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Calcium Modification Techniques in Complex PCI
Calcium Modification Techniques in Complex PCI
2. Calcification assessment
4. Conclusions
01.
INTRODUCTION
A
CORONARY ARTERY
CALCIFICATION
• Highly prevalent in patients with coronary heart
disease (CHD)
• Prevalence of CAC is age- and gender-dependent,
occurring in over 90% of men and 67% of women
B
older than 70 years of age
• Other risk factors: hypertension, diabetes mellitus,
dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, obesity, familial
history of CAC, high fibrinogen level, high CRP level
• 2 types of CAC: intimal and medial
• Associated with major adverse cardiovascular events
• Usually be found in patients with severe CHD, but can
be asymptomatic → early diagnosis is important
J Geriatr Cardiol 2015; 12: 668 675. doi:10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.06.012
PREVALENCE A
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine September 2018, 85 (9) 707-716; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.85a.17097
A
CALCIUM DISTRIBUTION
Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 06 April 2023. Sec. Cardiovascular Imaging. Volume 10 – 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1133510
A
CORONARY ARTERY
CALCIFICATION
• Coronary lesions with severe
calcification are classified as complex
lesions
• Known to carry lower success rates
and higher complication rates B
following PCI
• Poses technical challenges during PCI
→ in stent under-expansion,
malapposition, or the inability to place
a stent
• May damage the polymer coating of
DES → DES ineffectiveness when
implanted
Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;doi:10.1002/ccd.28994
A
Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2018 Apr 1;91(5):859-866. doi: 10.1002/ccd.27204. Epub 2017 Jul 19.
PREVALENCE A
MODALITIES
Imaging modalities for identifying and
characterizing calcified coronary lesions:
• Coronary angiography
• Coronary CT angiography
• Intravascular imaging:
• Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) B
• Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
CORONARY
ANGIOGRAPHY
• Calcified lesions will appear as an area of
attenuation of the X-rays:
• Visible already before the contrast
injection B
• Arranged along the contour of the
vessel
• Moves with heart movement.
• Angiography alone has been shown to have
low sensitivity in identifying calcified lesions
→ necessary to combine with intravascular
imaging
European Heart Journal Supplements (2023) 25 (Supplement C), C68–C73
A
CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY
Example 1:
Left and right panels are B
coronary angiographic images
before and after the injection of
a radio-contrast agent,
respectively.
Arrows indicate presence of faint
radio-opaque lesions after the
injection of a radio-contrast →
mild calcification.
Kini, A., Sharma, S. K. (Eds.). (2021). Practical manual of interventional cardiology. Springer London. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68538-6
Example 2: A
Both left and right panels are images
before the injection of a radio-contrast
agent. There is no radio-opaque lesion
during diastolic movement (left panel).
Arrows indicate the presence of
radio-opaque lesions during systolic
movement (right panel) → moderate
calcification
Example 3: B
Arrows indicate the presence of radio-
opaque lesions before the injection of a
radio-contrast agent irrespective of
heart movement (diastolic movement
on left panel and systolic movement on
right panel) → severe calcification
JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, Volume 14, Issue 12,2021,Pages 2443-2452 ISSN 1936-878X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.01.024.
A
CCTA INDICATIONS
2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI
Guideline for Coronary
Artery Revascularization:
A Report of the
American College of B
Cardiology/American Heart
Association Joint Committee
on Clinical Practice
Guidelines
TECHNIQUES
Balloon-Based Devices:
• Non-Compliant Balloons
• High-Pressure (Dual-Layer)
Non-Compliant Balloons
• Cutting Balloons B
• Scoring Balloons
• Intravascular Lithotripsy
Coronary Atherectomy:
• Rotational Atherectomy
• Orbital Atherectomy
• Laser Atherectomy
Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2019 Dec;20(12):1083-1087. doi: 10.1016/j.carrev.2019.02.026. Epub 2019 Mar 1.
B
RESULTS:
Angiographic success was achieved in 97.5%,
procedural success in 96.6%.
The OPN alone was able to achieve adequate
expansion in >90%. 0.9% days MACE were reported.
CONCLUSION: The OPN-dedicated high-pressure
balloon provides an effective and safe strategy for
treatment of severe resistant coronary lesions.
Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2019 Dec;20(12):1083-1087. doi: 10.1016/j.carrev.2019.02.026. Epub 2019 Mar 1.
CUTTING
BALLOON
• First developed in the mid-1980s by Dr.
Peter Barath → initially called the Barath
Balloon
• Composed of a conventional balloon with
three or four atherotomes (microsurgical B
blades) that are mounted longitudinally
along the balloon surface
• Provides a focused force at low pressure →
create controlled incisions along the lesion
length → greater vessel compliance +
improved stent expansion
• Cons: bulky device → difficulty in
delivering
Hoballah, J.J., Bechara, C.F. (2021) Vascular Reconstructions. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1089-3_22
CUTTING
BALLOON
• The diameter of the cutting balloon is
selected to approximate a 1.0 : 1.1
ratio (balloon to the reference vessel
diameter) → oversizing increases the
risk of perforation and rupture
• Balloon lengths are often shorter than B
conventional balloons, usually 15–20
mm
• Should be inflated and deflated slowly
(generally 1 atm every 2–3 seconds) to
avoid damaging their structural
integrity
• Some authors advocate rotating the
balloon and inflating it multiple times
to score the lesion
Hoballah, J.J., Bechara, C.F. (2021) Vascular Reconstructions. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1089-3_22
CUTTING
BALLOON
CONCLUSIONS:
Cutting balloon angioplasty before DES
implantation in severely calcified lesions
appears to be more efficacies including
significantly larger final stent CSA and larger
acute lumen gain, without increasing
complications during operations and the
MACE rate in 6-month.
J Geriatr Cardiol 2014; 11: 44−49. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-5411.2014.01.012
B
CONCLUSIONS:
A strategy of lesion preparation with RA, POBA, or CBA in
HCCL may be associated with similar clinical outcomes in
patients undergoing percutaneous intervention with DES.
The RA group had a trend toward greater MACE, death,
and TLR.
J Invasive Cardiol. 2015 Sep;27(9):387-91.
SCORING
BALLOON
• Consist of a semi-compliant balloon
with 3-4 rectangular nitinol-based
struts that encircle the balloon in a B
helical pattern
• Mechanistic evolution of the CB:
• Reducing the mechanical trauma
exerted on the vessel wall →
lower risk of dissection
• More deliverable
Cardiovasc Interv Ther. 2019 Jul;34(3):242-248. doi: 10.1007/s12928-018-0553-6. Epub 2018 Oct 19.
SCORING
BALLOON
A: Cross-sectional coronary calcification. B: The image shows the thicknesses of the calcifications (520, 470, and 440 µm),
and 3 disruption sites can be seen (after modification by scoring balloon). In this case, the coronary calcification angle
was 360° and the shape was non-convex
Cardiovasc Interv Ther. 2019 Jul;34(3):242-248. doi: 10.1007/s12928-018-0553-6. Epub 2018 Oct 19.
B
Int J Cardiol. 2016 Oct 15;221:23-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.002. Epub 2016 Jul 4.
SCORING
BALLOON
Int J Cardiol. 2016 Oct 15;221:23-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.002. Epub 2016 Jul 4.
SCORING
BALLOON
Int J Cardiol. 2016 Oct 15;221:23-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.002. Epub 2016 Jul 4.
OUTCOMES
RESULTS:
Stent expansion was significantly higher after
predilation by a scoring balloon (68.0% vs.
62.1%, p = 0.017) with similar stent lumen
eccentricity (0.84 vs. 0.80, p = 0.18).
Intimal disruption was induced significantly
more frequently (68.0% vs. 38.4%, p = 0.035)
B
and was more extensive in the scoring group
(122° vs. 65°, p = 0.038).
Adverse clinical events including death,
myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis
were not observed up to 9 months after PCI
in both groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
In this randomized study, pretreatment with
a scoring balloon enhanced stent expansion
partly through induction of intimal disruption
Int J Cardiol. 2016 Oct 15;221:23-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.002. Epub 2016 Jul 4.
INTRAVASCULAR
LITHOTRIPSY
(IVL)
• Terminology: Lithotripsy = breaking stones
(Greek) B
• A non-invasive procedure involving the physical
destruction of hardened masses like kidney
stones or gallstones
• Techniques:
• Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
(ESWL)
• Intracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ISWL)
• Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL)
J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 2021;14:1275–92
MECHANISM
CONCLUSIONS:
In the largest cohort of patients treated with coronary IVL
assessed to date, coronary IVL safely facilitated
successful stent implantation in severely calcified
coronary lesions with a high rate of procedural success.
CONCLUSION:
In patients with severely calcified coronary lesions:
• Elective RA is feasible in nearly all patients and the acute success rate is superior to modified balloons.
• Both approaches (elective RA and balloon plus bailout RA) are equally safe and effective.
• Use of RA is no longer associated with excessive LLL (late-lumen-loss) in the era of modern SES.
Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions. 2018;11:e007415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.118.007415
ORBITAL
ATHERECTOMY
• A relatively recent advancement in the field of
atheroablation
• FDA approval in 2013
• Used a burr with a diamond-coated crown that
B
orbits in an elliptical path within the artery
• Pass over a specialist 0.014′′ wire (ViperWire)
• The crown’s ablates the calcified lumen→ produces
smaller particles of debris<2 μm
• Unlike RA, there is continuous blood flow through
the artery during ablation → potentially reduce the
risk of slow-flow/no reflow, decrease thermal injury
and obviate the need for the routine use of
temporary pacing
Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;14:e009870. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.120.009870
Eccentrically mounted
diamond-coated
crown uses centrifugal
force to orbit →
bidirectional burr
(a) one rotational cycle
(b) one orbital cycle
observed by high-speed
camera in axial direction
B at
when the crown rotates
90,000 rpm
(c) front and (d)
perspective schematic
views of the crown
rotation and orbiting.
B
DIFFERENTIAL ORBITAL SANDING
ORBITAL MECHANISM:
Increased speed → Increased centrifugal force
Greater centrifugal force → Larger orbital diameter
J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 1638. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12101638
ORBITAL Eccentric head
wobbles
ATHERECTOMY
• The crown’s orbital diameter expands
radially with increasing centrifugal
force → allows the operator to
Cutting head
control the depth of the ablation (by diamonds
varying the speed of the burr) → B
avoids the need to change the burr
multiple times + increasing procedural
efficiency
• Owing to the elliptical mechanism of
action, OA is contraindicated in vessel
diameters <2.5mm due to increased
risk of vessel perforation
Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;14:e009870. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.120.009870
B
Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;14:e009870. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.120.009870 - European Heart Journal Supplements (2023) 25 (Supplement C), C68–C73
B