Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 26 (2021) 101168

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Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/csite

Cattaneo-christov heat flux model of 3D hall current involving

biconvection nanofluidic flow with Darcy-Forchheimer law effect:
Backpropagation neural networks approach
Muhammad Asif Zahoor Raja a, Zeeshan Khan b, Samina Zuhra c,
Naveed Ishtiaq Chaudhary a, Wasim Ullah Khan d, *, Yigang He d, Saeed Islam b,
Muhammad Shoaib e
a
Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, 64002, Taiwan
b
Department of Mathematics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
c
Department of Computing and Technology, Abasyn University, Peshawar, 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
d
School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
e
Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock, 43600, Pakistan

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Recently, the applications of artificial intelligence through soft computing and machine learning
Soft computing algorithms have become the focal point of researcher’s consideration on account of their con­
Levenberg-marquardt venience for accurate modelling, ease in simulation and effective assessment. This article en­
Backpropagation
dorses soft computing based backpropagated neural networks (BNNs) with Levenberg Marquardt
Intelligent networks
technique (LMT), i.e., BNN-LMT, over a novel mathematical model based on biconvection, second
Hall current
Cattaneo-christov heat and mass flux model grade combine convection nanofluid (BSCCN) flow associated with Cattaneo-Christove (CC) heat
flux model for thermal transportation and viscous dissipation, Darct-Forhheimer (DF) law for
permeable medium and Hall (H) current for high intensity electric conductive on flow motion
model, i.e., BSCCN-CCDFH flow model. Self-similar transformations are used to reduce the
multivariable function model to mathematical system of a single variable. The assessment of
thermal buoyancy parameter, Hall parameter, porosity parameter, thermophoresis factor, Lewis
number and Peclet number over the flow rate dynamics, energy, nanofluid concentration and
microorganism concentration profiles is made through dataset based on Adam numerical solver
for different physical quantity based scenarios. The results of exhaustive numerical simulation
studies show that the proposed technique BNN-LMT is an efficient, reliable, accurate and rapid
convergent stochastic numerical solver exploited viably for the BSCCN-CCDFH flow model having
number of physical variations.

1. Introduction

Collective swimming of motile microorganism in specific direction termed as Biconvection phenomena use for settling of solid
nanoparticles and amplifying mixing in less fluid volume in natural environments. The phenomena of Biconvection are applicable in

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: kwasim814@whu.edu.cn (W.U. Khan).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101168
Received 10 April 2021; Received in revised form 8 June 2021; Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 18 June 2021
2214-157X/© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
M.A.Z. Raja et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 26 (2021) 101168

Nomenclature

BNN-LMT Backpropagated neural networks with Levenberg Marquardt technique

NNs Neural networks
AI Artificial intelligence
x, y Space Coordinates
u, ̃
̃ v, w
̃ Components for Velocity in space
νf Kinematic viscosity
ρf Density
Dynamic ratio kinematic viscosity
μ
νf = ρff
(β1 , β3 ) Linear and nonlinear thermal coefficients
(β2 , β4 ) Linear and nonlinear concentration coefficients
m = ωe τe Hall currant parameter
kF
kF = √0̅̅
x
Forchheimer conflict
k Permeability of the porous medium
T Temperature
Tw & T∞ Wall and ambient temperature
Cw & C∞ Wall and ambient nanofluid volume fractions
kf Thermal conductivity
DB Brownian diffusivity
α1 Material parameter
λ3 Thermal diffusivity of the nanofluid
N Microorganisms density
( )
bWc
V = ∇C ∂∂Cy Average swimming velocity vector of microorganisms
̃

4σ 1 ∂T 4
qr = − 3k2 ∂y Radiative heat flux
Dn Microorganisms diffusivity
qr Radiative heat flux
k1
λ3 = ρf Thermal diffusivity with thermal conductivity as k1
(ρc)p
τ = (ρc)f Heat capacities of nanoparticle vs base fluid

Dimensionless quantities
f(η), g(η), θ(η), φ(η), χ (η) Velocities slit, energy, nanofluid concentration and microorganism concentration
δ1 = cμα1 Nanofluid of Second grade
f

Permeable coefficient
ν
δ2 = kcf
F
k
δ3 = √−̅̅̅̅ Inertial variant
k0
Gr
δ4 = Re2 Thermal buoyancy coefficient
x
T∞ )
δ5 = β2 (Twβ− Thermal convection variable
1
Gs
δ6 = Gr Ratio of concentration to thermal buoyancy
β4 (Cw − C∞ )
δ7 = β3 Concentration convection
δ8 = cλ1 Relaxation time temperature parameter
δ9 = (ρc)q c Heat source/sink
f

δ10 = cλ2 Relaxation nanoparticles time parameter

δ11 = nwn− ∞n∞ Gyrotactic microorganisms
4T∞ 3 σ
Rd = k2 λ3
1
Thermal radiation
g1 β1 (Tw − T∞ )x3
Gr = ν2f
Thermal Grashof number
g1 β3 (Cw − C∞ )x3
Gs = ν2f
Solutal Grashof number
τDB (Cw − C∞ )
Nb = νf Brownian motion
x2 c2
Ec = (Tw − T∞ ) Eckert number
Le = DfB Lewis number
υ

Lb = Dfn Bioconvection lewis number

υ

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M.A.Z. Raja et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 26 (2021) 101168

Pe = bW
Dn
c
Peclet number
Rex = xuνfw Local Reynolds number
Prandtl number
υ
Pr = λ3f

bio technology, bio informatics and micro-fluidic field such as food and preservation processing while in engineering biconvection
process is utilized for mechanical energy preparation and for power resources. In nanotechnology aggregation of motile microor­
ganism and nano particles mechanism increase the stability and thermal transportation. This feather motivates researchers for further
discussion on biconcevtion phenomena. Faiz et al. [1] explained the features of gyrotatic microorganism on MHD Powel Erying
nanofluids flow in term of heat/mass transfer. Biconvection generates due to the combine effect of buoyancy force and magnetic field
aimed stabilization of nanoparticle suspension. Khan et al. [2] used Entropy generation in biconvection Oldroyd-B nanofluids
examined the impact of physical parameters on flow rate, temperature and microorganism concentration profiles. Kamel et al. [3]
studied the Biconvection process in tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow under the effect of thermal radiation, Thermophoresis and
Brownian motion have supporting role in flow pattern cause to enhance thermal effect. Three dimensional flow pattern of Oldroyd-B
nanofluid process by suliman et al. [4] declared apposite behavior of relaxation quantity and retardation, time coefficient on fluidic
flow. Ahmad et al. [5] treated the biconvection thermal radiation heat flux model by shooting method. Auto catalysis chemical re­
action of nanofluid flow incorporated biconvection process model was investigated by Zuhra et al. [6]. Ali saleh et al. [7] presented the
biconvection gyrotactic microorganism fluid flow on non-Newtonian MHD nanofluid with heat/mass transportation activation energy
over the sheets.
In a fluid the current passes through predominant electron. These electrons collide with other charged or particle cause the strong
mobility with natural ions. In case of this gyration and drifting of charged particles the parallel conductivity of electric field seized so
current move in normal direction of electromagnetic field term as Hall effect. In electronic technology, the Hall effect is applicable in
accelerators devices, thermal elements, in power generation plants and in electric transformers while, in life sciences Hall current with
magnetic field sway blood flow in artery used in angiography [8]. Ramzan et al. [9] preferred Hall effect and Ion slip in fluid flow over
partially ionized fluid flow (consider best for ohm’s law). He discussed 3D electrically-conducting tangent Hyperbolic nanofluid
gyrotactic flow under the effect of Hall, Cattaneo-Christove heat flux model. Basant kumar et al. [10] study the Hall effect on steady
MHD mixed convection flow over infinite walled micro-channel in upper direction. Hall current coefficient increase the volumetric
flow rate. Krishna et al. [11] analyzed the magnetic field and Hall effects on free convective micro-polar fluid flow pass a permeable
wall. Micro-rotational velocity enhanced due to Hall effect.
Two distinct bodies’s temperature generates thermal transportation appliance that help in production of energy in power plant,
combustion in atomic reactors and for drug delivery through heat conduction in tissues. For the very first Fourier [12] portrayed the
parabolic energy equation for heat transportation. Initial interruption restricted all inner medium cause instability in heat trans­
portation processes. Cattaneo [13] worked on Fourier’s laws by adding a thermal relaxation phenomena generate thermal trans­
portation in waves form with controllable speed. Christove [14] work is the modification of Cattaneo applied Oldroyd’s upper
convection derivative aimed to achieve material-invariant instead of time-invariant known as Cattaneo-Christove heat flux model
(CCHF) that manage thermal transportation throughout the medium at slow rate. . Ibrahim et al. [15] employed CCHF model on
combine convection Erying- Powel nanofluid flows past a stretched surface. Numerical results of distinct quantities analyzed on ve­
locity slit, temperature and nanofluid concentration curve. CCHF model on hybrid micro-polar nanofluid flow in MHD field is dis­
pected by [16]. Micro-polar factor has significant impact on flow velocity and thermal field. Khan el al [17]. scrutinized the CCHF
model for aluminum, copper and Titanium nanofluids take water as base fluid. Thermal relaxation coefficient is comprehensive
observed for flow and temperature curve in the light of three nanofluid.
Convectional heat transfer fluid has quite slow heat transfer rate as compare to solid. This shortcoming is filled with the innovation
of adding nanoscale particles (1–100 nm) in pure fluid termed as nanofluid led new evolution in thermal transportation of fluids in
later part of twenty century which is the fundamental aspect in machine technology. Nanoscopic character makes nanoparticle as
essential component in industrial technology widely applicable in mixing field, automotive industries for cooling engine, in heating/
cooling electronic home appliances, agriculture engineering, telecommunications, bio-engineering, environmental remediation, for
micro-size electronic cooling etc. Holistic assessment of nanofluid’s current progress, expansion, dissipation and its future challenges
for the next generation is collected by Eric et al. [18] for the year 2019. Area of his research comprised thermophysical models used in
determining the nanofluid characteristics, procedure of nanofluid help to enhance thermal behavior and application of nanofluidic
appliances. Abdul and James [19] presented the experiencing waves of nanofluid based on 5 year’s survey. Their study predicted
nanofluid as a promising factor in industrial and technological future especially in life sciences. Material scientists and chemists
investigate nanofluid characteristics whereas experimental work on application of nanofluid performs through thermal and me­
chanical attendants. Separate field work creates hurdles in nanofluid processing. Yu et al. [20] suggested guidelines on systematized
summary of dispersing approaches of thermal nanofluid should provide in the preparation and stabilization process of nanofluid to
bridge the gap between different field’s researches. Li et al. [21] analyzed the biconvection phenomena on second grade nanofluid
under the influence of energy activation and heat radiation. Second order nanofluid assists in metal strips, manufacturing process,
enhancing energy, micro-electronic accessories. Zuhra el al [22]. discussed the biconvection MHD second-grade nanofluid flow with
copper as base fluid used the passively controlled nanofluidic model boundary conditions. Similar problem of fluidics system has been
implemented with exhaustive deterministic algorithm in a variety of fields [23–33]. While, renewed experimental studies for nano­
fluidic systems can be seen in [34–43].

3
M.A.Z. Raja et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 26 (2021) 101168

Soft computing designates and performs in a way analogous to human act such as recognition, exploration, problem solving rule,
concept learning, reasoning, acquitting knowledge, deciding under uncertainties, planning development, strategies, understanding
and interpretation etc. The structure of AI comprises three major parts. Perception part (PS) controls sensing system. Language system
(LS) deals natural languages, NL interfaces, translators and AI programing while Knowledge engineering (KE) field induce expert
system, knowledge and rule based system. Artificial intelligent not only offer novel algorithm and techniques to solve complicated
application oriented “problems” with high nonlinearity and number of variants in nature by making machine behave with intelligence

Fig. 1. Workflow progression of proposed BNN-LMT scheme for HCEBF-CCHMF model.

4
M.A.Z. Raja et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 26 (2021) 101168

but also endeavor to enhance computing power and capacities of machine beyond the traditional level [44]. In technological side AI is
applicable in the area of drug diagnoses, economical valuations, investigation systems, VLSI chips, databases, for education system,
robotic, languages, simulation and assessment, and computing vision etc. Artificial Neural Networks is one of the vital parts of
computing system that based on biological brain subject of neuro informatics. NNs used for micro-polar fluids [45], Casson nanofluid
3D flow [46], Casson nanofluid two phase flow [47], Radiative MHD flow [48], Darcy- Forchheimer flow [49], Erying-Powell fluid
flow [50], Rotating flow of carbon nanotubes [51] and for hybrid nanofluid, Casson fluid with the effect of inclined MHD field, for
biological nanofluid, flow over scraped surface hybrid nanofluid rotating flow [52–56]. Other relevant work on NNs is presented in
[57–62].
A large numbers of variables badly effected thermophysical behavior of nanofluid thus many researchers suggest soft computing as
a most accurate predicting technique for nanofluid models. Global data bank may improve the predicting power of ANNs that can save
thermophysical measuring conducting cost [18].
Here the new physical model of biconvection, second grade combine convection nanofluid flow associated Cattaneo-Christove heat
flux model for thermal transportation and viscous dissipation, Darct-Forhheimer law for permeable medium and Hall current for high
intensity electric conductive on flow motion (BSCCN flow-CCDFH model) is presented. Highlighted points for BSCCN-CCDFH flow
model through computation techniques are as follows.

➢ Simulation of biconvection, second grade combine convection nanofluid flow associated Cattaneo-Christove heat flux model for
thermal transportation and viscous dissipation, Darct-Forhheimer law for permeable medium and Hall current for high intensity
electric conductive on flow motion (BSCCN-CCDFH flow model) is proposed by Backpropagated neural networks with Levenberg-
Marquardt technique (BNN-LMT).
➢ Suitable transformation is applied on PDEs physical system to achieve ODEs set of equations which can easily solvable through
BNN-LMT.
➢ Adam numerical solver assists dataset for the various derived quantities of BSCCN-CCDFH flow model
➢ Numerical scenarios based on physical quantities of BSCCN-CCDFH flow model is analyzed through testing, training and validity
process of proposed BNNs-LMT.
➢ Statistical techniques are adopted to check the convergence rate of approximate results in terms of Mean square error, error his­
togram and regression fitness curve.

2. System model

Three dimensions, time independent, second grade, hydromagnetic, combine convection nanofluid flow past a stretching surface
with permeable medium is taken into account. Cattaneo-Christove heat flux model is employing for thermal transportation and viscous
dissipation. Motile microorganisms are suspended in nanofluid. For permeable medium Darcy-Forchheimer is assumed while, elec­
tromagnetic force is negligible on magnetic field. In coordinate system x-axis is taken in the direction of stretching sheet while, y-axis
and uniform magnetic field is considering normal to sheet. High intensity electric conductivity on flow motion is induced by Hall
current which generates force in z-direction normal to x_, y_ axis represented in Fig. 1. All motion variants under consideration are
assumed independent of z-axis as there is no change in flow, energy and nanofluid concentration across z axis.
Mathematical system of the above physical model with boundary conditions is as follow,
∂̃u ∂̃v ∂w
̃
+ + = 0, (1)
∂x ∂y ∂y
( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ))
∂̃u ∂̃u ∂2 ̃u ∂3 ̃u ∂̃u ∂2̃u ∂̃u ∂2 ̃u ∂3 ̃u ∂w
̃ ∂2 w ̃ ∂w̃ ∂2 w̃
u
̃ +̃ v = νf 2 + α1 ̃ u + − + ̃v 3 + +
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y
2 2 ∂y ∂x∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y 2 ∂y ∂x∂y
σ B0 (mu + ̃u) (2)
− + g1 β1 (T − T∞ ) − g1 β4 (C − C∞ )2 + g1 β2 (T − T∞ )2 − g1 β3 (C − C∞ )
ρf (1 + m2 )
νf kF 2
− ̃ u,
u − √̅̅̅̃
k k
( )
∂w
̃ ̃ μf ∂ 2 w
∂w ̃ α1 ∂3 w
̃ σB0 (mu − ̃u)
u
̃ + ̃v = + u
̃ − , (3)
∂x ∂y ρf ∂y 2 ρf ∂x∂y2 ρf (1 + m2 )
( ( ) ( )2 )
∂T ∂2 T ∂T τ ∂C ∂T ∂T
u
̃ − λ3 2 + ̃v + λ1 Φ1 = T∞ DB + DT +
∂x ∂y ∂y T∞ ∂y ∂y ∂y
( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ))
∂̃u ∂2 ̃u ∂w̃ ∂2 w
̃ ∂̃u ∂2 ̃u ̃ ∂2 w
∂w ̃
α1 ̃u + ̃v + ̃v +u − (4)
∂y ∂x∂y ∂y ∂x∂y ∂y ∂x∂y ∂y ∂x∂y
( )
1 ( ) ∂qr
( ) σ B20 ̃u2 + ω2 + + q(T − T∞ ) ,
ρc p f ∂y

5
M.A.Z. Raja et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 26 (2021) 101168

( ) ( )
∂2 T ∂C ∂2 C ∂C
DT u − DB 2 + ̃v + λ2 Φ2 ,
= T∞ ̃ (5)
∂y2 ∂x ∂y ∂y

where

∂̃v ∂T ∂̃u ∂T ∂̃u ∂T ∂̃v ∂T ∂2 T ∂2 T ∂2 T

Φ1 = ̃
u + ̃v u
+̃ v
+̃ u2 2 + ̃
+̃ v2 2 + 2̃
ũv (6)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x∂y
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
∂̃u ∂C ∂̃v ∂C ∂̃u ∂C ∂̃v ∂C ∂2 C 2
2 ∂ C ∂2 C
Φ2 = ̃
u u
+̃ + ̃v + ̃v u2
+̃ + v
̃ + 2̃
uv
̃ , (7)
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x2 ∂y2 ∂x∂y
( ( ))
∂N ∂N bWc ∂ ∂C ∂2 C
u
̃ v +
+̃ N = Dn . (8)
∂x ∂y (Cw − C∞ ) ∂y ∂y ∂y2
Corresponding boundary conditions
u = cx, ̃v = 0, w
̃ ̃ = 0, C = Cw , T = Tw , N = Nw at y = 0 (9)

∂̃u
u → 0,
̃ ̃ → 0 , T → T∞ , C → C∞ , N → N∞ as y → 0
→ 0, w (10)
∂y
Self-similar transformations are
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅
( )̅ c
ψ (x, y) = x νf c f (η), η = y,
νf
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )̅
∂ψ ∂ψ
(11)
′
u=
̃ = cxf (η), ̃
v=− =− νf c f (η), w
̃ = cxg(η),
∂y ∂x
T − T∞ C − C∞ N − N∞
θ(η) = , φ(η) = , χ (η) = .
Tf − T∞ Cf − C∞ Nw − N∞

substitute (11) into (1–10) we get the set of ODEs equations

′′′ ( ′ ′′′ ′ ) ′
f (η) + δ1 − f iv (η) + 2f (η) f (η) − (f ′′ (η))2 + g(η)g′′ (η) + g (η)2 − δ2 f (η) + f ′′ (η)
( ′ ′
) M(f (η) + mg) (12)
− 1 − δ3 f (η)2 − + δ4 (1 + δ5 θ(η))θ(η) − γ6 (1 + δ7 φ(η))φ(η) = 0,
1 + m2
′
M(mf (η) − g(η))
(13)
′ ′′′ ′ ′
g′′ (η) + δ1 (f (η) g′′ (η) − f (η)g (η)) + f (η)g (η) − f (η) g(η) + = 0,
1 + m2

1 ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
(1 + 4 / 3Rd)θ′′ (η) + Nbθ (η)(Ntφ (η) + Nbθ (η)) + δ8 (f (η)(f (η)θ (η) + f (η)θ′′ (η)))
Pr
( ( ′′ ))
( ′ ) ′
′ ′′′
f (η)(f (η)f ′′ (η) − f (η)f (η))
+Br f ′′ (η)2 + g (η)2 + Mf (η)2 + Mg(η)2 + δ1 ′ ′ ′
+f (η)g (η)2 − f (η)g (η)g′′ (η)
′ (14)
+Ecf ′′ (η)2 + MEcf (η)2 + δ9 θ(η) = 0,

( ( ) ) Nt
(15)
′ ′ ′
φ′′ (η) + PrLe δ10 f (η)f (η)φ (η) + f (η)2 φ′′ (η) + f (η)φ (η) + θ′′ (η) = 0,
Nb

(16)
′ ′ ′
χ ′′ (η) − Pe(φ (η)χ (η) + φ′′ (η)(χ (η) + δ11 )) + Lbf (η)χ (η) = 0,

(17)
′
f (0) = 0, f (0) = 1, g(0) = 0, θ(0) = 1, φ(0) = 1, χ (0) = 1

(18)
′
f (∞) → 0, f ′′ (∞) → 0, g(∞) → 0, θ(∞) → 0, φ(∞) → 0, χ (∞) → 0

3. Methodology

The neural network fitting tool ‘nftool’, an algorithm based on execution of the designed backpropagated neural network based
Levenberg Marquardt technique (BNN-LMT) is manipulated in artificial based neural networks (NNs) toolbox in Matlab software

6
 M.A.Z. Raja et al.
Table 1
Depiction of different scenarios for 3 cases of BSCCN-CCDFH flow model.
Physical quantities of interest-based scenarios

/Case Scenario- Scenario- Scenario- Scenario- Scenario- Scenario- Scenario- Scenario- Scenario- Scenario- Scenario- Scenario- Scenario- Scenario- Scenario- Scenario- Scenario- Scenario- Scenario-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

M δ2 m Nt Le pe δ1 δ3 δ4 δ5 δ6 δ7 δ8 δ9 δ10 Rd Pr Nb Lb

1 0.7 1.0 2.0 0.5 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4
2 0.8 1.0 2.0 0.5 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4
3 0.9 1.0 2.0 0.5 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4
1 0.7 0.1 2.0 0.5 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4
2 0.7 0.6 2.0 0.5 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4
7

3 0.7 1.1 2.0 0.5 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4
1 0.7 1.0 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4
2 0.7 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4
3 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4
1 0.7 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4
2 0.7 1.0 2.0 3.0 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4
3 0.7 1.0 2.0 5.0 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4
1 0.7 1.0 2.0 0.5 0.1 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4
2 0.7 1.0 2.0 0.5 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4
3 0.7 1.0 2.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 26 (2021) 101168

1 0.7 1.0 2.0 0.5 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4
2 0.7 1.0 2.0 0.5 0.4 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4
3 0.7 1.0 2.0 0.5 0.4 5.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.5 0.4
M.A.Z. Raja et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 26 (2021) 101168

programming. The solution scheme includes a fundamental overview of the dataset and implementation methodology for the
accomplishment of designed BNN-LMT. The entire mechanism is shown in the flowchart of overall process in Fig. 1.
Biconvection, second grade combine convection nanofluid flow associated Cattaneo-Christove heat flux model for thermal
transportation and viscous dissipation, Darct-Forhheimer law for permeable medium and Hall current for high intensity electric
conductive on flow motion model (BSCCN-CCDFH flow model) arranged in equations 12–18. For BNN-LMT, numerical discussed here.
Similarly, we can achieve a mathematical relationship for various cases of six scenarios in the designed BSCCN-CCDFH flow model by
variation of M, m, δ2 , Nt, Le, Pe with immovable values of Rd, PR, Lb and so on, as tabulated in Table 1.
Substitute numerical values of scenario 1, case 1 from Table 1 in BSCCN-CCDFH flow model (12–18) give the mathematical relation
as follows
′′′ ( ′ ′′′ ′ ) ′ ( ) ′
f + f ′′ + 1.0 2f f − f ′ 2 − f iv + g′ 2 + gg′′ − 1.0f − 1 + f ′ 2 − 0.14(f + 2g)
(19)
(1 + θ)θ − (1 + φ)φ = 0,

(20)
′ ′ ′ ′′′ ′
g′′ + fg − f g + (f g′′ − fg ) + 0.14(mf − g) = 0,

Fig. 2. Performance analyses of the designed BNN-LMT based on MSE and state transition results to solve scenario 1 of BSCCN-CCDFH flow model.

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M.A.Z. Raja et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 26 (2021) 101168

Fig. 3. Error Histogram study for BNN-LMT results for scenario (1–6) of BSCCN-CCDFH flow model.

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M.A.Z. Raja et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 26 (2021) 101168

′ ′ ′ ( ′ ′ )
0.142857(θ′′ + 1.33333) + 0.25θ φ + 0.5(θ )2 + ff θ + f 2 θ′′
( ( ′ ) ( ′ ) ( ′ ′′′ ′ ′
+ 0.7 f 2 + g2 + f ′ 2 + g′ 2 + f ′′ (f f ′′ − ff ) + f g′ 2 − fg g′′
)) (21)
′
+0.35f ′ 2 + 0.5f ′ 2 + θ = 0,
( ′ ′ )
(22)
′
φ′′ + 0.28f φ + θ′′ + 0.28 ff φ + f 2 φ′′ = 0,

(23)
′ ′ ′
χ ′′ + 0.4f χ − 0.6(φ χ + φ′′ (χ + 1)) = 0,

with the corresponding boundary conditions

′
f = 0, f = 1, g = 0, θ = 1, φ = 1, χ = 1
′ (24)
f (6) = 0, f ′′ (6) = 0, g(6) = 0, θ(6) = 0, φ(6) = 0, χ (6) = 0 .
Consequently, all six scenarios of each case give mathematical relationship of BSCCN-CCDFH flow model are computed manip­
ulating Table 1 and equations 12–18.
For input between 0 and 6 with a time interval of 0.06, the reference dataset of the proposed For input between 0 and 4 with step
size of 0.01, the reference data for BNN-LMT is developed by using Adam numerical method via ‘NDSolve’ in Mathematica software
package by variation of magnetic field, hall parameter, porosity parameter, thermophoresis effect, lewis and peclet numbers in BSCCN-

Fig. 4. Regression illustrations for BNN-LMT results for scenario 1 of HCEBF-CCHMF model.

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M.A.Z. Raja et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 26 (2021) 101168

Table 2
BNN-LMT scheme for Scenario 1–6 of HCEBF-CCHMF model.
Sr Performance Gradient Mu Epoch Time

1 3 · 76 × 10− 8
8 · 19 × 10− 7
1 · 00 × 10− 8 182 2
2 5 · 72 × 10− 10
8 · 64 × 10− 7
1 · 00 × 10− 9 265 1
3 7 · 87 × 10− 10
9 · 99 × 10− 8
1 · 00 × 10− 8 571 4
4 5 · 86 × 10− 9
9 · 96 × 10− 8
1 · 00 × 10− 8 270 1
5 1 · 76 × 10− 9 1 · 00 × 10− 7
1 · 00 × 10− 8 447 1
6 3 · 88 × 10− 10
9 · 89 × 10− 8
1 · 00 × 10− 8 488 2

CCDFH flow model as listed in Table 1.

For the proposed BSCCN-CCDFH flow model as presented in equations 12–18, the optimum results of numerical computation for
the modeled neural networks backpropagated with Levenberg Marquardt technique are exploited. The six scenarios of BSCCN-CCDFH
flow model by variation of magnetic field, porosity parameter, hall parameter, thermophoresis effect, lewis and peclet numbers are
formulated for three different cases of velocity profile, temperature profile, concentration profile and gyrotactic microorganism
concentration profile of BSCCN-CCDFH flow model as mentioned in Table 1.
The reference dataset of designed BNN-LMT for f (η),θ(η) ,φ(η)and χ (η)are obtained by implementing Adams numerical method for
′

η between 0 and 6, with stepsize of 0.06 for all three cases of six distinct scenarios of BNN-LMT of BSCCN-CCDFH flow model. In the
presented analysis, the acquired dataset in terms of f (η), θ(η) , φ(η)and χ (η)is then as a reference outcome.
′

The designed BNN-LMT is explored to obtain the solution of biconvection, second grade combine convection nanofluid flow
associated Cattaneo-Christove heat flux model for thermal transportation and viscous dissipation, Darct-Forhheimer law for permeable
medium and Hall current for high intensity electric conductive on flow motion model (BSCCN-CCDFH flow model) through a
stretching sheet is scrutinized by utilizing nftool in MATLAB software programming. The reference dataset for velocity, temperature,
concentration and gyrotactic microorganisms concentration profiles are built for 101 input points in which 75% are exploited for
training, 15% each for testing and validation successively for BNN-LMT utilizing the neural networks (NNs) as presented in Fig. 1.
Fig 5–21 substantiate the effectiveness of BNN-LMT for different HCEBF-CCHMF model scenarios. The solutions of BNN-LMT for six
scenarios M, m, δ2 , Nt, Le, Pe in terms of performance and state transition is depicted in Fig. 2(a) and (b). Function fitness plots in the
pattern of solution with EA are represented in Fig. 2(c). The error histograms for six different variations of BSCCN-CCDFH flow model
are depicted in Fig. 3 and regression analyses for scenario 1 are presented in Fig. 4. Correspondingly, the convergence acquired
parameter in terms of MSE for execution of training, testing and validation, backpropagated operator i.e., Mu, epochs, performances
and time quantization are discussed in Table 2 for scenario 1,2,3,4,5 and 6, respectively, for numerous variants of HCEBF-CCHMF
model. The convergent efficiency and correctness of the BNN-LMT for each scenario of the HCEBF-CCHMF model has been verified
by outcomes.
Additionally, the discrimination of the performance of BNN-LMT based Adam numerical method for six scenarios of BSCCN-CCDFH
flow model and its pertinent findings are calculated along with the error plots for input between 0 and 6 with the interval of 0.06. The
highest error obtained for validation, testing and training data of the design BNN-LMT are given on 5 × 10− 4 5 × 10− 5 1 × 10− 4 ,6 ×
10− 4 , 2 × 10− 4 and 5 × 10− 5 for various scenarios of HCEBF-CCHMF model. In addition, error attributes are determined by error
histogram for each specific input and the results are achieved in sub Fig. 3(a)–(f) for scenarios 1–6 respectively. The average error is
approaching towards reference line, i.e., almost3.84 × 10− 05 − 6.4 × 10− 07 1.8 × 10− 06 , − 3.6 × 10− 05 , − 7 × 10− 06 and − 5 ×
10− 06 for six scenarios of BSCCN-CCDFH flow model. As shown in Fig. 4, the correlation value R consistently approaches around unity,
and it is the optimal significant value for validation, testing and training which defined and established the accuracy of BNN-LMT for
BSCCN-CCDFH flow model. Likewise, correlated numerical values listed in Table 2 for scenarios 1–6 of HCEBF-CCHFM validated the
performance of MSE for design BNN-LMT is around 10-8, 10-10, 10-9, 10-10, 10-9, 10-9, 10-8, 10-9 and 10-10.
Eventually, the outcomes for BSCCN-CCDFH flow model through BNN-LMT are given for dimensionless velocities profile f (η),g(η),
′

temperature profile θ(η), concentration profile ϕ(η) and gyrotactic microorganisms concentration profile χ (η) are observed in Fig 5 and
6 for scenarios 1 to 3 and 4 to 6, respectively. It is observed from the sub Fig. 5 (a, c, e) and 6 (a, c, e) that velocity profile f (η) increases
′

with decrease in magnetic field effect M, porosity effect δ2 and hall current effect m as well as thermophoresis effect Nt and peclet
number Pe increases with increase in temperature profile θ(η)and gyrotactic microorganisms concentration profile χ (η) respectively.
While a decline is observed in concentration profile ϕ(η) against a lewis number Lein a given domain near the stretching surface.
In the above mentioned six scenarios, the absolute error between reference solutions and BNN-LMT based Adam numerical solver is
depicted in 5 (b, d, f) and 6 (b, d, f) respectively. In these graphs AE is seen around 10-5-10-3, 10-6-10-4, 10-7-10-4, 10-6-10-3, 10-7-10-4,
and 10-8-10-4 for scenarios 1,2,3,4,5 and 6, respectively. Which reveals the effectiveness, exactness and levelness of the developed

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M.A.Z. Raja et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 26 (2021) 101168

Fig. 5. Proposed BNN-LMT versus reference numerical results for scenario 1 to 3 of BSCCN-CCDFH flow model.

12
M.A.Z. Raja et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 26 (2021) 101168

(caption on next page)

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M.A.Z. Raja et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 26 (2021) 101168

Fig. 6. Proposed BNN-LMT versus reference numerical results for scenario 1 to 3 of BSCCN-CCDFH flow model.

BNN-LMT for solving the different quantities of biconvection, second grade combine convection nanofluid flow associated Cattaneo-
Christove heat flux model for thermal transportation and viscous dissipation, Darct-Forhheimer law for permeable medium and Hall
current for high intensity electric conductive on flow motion model (BSCCN-CCDFH flow model).

4. Conclusions

Backpropagated neural networks on artificial intelligence regarding supervised learning method BNN-LMT is utilized to accomplish
numerical solution of biconvection, second grade combine convection nanofluid flow associated Cattaneo-Christove heat flux model
for thermal transportation and viscous dissipation, Darct-Forhheimer law for permeable medium and Hall current for high intensity
electric conductive on flow motion model (BSCCN-CCDFH flow model). Self similarity transformations are applied on derived PDEs
model to achieve dimensionless mathematical ODEs system. Constructed dataset of BSCCN-CCDFH flow model with the help of Adam
numerical method comprises different scanareos based on variation of proposed model such as magnetic field, Hall effect, porosity
parameter, thermophoresis effect, Lewis and Peclet numbers. The 75% points for training 15% for validation, and 15% points for
testing is exploited for BNN-LMT. The proximate agreement of both reference and proposed results is 10-7-10-3. This implies that the
proposed model confers immensely precise and exact results for BSCCN-CCDFH flow model. The precision and performance of the
developed BNN-LMT for the computation results of BSCCN-CCDFH flow model emerges via regression metric, performance measures,
mean squared error function MSE and error histogram.
In future, new computational infrastructures for supervised learning algorithm based on neural networks will be created to
compute nanofluidic problems having number of variations [63–69].

Author statement

Muhammad Asif Zahoor Raja: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing—review and editing.
Zeeshan Khan: Investigation, Writing—original draft preparation.
Samina Zuhra: Investigation, Writing—original draft preparation.
Naveed Ishtiaq Chaudhary: Writing—review and editing.
Wasim Ullah Khan: Funding acquisition.
Yigang He: Funding acquisition.
Saeed Islam: Supervision.
Muhammad Shoaib: Visualization, Software.

Funding statement

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 51977153, 51977161, 51577046,
State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 51637004, National Key Research and Devel­
opment Plan “important scientific instruments and equipment development” Grant No. 2016YFF010220, Equipment research project
in advance Grant No. 41402040301.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.

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