Broadcast signal

intrusion

A broadcast signal intrusion is the

hijacking of broadcast signals of radio,
television stations, cable television
broadcast feeds or satellite signals
without permission or license. Hijacking
incidents have involved local TV and radio
stations as well as cable and national
networks.
Although television, cable, and satellite
broadcast signal intrusions tend to receive
more media coverage, radio station
intrusions are more frequent, as many
simply rebroadcast a signal received from
another radio station. All that is required is
an FM transmitter that can overpower the
same frequency as the station being its
rebroadcast. Other methods that have
been used in North America to intrude on
legal broadcasts include breaking into the
transmitter area and splicing audio directly
into the feed.[1]

As a cable television operator connects

itself in the signal path between individual
stations and the system's subscribers,
broadcasters have fallen victim to signal
tampering on cable systems on multiple
occasions.

Notable incidents

Southern Television

On November 26, 1977, an audio message,

purporting to come from outer space and
conveyed by an individual named 'Vrillon'
of the 'Ashtar Galactic Command', was
broadcast during an ITN news bulletin on
Southern Television in the United Kingdom.
The intrusion did not entirely affect the
video signal but replaced the program
audio with a six-minute speech about the
destiny of the human race and a disaster
to affect "your world and the beings on
other worlds around you". The IBA
confirmed that it was the first time such a
transmission had been made.

Captain Midnight

MacDougall's message as seen by

HBO viewers, behind the SMPTE color
bars.
At 12:32 a.m. Eastern Time on April 27,
1986, HBO (Home Box Office) had its
satellite signal feed from its operations
center on Long Island in Hauppauge, New
York interrupted by a man calling himself
"Captain Midnight". The interruption
occurred during a presentation of The
Falcon and the Snowman. The intrusion
lasted between 4 and 5 minutes and was
seen by viewers along the East Coast. The
man, who during the interruption also
threatened to hijack the signals of
Showtime and The Movie Channel, was
later caught and identified as John R.
MacDougall of Ocala, Florida. He was
prosecuted shortly thereafter. Authorities
were tipped off by a man from Wisconsin
in a phone booth at a rest area of
Interstate Highway 75 in Gainesville,
Florida. The man filing the report said that
he overheard MacDougall bragging about
the incident.

MacDougall's guilt was confirmed by an

FCC investigation that showed he was
alone at Central Florida Teleport at the
time of the incident and a recording of the
jamming video showed that the text was
created by a character generator at that
location. He was charged with transmitting
without a radio license in violation of
47 U.S.C. § 301 (https://www.law.cornell.e
du/uscode/text/47/301) . MacDougall
pled guilty and was fined $5,000 and
served a year of probation. Ambiguity
about whether the 47 USC 301 charge was
applicable since the transmitter had a
license resulted in the passage of
18 U.S.C. § 1367 (https://www.law.cornell.
edu/uscode/text/18/1367) which made
satellite jamming a felony.

MacDougall was able to perform the

intrusion while working a second job as a
master control operator at a satellite
teleport in Florida, where he worked to
make ends meet due to declining income
from his satellite TV equipment business.
He stated that he did it because he was
frustrated with HBO's service rates and
that it was hurting his business selling
satellite dishes (hence his second job at
the teleport). The message, placed over
SMPTE color bars, broadcast by
MacDougall read:

GOODEVENING HBO

FROM CAPTAIN MIDNIGHT

$12.95/MONTH  ?

NO WAY !

[SHOWTIME/MOVIE CHANNEL
BEWARE!]
Max Headroom incidents

Screenshot of the Max Headroom

hijacker.

On the night of November 22, 1987, an

unidentified man wearing a Max Headroom
mask appeared on the signals of two
television stations in Chicago, Illinois.
WGN-TV, owned by Tribune Broadcasting,
was hijacked first. The intrusion occurred
during the sports report on its 9:00 p.m.
newscast and lasted about 25 seconds.
Next came PBS affiliate WTTW, where the
man was seen and heard uttering garbled
remarks before dropping his pants,
partially exposing his buttocks, and was
then spanked with a flyswatter by a
woman wearing a French maid costume
before normal programming resumed. This
second interception occurred at about
11:00 p.m. during an episode of the Doctor
Who serial, "Horror of Fang Rock", and
lasted almost 90 seconds. None of the
individuals responsible for the intrusion
have been identified. This incident got the
attention of the CBS Evening News the
next day and was talked about nationwide.
The HBO incident was also mentioned in
the same news report.
The Playboy Channel religious
message

A broadcast of the movie "Three

Daughters" on the Playboy Channel was
disrupted with a text-only religious
message on Sunday, September 6, 1987.[2]
The message read, "Thus sayeth the Lord
thy God: Remember the Sabbath and keep
it holy. Repent, the kingdom of Heaven is at
hand."[3][4] (from the Bible verses Exodus
20:8 and Matthew 4:17).

Thomas Haynie, an employee of the

Christian Broadcasting Network, was
convicted of satellite piracy in connection
with the incident.[3] Haynie, who pleaded
his innocence,[4] was the first person
convicted under a new federal law which
had made satellite hacking a felony
following the Captain Midnight incident.[5]

According to investigators, it was the

religious content of the transmission and
the type of equipment used that drew them
to CBN. The jamming signal left behind
subtle technical clues that were captured
on a VHS recording made at the Playboy
Channel's uplink at the time of the event –
like finding "fingerprints" in the video. After
investigators were confident that they
identified the brand of transmitter and
character generator from the video, they
concluded that CBN was the culprit.
Haynie, of Virginia Beach, Virginia, was on
duty at his job as an uplink engineer at the
time of the jamming.[6]

CBN maintained that the FCC's case was

entirely circumstantial since there were no
witnesses and the signal could not be
traced to a point of origin. During the
investigation, experts on both sides
attempted to recreate the incident with
CBN's equipment. According to CBN
spokesman Dino McCann, they were
unsuccessful.[7] Furthermore, CBN
asserted that there was not enough power
for Haynie to jam Playboy's signal[7] but
during the trial, government witnesses said
the CBN station was capable of interfering
with satellite transmissions.[8]

After initially being deadlocked,[2] the jury

eventually sided with the prosecution and
convicted Haynie on two of six counts.
(Haynie was acquitted of similar charges
of interfering with the American Exxxtasy
channel;[3] a recording of the event was of
such poor quality that it was unusable.)
Haynie received three years of probation, a
$1,000 fine, and 150 hours of community
service.[8]
"Telewizja Solidarność" (TV Solidarity)

In September 1985, four astronomers at

Poland's University of Toruń (Zygmunt
Turło, Leszek Zaleski, Piotr Łukaszewski,
and Jan Hanasz) used a ZX Spectrum
home computer, a synchronizing circuit,
and a transmitter to superimpose
messages in support of the labor
movement Solidarność (Solidarity) over
state-run television broadcasts in Toruń,
including an episode of 07 zgłoś się. The
messages read "Dość podwyżek cen,
kłamstw I represji. Solidarność Toruń"
("Enough price increases, lies, and
repressions. Solidarity Toruń") and "Bojkot
wyborów naszym obowiązkiem." ("It is our
duty to boycott the election", referring to
the Sejm elections of 1985) with the
Solidarity logo.[9] The four men were
eventually discovered and were charged
with "possession of an unlicensed radio
transmitter and publication of materials
that could cause public unrest". At their
sentencing, the judge noted their prize-
winning work in the Polish scientific
community and gave each of them
probation and a fine of the equivalent of
US$100 each (or 3,000,000 old złoty, 300
PLN in today's currency).[10]
Soviet pirate broadcasting

The broadcast signal intrusion was a

common practice in the Soviet Union
during the 1970s and 1980s due to the
absence of and high demand for any non-
government broadcasting.[11] As early as
1966, there was a report of an incident in
the city of Kaluga where an 18-year-old
had broadcast a hoax announcement that
nuclear war had broken out with the United
States.[12]

In the mid-1970s so many pirates were

operating around the city of Arkhangelsk,
especially at night, that local people were
urged to telephone reports of violators to
a special number.[11]

Hijackers using call signs such as

"Cucumber", "Radio Millimeter", "Green
Goat", "Fortune", and others, would
overpower the signal on relay stations for
wired radio networks to transmit their
programming, or transmit into wired radio
networks during gaps in regular
programming.[11] Even though the incidents
appear to have been fairly common
according to reports from the BBC,[11]
most were not publicly acknowledged for
policy reasons. Reports in newspapers
typically referred to the hijackers as "radio
hooligans broadcasting drivel, rudeness,
vulgarity, uncensored expressions, and
trashy music".[11] State news organizations
also attempted smear campaigns against
such pirate broadcasters, claiming that
they had interfered with a state frequency
used by Aeroflot, "preventing a doctor in an
air ambulance from transmitting
information about a patient".[11]

2002 Falun Gong hijackings

On February 16, 2002, television signals in

the Chinese city of Anshan were briefly
hijacked by members of the Falun Gong
cult movement in order to clarify the
events of the Tiananmen Square self-
immolation incident of the previous year.
On March 5, 2002, further intrusions took
place on cable television channels in the
cities of Changchun and Songyuan,
protesting persecution by the Chinese
government. Different sources vary as to
the length of the intrusion, with figures
cited including 10 minutes, 50 minutes or
even as long as four hours. In September
of the same year, 15 people were
convicted of roles in the incident and were
given prison terms of up to 20 years. On
September 9, Falun Gong followers again
disrupted broadcasting, this time targeting
nationwide satellite broadcasting. By 2010,
several of those involved had reportedly
died in prison.[13][14][15][16]

2006 Lebanon War

During the 2006 Lebanon War, Israel

overloaded the satellite transmission of
Hezbollah's Al Manar TV to broadcast anti-
Hezbollah propaganda. One spot showed
Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah with
crosshairs superimposed on his image
followed by three gunshots and a voice
saying "Your day is coming" and shots of
the Israeli Air Force destroying targets in
Lebanon.[17]
WBLI and WBAB

On the morning of Wednesday, May 17,

2006, the signal of Babylon, New York, FM
radio station WBAB was hijacked for about
90 seconds[18] while the signal jammers
broadcast the song "Nigger Hatin' Me" by
1960s-era white supremacist country
singer Johnny Rebel.[19] Roger Luce, the
station's morning host, said at the time,
"Whatever that was - it was very racist... 22
years at this radio station - I've never seen
anything like this."[20]

The next morning, it made the front page

on Newsday with the headline "JACKED
FM". The station's new general manager,
John Shea, said, "I've only been here a
week and we get hijacked."[21] Former
program director John Olsen said, "This
was not some child's prank, this was a
federal offense."[18][22]

The hijack was likely accomplished by

overpowering the studio transmitter link
(STL) signal to the transmitter in Dix
Hills.[19][21] A signal hijacking with the
same song happened to WBAB's sister
station WBLI about two weeks
earlier[19][21][23] on a Sunday night.[21]

"The Wanker's Song" incidents

In June and July 2017, Mansfield 103.2
FM, a local radio station in Mansfield,
Nottinghamshire, England in the United
Kingdom, had its signal intruded at least
eight times during outside broadcasts.
During these intrusions, "The Winker's Song
(Misprint)" was played. As of July 2017,
the perpetrator had not been identified.[24]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

On February 26, 2022, the hacker group

Anonymous, as part of the cyber war
declared to Russia, hacked several pro-
Kremlin TV channels (Channel One Russia,
Russia-1 and others), broadcasting a
poem written by the singer Monatik about
the Russo-Ukrainian war with its footage
and Ukrainian music.[25]

On May 9, 2022, during Russia's Victory

Day parade in Moscow, Russian TV listings
were hacked to display information on
Putin's war crimes and to promote the
truth about Russia's invasion of Ukraine
using various messages. The names of
every TV station were changed to blood is
on your hands and other phrases used in
the TV listings included television and the
government is lying and your hands are
covered in blood from the deaths of
thousands of Ukrainians and their
children.[26]

On June 5, 2023, Russian radio stations in

regions bordering Ukraine were hacked,
broadcasting a fake radio address
claiming to be from Putin, declaring
martial law, a nationwide military
mobilization, and for residents to evacuate
deeper into Russia.
[27]

Other incidents

Television signal intrusions

In 1971, several television stations in

Manila complained of unauthorized
broadcasts of pornographic films–known
in local vernacular as "bomba" films–being
aired on their channels at midnight after
the stations' sign-off.[28]

During the second inning from Game 1 of

the 1988 World Series (known for Kirk
Gibson's famous walk-off Home Run) on
October 15, 1988, an unidentified
technician from NBC affiliate WMGT-TV in
Macon, Georgia, was fired after the
station's on-air feed replaced 10 seconds
of the World Series with a black-and-white
pornographic film during its
broadcast.[29][30] The hijack made
statewide headlines and the station's
manager, L.A. Sturdivant, revealed a
statement saying that it was triggered as
an accident, not deliberately planned, and
was being "treated as a serious matter."
Sturdivant received many phone calls after
the hijack from viewers in the market on
the length of the hijack but corrects it by
Sturdivant shortly after.[31]

On January 4, 2000, a broadcast of the

children's television series Teletubbies on
GMA Network in the Philippines was
replaced by a still photo of actress
Rosanna Roces for several seconds. The
photo shows one of Roces's breasts
exposed, prompting a warning from the
Movie and Television Review and
Classification Board (MTRCB). GMA
officials stated that the incident was
accidental, and was caused by an errant
employee who pressed a button whilst
helping repair a computer.[32]

On January 3, 2007, in Australia, during a

broadcast of an episode of the Canadian
television series Mayday (known in
Australia as Air Crash Investigation) on the
Seven Network, an audio signal
unexpectedly started playing, clearly
saying in an American accent, "Jesus
Christ, help us all, Lord." This same voice
message continued to repeat itself over
and over during the show for a total of six
minutes. A spokesman for Seven later
denied that the transmission was a prank
or a security breach and claimed that the
repeated line was part of the original
broadcast and said, "Jesus Christ, one of
the Nazarenes", although there is hardly
any similarity between the two phrases. A
subsequent investigation by independent
researchers revealed that the invading
transmission was actually from a
videotaped news broadcast of a civilian
truck being ambushed in the Iraq War. It
remains unknown whether or not this was
an intentional act of television piracy or a
genuine glitch of some sort.[33][34]
On March 12, 2007, during a 9 p.m. airing
of an Ion Life rebroadcast of a Tom
Brokaw-hosted NBC special, State of U.S.
Health Care, on Phoenix, Arizona, TV
station KPPX-TV, a station employee
inserted about 30 seconds of a
pornographic film into the broadcast,
prompting telephone calls to local news
media outlets and the local cable provider,
Cox Communications.[35] Parent company
Ion Media Networks conducted a rigorous
investigation into what they called "an
intolerable act of human sabotage", and
shortly thereafter, announced that the
employee found to be responsible had
been fired, threatening further legal
action.[36]

On June 17, 2007, an intrusion incident

occurred on Czech Television's Sunday
morning program Panorama, which shows
panoramic shots of Prague and various
locations across the country, especially
mountain resorts. One of the cameras,
located in Černý Důl in Krkonoše, had been
tampered with on-site and its video stream
was replaced with the hackers' own, which
contained CGI of a small nuclear explosion
in the local landscape, ending in white
noise.[37] The broadcast looked authentic
enough; the only clue for the viewers was
the Web address of the artist group
Ztohoven, which had already performed
several reality hacking incidents before.
Czech Television considered legal action
against the group, and tourism workers in
the area expressed outrage (since the
program serves to promote tourism in the
areas shown).[38]

Screenshot of the
July 13, 2007,
WJLA-T V incident.

On July 13, 2007, a grainy photo of a man

and woman interrupted Washington, D.C.,
ABC affiliate WJLA-TV's digital or HD
signal. The picture was not transmitted
over the analog signal, however. The
incident was deemed a genuine signal
intrusion by various websites but has since
been confirmed to be the result of an older
HDTV encoder malfunctioning in the early
morning hours and going undetected.
Station management stated that the image
was from an advertisement for The Oprah
Winfrey Show.[39] A similar incident took
place in the Cincinnati Metropolitan Area
on March 24, 2016, when a grainy photo of
a singer performing interrupted a Comcast
headend multiple times. The incident was
reported as an unexpected trigger to its
Trilithic EASyPLUS Emergency Alert
System encoder/decoder while activating
a Required Weekly Test. Officials from its
executive customer relations department
said that one of its video encoders
experienced a technical malfunction
without incident.[40]

On February 11, 2013, Great Falls,

Montana, CBS affiliate KRTV had their
Emergency Alert System hijacked with an
audible message warning viewers that "the
bodies of the dead are rising from their
graves and attacking the living."[41][42] Later
the same night in Marquette, Michigan, and
the early morning hours in La Crosse,
Wisconsin, the same type of hijacking and
reference to a "zombie invasion" was made
over the EAS systems of CBS affiliate
WKBT-DT, ABC affiliate WBUP and PBS
member station WNMU during primetime
programming.[43][44] Shortly afterward, PBS
affiliate KENW of Portales, New Mexico,
was struck with a similar hacking incident,
repeating similar information regarding
zombies;[45] however, this led to the arrest
of the hacker of the four television
stations.[46]

In March 2017, intruders broadcast

pornographic content for approximately 15
minutes on Touba TV, an Islamic TV
channel in Senegal run by the Mouride Sufi
order. In a statement, the channel's
management "unreservedly condemn[ed]
this criminal act which seems to be
sabotage and a satanic trick".[47]

On October 8, 2022, during the Mahsa

Amini protests in Iran, the state-run TV
channel Islamic Republic TV was hacked
by a group going by the name of "Adalat
Ali". The screen briefly showed a man in a
mask, before switching to a black screen
containing Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei
engulfed in CGI flames with a target on his
forehead, pictures of four women recently
killed in the protests and the audio
message "Women, life, freedom" on repeat.
The hack lasted 12 seconds, before
cutting back to a bewildered TV
presenter.[48]

Cable network feed intrusions

On May 2, 2007, a Comcast headend

replaced Playhouse Disney's program
Handy Manny with hard-core pornography
for viewers in Lincroft, New Jersey.
Comcast stated it was investigating the
event's cause but did not announce its
findings to the public.[49][50]

On February 1, 2009, a second Comcast

headend, in Tucson, Arizona, replaced NBC
affiliate KVOA's signal with graphic footage
from the pornographic video Wild Cherries
5 in portions of Arizona for 28 seconds,
interrupting Super Bowl XLIII between the
Arizona Cardinals and the Pittsburgh
Steelers during the fourth quarter.
Comcast claimed "Our initial investigation
suggests this was an isolated malicious
act. We are conducting a thorough
investigation to determine who was behind
this." KVOA also announced that it will be
investigating the incident.[51][52] On
February 4, 2011, 38-year-old former Cox
Cable employee Frank Tanori Gonzalez of
Marana was arrested by the FBI and local
police about the case.[53] Later that
October, Frank pleaded guilty for two
counts of computer tampering and was
sentenced to three years of probation, as
well as a $1,000 fine to the Arizona
attorney general's anti-racketeering
fund.[54]

In the morning hours of March 16, 2010,

Raleigh area Time Warner Cable's
transmission from both Kids and Kids
Preschool On Demand channels in the
Research Triangle counties of Johnston,
Wake, Wayne, and Wilson in North Carolina
(including the cities of Raleigh and
Goldsboro) was replaced by Playboy TV
for approximately two hours, while other
TWC cable systems in the area outside the
four counties only revealed a black screen.
An executive from TWC reported to CBS
(now NBC) station WRAL replied that it
"was a technical malfunction that caused
the wrong previews to be shown" on their
kids' on-demand channels.[55]

On April 20, 2012, three minutes of a gay

pornographic film was broadcast during a
morning news show on the Channel Zero-
owned independent station CHCH-DT in
Hamilton, Ontario, for Shaw Cable viewers.
The night before, a cable was cut; while it
was being fixed on the morning of the
incident, the adult programming was
spliced into CHCH's feed.[56][57]

Satellite feed intrusions

On September 7, 2012, the Disney Junior

block on Disney Channel was interrupted
on the Dish Network, replacing 6 minutes
of Lilo & Stitch with a portion of a hardcore
pornographic movie.[58]

On March 11, 2016, private satellite dish

owners in Israel watching HaAh HaGadol
(the Israeli version of Big Brother) on
Channel 2 had their show interrupted by
propaganda videos from Hamas. The
disruption lasted a little over three and a
half minutes.[59]

Radio signal intrusions

The BBC's radio broadcast of a musical

program on October 14, 1941, was
interrupted by Nazi Germans shouting
false statements to Britains on "how much
money Winston Churchill has been paid by
Germans," and saying that "the Germans
have being swindled and was led up the
garden path and sold to America."[60] The
voice led to a target of "Harassing Harry", a
counterpart of Russia's "Ivan the Terrible"
who heckles German broadcasters
becoming a welcome diversion to British
broadcasting. The wavering intensity of
the voice often gave a similar quality voice
of Donald Duck which led some listeners
to name him "Von Donald." Later, the
heckler began interspersing comments
between British news bulletins from the
BBC. Some of the hecklings include the
voice telling listeners to wait for the
following day in the headline on the
Germans keeping up their pressure on
Ukraine, and the voice saying that a big
offensive swept over Northern France has
been shot down.[61]
The Federal Bureau of Investigation made
major headlines on November 24, 1943,
after a 90-second interruption of a Nazi
man speaking rapidly over a CBS Radio
program only on WOKO-AM in Albany, New
York. The FBI later stated that the
interruption was reported as a mistake in
telephone transmission "or possibly from
an enemy broadcast" and reported that
there is no "direct allegation" of the
latter.[62]

In April 2016, multiple radio stations in the

United States were hacked in order to
broadcast an explicit podcast about the
furry fandom. The hackers targeted
individual Barix audio streaming devices
that were findable on the search engine
Shodan, logged into them, and locked out
the owners while airing the
podcast.[63][64][65]

During the 2020 United States Presidential

Election, the radio station WWEI 105.5 FM
(which is owned by Audacy, Inc. (at the
time Entercom) and serves Springfield,
Massachusetts), was hijacked and
interrupted with a voice that said, "Don't be
a chump, vote for Trump." As of November
4, attempts to contact the FCC were
unsuccessful.[66]
See also
Pirate radio
Pirate television
Culture jamming
Radio jamming
Zoombombing

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65. Venta, Lance (April 7, 2016). "Who's
Hijacking Station Signals?" (https://radioinsi
ght.com/headlines/105762/whos-hijacking
-station-signals/) . RadioInsight. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/2023041602
4937/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/1
05762/whos-hijacking-station-signals/)
from the original on April 16, 2023.
Retrieved April 16, 2023.
66. Ring, Kim. "Talk radio station frequency
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11/01/dont-chump-political-message-overt
akes-weei-fm-signal-warren/606073700
2/) . Telegram & Gazette. Archived (https://
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Retrieved November 8, 2020.

External links
CBS News report on Max Headroom
Chicago Takeover (https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=h5mzkt4N77s) at
YouTube
Statement made by art group
ZTOHOVEN regarding their attack at the
public service broadcaster in the Czech
Republic (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0150630044220/http://bloguje.czechte
k.net/552348-statement-made-by-art-gr
oup-ztohoven-regarding-their-attack-at-t
he-public-service-broadcaster-in-the-cze
ch-republic.php)
An artistic group interfered with the
Czech TV broadcast with fictitious
nuclear explosion (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20150630042209/http://bloguje.
 czechtek.net/551695-an-artistic-group-i
nterfered-with-the-czech-tv-broadcast-w
ith-fictitious-nuclear-explosion.php)
Video of the "Telewizja Solidarność"
signal intrusions (https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=Lztemas2fFI) at YouTube
Polish Tv pirate (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20090326080522/http://w.icm.e
du.pl/tvS/pirat.htm) (This page has
moved)

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title=Broadcast_signal_intrusion&oldid=11652143
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