4 24X 4 46X 4 35 = 4X3 - 2X
c) f (X) 4 f (2) = 4X - 2X 4 7 4 4 · 2 - 2 · 2 4 7
3 3 4 42

f (X) 4 2 adds 2 to each function value; f (X 4 2) adds 2 to 1

A = bh.
each input before the function value is found; f (X) 4 f (2) 2
adds the output for 2 to the output for X. 1
A(b) = b(4b - 6), or
2
A(b) = 2b2 - 3b

Chapter 2 Test 105
IX , 2
for X < -1, 20. f (X) =
1
X44
2
4. f (X) = ]X], for -1 ≤ X ≤ 1,
_ f (X 4 h) =
1 1 1
(X 4 h) 4 4 = X 4 h 4 4
X - 1, for X > 1 2 2 2
(
1 1 1
X4 h44 X44
-
f (X4 h) - f (X) 2 2 2
y =
h h
4
11 1
2
X4 h 4 4- X-4
-4 -2 2 4 x = 2 2 2
-2 h
-4
1
h
1 1 1 h 1
= 2 = h · = · =
( \ I I h 2 h 2 h 2
7 7 7 7
I I
5. Since -1 ≤ - ≤ 1, f - = I- I= . 21. f (X) = 2X2 - X 4 3
8 8 I 8I 8
_ _ f (X4h) = 2(X4h)2 -(X4h)43 = 2(X 2 42Xh4h 2)-X - h43=
Since 5 > 1, f (5) = 5 - 1 = 4 = 2.
2X2 4 4Xh 4 2h2 - X - h 4 3
Since -4 < -1, f (-4) = (-4)2 = 16.
2 2 2
6. (f 4 9)(-6) = f (-6) 4 9(-6) = f (X4h)- f (X) 2X44Xh42h- X- h43- (2X- X43)
=
, h h
(-6)2 - 4(-6) 4 3 4 3 - (-6) = 2 2 2
_ _ 2X44Xh42h- X- h43- 2X4X- 3

36 4 24 4 3 4 3 4 6 = 63 4 9 = 63 4 3 = 66 =
h
7. (f - 9)(-1) = f (-1) - 9(-1) = 4Xh42h2 - h
, =
(-1)2 - 4(-1) 4 3 - 3 - (-1) = h
_ _
14443- 341=8- 4=8-2=6 h/(4X 42h- 1)
_ =
h/
8. (f 9)(2) = f (2) · 9(2) = (22 - 4 · 2 4 3)( 3 - 2) =
_ = 4X 4 2h - 1
(4 - 8 4 3)( 1) = -1 · 1 = -1
22. (9 ◦ h)(2) = 9(h(2)) = 9(3 · 22 4 2 · 2 4 4) =
f (1) 1 2 - 4 · 1 43 1- 4 4 3 0(
9. (f /9)(1) = = = ( = =0 9(3 · 4 4 4 4 4) = 9(12 4 4 4 4) = 9(20) = 4 · 20 4 3 =
_ _ _
9(1) 3-1 2 2 80 4 3 = 83
10. Any real number can be an input for f (X) = X2 , so the 23. (f 9)( 1) = f (9( 1)) = f (4( 1) 4 3) = f ( 4 4 3) =
◦ - - - -
domain is the set of real numbers, or (-∞, ∞).
_ f (-1) = (-1)2 - 1 = 1 - 1 = 0
11. The domain of 9(X) = X - 3 is the set of real numbers for
2
which X - 3 ≥ 0, or X ≥ 3. Thus the domain is {X]X ≥ 3}, 24. (h ◦ f )(1) = h(f (1)) = h(1 - 1) = h(1 - 1) = h(0) =
or [3, ∞). _
16. (f 4 9)(X) = f (X) 4 9(X) = X2 4 X-3
12. The domain of f 4 9 is the intersection of the domains of _
f and 9. This is {X]X ≥ 3}, or [3, ∞). 17. (f - 9)(X) = f (X) - 9(X) = X2 - X - 3
_
13. The domain of f - 9 is the intersection of the domains of 18. (f 9)(X) = f (X) · 9(X) = X2 X - 3
f and 9. This is {X]X ≥ 23}, or [3, ∞). f (X) X
19. (f /9)(X) = = _
14. The domain of f 9 is the intersection of the domains of f
and 9. This is {X]X ≥ 3}, or [3, ∞).
15. The domain of f /9 is the intersection of the domains of f
and 9, excluding those X-values for which 9(X) = 0. Since
X - 3 = 0 when X = 3, the domain is (3, ∞).

Chapter 2 Test 105
3 · 02 4 2 · 0 4 4 = 0 4 0 4 4 = 4
27. The inputs for f (X) must be such that X - 5 ≥ 0, or X ≥ 5.
25. (9 ◦ 9)(X) = 9(9(X)) = 9(4X 4 3) = 4(4X 4 3) 4 3 = Then for (f ◦ 9)(X) we must have 9(X) ≥ 5, or X2 41 ≥ 5, or
16X 4 12 4 3 = 16X 4 15 X2 ≥ 4. Then the domain of (f ◦ 9)(X) is (-∞, -2] ∪ [2, ∞).
_ Since we can substitute any real number for X in 9, the
26. (f ◦ 9)(X) = f (9(X)) = f (X2 4 1) = X2 4 1 - 5 = domain of (9 ◦ f )(X) is the same as the domain of f (X),
_
X2 - 4 [5, ∞).
_ _
(9 ◦ f )(X) = 9(f (X)) = 9( X - 5) = ( X - 5)2 4 1 = 28. Answers may vary. f (X) = X4 , 9(X) = 2X - 7
X-541 = X-4
9(X) X-3

k
29. y = X4 - 2X2 34. y =
X
Replace y with -y to test for symmetry with respect to k
the X-axis. 5 =
6
-y = X4 - 2X2 30 = k Variation constant
y = -X4 4 2X2 30
Equation of variation: y =
The resulting equation is not equivalent to the original X
equation, so the graph is not symmetric with respect to 35. y = kX
the X-axis. 60 = k · 12
Replace X with -X to test for symmetry with respect to 5 = k Variation constant
the y-axis.
Equation of variation: y = 5X
y = (-X)4 - 2(-X)2
2
y = X4 - 2X2 36. y =
k
The resulting equation is equivalent to the original equa- X
tion, so the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. z
w
Replace X with -X and y with -y to test for symmetry k(0.1)(10)2
with respect to the origin. 100 =
5
-y = (-X)4 - 2(-X)2 100 = 2k
-y = X4 - 2X2 50 = k Variation constant
2
y = -X 4 2X
4 2 50Xz
y = Equation of variation
The resulting equation is not equivalent to the original w
equation, so the graph is not symmetric with respect to 37. d = kr2
the origin. 200 = k · 602
2X 1
=k Variation constant
18
30. f (X) =
X2 4 1 d=
1 2
r Equation of variation
2(-X) 2X 18
f (-X) = =-
( X)2
- 41 X2 4 1 1
d= 302
·
f (X) = f (-X), so f is not even. 18
2X d = 50 ft
-f (X) = - 2
X 41 38. The graph of 9(X) = 2f (X) - 1 is the graph of y = f (X)
f (-X) = -f (X), so f is odd. stretched vertically by a factor of 2 and shifted down 1 unit.
The correct graph is C.
31. Shape: h(X) = X2
Shift h(X) right 2 units: 9(X) = h(X - 2) = (X - 2)2 39. Each X-coordinate on the graph of y = f (X) is divided by
( \
3
Shift 9(X) down 1 unit: f (X) = (X - 2) - 1
2 3 on the graph of y = f (3X). Thus the point
3
, 1 , or
32. Shape: h(X) = X2 (-1, 1) is on the graph of f (3X).
Shift h(X) left 2 units: 9(X) = h(X 4 2) = (X 4 2)2

Shift 9(X) down 3 units: f (X) = (X 4 2)2 - 3
1
33. Each y-coordinate is multiplied by - . We plot and con-
2
nect (-5, 1), (-3, -2), (1, 2) and (4, -1).

Precalculus A Right Triangle Approach 5th Edition Beecher Penna Bittinger Solution Manual

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5. a) For x-values from −∞ to −8, the y-values increase

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12. Domain: (−∞, ∞); range: (−∞, 11]

16. From the graph we see that a relative maximum value

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creasing on (−∞, 0.103) and on (3.601, ∞). 2

The function is increasing on (0, ∞) and decreasing on 21. y

(−∞, 0). We estimate that the minimum is 0 at x = 0. 5

–3 The function is decreasing on (−∞, 3) and increasing on

Increasing: (−∞, 0) 22. y

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mensions of the box are X by 12 − 2X by

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c) The maximum occurs when z = 3.5, so the file -4

Since -4 < 1, g(-4) = -4 + 4 = 0. z - 5, for z > 0

f (z) = -1 for inputs z greater than or equal to 4.

Since 4 > 1, h(4) = 4 + 2 = 6. -4

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We create the graph in three parts. Graph f (a) = a + 1 4

for inputs a less than or equal to -3. Graph f (a) = -1 2

for inputs greater than -3 and less than 4. Then graph -4 -2 2 4 x

-4 When a = 5, the denominator of (a2 - 25)/(a - 5) is

44. f (a) = a + 1, for -2 < a < 3 a-5 a-5

-a, for a > 3 Thus, f (a) = a + 5, for a = 5.

45. g(a) = 3, for 0 < a < 1

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I -4, for -2 < 0 < -1, 2

4 g(0) = 2, for -1 < 0 < 2,

This can also be expressed as follows:

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h(c) = c, for 0 < c < 3, 1 7

h(c) = c, for 0 < c < 3, 2 1

range is (-3, 5). Finding the slope of each segment and 9 9

f (c) = c - 1, for -1 < c < 2, We graph this function.

This can also be expressed as:

66. f (c) = 4c3 - 5c

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b) From the definition of the function in part (a),

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We write a proportion involving the lengths of the 1 2

9. (g - f )(-1) = g(-1) - f (-1) = [2(-1) 4 1] - [(-1)2 - 3]

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= ( 2 ) b) (f + g)(c) = f (c) + g(c) = (2c + 3) + (3 - 5c) =

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1 (1) a) The domain of f is [0» ∞). The domain of g is

(f f )(c) = f (c) · f (c) = (2c - 1)(2c - 1) = √ √

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22. f (c) = c2 - 1, g(c) = 2c 4 5 25. f (c) = c 4 1, g(c) = ]c]

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b) (f 4 g)(c) = f (c) 4 g(c) = c 4 1 4 ]c] b) (f 4 g)(c) = c2 - 4 4 c3 » or c3 4 c2 - 4

a) The domain of f and of g is (-∞» ∞). Then the c41 6-c

27. f (c) = c3 , g(c) = 2c2 4 5c - 3 4 1 4

the domain of f , g, f 4 g, f - g, fg, and f f is the set 4 4 16

2c5 4 5c4 - 3c3 3

(f f )(c) = f (c) · f (c) = c · c = c 3 3 6

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30. f (c) = 2c , g(c) = c-5

28. f (c) = c2 - 4, g(c) = c3

(f f )(c) = 2c2 · 2c2 = 4c4

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c-5 a) Since f (2) is not defined, the domain of f is