module 1- Hig hor O-nden Ditenenkal tyuaion

liotan Henntal Eyuaka with onstont Cotitient

The gernal tom ot ondu dittountial. Spuaton wth
Conslart tocdfiat is aivea by
n-2
+ a, dy +., dy +any = ) ’0

hne al! Constants ond d )is ay

ong
cq" may le neuitten
t ag'"y t4, + any l)
+ 4, -2 +an] ol1)

calld homggneous lincan

alu)o then y 0 is
34
ditenential uation andd
neanDE
Called non
of Linear DE is Y (omplne
The general soluhon the gnonal solakon nen
and
-ntay unchn (ie CF) eguation is y=lompkm entang +
omagereos dttuntial
partiulan non- omo
Compede solu on od
Thus Y: CF + PI gívs the
ditforcakalO eguahon.
 mothod of the conplrmeatang achn.
94 4(D) y =0
kneon as asoúicded gaton (homeguncmt)
m
ín 4o)y 0 implis that fim)a8
nepae Db auzilloy uotion (AE).
forst ind nady
to
have the folloucing typs orty
od tlm)o then e coill
awilong quatkns are neat and distnct tHtba
The mosls ction (CF)
casite -the complenurhuy dun
CF = Cmiz+ ,e

the aools od aul lagy yuatiend ae eal and Coinudet la

then ue wite the empkrerany yancin

HThe oots of auai llarg equahond ae

CF= AcosPx t 6sinpx]

Solwe the follociy
d'y +d-2
dy 20
dz m(mt) -i(m+2)o
y +dy
n,=m, - 2 n
we olenene Disy d
CF = e'
+ Dy-2y s0
y0+ D-2) so
by
the genval sol'n
 21
G + 3)

Dy- 6Dy t 13y =o

we denote Y(D-6D+13) = 0
de eplac D by m
m2-6m+ 13 0
ylo+ 2D +3) o -bt J al
neplale D by
20

t6 Jee-ya)
-b+52-ual
+6tJ 36-S2

+64)-l6
2 X1 2

=-2 Ju-2
2
-2 +J-8 are Complen oods hne
2
d 3 B= 2

2
=-2+ (33)
+1oD? + 25)y = o
3toot i , dyiß eplaciy by m

. CF = eLAcoSI +BsinJei m(m+s) +s (ms)= o

(mes)(mts)=b
 -S1

*Non hemggeneus DE with

Constad (ol iet
The Considen auty a, d'ysa,d
- 3d'y +3 dyyo dynt d

y-30y +3Dy-yD
dosy+ apy ta,D
AE by neplacing Dby m yla.s ta,p
J

fand nden s alled Suntheh Y l1)

divásen metlad
bocaus b subsh tutihy
ahee iS (alled Shues
-3 3 of Detial opatr and Yis
-2
callud pavhulan intgral
Sants
i.2.
toom
-2 will n
2enO 2erno toy
she To
then oosscht To tind the Compbk sol

n homagentss DE &Portlen
mlm)-(m-)=o
hemgned
 So1ngenenal
da
dy
Se?2
dy-6
s-29
tollouing the solve
21 AE
-6()t9 o t doble
Se Ye
is a 04 kar
y2
21
ot-6atq
Se Ye Simpe a ís a #
21 L
az2 by yeplace
D
D’a uplace
is id 2 isvae a
a ot nod is e it
in
the sntegral . -uler
Se21
Contads
port then conddends are aand
glo)
when
k kei a)= 6
gntgral Ponticulal
i.eQ6c)-k1
lm-)m3 m3
m?
dgral porcaulan noe
2e2 t
Gz],3z -22
D'-D2
+2e
ma3 me3 D-D-221
+e+2¬
2e Ye
glm-)=
-3rmt4
0 m3m
bym neplacing
D -0-2
Oo-60+9y
6et =
(L) e now
-27
Ge t
3
-27
Snow (m)lm-)o m
e 32 - + 2
= Yom(ma)(m-2)
2z 3 -20 +im m-1m
te
-21 m-2o ml
(o'-D-)y m
t
O-0-2
+2l
-21
-2 D
D>as0
AEtoot
d a
(onsiden
not is rt not
a-2
 -Jog2
-6Dt4
panhclan Jntegral
- Jog21
T-6D+ 36Dq -6D+q
a=3 a-2
is not iS not +e
is a simte
douite a noot AE
ot D-Ta-o
D42 D+ I
logze
D2+ 2D+1 D4
2
Q='% iS not a noot S not
637
yt 27 - Joq2e0x a

4t12t4 AE D5as
Jogee°r
Yp&e32t - 2 I
2S
Yo = 3l3 e - log2

yeneral soluton
t

31 -21
litqIJe 22

+2Yy - (oshl)
Coshae2 Naw

2 2
5pdy -dy ny =eoshettt 3t/t,.-2t1
2 2
now Consi den LHS co
D'-413
DY -4DY t Byo
Uog)t
neplae Dby 2e
tet
m'4mt13 o
o-D413 t13
+4 - -4)l3) -

20)
2
not nood not a
+4tJ -36
2 D’a=S
+4 JasCi)
2
2
413

are Comp lec

t
t 2
36 20
(Jog)-ulyd t13
Ye 6(r)
Now ys is

3 0

3t
2
+2
|a'y sínhly-D3
cly? -21+| 11 Joq1

(Qog3 )1

21 og31

DLeal and o'stind

t

Ye Sinhl2r-)+3Z
21-| -(a1-)7
Yp Sinh(31-) +3 (log3)-y
91-1 -4I -)
og3-4
2

0'-4
-214421 (loga)z

2
LD-4
+ 33
21

Q2
(onsiden HS
is asimple
noot

40
 +,°1
D³
a2 a-0

23-I 3l)
21
1

2c)
-14J -3
BsinJ5 +-l+ 3

(os(aI4b)
+ &[AcoS+ Ho)
esiny) let X= Sinlar)
tos(anto) a
D'x - a'sin(ox tb)
pa) -a'x
D' -al

Similong
|OD'+9)y 2D+ SD+6) y = (osI+
m tSm+60
m'3m 2mG
t4 tost nlmt) +2cmt 0
by
(mtz)m+ ) so
m2 m=-3

m = tJ-q -31

mso 3,

tSD +6
21
(os1
Aos3 + Bsin31 D'+ SDt6 D'4sDts
1=CF
as2
Simple ut
p oSu Cost -21

-|tso}+6
Ye Cos
2D9s

StSD

The conplete Sswtior is

31 2
tos
Aoss7+Bsing1)- (oswa
 S+OS S-s dh ()
Kso))GS KS9S-(
¿as)
S
bt

h
b-c (-
bt
h

dhth
h
h

91

w
 mttmt2ro
2
m(m)+ (mt)o an4
ml 39 (os1L) +2tosLÍ

-11
-21

d z)

Yp 1t Cos27 L

243D+2
Yes(1+Cosa)
Dt3D +2
- Cosr)
Ye = lt Cos2)
o2+3D+2
D+3D+2

42D42
D0

(os21
Lot3lo) +2
Sihx(os

t CoseI|

3Dt2
3D ty
 Sine 2

4etSin21
- (052 2
2

-tosz )
tCosL

4Pcos11 +Bs în2. - es2X

mum+uO

Sin 2

Yp 8e 8sioL Co S2
- uD
(9-2)
21

D44-uD
- lo2X t Sin2
2 2
Yo (o S2X -in 2X Sosi- ssin t)
(3 1)43(os2X

+ Cos 1
2

Sin2x

Yp 3o5 2
y+Sy'+&y sin
364s1x
DD D>a-4

mtSm+6 3(o52l

-21
=3(os21 x (up-D
,-21 sinI
g2+5D t6
+ Sin Bes7x (uo-)
o+6Dtl 4sD+b
l6D
.a-2

,-21

53uD(as2r-Cos2X
SD-S
SD+s
SSinn
5Dsinn ) -
+
252 - 2 S
SSiol 65
tu
StosN - Sinl
SO
 2+3D+A61:
|22
YYe t
-36L-12
(24snat3(os2D) -361-54
- 12
42

Pantcaulan Jntgral
21
the 6aA824)

and m s the posichueign +2%+i

ind
by diwision methadl.
Sohe tke
theJellouoing
Bsinss)
yH -t 2Lt)

mtt 3m t2SO

1222

nothud.

/t
 hat t)h 0(ot

?h ') º2-(2)
) +

(TF)EZ-Im
9

82
h (ZE)
hi

h +
6S

h ) Lht,Lt
9)
 ) a
A'

mt 0

CFAcos2 + Bsin21)
YcE Acos 22L + Bsin2 )
Yo t Cosz1 t 2
-1

co+2s)y Sinx4
u
4t

’ al

cos4
(oSLII
2D

a-log
 2X

%35inI +4coSA

al

3 Sint
4+4D+3

35in x
(uD-)
- 2l6N
12D(5i), 4Sim + 16 DoSI

-B)etoi Sin)

+Sint
 -21

ylo) when longtars. Suh gs an by

By data tGo)Xo) educd o tnon dllerental y
+Sinlo)
Jollouirg subsitution.
we Put a n t b e

+ e)) + os ohe the ollauig

By daa ylo)D
4o)-2l0)
te-zl6)
gien LDE sS a
t los lo).

LDE
4Co) = - 2 t l t l
=-|tz
cwe denote a +1)y"='D0
value in =-D)y
2
+Sint
(a+-I DY5 Dy

(3-4Á+ Dy 2sinz
da
t-any=)

is aJqerdt Jinenean d m
S2.tBsin2)
 ")+(i+I))

2B
t
(u+nbor):3
Zso) -
u-8 7 I-48

h dht
h

LI-(98-Ch

stI9 (D
9l
07
91
X6or
h(@):

()
E.-,Kh(t-
 3142 -2
doylsx +2) 2
(37+2)"= 9n(D-DY
45-4D)Y

be cemes

(a-40)Y +3309-36Y =
row conside
3
+32 - 32e
a
22 =3¬
2
32-32e + 12
2
,724t
alee-32e412e12

22
a 0

2oe
Ye

-36

2 el?
2oe'
34
u3
 22
Z2¬ Cauhy's LDE
T 243 324

dyn dyn
+ 20 1+1)
324 324 any a) is
t
Cau chy Bnean pE wkore an,4
Constardo sul

Cquahos can be educd

(371) he
9dog(371)(s241 +2o(31+
+2ol374) subsktution
324

324
ue denote 1y'=1D= Dy
)1+2)'y -Catyt=3244
=-D)y
a+3)y'-12y =61 y(D-)-y
tsoe the olowrg
+ay'tY= shy2)

betomes
(9'-Dy t Dy tY z2osog)
 9 y+ dy

+ BSiz] Sinlslag
dy
denoJe y'Dy
L'y'D-dy
o-)y

o'+1
m'tqo
m o 31
aso D’
o2

= loS2(Jog)
22
3 t Sin2

TYpe 1
cosi Uoga)
+

t
- (oS3 2Z 2.
L3
 3et -2(o32 4e = tte
6
D+y
t
t 2¢2
D
2-uD
2

3¬
2Jogz 1 t

22
e t 2e
2 2
- 32y'+ 4y lit) lyx
2e

Jogz
'y= (D-Dy
(D'-)y 2

beoes
(D-D)y -3Dy tuylr21
9'--3 Dt4)y= 1t2L U 2

m?