Name: _____________________________________________________

Year 10 Biology
Section 3: Reproduction and inheritance
a) Reproduction in plants (Textbook p.176-184)

I can…

Covered

Yr Exam
Revised

Revised
in Class

before

before
Test
3.1 understand the differences between sexual and asexual
reproduction
3.2 understand that fertilisation involves the fusion of a male
and female gamete to produce a zygote that undergoes cell
division and develops into an embryo
3.3 describe the structures of an insect-pollinated and a wind-
pollinated flower and explain how each is adapted for
pollination
3.4 understand that the growth of the pollen tube followed by
fertilisation leads to seed and fruit formation

Section A:
○ 3.1 understand the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction.
○ 3.2 understand that fertilisation involves the fusion of a male and female gamete to
produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo.

Two types of reproduction

• As you know reproduction is one of the 8 characteristics of living things!
• But there is more than one way of reproducing.

_________________________
Asexual ___________________________
Sexual

Two types of reproduction – Asexual (Textbook p. 176-177)

• In asexual reproduction usually cells in one part of the body divide by _____________
mitosis
and then break off from the parent to form a new organism.
• All the offspring are _________________________.
genetically identical
• This usually occurs _______________________________________
under favorable to produce a large
number of offspring.
• Asexual reproduction happens in all types of organisms:
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Vegetative propagation:
·Sweet potatoes.
·The sweet potato plant can produce several offspring plants from each potato but as they are all
clones of each other.

Asexual reproduction - Advantages:

• Species can ____________________,
multiply faster as no courting is required – only one parent
needed for asexual reproduction.
• Species can colonise new habitats faster and more efficiently.

Asexual reproduction - Disadvantages:

• Because the genetic makeup of daughter cells are identical to that of their parent cells,
species that rely on asexual reproduction have very little variation. The only way
variation can occur is through _______________________.
gene mutations
• Due to limited variation, such a species has a
____________________________________________
limited change of survival in different or changing
environmental conditions, because all of them will only be adapted to a particular set of
‘normal’ conditions.
• If an organism experiences a gene mutation resulting in a disadvantageous trait arises, it
will be easier for it to produce offspring and pass on its disadvantageous gene, as it
doesn’t require a sexual partner.

Two types of reproduction – Sexual (Textbook p. 177 – 178)

• In sexual reproduction sex cells called _________________
gametes are produced.
• There are two types, a male gametes and a female gametes.
• The male gamete must move to the female gamete and fuse with it.
• This is called ___________________
fertilisation
• The new cell formed is called a ______________
zygote

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It’s not only animals that do sexual reproduction, but flowering plants do also as well.

Once you’ve formed this new zygote cell it divides many times by _____________
mitosis to form the
new organism.

Types of cell division

Mitosis
• _____________
mitosis is a nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells in which
the chromosome number is maintained by the ___________________
exact duplication of chromosome.

• ensures
Mitosis cell division ____________________ genetically
that each daughter cell is ____________

_______________________________________________.
identical to the parent cell

Meiosis
• ________________
meiosis is a type of nuclear division that gives rise to cells that are
genetically different.
• Meiosis cell division takes place in the _________________________
gamete-producing cells of the sex organs
(i.e. testes, and ovaries of humans).
• Meiosis is a kind of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes by half
_____________________________________
to form ______________________________________
four haploid nuclei . Therefore, meiosis is a
reduction division.

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Comparing Mitosis & Meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis
Site of occurrence body cells gamete-producing

Number of cell division one two

Daughter cells produced:

two four
a. Number of daughter
cells produced.
body cells gametes
b. Type of cells produced.
half of parent cell
c. Number of chromosomes same as parent cell (haploid)
in daughter cells (diploid)
Genetic make-up of same as parent cell and different from parent cell and
daughter cells among daughter cells among daughter cells
forms genetically -Produces haploid gametes for
Importance identical cells for sexual reproduction that can
growth, repair and preserve the chromosome number
asexual reproduction of the species from generation to
generation.
-Produces genetic variations to
enhance survival of the species in
the changing environment.

• sperm
In humans the male gametes, ___________, testes
are produced in the _______________.
• ova
In the female the ______________ ovaries
are produced in the ______________.
• meiosis
The cells inside these organs divide by _______________ (explained later in the course).
• not
Meiosis produces cells that are ______ genetically identical.
• haploid
Gametes are what we call __________ cells.
• half
This means they have ____________ DNA
the amount of ___________
(______________________)
23 chromosomes of a normal cell.
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 • fuse
This is because they are going to __________ with another gamete to form the zygote
which needs the _________________________________
full amount of DNA (______________________).
46 chromosomes

Diploid cells Vs Haploid cells

What is the importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

• Meiosis is cell division that produces haploid gametes.

• If meiosis did not occur, each generation would have twice as many chromosomes as the
preceding generation.

______________
Mitosis is a nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells in which the
chromosome number is maintained by the ______________________
exact duplication of chromosome.

Sexual reproduction Advantages:

• Gives ____________
rise to variation.
• Due to variation, the species has a __________________________________
higher chance of survival in different
or changing conditions.
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 • This makes it easier for it to colonise new habitats.
• evolution
As variation is the driving force of evolution, ________________ occurs efficiently.
• A negative mutation takes longer to inflict a significant effect on a population, or may
never be passed on to the next generation.

Sexual reproduction Disadvantages:

• Takes a _________________________
long time to court.
• Takes a while to colonise new habitats, so survival of species is harder to ensure.
• Requires two parents which __________________________
can be difficult to achieve when there is a
disparity in the number of males and females of the species in the area.
• In the same way a negative mutation may not be passed on to the next generation
because the parent couldn’t mate/ the gamete containing the bad gene wasn’t fertilised,
positive or favourable genes may not be passed on.
• It produces _____________________________
fewer offspring than asexual reproduction (this point ties
in with the point about the colonisation of new habitats taking a while).

Sexual or asexual?
• Humans can only reproduce sexually but in the wider world, many animal and plant
species use both types of reproduction, for example:

Sexual
Asexual

Produces genetically identical organisms Produces genetically different organisms

(clones)

only needs one parent Needs two parents

Uses meiosis to make gamete and then

Uses mitosis mitosis to grow in size after fertilisation

Slower and produces limited numbers

Produce large numbers in short time

Only source of genetic variation is mulation Offspring show variation

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CONCEPT CHECK – True or false

1. Asexual reproduction is quick

2. E-Coli reproduce sexually
3. Asexual reproduction uses meiosis
4. Asexual reproduction creates offspring with variation
5. Asexual reproduction can be done with one parent
6. Sexual reproduction uses gametes
7. Gametes are haploid cells
8. The new cell formed in sexual reproduction is a zygote
9. A zygote has 46 chromosomes
10. Some plants can do both sexual and asexual reproduction

Section B (Textbook p.180-182)

o 3.3 describe the structures of an insect-pollinated and a wind-pollinated flower and
explain how each is adapted for pollination

Sexual reproduction – Flower anatomy

Anther Stigma
Stamen
Filament

Style Carpel

Ovary

Ovule

Petal
Sepal

Sexual reproduction – Pollen

The male gamete is called _______________
pollen grains and is produced in the _____________
anthers of the
_______________.
stamens

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The female gamete is an egg cell or _____________
ovum which are produced in _________
ovules in the
________________.
ovaries

Sexual reproduction – Pollination (Textbook p. 182)

• The pollen grains must be transferred from the _____________of
anthers a flower to the
stigma
__________.
self-pollination
• If this occurs within the same flower it is called _____________________.
• If the pollen grains are transferred to a different flower it is called
_____________________.
cross-pollination
• Pollination can occur by __________
wind insect
or by ____________.

Advantages and disadvantages between self-pollination and cross-pollination

Advantages
Self-pollination does not depend on any
1. It ________________________
______________________,
external agent thus
the chance of fertilisation is
high.
wastage
2. The ______________ of pollen
grains is low so that the flower
can produce less pollen grains.
Disadvantages
The offspring have less
variations. They are less
adaptable to the changing
environment.
It results in weakened species
________________
with fewer seeds and less
vigorous offspring.

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 Cross-pollination 1. It produces ______________
greater genetic This depends on _____________
external
_______________________
variations in ________________
agent so that the
offspring. process is insecure.
Example: hybrid vigour which
can adapt better to the
changing environment.
stronger species
2. It results in ________________ The wastage of pollen grains is
_____________________ with high so that the flower has to
more seeds. produce more pollen grains.

Sexual reproduction – Pollination

Insect pollinated flower Wind pollinated flower

Insect Pollination

pollen to stick to
large bright petals

anthers
stigma
inside

Nectaries

large sticky
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 Pollen grain – spiky, heavy, large,
rough

Feature Characteristic
Size
The flowers are large and conspicuous to attract the insects

Shape The shape of the flower is usually irregular to make it more conspicuous
to insects and to enhance pollination

Colour
The petals are usually brightly coloured to attract insects

Nectar Nectary produces nectar which provides food and drink to attract
insect

Scent Attracts insects (i.e. moth) that are active at night(i.e. Jasmines)

Anthers They are present inside the flower so that the visiting insects are easily
brushed with pollen grains.
They are strongly attached to the filaments to prevent them torn away by the
visiting insects.
Pollen grains They are large, rough, spiny, and sticky for easy attachment to the
insect's body. The number of pollen grains produced is small because
the wastage of pollen grains is low.
Stigma Its surface is sticky for easy attachment with the pollen grains from the
visiting insects.
It is present inside the flower so that it is easily brushed with pollen grains
carried by the visiting insects.
Flowering It occurs in the warmer seasons when there are more insects.

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Wind Pollination

Feathery stigma catch

anthers
stigma
outside

Petals small green

no need to attract insects

Pollen grains inflated

small

As pollen grains cannot move by themselves, flowering plants depend on external agents such as
insects or wind to promote cross-pollination.

Pollen grain – smooth, light and small, dry

Feature Characteristic
Size The flowers are small and inconspicuous

Shape The flowers have no special shape

Colour The flowers are dully coloured

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 Nectar No nectary is present

Scent No scent is produced

Anthers The large anthers hang outside the flowers so that the pollen grains can be
easily blown away by wind.
Anthers are attached loosely to the long filaments which can easily shake
out the pollen grains in air.

Pollen grains The pollen grains are small, light, dry, and smooth that can be carried
over a long distance by wind. Pollen grains are produced in large number
to compensate for the great loss
Stigma Large and feathery stigma provides large surface area to “catch” the pollen
grains in wind.
The long styles hang the stigma outside the flower to catch the pollen grains
in air.
Flowering This occurs in cooler seasons when the leaf development is less prosperous
and will not obstruct the flowers from wind.

Section C (Textbook p.183-185)

o 3.4 understand that the growth of the pollen tube followed by fertilisation leads to
seed and fruit formation

Sexual reproduction – Fertilisation

• The next stage in reproduction is for the nucleus of the pollen grain to fuse with the
nucleus of the ovum. This is called __________________.
fertilisation pollen growth tube

• To transfer the nucleus the pollen grain has to grow a ______________, which digests
it’s way through the tissue of the __________
style and into the ____________.
ovary

The growth of the pollen tube (Textbook p.183)

1) When a pollen grain reaches the right stigma, the sugary solution there stimulates the
pollen grain to develop a __________________.
pollen tube
2) The pollen tube secretes enzymes to digest the tissues of the style. It carries two male
gametes towards the ____________________
micropyle of the ovule.
pollen tube bursts
3) The tip of the ____________________ at the micropyle to discharge the male gametes
into the ovule.
4) One of the two male gametes fuses with the ovum (egg cell) to form the diploid zygote.

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Structure and germination of a pollen grain At time of fertilisation

Seed and fruit formation (Textbook p. 184)

Floral parts Fates/structure formed after fertilization

Ovary fruit
Ovary wall fruit coat
Ovule seed
Ovule wall (same as Integuments ) seed coat

Sepals, petals, stamens, stigma, style wither and fall off

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Examples:

Zucchini from flower

Dispersal of fruit and seeds

• For a plant to be successful it doesn't’t want it seeds to land next to the parent plant as
they will then be in direct competition.
• Therefore, plants have evolved various ways of _________________
dispersing their seeds far and
wide to increase the chance of germination and the plant growing to full size.
Seeds can be dispersed by birds

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 • Seeds can be dispersed • Seeds can also be • Some plants such as
by animals. eaten by animals peas and gorse use
• The seed has hooks along with the fruit. pods which are
which catch onto • The seeds pass through explosive to fire the
animals’ fur and are the animal and are seeds away from the
transported by the deposited in the parent.
animal until they fall droppings elsewhere. • E.g. peas
off. • E.g. bramble & apples
• E.g. Burdock

• Ragwort, dandelions, cotton, etc. use the “parachute” method.

• Each seed has a number of small feather-like structures to help it float in the wind.
• Some seeds have wings to help them fly in the wind.
• E.g. maple, ash
• The poppy uses the “pepper pot” method to shake the seeds out when the wind blows.

Sexual reproduction – Summary

Pollen and ova formed in flower

Pollen transferred from one flower to another by wind or insect

Pollen nucleus fuses with ova nucleus

Ovule becomes seed, ovary becomes fruit

Seed sent as far away from parent plants as possible

Seed germinates and grows into an adult plant

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CONCEPT CHECK – True or false

1. The male gamete in a flower is the anther

2. A wind pollinated flower has a scent
3. Strawberry plants can reproduce using runners
4. You can artificially clone a plant by taking a cutting
5. Fertilisation involves the growth of an egg tube
6. The ovary becomes a seed
7. Wind and insects can carry out pollination
8. Seeds are dispersed far away from the parent plant
9. Pollen has to land on the ovary for pollination to occur

CONCEPT CHECK – Exam style question

1. Plants can reproduce sexually or asexually.

Plants that reproduce sexually can be pollinated by insects or by wind.

(a) State three ways in which the structure of insect-pollinated flowers differs from the
structure of wind-pollinated flowers. (3)
Petals, sed anther and sed stigma
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

(b) The diagram shows a flower from a plant.

Name the structures labelled on the diagram. (3)

A _____________________________________________________
petal
B _____________________________________________________
petals
C _____________________________________________________
corolla

2. (d) Suggest why a flower grower may want his coloured flowers to reproduce
asexually.(2)
_______________________________________________________________________
same colour and production all year roun
_______________________________________________________________________

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3. The diagram shows two types of cell division.

(a) Give the name of cell division A. (1)

_______________________________________________________________________

(b) Using the information in the diagram, give two differences between cell division A and
cell division B. (2)
1 _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________________
(c) Name a part of a flowering plant where cell division A occurs and a part where cell
division B occurs. (2)
A ________________________________________________________________________
B ________________________________________________________________________

4. The drawing shows part of a flower involved in sexual reproduction.

The drawing has been separated into three sections A, B and C.

(a) Complete the table by giving the correct letter for the section that matches each
statement. Each letter may be used once, more than once or not at all. The first one has
been done for you. (4)

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(b) The drawing shows a pollen grain from an insect-pollinated flower as seen using a
microscope.

Suggest how the structure of this pollen grain shows it is from an insect-pollinated flower.(2)
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

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