Books 2

 Behrouz A. Forouzan,"Computer Networks",4th

edition (Text Book)

 Data & Computer Communications by William

Stallings (Reference Book)
 Data / Computer / Telecom Network
 Data Network (as shown below) is an interconnection of computing 3
devices such as PC, Laptop or Embedded system for the exchange of,
 Information
 providing a specific service
 or for controlling some process connected to a remote network node.
 A Communication Network is a specific data network for the exchange of
Voice or video communication of human.
 Both have separate evolutions but finally they have overlapped now.
 Initially Communication Networks were designed for the sake of voice
communication only. 4
 The first evolution of such network was Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN) (Fig-1 )
 A wired network comprising of three main sub-parts; Core Network,
Access Network and Switching Network as shown in Figure below.
 The Access part was meant for accessing the user’s equipment at their
premises.
 Core connects all the Central offices / Exchanges.
 Switching network provides end to end voice circuit / connection.

Fig-1 : Typical PSTN

Figure 9.1 A Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

9.5
Core Part

Excess Part
 Access Network Variations: Wired vs
6
Wireless
Central
Wired Access Office
N/W (PSTN)

• Copper
• AON
• PON

Wireless
Access N/W
(Cellular)

• GSM
• 3G
• 4G (LTE)
Typical Telecommunication Network
 Insight into Copper Based 7
Access Network
Typically supports Voice Services
Data services provisioned through DSL technology
However still data rates are limited to 8Mbps using ADSL DP Box (May be
mounted on Pole)
over a distance of max. 3-4KM

2-3Km 1-1.5Km 100-500 m

 Outside Plant (OSP) for
Copper /Optical Fiber

Fiber Manhole
Physical fiber Laying

8
 Core Network 9

Responsible for the inter-connection of Exchanges with the help of Trunk lines.
Trunk lines are multiplexed lines that can carry multiple voice circuits each of
64Kpbs.
The basic Trunk line is either a T-1 line or E-1 line having a capability of 24
voice channels and 30 voice channels respectively.
The higher order trunk lines are implemented with the help of either of the
following technologies;
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)  Up to 140Mbps
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)  Up to 10Gbps
Further higher data rate of 40Gbps and 80Gbps are achieved with the help of
WDM and DWDM technologies.
Example of Core Network 10
Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication

1. Sender
2. Receiver
3. Protocol
4. Messages
5. Medium
 Communication / Data Flow Modes

Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model
Now we briefly describe the functions of each
layer in the OSI model.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
Figure 2.5 Physical layer
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
Figure 2.6 Data link layer

 The data link layer is the protocol layer in a program that

handles the moving of data into and out of a physical link in a
network (Hop to Hop Delivery).

 Functions of DLL layer; Framing, Flow Control, Error Control,

Access Control (Physical Layer Addressing)
 Network layer

 The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from the source host in one
group (Network) to the destination host in another logical
group (Network) in case when we have multiple logical
groupings.
 For example the computers in Telecom Department are in one
group and the computers in the Mechanical Department are in
another group.
 In a Single Network / Group the broadcast and Collision
becomes very high.
 A router is needed to form different Networks
Figure 2.7 Network Example (Hop-to-hop delivery sceario)
Figure 2.8 Network layer
Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

 Hop to Hop deliveries finally result in Source to Destination delivery

 Transport Layer

Responsible for process to process delivery

 delivery of a message from one process of a
host to another process at another node.
Identifies each process with a port no.
Two famous protocols are UPD and TCP
 Additional Optional Transport Layer Functions that
were initially performed by the Data Link Layer 25
Figure 2.11 Example of a Reliable process-to-process
delivery of a message
 Figure 2.10 Transport layer

 Takes data segments from Upper layer (Session layer) and

passes to the Network layer after adding its header H4
 Session Layer

 Some Data communication services require end

to end session e.g. skype or WhatsApp calling

 session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.

 It establishes, controls and ends the sessions

between local and remote applications
Data from Presentation Layer is passed to Session layer with
added headers (H5)and then to Transport Layer
 Presentation layer

The presentation layer is responsible for

translation, compression, and
encryption.
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

It gets data from Application Layer and passes on to Presentation Layer

 Application Layer

 The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the users.

 For example Web Browsers or the software

providing keyboard input interface in a computer
or an embedded system
Figure 2.14 Application layer
34
Figure 2.15 Summary of layers
Summary of layers and specific Protocols 36
 37
Assignment Problem-1
(After Lecture 8 the assignment will have to be submitted before
Lecture-10)

Q1. (a) Why we need Telecommunication Networks while we have Data

Networks ? Give examples where we will need a Telecommunication
Network. Also explain at which layer it will be working and How ?

Q2. (b) Differentiate between OSI Ref model and TCP/IP Ref model ?