UNIT-V Z- TRANSFORMS

INTRODUCTION

Transform techniques are very important tool in the analysis of signals .The Laplace
transforms are popularly used for analysis of continuous time signals.

Similarly Z-transform plays an important role in analysis of liner discrete time signals.

DEFINITION OF Z- TRANSFORM:

CONSIDER A SEQUENCE :{f(n)}: {f (0),f(1),f(2) ......... }

Which is defined for all positive integers n=0,1,2……..  then the Z –transform of{f(n) is

defined asZ{f(n)}=  f (n)z n , where Z is an arbitrary ---------1
n0

Complex variable.

The R.H.S of eqn (1) is a function of z after putting n=0,1,2…..

Hence we denote z[f(n)= F(2) (or) Z [file}= F(2)

Here F(2) and f(n) are called a Z-transform pair and is denoted by f(n) Z  f(2)

Note

The above transformation is called one sided (or) Z-transform of a sequence If



{f(n)}is a sequence defined for n=0,1+2….. then Z{f(n)}=  f (n)z n is called two sided or
n

bilateral Z-transform of{f(n)}

PROBLEMS

1. Determine the Z-transform and their region of convergence of the following

discrete sequences:

(i) f(n) = {3,2,5,7} (ii) f(n)= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

Solution:
 Given f(n)= {3,2,5,7}

F(0)=3 f(1) =2 f(2)=5 f(3)=7

Are know that, F(Z)= Z[f(n)=  f (n)z n

n0

f (0)  f (1)z 1  f (2)z 2  f (3)z 3

=

2 5 7
F(z) = 3   
z z2 z3

Here F (z) has finite values except at Z=0.At Z=0, F(Z) becomes
infinite.

Hence, F (z) is convergence is the entire complex plane except Z=0.

(ii) Given f(n) ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

(i.e.) f(0)=1,f(1)=2 ,f(2)= 3, f(3)=4 , f(4)=5 , f(5)=6, f(6)7

we know that F(Z)= Z[f(n)=  f (n)z n

n0

= f (0)  f (1)z 1  f (2)z 2 f (6)z 6

2 3
=1   
4 5 6 7
 4  5 6
3
z z2 z z z z

Hence F(Z) has finite values except at Z=0

At Z=0, F(z) becomes infinite.

Hence F(z) is convergent for all values of Z except at Z=0. hence region of convergence is
the entire complex plane Z=0.
 z 
2. Prove that Z(1) = . Find also the region of convergence.
 
z 1 
 
Soln: Here f(n)=1
  

Z(1)=  f (n)z n
=  z n
n0 n0

1 1 1
=1    ......
z z2 z3

1 1 1
=1    ......
z z2 z3

1 1 1
=1    ......
z z2 z3

1
 
= 1  1 
 z 


3. Prove that Z  1 
n
  z
find also the region of convergence.
z 1



Solution: 



  z


Z 1 
n
n
n0

1 1 1
= 1-    ...
z z2 z3

1
 
= 1  1 
 z 

1
 z  1
=  
 z 



Z  1n   z
z 1

1
Hence the region of convergence is <1 or z >1.
z
  
4. Prove that Z an =
z
z a
. (NOV 2012)

Solution:


  =  an

Z a n z n
n0

2
 a
a
= 1      ....
z  z 

1
 
= 1  a 
 z 

1
za
= 
 z 


 
Z an =
z
za

a
Hence, the region of convergence is < 1 (or) z  a .
z

COROLLARY:


1. Z 1
n
= z
z 1

2.     z ze
Z e an  Z e a  
n

3.   
Z e an  Z e a  
n z
z  ea

or Z k    z 2 .
z
5. Prove that Z n  
z  12  z  1 (June 2013)

Solution:


Z  f n   f n z
n
We know that
n0
 

Z (n) =  nz n
n0

1 2  3  ...
= 
z z2 z 3
1 2 3 
= 1    ... 
z  z z 2 

2
1  1
= 1  
z  z 

2
1  z  1
=    
z  z 

= 1z  z z12 
2

 

Z n   
z
z  12 
  

   az
6. Prove that Z nan  (or) Z kak     az
z  a  2
z  a 2
Solution:

 

Z na n   na n z
n

n0

a a2 a3
= 2 3  ..
z z2 z3

a a a2 
= 1  2  3 2  ...
z  z z 

2
a  a
= 1  
z  z 

2
aza
= 
z  z 




= a  z 2 2 
z z  a  
 
 
   az
Z nan 
z  a 2
1 
7. Prove that Z  z log  z  
  n  1
z  1 .
 

Solution:. 

 1   1 n
 n  1 
Z  z
n0 n  1

1 1 1
= 1  z 1  z 2  z 3  ...
2 3 4

1/ z 1/ 22 
= 1   ......
2 3 

1 2 3 
= Z  1/ z  1/ z ........ 

z 2 3 

 1  x 2 x3 
= Z  log(1  )   log(1  x)  x    .........
 z   2 3 

 z 1   
 = Z  log
  
 z 

  z 1  1 
= Z log  
z
   

1 
Z  z log  z  
  n  1

z  1. 
 

 n
8. Find Z (cos n ) and hence deduce Z (cos ) (June 2013)
2
Solution:
Let a  ei



an  (ei )n  ein   cos n  i sin n
 z
we know that Z (a n ) 
za
z
Z ((ei ) n ) 
z  e i 

Z (ein  )  z
z  (cos   i sin  )
z
Z (cos n _ i sin n ) 
(z  cos )  i sin 

Z (cos n )  iZ (sin n )
 z (z  cos )  i sin  
=  (z  cos )  i sin   (z  cos )  i sin  
 

  

 z(z  cos ) 2 iz sin2  

= (z  cos )  sin  
 
z(z  cos ) z sin 
= i 2
z  2z cos  1 z  2z cos  1
 

Equating the real and imaginary parts, we

z(z  cos )
Z (cos n )  , z  1 ................................... (1)
z  2z cos 1
2

z sin 
Z (sin n )  , z  1................................... (2)
z 2  2z cos 1


Putting    in (1), we get
2

z(z  cos )
n 2
Z (cos 2 ) = 
z 2  2z cos 1
2
z(z  0)
=
z  2z(0)  1
2

z2
= , z  1.
z21
9. Find the Z-transform of a n cos n and e at sin bt
solution:
 z
we know that Z (a f (n))  F 
n
(i)
a 

Z (an cos n )  Z (cos nz

)
z /a

 z(z  cos ) 
=
z 2  2z cos  1 zz / a
z z
(  cos )
= a a
2
 
z z
 2 cos  1
a  a
 z(z  a cos  ) 
 = 2
 z  2az cos   a 2 

(ii) we know that , Z (e at f (t))  Z  f (t)z  ze at

 
Z eat sin bt  Zsin btzze a T
 z sin bT 
= 2 
 z  2z cos bT  1 zzea
ze aT sin bT
=
z 2 e 2aT  2ze aT cos bT  1

10. Find Znn 1n  2. (June 2012)

Solution:
nn  1n  2 nn2  2n  n  2
= n3  3n 2  2n

Znn 1n  2= Z [ n3  3n 2  2n ]

= Z[n3 ]  3Z[n2 ]  2Z[n]


z z 2  4z 1  z(z 1) z
= 3 2
z 1 4
(z 1) 3
(z 1) 2

6z
= .
(z 1) 4

PROPERTIES OF Z-TRANSFORM:

1. LINER PROPERTY:

Z[a f(n)+bg(n)]=a F(2)+BG when Z[f(n)=F(z)

 Z[g(n)=G(z),a,b , are constants.

SOLUTION:


Z af (n)  bg(n)  af (n)  bg(n)z n
n0

 

=  f (n)z nb
 b g(n)z n
n0 n0

= aF(z)+bG(z)

2. FIRST SHIFTNG [FREQUENCY SHIFTING];

If Z{f(t)=F(z),then,


Z eat f (t)  F zeat   
Proof :


We know that = z f (t)  f (nt)z n
n0

assumethatf (t)  f (nt)



 

 z e at f (t)   e
anT
f (nT )z z n
n0



 f (nT ) ze aT
   n

n0

  
z eat f (t)  F zeaT 

NOTE:

The above result can also be written as



z e at

f (t)  { f (z)}   zeaT
  
z eat f (t)  { f (z)}   zeaT

COROLLARY;

 
Z an f (n)  F (z / a)where F(z)=z [f(n)].

Proof;


Z [a n f (n)]   a n f (n)z n
n0

n
f (n) z 
 
=   a 
n0


z
Z[an f (n)]  F  a , where F (z)  Z[ f (n)]
 

SECOND SHIFTING PROPERTY

If Z{f(t)}=F(z) then, z  f (t T )   zF(z)  zf (0) (June

2013)

Proof:


z f (t  T )   f (nT  T )z n
n0


  f (n  1)T z n
n0



= z  f (n  1)T z
(n1)
n0



= z  f mT z , where m  n 1
m
m1

  f mT z m  f (0)
= 
z 
m0 




= zF (z)  zf (0)

PROBLEMS:

1. 
Find z t 2 e t 
Solution;


We know that Z eat f (t)  F (t)   
zze
at

Where ,F(z) = z f (t)




Here f(t) = t 2  
Here f(t)= t2   and a=1
Z  f (t)  Z (t 2 )
 
Z (nT )2  T 2 Z (n 2 )  T 2
z(z  1)
z  13
 z(z  1) 
 
Z ett 2  T2 z  1  
 3  z ze T

 ze T ze T  1
  2
T  3 
 ze T  1 




 
2. Find Z e iat

Solution:

  
Z e iat  Z e iat ..1 

Here f(t)=1 and a=+ia

 Z  f t   Z 1 
z
 z z  1

 Z eiat  


 z  1 zzeia T
zeiaT
 iaT
ze  1
  n   n 
3. Find Z sin and Z cos 
   
 2   2 

Solution: 

We know that Z an   z
za

 i n 
 Z  e 2   Z  e 2  
in
z
  
    i
  z  e 2
  
z

z  cos  i sin 
 2 2 
z

zi
 z z  i
 z  iz  i
 in  z 2  zi
Z e 2   2
  z 1
 n
 Z cos   i sin n   z 2  zi
 2 2  z  1
2

Equating the real part imaginary part on both sides.

  n
 Z cos   z2
 2  z  1
2
 n   z
& Z sin 
 2  z 2  1
 4. Find Zsin at and Zcos at

Solution:

We know that


  zeiaT
Z e iat  iaT
ze  1 
     zeiaT
Z cos at i sin at
zeiaT  1
 zeiaT
eiaT  iaT  


eiat

ze 1
z
 1
z
eiaT
z

z  eiaT

 z 
z  cos aT  i sin aT


z

z  cos aT   i sin aT
zz  cos aT   i sin aT 

z  cos aT 2  sin 2 aT
zz  cos aT   iz sin aT
 2
z  2z cos aT  cos2 aT  sin 2 aT
zz  cos aT   iz sin aT
Z cos aT  i sin aT  
1  z 2  2z cos aT

Equating the real and imaginary terms on both sides.

 zz  cos aT 
Z cos aT  
1  z 2  2z cos aT
Z sin aT  
z sin aT
1  z  2z cos aT
2

5. find   
Z cos2 t and Z cos3 t 

Solution:

We know that,

1  cos 2t
cos2 t 
2

 Z cos2 t  Z 
1  cos 2t 

 2 


1
z1 zcos 2t
2
1 z zz  cos 2t  
 
2 z  1 z 2  2z cos 2t  1
also we know that,
cos3 t  3cos t  cos 3t
1
4
 
1
Z cos t  z 3cos t  cos 3t 
3 
4 
 zcos t   zcos 3t 
3 1
4 4
3 zz  cosT    1  zz  cos 3T  
 4 z 2  2z cosT  1  4  z 2  2z cos 3T  1
  
  n   n   
6. Find the Z-transforms of sin 2 and cos  (NOV 2012)
   
 4   2 4 

Solution:
  2  n 
(i) Z sin  
  4 

 1  cos 2
We know that , sin 2  
2
n
1  cos 
n
sin 2
 4
4 2

1 1 n
=  cos 
2 2 2

 2  n  1 1   n 
Z sin   = Z (1)  Z cos 
4 2 2 2
     

= 1  z   1  2z 
2

2 z  1  2 z  1 
 

  n  
(ii) Z cos  
2 4
  
  n   n  n 
cos  = cos cos  sin sin 
 
 2 4  2 4 2 4

n 1 n 1
= cos  sin sin
2 2 2 2
n 
n
cos   sin
1 
= 

2  2 


2

  n   1  n n 
Z cos   = Z  cos  sin 2 

 2 
2 4 2
 

1  n 
 n  1
Z cos  Z sin
2 
=
2  2 
 2 

= 1  z   1  z 
2

z 1
2
 z 2 1
2  2



z  z 1 
= 
 z 2  1 z 2  1
2 

z(z  1)
 
=
2 z2 1

7. Find

Z ak coshk 


solution:

 k
  e k 
 k e k

Z a cosh k  Z a
 
 2 
1

 z a e  z a k ek
k k 1
  
2 2

1  z   z  
     
2  z  a  z ze    z ze 
  

z a 

 By
shifting property
1  ze  ze 
 
 
 
 

2 ze   a ze  a 

1  z  aze   z 2  zae 
 
2  ze   aze  a 

1 
  22z  az
2

e  e  2
2 z  aze  aze  a 
 

1  22z 2 2az cosh  
2 
 2 z  a  2az cosh  
 
k 2
Z a cosh k  z  az cosh 


z 2  a 2  2az cosh 



TRANSFORM OF UNIT STEP FUNCTION:-

A discrete unit step function is defined as,

1, k  0
uk :{1,1,1,...... } 
0, k  0
 
 
z{uk }   u(k ) z k
Hence

k 0

 
k 0
z k

1 1 1
 1    ......
3
z z 2 z
1
 1 
 1  
 z 
  
1
 z  1 
z u k   
 z 


z
 zuk = , where uk is unit step function.
z 1

The region of convergence is |z| > 1

UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION:-

A discrete unit impulse function is defined by,

1, k  0
 k  : {1,0,0,0}

0, k  0

1. Find z k, k is unit impulse function (or) Determine the Z-transform of

the unit sample sequence  n.

solution:-

 
z k   k z k
k 0
 z k  1

Since Z[  k ] is constant and independent of values of Z the ROC is the

entire complex plane.

2. Find z  f k when (i) f(k)= (1/2)

Solution:-


z f k =  f k z k
k 0

k

1
  k
=  2  u k z
k 0  

  
k

1
=   2  z k u k 1, k  0
k 0  

 k

=  2z
k 0

k

1
=  2z 
k 0  

2
1  1
= 1+ 2z +   + ……
2z
 

1
 1
= 
1  
 2z 

  1
1

=  2z  
 2z 

z f k = 2z
  2z  1 
  
3. Find (i) 
zn  2 (ii) z 4 3 n  2  1
n
 1 
(iii) z n  1n  2
 



Solution:-
(i) zn  2 = zn z2


 2 z1
z
=
z  1 2

z z
= 2.
z  1 2
z 1

z  2zz  1
=
z  12

= z  2z 2  2z

2z 2  z
zn  2 =
z  12

(ii) 
z 4 3n  2 1
n
 = 4 z 3 n  2z 1n  


z z
= 4.  2.
z 3 z 1
 1 
(iii) z  

n  1n  2  

 

1 A B
= 
n  1n  2 n 1 n  2

1 An  2 Bn  1

=
n 1n  2 n  1n  2

1 = An  2  Bn 1

Put n= -2  B  1

Put n= -1  A 1
 1 1 1
  
n  1n  2 n  1 n  2
 1   1
Z   z   1 
n  1n  2   n  1  z  n  2 
 

  
 

1
z n    1 z n


n0 n  1 n0 n  2
1/ z 1/ z   1 1/ z 1/ z 2 
2

 [1    .....]      ....
2 3 2 3 4 
1 1/ z  1/ z 2 3  1/ z 2
1/ z 3
1/ z 4 
       2   
  

 ...

z . .... z 


  z 2
 1  2  3  
 1  1
2 3 4 
 z  log 1   z  log 1   
    


  
  z 1    z 1 z 
  z  1    z  1 1 
 zlog    z 2
log    
  z     z  z 
 z
 z log    2   z   1 

z log  
 
z 1 z


 
  z  1     
1 
Z
n  1 n  2    log
 z
 z  1 z  z 2
 z
   

PROPERTY:DIFFERENTIATION IN Z-DOMAIN

Prove that Z nf (n)   z

d
F (z)where F (z)  Z  f (n)
dz


Solution: Z nf (n)   nf (n)z n
n0


We know that F (z)   f (n)z n
n0

d 
F ( z)   f (n)z n
d
dz dz n0
 d n
 f (n) dz(z )
n0



=  f (n)(nz n1 )
n0
 
d
F (z)  nf (n)z n ( 1 )
dz n0 z



 nf (n)z  z
n d
F (z)
n0 dz

Z nf (n)   z d F (z)

dz
Z kf (k )  z d F (z)
dz
 m
 d
m

In general , Z k f (k )   z  F (z)
 dz 

TIME REVERSAL PROPERTY FOR BILATERAL Z- TRANSFORM:

1 
If Z  f (k ) F (z) , thenZ f (k ) F 
 z
 

 
Proof: Z  f (k )  f (k )z k
n

Put –k = n k = -n when k = -∞ n= ∞

K=∞ n=-∞
n
   1 1 
=  f (n)zn   f (n)   F  
n n  z   z 

Problem:

 
1. Find Z n 2

Solution: Zn  Zn  n

2



z
d
Z (n)
dz 
z 
 z dz   z  12 
d

 
  z  12 .1  2z(z  1) 
  z 
 z  14 
 z  1  2z 
 z
 3 
 z  1 
  z  13 
  z  z  1 
 

  z(z
Z n2 
 1)
z  1 3

INITIAL VALUE THEOREM:

If Z  f (t)  F (z) , thenlim F (z)  f (0)  lim f (t)

z t 0

FINAL VALUE THEOREM:

If Z  f (t)  F (z), thenlim f (t)  lim (z 1)F (z)

t  z1

1  z 1
1. Find the initial and the final values of the function F (z) 
1  0.25z 2

Solution: By initial value theorem , we have

1
1 z
f (0)  lim F (z)  lim
z z 1  0.25z 2

f(0) = 1

f ()  lim ( z  1)F ( z)

By final value theorem, z 1

1  z 1
 lim ( z  1)
z 1 1  0.25z 2
z 2  1
 lim
z 1 z 2  0.25
0
 z
2. Find the initial and the final values of the function F (z)  ,z1
2z  3z  1
2

Solution:

By initial value theorem , we have

z
f (0)  lim F (z)  lim 2z 2  3z 1
z z

 z
 lim
z z(2z  3  1/ z)
1
lim
z (2z  3  1/ z)

f (0)  0

By final value theorem, we have

f ()  lim (z  1)F (z)

z1
z
 lim (z  1)
z1
2
2z  3z  1
zz 2
 lim
z1 2z  3z  1
2
1
z 2 (1  )
z 0
 lim  (I.F )
2 3 1  0
z1
z 2 
 
z z 2 
2z  1
 lim 1
z1 4z  3

 f () 1

THE INVERSE Z- TRANSFORM:

If Z  f (k)F(z),thentheinverse Z  transformis defined by Z 1 F(z)  f (k)

(or) If Z f (n) F(z) then Z 1F(z)  f (n)

S.No Z-transform Inverse Z- transform

1. z  z  n
Z (an ) 
za
Z 1   a
 z  a 
2. 1  1  n1
Z (a n1 )  Z 1 
za  a
 z  a 
  z 
Z n 2
3. z Z 1  n

z  1 z 12 
 
 az 
4.  
Z na n 
az
Z 1
2
 na n
 z  a 2 z  a  
 
5. 
Z na n1  
z z 
Z 1   n1
z  a 2 z  a2na
 
 a 
6.

Z (n  1)an1   a
 Z 1  2
z  a  
 (n  1)an1
z  a 2  
Though we have many methods to find inverse Z-transform the following are very
familiar methods.

1. Method of partial fraction

2. Method of residues (Using Cauchy’s Residue theorem)
3. Power series expansion method or Long division method
NOTE: Different methods of finding inverse Z-transform of a function F(z) will give
different types of mathematical expression. But after evaluating the expression for
each value of k, we may get the same sequence.

PROBLEMS: 


1.
 1 
 
Find the inverse Z-transform of F (z)  z 2 1  z 1 1  z 1 1 2z 1 , 0   
 z  
  


 2 
Solution:

F (z)  z 2 1  z 1 1  z 1 1 2z 1 , 0 
 1 
 z  


  


 2  z 2 
 z  1  2z 1  z 1  2z 2 

 
 2 
z 1
 z 2  2z  z  2  1   z 1
2 2
z 5
F (z)  z 2   z 1
2 2

We know that the bilateral Z-transform is,

 
F (z)  Z  f (n)   f (n)z n
n

 ....  f (2)z 2  f (1)z  f (0)  f (1)z 1  ...

Comparing like coefficients, we get

1 5
f (2) 1, f (1)  , f (0)   , f (1) 1
 2 2
 f (n)   1 5 
....0,1, ,  ,1,0,...


 2 2 

  1 
2. Find the inverse Z-transform of F (z)  log ,za
1  az 1 

1 
Solution: F (z)  log  
, z  a   log 1  az 1 ........(1), a  a
1 az 1 

We know that,

log(1  r)    r n , r  1 ............ (2)

 1

n1 n

Comparing (1) and (2) we get

F (z)   az 1   

 1 n
 1 n n
a z
n1 n n1 n

1 n
 a ,n 1
 f (n)  n
0 , n  0
1
 f (n)  anu(n  1)
n

METHOD OF PARTIAL FRACTION TO FIND INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM:

1. Find Z 1 z4 

z 1z  22 
 

Solution:
  
z 1zz 4 22   z A1  z B 2  z C22
 
 z  4   Az  22  B(z 1)( z  2)  C(z 1)
 
z 1z  22   (z 1)( z  2)2 

 

put z=2 -2 = C

C = -2

Put z=1 A=-3

Equating the coefficient of z 2 on both sides

0 = A+B -3+B = 0 B=3

 
z  1zz 4 22   z31  z 3 2  z 222
 
 1
z  4 2    3Z 1 z  1  3Z 1    2 1 2 
1
1 
 
Z  z  1z  2   z  2  (z  2) 


 
   k  12 k1
  31k 1 32k 1  2
2
  3u(k  1)  (k  1)2 u(k  1)  3(2)k1u(k  1)
k1

(the term 2k1 is valid only for k>1)


3. Find Z 1  z4 
(z  2)( z  3) 
 
Solution:
 z4  A  B
 
(z  2)( z  3) z  2 z  3
z4 A(z  3)  B(z  2)

(z  2)( z  3) (z  2)( z  3)
 z  4  A(z  3)  B(z  2)
Put z   3 Put z  2
7B 6A
B7 A6
z4  6  7
  
(z  2)( z  3) z2 z3
  1
Z 1 (z  z2)(
4   6 Z 1  1  1 
z  3)  z  2   7Z  z  3 
 

  
   6 2   7 3
k 1 k 1
 
 4
 Z 1 (z  z2)(    6 2 k 1 u(k  1)  7 3k 1 u(k  1)
z  3) 
 

Since the term ak1 is valid only for k>1 and hence multiplied by u(k-1).

NOTE:

1. To find inverse transform of a function F(z) by using partial fraction method , it is

F ( z)
convenient to write F(z) as and split the function by partial fraction.
z
2. Here, in F(z) the degree of both numerator and denominator are equal. Hence to split
F(z) into partial fraction, we should divide F(z) till we get the degree of numerator is
less than the degree of the denominator.

PROBLEM:

 z2 3 
z 1  z  2
1
1. Find Z 
 
Solution:
 z3
Let F ( z) 
z  12 z  2
F (z)  z2

z z  12 z  2 
 A  B  C 2
z2
z  1 z  2   z  2 z  1 z  1
2

A z  12  B  z  1 z  2   C  z  2


z  12 z  2
 z 2  A z  12  B  z  1 z  2   C  z  2
Put z 1 Put z  2
C1 A4
Equating thecoefficient of z 2 onbothsides,1 A  B  B   3
F (z)  4  3  1
  
z z  2 z  1  z  12
4z  3z  z
 F (z)   
z  2 z  1  z  12
 z  
Z 1F (z)  4Z 1  3Z 1 z   Z 1  z 2 
  z  2  

 z  1 z  1  

 
 4(2)  3(1)  n
n n

2 .Find Z 1 

1 


1  1.5z 1  0.5z 2 



Solution:
 1
Given F (z) 
1  1.5z  0.5z 2
1

 1
1.5 0.5
1  2
z z
2
F (z)  z
z 2  1.5z  0.5
F (z)  z

z z  1z  0.5
 z A B
 
z  1z  0.5 z  1 z  0.5
A(z  0.5)  B(z  1)

z  1z  0.5
 z  A(z  0.5)  B(z  1)

Put z  0.5 Put z  1

B  1 A2
z 2 1
  z  1 z  0.5
z  1z  0.5
2z  z
F (z) z  1
z  0.5
1  z
Z F (z)  2Z 
1

  Z 1  z 


 z  1  z  0.5 

 2(1)n  (0.5)n 

Z u(n)
z
 2u(n)  (0.5)n

z 1

TO FIND INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM USING RESIDUE THEOREM:

If Z[f(n)] = F(z), then f(n) which gives the inverse Z-transform of F(z) is obtained from
the following result.

1
(i.e) f (n)  zn1F(z)dz , where C is the closed contour which encloses all the

2i C

poles of the integrand. To evaluate  zn1F (z)dz

C
we can use the Residue theorem.

z
1. Find the inverse Z-transform of  using Residue theorem.
 z 1z  2



Solution:
 z 
Let Z 1  f (n)
 z  1z  2
 
1 n1
then f (n)  z  F (z)dz
2i C
1 z
 z n1
2i C
 z  1z  2 dz
1 zn
 
2i C z 1z  2
dz ...................... (1)

zn
Toevaluate  dz
C
z  1z  2
zn    
 dz 2 i Sum of theresidues of (z) at each of its poles ....... (2)
C
z 1z  2
zn
Where (z) 
z 1z  2

The poles are z = 1, z =2

Re s  ( z) lim  z
z 1 z 1
 1 ( z)

lim z
zn
  1
z 1 z  1z  2
n ................
  (1) (3)
zn
Re s (z) ) lim  2
z  1z  2
z  2
z
z 2

 2 n ................. (4)
Sub (3) and (4) in eqn (2)
zn    n
 n

 dz 2 i 2 (1) ...........(5)
C
 z  1 z  2 
Sub (5) in eqn (1), f (n) 
1

2i 2 n  (1) n 
2i
 2n  (1) n

Checking:

    
Z 2n  (1)n  Z 2n  Z (1)n 
z z z
  
z  2 z 1  z 1z  2

z 
2. Find Z 1  using residue theorem.
 z 2  2z  2 

Solution:



 z 
Let Z 1  z 2  2z  2  f (n)
 
1 n1
then f (n)  z  F (z)dz
2i C
1 z
 2i C z n1 z  2z  2 dz
2

n
1 z
  2
2i z  2z  2
dz ...................... (1)
C
n
z
To evaluate  dz
C
z  1z  2
zn    

 
dz 2 i Sum of theresidues of (z) at each of its poles ........ (2)
C
z 2  2z  2
zn
Where  (z)   2 

z  2z  2

In  (z) equate the denominator to zero

z 2  2z  2  0 

2  4  4(1)(2)
z  
2
 2
 4
 1  i
2
The poles are z 1  i ,1  i
Re s  lim     z
n

(z) z (1 i)
z 1i z1i z  (1  i)z  (1  i)

1  i  n

2i
Re s  lim     z
n

(z) z (1 i)
z 1i z1i z  (1  i)z  (1  i)
1  i n

 2i
dz  2i 1  i   1  i  
n n
 2 z n
z  2z  2 2i 2i 
C  

  1  i   1  i 
n

 
n

n/2 
The mod ulus and amplitude form of 1  i   2 cos n  i sin n 
n

 4 4 
1  i n  2 n / 2 cos n   i sin n  
 4 4 

1  i   1  i   2i 2 n / 2 sin n 
n n

4
zn  n/ 2  

C z 2  2z  2

dz   2i 2 sin n 

1  4 
 f (n)  2 i2n / 2 sin n  2 n / 2 sin n 
2i
  

4 4
 POWER SERIES METHOD ( LONG DIVISION METHOD )

1
a. Find the inverse Z-transform of F(z) = , z  a using power series
1  az 1
method.
Solution: Since the Region Of Convergence is z  a , which is outside the

circle whose radius is ‘a’ unit, the sequence is unilateral or causal. In the
unilateral sequence, since all powers of ‘z’ are negative, we perform the long
division such that the powers of ‘z’ are negative. The long division is
performed as follows to get power series expansion.

Thus, we the series,

F (z)  1  az 1  a 2 z 2  a3 z 3  .....
1 
 ,z a
1  az 1 (or) F (z)   
n0
an z n

Comparing this sequence with the basic definition we have, f (n)  anu(n)

2. Using power series technique, find the inverse Z-transform of

 z
F(z) = ,z1
2z  3z  1
2

Solution:

Here the ROC is z  1

 The sequence should be unilateral or causal sequence.

Thus, we must divide so as to obtain a series in powers of z 1 as follows.

1 3 7
F (z)  z 1  z 2  z 3  .....
2 4 8
1 3 7
By definition we get, f (0)  0, f (1)  , f (2)  , f (3)  .....
2 4 8
 1 3 7 
 f (n)  0, , , ....
 2 4 8 
2n  1
 n , n  0,1,. ..............
2

4z
3. Find the inverse Z-transform of F(z) =  by long division method.
z  13
Solution:
 Here, the ROC is not given. Since we are dealing only unilateral sequence,
we may assume that the ROC is z  1and the powers of ‘z’ in the sequence should be

negative.

Thus, we rewrite the given sequence as

4z 4z 2 4z 2
F (z)   
z 13 1  z 
1 3 1  3z 1  3z 2  z 3

F(z)  4z 2 12z 3  24z 4  ....

Comparing this with the definition of Z-transform, we get

f(0) = 0, f(1) = 0, f(2) = 4, f(3) = 12, f(4) = 24….

 f (n) 0,0,4,12,24,. .. 
0, for n  0,1
(or) f (n)  
2n(n 1)u(n), for n  1

SOLVING DIFFERENCE EQUATION USING Z-TRANSFORM:

To solve difference equations we need the following results.

 Z y(k  1) zF (z)  zy(0) (or) zF (z)  y(0)
 y(1) 
Z  y(k  2) z 2 F (z)  z 2 y(0)  zy(1) (or) z 2 F (z)  y(0)  
 z 
3  y(1) y(2) 
Z y(k  3) z F (z)  z y(0)  z y(1)  zy(2) (or) z F (z)  y(0) 
3 3 2
 
 z z 2 

Where, Z[y(k)] = F(z).

1. Solve the difference equation y(k+2) – 4y(k+1) +4y(k) = 0 where y(0) = 1,y(1) =0
Solution:

Given y(k+2) – 4y(k+1) +4y(k) = 0

Taking Z-transform on both sides, we get Z[y(k+2)]-4Z[y(k+1)]+4Z[y(k)] = 0

 y(1) 
z 2 F (z)  y(0)  -4 zF(z)  y(0)+4F(z) = 0, Where, Z[y(k)] = F(z).
 z 


z 2 F (z)  1 4zF (z)  1 4F (z)  0

 
F (z) z 2  4z  4  z 2  4z
z 2  4z
F (z)  2
 

z  4z  4
z 2  4z 1  z  4z  
2
 
Z[ y(k )]   y(k )  Z z  2 2 
 z  22
 
z  4z
2
F (z) z4 A B
Let F (z)     
z  22 z z  2 2 z  2 z  22
z4 A(z  2)  B

z  2 2
(z  2)2
z  4  A(z  2)  B
Put z  2 Put z  0
B  2 A1
F(z)  1 2 z 2z
    F (z)  
z z  2 z  2 2
z  2 z  22
 z  2z 
Z 1F (z)  Z 1   Z 1
 2
 2 k  k 2k
 z  2  z  2 
 
 y(k )  2 (1  k ).
k
 2. Solve the difference equation y(k+2) +y(k) = 1, y(0) = y(1) = 0 (June
2012)
Solution:

Given y(k+2) +y(k) = 1

Taking Z-transform on both sides, we get Z[y(k+2)]+Z[y(k)] = Z(1)

 y(1)  z
z 2 F (z)  y(0)  +F(z) =
 z  z1

z
z 2 F (z)  F (z) 
z1

F (z)  z


(z  1)( z 2
 1)
z
Z[ y(k )] 
(z  1)( z 2  1)

y(k) =  Z 1  z 
z 1z 2  1 

  
 
 z
Let F (z)  
F (z)

1
(z  1)( z  1) 2
z (z  1)( z 2  1)
1  A  Bz2 C 
 z 1
(z  1)( z  1) z  1
2

1  A(z 2  1)  (Bz  C)( z  1)

1
Put z  1 A 
2
1
Equating thecoefficient of z 2 , AB0B
2
1
Equating thecoefficient of cons tan ts, 1ACC
2
F (z) 1/ 2 1/ 2(z  1)  F (z)  z 1z  z 1 2
    

z z 1 z2 2z1 2z21
1
1
   1 Z 1  1   1 Z 1  z 22   1 Z 1  2 z 
Z F (z) 2  z  1 2 z 1  2  z  1 

 
1    


1  cos k  sin k 


2 


1  2   2    z2


y(k )  1  cos k  sin k   Z 



  z2 1
cos k 2  

2 2 2
   z
Z sin k  2
 
2 z  1
 3. Solve the difference equation y(n+3)-3y(n+1)+2y(n) = 0 given that y(0) = 4,
y(1) = 0, y(2) = 8. (May 2011, Nov
2012)

Solution: Given y(n+3)-3y(n+1)+2y(n) = 0

Taking Z-transform on both sides, we get

Z[y(n+3)]-3Z[y(n+1)]+2Z[y(n)] = 0
 y(1) y(2) 
z3 F (z)  y(0)   -3 zF(z)  y(0)+2F(z) = 0
 z z 2 



 
F (z) z  3z  2  4z  4z
3
3
4z
3  4z F (z) 4z 2  4
F (z)   
z  3z  2
3 zz 3  3z  2
4z 2  4 A B C
  
(z  2)z  1 2 z  2 z  1 z  1 2
4z 2  4  Az  1 2  Bz  1z  2  Cz  2
Put z  1 Put z  2

4
C0 A
3
8
Equating thecoefficient of z 2 , we get AB4B
3
F (z)  4 / 3  8/3 4
  
 F (z)  z

8 z
z z  2 z 1 3z2 3z1
4 1 

Z F (z)  Z 
1 z   Z 1  
8

z
  

3  z  2  3  z  1
4 8
 y(n)  (2)n  (1)n
3 3

4. solve by Z-transform y n2  2 y n1  y n 2 n with y0  2 and y1  1.

(May 2010 , Nov 2010)

solution:

Given y n2  2 y n1  y n 2 n

 
Z ( y n2 )  2Z ( y n1 )  Z ( y n)  Z (2 n )


z
z 2 Y (z)  z 2 y(0)  zy(1)  2[zY (z)  zy(0) ]  Y (z) 
z2

z
(z 2  2z  1)Y (z)  2z 2  z  4z 
z2

z
(z  1) 2 Y (z)  2z 2  3z 
z2

z
(z  1) 2 Y (z)   2z 2  3z
z2

z  2z 3  4z 2  3z 2  6z
=
z2

2z 3  7z 2  7z
=
z2

z(2z 2  7z  7)
Y (z) 
(z  2)(z  1) 2

Y (z) (2z 2  7z  7)

z (z  2)(z  1) 2

using the method of partial fraction,

Y (z)  z(2z 2  7z  7)  A  B  C
   
z (z  2)(z  1) 2 z  2 z  1 (z  1) 2
………………………………….(1)

(2z 2  7z  7)  A(z  1)2  B(z  1)(z  2)  C(z  2)

putting z  2, we get A  1.

putting z  1, we get C  2.

putting z  0, we get B  1.
 Y (z)  1  1  2
  
z z  2 z  1 (z  1) 2

z  z  2z
Y (z)   
z  2 z  1 (z  1) 2

z  z  2z
Z ( y(n))   
z  2 z  1 (z  1) 2

  2z 
y(n)  Z 1  z   z 
 z  2  Z 1 z  1  z 1  (z  1)2 
 

 

= 2 n 1n  2n

5. Solve y (n2)  6y (n1)  9y (n)  2n given that y0  y1  0 . (Nov 2009,Nov

2012)

Solution:

Given y (n2)  6y (n1)  9y (n)  2 n


       
Z y(n2)  6Z y(n1)  9Z y(n)  Z 2 n


z 2 y(z)  z 2 y(0)  zy(1) 6zY (z)  zy(0)  9Y (z)  z z 2

z 2Y (z)  6zY (z)  9Y (z) z z 2

z 2

 6z  9 Y(z) 
z
z2

(z  3) 2 Y(z)  z z 2
z
Y (z) 
(z  2)( z  3) 2

Y (z)  1

z (z  2)( z  3) 2

 B  C
A
= …………………………….(1)
z  2 z  3 (z  3) 2
 1  A(z  3)2  B(z  2)(z  3)  C(z  2)

Comparing the coefficients, we get

, B   1 and C   1
1
A
25 25 5

Therefore , (1)  Y (z) 1 1

 
1 1

1 1
z 25 z  2 25 z  3 5 (z  3) 2

1 z 1
Y (z)   z

1 z
25 z  2 25 z  3 5 (z  3) 2

y(n)  1 Z 1  z   1 Z 1  z   1 Z 1  z 2 


25  z  2  25
  

 z  3 5 (z  3) 
  


  
 1 1 1
y(n)  (2) n  (3) n  (3) n n
25 25 15

6. solve u (n2)  4u (n1)  3u(n)  3 n given that u0  0, u1  1. (NOV 2011)

solution: Rewriting the above equation is y (n2)  4y (n1)  3y (n)  3 n


   
Z y(n2)  4Z y(n1)  3Z y(n)  Z 3n     

z 2 y(z)  z 2 y(0)  zy(1) 4zY (z)  zy(0)  3Y (z)  z z 3

z 2  4z  3Y(z)  z  z z 3
z
(z  1)(z  3)Y (z)  z
z3

z  z(z  3)
=
z3
z 2  2z
=
z3

z(z  2)
Y (z) 
(z 1)( z  3)( z  3)

Y (z)  A  B  C
   ……………………...(1)
z z  1 z  3 (z  3)
 z  2  A(z  3)(z  3)  B(z  1)(z  3)  C(z  1)(z  3)

Comparing the coefficients, we get

A , B5
3 1
and C 
8 12 24

Y (z)  3 / 8 (5 / 12)  1/ 24

(1)    
z z 1 z3 (z  3)

3 z 5
Y (z)   z

1 z
8z1 12 z  3 24 (z  3)

3 5 1
y(n)  (1) n  (3) n  (3) n
8 25 24

7. Form the difference equation of second order by eliminating the arbitrary constants A
and B from solve y n A(2) n  Bn . (NOV 2011)

solution:

y n  A(2) n  Bn ........................................ (1)

y n1  A(2) n1  B(n  1)

 A(2)n (2)  B(n  1)................(2)

y n 2  A(2) n2  B(n  2)

 A(2) n (2) 2  B(n  2) .................... (3)

Eliminating A(2) n and B , we get

yn 1 n
yn1  2 n  1 0
yn2 4 n2

 (3n  1) yn2  (3n  2) yn1  (6n  8) yn  0

CONVOLUTION OF TWO SEQUENCES:

The convolution of two sequences f (n)and g(n) is defined as

 n
 f (n) * g(n)   f (r)g(n  r) For right sided sequence
r 0



(or)  f (n) * g(n)   f (r)g(n  r) For twosided or bilateral sequence
r 

The convolution of two functions f(t) and g(t) is defined as

n
f (t) * g(t)   f (rT )g(n  r)T , where T is the sampling period.
r 0

CONVOLUTION THEOREM:

(i) Z  f (n) * g(n)  F (z)G(z) where Z  f (n)  F (z) and Z g(n)  G(z)
(ii) Z  f (t) * g(t)  F (z)G(z) where Z  f (t)  F (z) and Zg(t)  G(z)

Proof:
 
Let Z  f (n)  F (z)   f (n)z n
n0

G(z)  Z  g(n)   g(n)z n
n0
 

 F (z)G(z)   f (n)z n
 g(n)z n
n0 n0


 f (0)  f (1)z 1  f (2)z 2  .... g(0)  g(1)z 1  g(2)z 2  ...
n 
 f (0)g(0)   f (0)g(1)  f (1)g(0)z 1  ..   f (r)g(n  r) z n  ...
 r 0 
   n
n
 f (r)g(n  r) z
 
n0  r 0 


   f (n) * g(n)z n  Z  f (n) * g(n)

n0 
 Z  f (n) * g(n)  F (z)G(z)  Z 1F (z)G(z)  f (n) * g(n)
 

(ii) (ii) Let F (z)  Z  f (t)   f (nT )z n and G(z)  Z g(t)   f (nT )z n
n0 n0
 

Now F (z)G(z)   f (nT )z n  f (nT )z n

n0 n0


 f (0T )  f (T )z 1  f (2T )z 2  .... g(0T )  g(T )z 1  g(2T )z 2 
n 
  f (rT )g(n  r)T z n
  
n0  r 0 

   f (t) * g(t)z n
n0

 Z  f (t) * g(t)  F (z)G(z)  Z 1F (z)G(z)   f (t) * g(t)

Problems:

1. Find the Z –transform of f(n)*g(n) if

(i) f (n)  2n u(n) and g(n)  2n u(n) (ii) f (n)  2 n u(n) g(n) 3n u(n)

Solution:

(i) Z  f (n) Z 2n u(n)  

z
 z  2  F (z)

Z  g(n) Z 2n u(n)  
z
  G(z)
z2
 2
z 
 Z f (n) * g(n)  F (z)G(z)   
  z  2 

(ii) Z  f (n) Z 2n u(n) 
z
 z  2  F (z)


Z g(n) Z 3n u(n) 
z
  G(z)
z3
z2
 Z  f (n) * g(n)  F (z)G(z) 
z  2z  3

n
1
2. If f(n) = U(n) and g(n) =  (n)    U (n) , then find Z[f(n)*g(n)].
  2 
Solution: 

Z  f (n)  Z U(n) 
z
z n1
   
   1  
n
 1
Z g(n)  Z  (n)    U (n)  Z  (n)  Z   U (n)
 2   2  
 1  z 4z  1

z  1/ 2 2z  1
Z  f (n) * g(n)  F (z)G(z)  z 4z 1
z  1 2z 1
z4z  1
Z  f (n) * g(n)  
z 12z  1

1  z2 

3. Using convolution theorem evaluate Z z 1z  3
   (May 2011)
Solution:
 Z 1  z2  Z  z z 
z  1z  3
1
 z  1 z  3 
   

 (1) n * (3) n Z (1) n  z , Z (3) n  z
 z 1 z3

n

 (1) r (3) nr  3 n  3n1  3 n2  31  1

r 0

 1  3  32  3n

 Z 1   z  1z  3  3 2  1
2
z n1

 

z2  1 
4. Using convolution theorem, find Z z  az  b

   (June 2013)
 
Solution:

Z 1  z2   Z 1  z z 
 z  az  b z  a z  b 
   

 (a) n * (b) n Z (a) n  z , Z (b) n  z
 za zb

 a m
n
 
  a m b n  m  b n   
m0 m0  b 
n1
1   a 
 bn  b
a
1
b
1 
2
 Z z 
  z  az  b  b b aa
n1 n1

 


 2

1
2z 18z
5. Find Z 4z  3 using convolution theorem. (June 2012)
 


Solution:
 
 
Z 1    Z 1  
 2z  14z  3 
2 2
8z z 1 
 1 

   z   z   
 2  4  
 

 z     
 Z 1 . z  1  z  1  z 
 Z Z  
 
 

 z  1 z  1 
 

 z  1   z  1 

n
2 n
4   2   4 
1  1
   *   
 n2   r 4  n r n r r
 1   1  1  n  1 1
       2   4   
4 2 2
r 0  n n  r   r n0n   r 
  
1 1   1  1 
        2 r       
 2  r 0  4   2  r 0  2 
 n1   n1 
1   1   1 
  1  n 1   2   

  n      

 1 2  2 1      


3 

2
 1       


 

n  2   n 
 2 

2  1  1 1  
      
3 2 2 4

  n    n
 Z 1  8z 2   2  1  1   1
        
  

 2z  1 4z  3  3 2  3  4 


Z2
6. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z-transform of .(NOV 2012)
(z  a) 2

Solution: 

1  
Z2 1  z z 
Z  2
Z  .
(z  a)   z  a z  a  



= Z 1  z  * Z 1  z 



z  a   z  a 

= (a) n  (a) n


n n K

=  (a) (a) K
K 0

= (a) n = (n  1)(a)n .
K 0