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Ansi Esd STM4-1 (2017)
Ansi Esd STM4-1 (2017)
Ansi Esd STM4-1 (2017)
1-2017
A revision and redesignation of ESD S4.1-2006
Worksurfaces –
Resistance Measurements
(Including Shelving and Mobile
Equipment)
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Worksurfaces –
Resistance Measurements
(Including Shelving and Mobile Equipment)
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Electrostatic Discharge Association (ESDA) standards and publications are designed to serve the
public interest by eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturers and purchasers, facilitating
CAUTION the interchangeability and improvement of products and assisting the purchaser in selecting and
NOTICE obtaining the proper product for his particular needs. The existence of such standards and
publications shall not in any respect preclude any member or non-member of the Association from
manufacturing or selling products not conforming to such standards and publications. Nor shall the
fact that a standard or publication that is published by the Association preclude its voluntary use by
non-members of the Association whether the document is to be used either domestically or
internationally. Recommended standards and publications are adopted by the ESDA in accordance
with the ANSI Patent policy.
THE CONTENTS OF ESDA’S STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS ARE PROVIDED “AS-IS,” AND
ESDA MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, OF ANY
DISCLAIMER OF KIND WITH RESPECT TO SUCH CONTENTS. ESDA DISCLAIMS ALL REPRESENTATIONS AND
WARRANTIES WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT.
Published by:
ISBN: 1-58537-297-8
(This foreword is not part of ESD Association Standard Test Method ANSI/ESD STM4.1-2017)
FOREWORD
The purpose of an ESD protective worksurface is to aid in the prevention of damage to ESD-
susceptible items. There are several ways these surfaces may act to provide this protection and
they are often confused in practice. One involves the removal of charge residing on the surface of
a conductive/dissipative material. A second charge-removal task involves the charge on an object
such as a conductive or dissipative tote box that is placed on the surface. In this case, the charge
must flow across the zone between the object and the worksurface, which can interpose a
considerable contact resistance. A third charge removal task involves current flow from a
charged, susceptible item placed on the surface. In this case, a low discharge current is
desirable.
The degree of protection afforded by a worksurface is strongly related to the time needed to
discharge an object. In practice, some form of resistance value is commonly given as an
indication of the effectiveness of the worksurface. Strictly speaking, this description is incomplete
since discharge time depends on several other factors such as the effective capacitance of the
worksurface, contact resistance and the actual discharge path.
However, the capacitance does not usually vary as much as resistance. The other effects are
very dependent on the individual situation. As a result, resistance seems the best single predictor
of performance of ESD-protective worksurfaces. This standard test method relies on resistance
measurements, utilizing standard instruments, to provide a means of evaluation of worksurface
materials. Conversely, resistivity is an intrinsic material property and is not within the scope or
purpose of the standard test method.
This standard test method1 sets forth resistance test methods that can be used to qualify
worksurfaces and to obtain relative estimates of their ability to remove electrical charge from non-
insulative objects placed on the surface.
A worksurface, which is conductive enough to discharge an object, may also pose a safety
hazard. The work performed on the worksurface often entails the use of tools and test
instruments, which operate at voltages high enough to cause electrical shock. The presence of a
worksurface tested using the methods described in this document will not guarantee personnel
safety.
This document was originally designated ANSI/ESD S4.1-1997 and approved on
September 20, 1997. ANSI/ESD S4.1-2006 was a reaffirmation of ANSI/ESD S4.1-1997 and
approved on February 26, 2006. ANSI/ESD S4.1-2006 was redesignated ESD S4.1-2006 upon
administrative withdrawal from the American National Standards Institute on July 14, 2016.
ANSI/ESD STM4.1-2017 is a revision and redesignation of ESD S4.1-2006 and was approved on
September 7, 2017.
1ESD Association Standard Test Method (STM): A precise statement of a set of requirements to be satisfied
by a material, product, system or process that also specifies the procedures for determining whether each of
the requirements is satisfied.
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ANSI/ESD STM4.1-2017
At the time ANSI/ESD STM4.1-2017 was prepared, the 4.0 Worksurfaces Subcommittee had the
following members:
Dale Parkin, Chair
Seagate Technology
Nate Ashworth
Mary Kay Botkins Kevin Duncan, TAS Rep
Julie Industries,
ACL Staticide, Inc. Seagate Technology
Inc./StaticSmart Flooring
Chuck McClain
David Girard Shane Heinle
Northwest Electrostatic
Honeywell Aerospace Digi-Key Corporation
Services
Daniel O’Brien
Keith Peterson Thomas Ricciardelli
University of Dayton
Missile Defense Agency SelecTech/StaticStop
Research Institute
Robert Vermillion Craig Zander
RMV Technology Group, LLC Transforming Technologies
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ANSI/ESD STM4.1-2017
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ANNEXES
FIGURES
Figure 1: Worksurfaces - Resistance-to-Groundable Point .......................................................... 4
Figure 2: Worksurfaces - Resistance Point-to-Point .................................................................. 5-6
Figure 3: Shelving - Resistance-to-Groundable Point .................................................................. 8
Figure 4: Shelving - Resistance Point-to-Point ........................................................................... 10
Figure 5: Mobile Equipment - Resistance-to-Groundable Point ................................................. 12
Figure 6: Mobile Equipment - Resistance Point-to-Point ............................................................ 14
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ESD Association Standard Test Method ANSI/ESD STM4.1-2017
ESD Association Standard Test Method for the Protection of Electrostatic Discharge
Susceptible Items – Worksurfaces – Resistance Measurements
1.0 PURPOSE
This document provides test methods for evaluating and qualifying worksurfaces, including shelving
and mobile equipment.
2.0 SCOPE
This document establishes methods for resistance measurements of worksurfaces, shelving and
mobile equipment used at workstations where protection of ESD susceptible items is required.
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REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONNEL SAFETY.
GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS (GFCI) AND OTHER SAFETY PROTECTION
SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEREVER PERSONNEL MIGHT COME INTO CONTACT WITH
ELECTRICAL SOURCES.
ELECTRICAL HAZARD REDUCTION PRACTICES SHALL BE EXERCISED AND PROPER
GROUNDING INSTRUCTIONS FOR EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE FOLLOWED.
THE RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS OBTAINED THROUGH THE USE OF THIS TEST
METHOD SHALL NOT BE USED TO DETERMINE THE RELATIVE SAFETY OF PERSONNEL
EXPOSED TO HIGH AC OR DC VOLTAGES.
2 EOS/ESD Association, Inc., 7900 Turin Road, Bldg. 3, Rome, NY 13440-2069, 315-339-6937,
www.esda.org
3 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1187, 215-
299-5400
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7.1.2 Specimens shall be placed on an insulative support surface as defined in Section 6.3. See
Figure 1.
7.1.4 Connect one end of the first test lead to the positive terminal of the meter and the other end
of the first test lead to an electrode. Place the electrode in position 1, see Figure 1.
Connect one end of the second test lead to negative terminal of the meter and the other end of
the test lead to the groundable point, see Figure 1.
7.1.5 Set the voltage to 10 volts. Energize the meter. If the indicated resistance is less than
1.0 x 106 ohms, record the value after 5 seconds and continue with the next specimen or next
step of the procedure. If the indicated resistance is equal to or greater than 1.0 x 106 ohms, de-
energize the meter. Energize the meter at 100 volts. Record the resistance after the instrument's
known electrification time or a maximum of 15 seconds and continue with the next specimen or
next step of the procedure.
NOTE: If switching the test voltage to 100 volts results in a resistance reading of less than 1.0 x 10 6 ohms,
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then the reading made with the 100 volt test voltage is used.
7.1.7 Repeat procedures 7.1.2 through 7.1.6 for the remaining specimens.
7.1.8 If multiple groundable points are available then repeat procedure 7.1.2 through 7.1.7 for all
groundable points.
3
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7.1.9 Report the resistance reading for each measurement position to groundable point(s).
Report minimum, mean, and maximum values in ohms at low and moderate relative humidity for
each specimen. Report temperature and relative humidity at the time of testing, actual duration of
conditioning, and test equipment (e.g., meter manufacturer and model number) used.
7.2.2 Specimens shall be placed on an insulative support surface as defined in Section 6.3. See
Figure 2.
7.2.4 Connect one end of the first test lead to the positive terminal of the meter and the other end
of the first test lead to an electrode.
Connect one end of the second test lead to negative terminal of the meter and the other end of
the test lead to the other electrode
7.2.5 Place the electrodes in the positions indicated in Figure 2(A). Set the meter to 10 volts.
Energize the meter. If the indicated resistance is less than 1.0 x 106 ohms, record the value after
5 seconds and continue with the next specimen or next step of the procedure. If the indicated
resistance is equal to or greater than 1.0 x 106 ohms, de-energize the meter. Energize the meter
at 100 volts. Record the resistance after the instrument's known electrification time or a maximum
of 15 seconds.
NOTE: If switching the test voltage to 100 volts results in a resistance reading of less than 1.0 x 10 6 ohms,
then the reading made with the 100 volt test voltage is used.
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7.2.6 Repeat procedure 7.2.5 for the measurement positions indicated in Figures 2(B), 2(C), and
2(D).
7.2.7 Repeat procedures 7.2.3 through 7.2.6 for the remaining specimens.
7.2.8 Report the resistance reading for each set of measurement positions. Report minimum,
mean and maximum values in ohms at low and moderate relative humidity for each specimen.
Report temperature and relative humidity at the time of testing, actual duration of conditioning and
test equipment (e.g., meter manufacturer and model number) used.
5
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Figure 2: Worksurfaces - Resistance Point-to-Point
8.1.2 Specimens shall be placed on an insulative support surface as defined in Section 6.3. See
Figure 3.
NOTE: Either of the insulative support surface configurations in Figures 3A and 3B or Figures 3C and 3D
may be used for measurements.
6
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8.1.3.1 Shelving with direct connection to the groundable point. Connect one end of the second
test lead to the negative terminal of the meter and the other end of the test lead to the groundable
point. See Figure 3.
8.1.3.2 Shelving with a series connection through another technical element (e.g., flooring) to the
groundable point. Connect one end of the second test lead to the negative terminal of the meter
and the other end of the test lead to the stainless steel plate which is in contact with the
groundable point. See Figure 3.
8.1.4 Set the voltage to 10 volts. Energize the meter. If the indicated resistance is less than
1.0 x 106 ohms, record the value after 5 seconds and continue with the next shelf. If the indicated
resistance is equal to or greater than 1.0 x 106 ohms, de-energize the meter. Energize the meter
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at 100 volts. Record the resistance after the instrument's known electrification time or a maximum
of 15 seconds.
NOTE: If switching the test voltage to 100 volts results in a resistance reading of less than 1.0 x 10 6 ohms,
then the reading made with the 100 volt test voltage is used.
8.1.6 If multiple groundable points are available, then repeat procedures 8.1.2 through 8.1.5 for all
groundable points.
8.1.7 Repeat procedures 8.1.2 through 8.1.6 for the remaining specimens.
8.1.8 Report the resistance reading for each measurement position to groundable point(s).
Report minimum, mean and maximum values in ohms at low and moderate relative humidity for
each specimen. Report temperature and relative humidity at the time of testing, actual duration of
conditioning and test equipment (e.g. meter manufacturer and model number) used.
7
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3A 3B
3C 3D
Figure 3: Shelving - Resistance-to-Groundable Point
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8.2.3 Connect one end of the first test lead to the positive terminal of the meter and the other end
of the first test lead to an electrode.
Connect one end of the second test lead to negative terminal of the meter and the other end of
the test lead to the other electrode
8.2.4 Place one electrode at the geometric center and the second electrode at one of the
measurement positions as indicated in Figure 4.
8.2.5 Set the meter to 10 volts. Energize the meter. If the indicated resistance is less than
1.0 x 106 ohms, record the value after 5 seconds and continue with the next specimen or next
step of the procedure. If the indicated resistance is equal to or greater than 1.0 x 10 6 ohms, de-
energize the meter. Energize the meter at 100 volts. Record the resistance after the instrument's
known electrification time or a maximum of 15 seconds
NOTE: If switching the test voltage to 100 volts results in a resistance reading of less than 1.0 x 10 6 ohms,
then the reading made with the 100 volt test voltage is used.
8.2.8 Repeat procedures 8.2.2 through 8.2.7 for the remaining specimens
8.2.9 Report the resistance reading for each set of measurement positions. Report minimum,
mean and maximum values in ohms at low and moderate relative humidity for each specimen.
Report temperature and relative humidity at the time of testing, actual duration of conditioning and
test equipment (e.g. meter manufacturer and model number) used.
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9.1.2 Specimens shall be placed on an insulative support surface as defined in Section 6.3. See
Figure 5.
NOTE: Either of the insulative support surface configurations in Figures 5A and 5B or Figures 5C and 5D
may be used for measurements.
10
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9.1.4 Connect one end of the first test lead to the positive terminal of the meter and the other end
of the first test lead to an electrode. Place the electrode in position 1 of the mobile equipment
specimen. See Figure 5.
9.1.4.1 Mobile equipment with direct connection to the groundable point. Connect one end of the
second test lead to the negative terminal of the meter and the other end of the test lead to the
groundable point. See Figure 5.
9.1.4.2 Mobile equipment with a series connection through another technical element (e.g.,
flooring) to the groundable point. Connect one end of the second test lead to the negative
terminal of the meter and the other end of the test lead to the stainless steel plate which is in
contact with the groundable point. See Figure 5.
9.1.5 Set the voltage to 10 volts. Energize the meter. If the indicated resistance is less than
1.0 x 106 ohms, record the value after 5 seconds and continue with the next specimen. If the
indicated resistance is equal to or greater than 1.0 x 106 ohms, de-energize the meter. Energize
the meter at 100 volts. Record the resistance after the instrument's known electrification time or a
maximum of 15 seconds.
NOTE: If switching the test voltage to 100 volts results in a resistance reading of less than 1.0 x 10 6 ohms,
then the reading made with the 100 volt test voltage is used.
9.1.7 Repeat procedures 9.1.2 through 9.1.6 for each worksurface of the mobile equipment.
9.1.8 If multiple groundable points are available, then repeat procedures 9.1.2 through 9.1.7 for all
groundable points.
9.1.9 Repeat procedures 9.1.2 through 9.1.8 for the remaining specimens.
9.1.10 Report the resistance reading for each measurement position to groundable point(s).
Report minimum, mean and maximum values in ohms at low and moderate relative humidity for
each specimen. Report temperature and relative humidity at the time of testing, actual duration of
conditioning and test equipment (e.g. meter manufacturer and model number) used.
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5A 5B
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5C 5D
Figure 5: Mobile Equipment - Resistance to Groundable Point
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9.2.3 Connect one end of the first test lead to the positive terminal of the meter and the other end
of the first test lead to an electrode.
Connect one end of the second test lead to negative terminal of the meter and the other end of
the test lead to the other electrode
9.2.4 Place the electrodes in the position indicated in Figure 6(A). Set the meter to 10 volts.
Energize the meter. If the indicated resistance is less than 1.0 x 106 ohms, record the value after
5 seconds and continue with the next specimen or next step of the procedure. If the indicated
resistance is equal to or greater than 1.0 x 106 ohms, de-energize the meter. Energize the meter
at 100 volts. Record the resistance after the instrument's known electrification time or a maximum
of 15 seconds. Remove test voltage and remove electrodes from the surface.
NOTE: If switching the test voltage to 100 volts results in a resistance reading of less than 1.0 x 10 6 ohms,
then the reading made with the 100 volt test voltage is used.
9.2.5 Repeat procedure 9.2.4 for the measurement positions indicated in Figures 6(B), 6(C), and
6(D).
9.2.7 Repeat procedures 9.2.2 through 9.2.6 for the remaining specimens
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9.2.8 Report the resistance reading for each set of measurement positions. Report minimum,
mean and maximum values in ohms at low and moderate relative humidity for each specimen.
Report temperature and relative humidity at the time of testing, actual duration of conditioning and
test equipment (e.g. meter manufacturer and model number) used.
13
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(This annex is not part of ESD Association Draft Standard Test Method ANSI/ESD STM4.1-2017)
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(This annex is not part of ESD Association Draft Standard Test Method ANSI/ESD STM4.1-2017)
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