Engr. MARK KENETH C.

SUMBILLO
Special Science Teacher I
Subject Teacher
 Thousands of practical
questions are studied by
chemists.
A few of them are…
 can we modify a useful drug or vaccine
to improve its effectiveness while minimizing
any harmful or unpleasant side effects?
 substances could help to avoid
rejection of foreign tissue in organ transplants?
 improvements in fertilizers or pesticides
can increase agricultural yields? How can this
be done with minimal environmental danger?
 relationship is there between the
substances we eat, drink, or breathe and the
possibility of developing cancer?
 can we develop substances that are
effective in killing cancer cells preferentially
over normal cells?
 A new study reveals exactly how the venom's toxin –
called MP1 (Polybia-MP1) – selectively kills cancer cells
without harming normal cells.
 can we slow down unfavorable
reactions, such as the corrosion of metals,
while speeding up favorable ones, such as
the growth of foodstuffs?
 Formation of rust, Fe2O3
4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
Chemistry touches almost every aspect of
our lives, our culture, and our environment.
Its scope encompasses the we breathe,
the we eat, the we drink, the
we wear, the we live in,
and the and supplies
we use, as well as our .
 The chemicals of our
bodies profoundly affect
even the personal world
of our thoughts and
emotions.
 Chemistry is the science that describes
– its properties, the changes it
undergoes, and the changes that
accompany those processes.
Chemistry as the ,
which rests on the foundation of
and and in
turn, underlies the Life Sciences –
and .
No one can be expert in all aspects of such a
broad science as chemistry. Sometimes we
arbitrarily divide the study of chemistry into
various branches.

BRANCH FOCUS

CHEMISTRY C, -H, -O, -N, -S

CHEMISTRY all other compounds & CO, CO2, CO32-, and HCO3-

CHEMISTRY qualitative and quantitative study of matter

properties of matter, chemical processes,

CHEMISTRY
accompanying energy changes

CHEMISTRY processes in living organisms

 Our scientific knowledge has been
described as an expanding sphere that,
as it grows, encounters an ever-
enlarging frontier.

In our search for understanding, we

eventually must ask fundamental
questions, such as the following:
❑ How do substances combine to form other
substances? How much energy is involved in
changes that we observe?

❑ How is matter constructed in its intimate

detail? How are atoms and the ways that
they combine related to the properties of the
matter that we can measure, such as color,
hardness, chemical reactivity, and electrical
conductivity?

❑ What fundamental factors influence the

stability of a substance? What factors control
the rate at which a chemical change takes
place?
1
To of what
chemistry is about and the ways in
which chemists view and describe the
material world

2
To that are useful
and necessary in the understanding of
chemistry, its contribution to science
and engineering, and its role in our
daily lives
 is anything that has
mass and occupies space.

Mass is a measure of
quantity of matter in a
sample of any material.
 is rigid and have definite shape

flows and assumes the shape of

its container to a given volume

is less dense than liquid and solid;

occupy all parts of any vessel
 is charged particles in gaseous
state which temperature ranges from
11,000°F (6,093°C) to 14,500°F (8,038 °C)

Lightning has a temperature of 20,000°C

 are
condensed atoms acting as one;
awarded in 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics

Rubidium atoms at 0 K, (-273.15 °C)

 is the capacity to do work or
transfer heat – light e., mechanical e.,
electrical e., heat e.

1. Kinetic E. is the energy in motion

2. Potential E. is the energy an object
possesses because of its position,
condition, or composition
 There is no observable change in the
quantity of matter during a chemical
reaction or during a physical change.
 Energy cannot be created or destroyed in a
chemical reaction or in a physical change. It can
only be converted from one form to another.
The combined amount of matter and energy in
the universe is fixed.
 are exhibited by
matter as it undergoes changes in
composition; related to the kinds of
chemical changes that substance undergo

Examples:
❑ Chemical property of Mg is that it can
combine with oxygen, releasing energy in
the process
❑ Chemical property of O2 is that it can
combine with Mg
 Redox Reaction
Mg2+ + O2- MgO
 can be observed in
the absence of any change in composition

Examples:
color, density, hardness, melting point,
boiling point, electrical and thermal
conductivities
Note:
Some depend on conditions such as T and P
✓ Water is solid (ice) at low temperatures but is a
liquid at higher temperatures
✓ Boiling point is affected by pressure
g/mL
❑ Because
have identical sets of chemical and
physical properties under the same
conditions, we can identify and distinguish
among different substances.

❑ For instance, _____ is the only clear,

colorless liquid that solidifies at 0℃, boils
at 100℃ at 1 atm, and dissolves a wide
variety of substance.
1. one or more substances are used up (at
least partially)
2. one or more substances are formed
3. energy is absorbed or released

Examples:
❑ reaction of Mg as it burns in the O2
❑ formation of Fe2O3 on the surface of iron
❑ browning of banana
❑ burning of leaves
Signs:
✓ evolution of a gas
✓ change of color
✓ formation of precipitate
1. no change in chemical composition
2. may suggest that a has
taken place (a change in color,
temperature, and phase)

Examples:
❑ breaking of glass
❑ stretching of gloves
❑ water condensation (precipitation)

Whitening of hair (change in physical property

but an indication of a chemical change)
 cannot be further broken down or
purified by physical means. A substance is
matter of a particular kind – has unique
properties that are different from the set of
properties of any other substance

Types:
1. Compounds
❑ H2O, NaCl, H2SO4
2. Elements
❑ Zn, Pb, Sn, Hg, Mn
 PATINA
CO2 Cu2CO3(OH)2
Cu Cu Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2
OH- Cu4SO4(OH)6

The Statue of Liberty is made of copper 3/32 in. (2.4 millimeters) thick, the same as
two U.S. pennies put together. Why is the Statue green? The Statue's copper has
naturally oxidized to form its familiar "patina" green coating.
are combinations of two or more pure
in which each substance
retains its own composition and properties

Types:
1. Heterogeneous mixture
❑ mixture of salt and charcoal, foggy air,
vegetable soup
2. Homogeneous mixture
❑ salt water, alloys, air
Engr. MARK KENETH C. SUMBILLO
Special Science Teacher I
Subject Teacher