Drugs Final

FACULTAD DE EDUCACIÓN Y CIENCIAS HUMANAS
DRUGS
GUERRA BETANCOURT MAYRA ALEJANDRA
GONZÁLEZ NARVÁEZ ZHARIC VALENTINA
TEACHER: JAIME NIETO
UNIVERSITY OF CORDOBA
BACHELOR'S DEGREE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES WITH EMPHASIS IN ENGLISH
COMMUNICATION VI
VI SEMESTER
2023
Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

Carrera 6ª. No. 77-305 Montería NIT. 891080031-3 - Teléfono: 7860300 - 7860920
www.unicordoba.edu.co
INTRODUCTION
Drug abuse is a major contemporary social issue that has devastating impacts on human health,
social stability and economic development of societies. The use of psychoactive substances for
recreational or medicinal purposes has been a part of human culture since ancient times. However,
the widespread misuse and addiction to certain drugs have made them a major public health
concern.
DEFINITION
Etymology
Drug: The word Drug, taken from French word Drogue which means Dry Herb, strongly suggests
that earliest drugs were taken out from plant sources. Earliest people used to treat diseases by some
unconventional methods, using plants, animal products and minerals, of which plants were given
priority.
CLASSIFICATION
Classification according to the WHO in the Central Nervous System
According to the classification criteria chosen by the WHO (World Health Organization), drugs
have been grouped according to their effects on the central nervous system. They can be
Depressants, Stimulants, and Psychedelics.
● Depressors
They are those that decrease or delay the functioning of the central nervous system. They produce
pronouncements of the concentration and sometimes of the trial; they diminish the appreciation of
external stimuli and cause relaxation, a feeling of well-being, sedation, apathy, and a decrease in
tension. Alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, and opium and its derivatives (morphine, cannabis,
codeine, heroin, methadone) are considered depressant drugs.

● Stimulants
They are drugs that accelerate the activity of the central nervous system causing euphoria,
disinhibition, less emotional control, irritability, aggressiveness, less fatigue, decreased sleep,
motor excitement, and restlessness. This group includes cocaine, amphetamine-type stimulants,
and most synthetic substances and new psychoactive substances. Some are amphetamines, cocaine,
caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline, nicotine.
● Psychedelic
They are characterized by their ability to produce distortions in sensations and markedly alter mood
and thought processes. They include substances from a wide variety of natural and synthetic
sources and are structurally different. They are LSD, hallucinogens, cannabis, MDMA, and
ketamine.
Classification in "hard" or "soft"

The difference between a hard drug and a soft drug is that the hard drug causes addiction or
dependence both physically and mentally, while the soft one causes addiction or dependence at a
physical or psychological level only.
● Hard drugs: cocaine, opioids (morphine, heroin, etc.), alcohol, or amphetamines.

● Soft drugs: the term is generally applied to derivatives of cannabis (marijuana, hashish,
etc.), to caffeine. In general, the term is applied to substances whose use does not lead to
patterns of maladaptive social behavior.

DRUGS
Historically, man has always consumed substances that alter the normal functioning of the central
nervous system. Alcohol and opiates were the first psychoactives used for this purpose around
5,000 B.C. It is estimated that hemp (cannabis sativa) has been cultivated in China for 4,000 years.
In America, the Inca (Andean) empire harvested three annual crops of coca leaf (erythroxylum coca
lam) which were used as an analgesic and energizer for daily use, especially due to fatigue caused
by altitude. In Aztec society, the ingestion of the fungus called teonanacatl and the consumption of
peyote were also used for religious purposes. For magical-religious purposes, to escape from
reality, to face problems or because of the inability to do so, for simple pleasure or for medical
purposes, man has made use of plants and chemical products that are now included in the concept
of drugs. There have been many psychoactive substances used, but the most widespread are
caffeine, tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, cocaine and opiates.
TYPES OF DRUGS
● ALCOHOL
Origin: alcohol is probably the oldest of all. Historical investigations are not conclusive, but they
indicate that the fermentation of some fruit or honey is the remote origin of the first psychoactive.
Archaeological discoveries reveal that the vessels already existed in 8,000 B.C. and that, at least,
in 5,000 B.C. They were used to store honey. Hence it follows that fermented honey diluted in
water (mead or mead) was the first wine for human consumption. Since then alcohol has been
considered one of the main drugs that human beings discovered, harvested and used with fines.
Effects: Moderate alcohol consumption may provide some health benefits and a reduced risk of
death from heart attacks, clot-caused strokes, and cardiovascular causes in general. Drinking
alcohol in adequate amounts raises your high-density lipoprotein levels, which helps protect you
against heart disease.

Note: Keep in mind that even moderate alcohol consumption is not without its risks. For
example, even light drinkers (those who have no more than one drink a day) have a miniscule
but real increased risk of some cancers, such as esophageal cancer.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
● Reduces the risk of a stroke. ● Certain cancers, including breast

● Reduces the risk of gallstones. cancer and cancers of the mouth, throat,
● Lowers the risk of developing type II esophagus, and liver.
diabetes. ● Pancreatitis.
● Decreases the risk of cognitive decline ● Sudden death if you already have
● Reduces the buildup of plaque ups that cardiovascular disease.
lead to Alzheimer's disease. ● Damage to the heart muscle (alcoholic
● Reduces the risk of developing stomach cardiomyopathy) leading to heart
ulcers. failure.
● Possibly reduce the risk of ischemic ● Stroke.
stroke (when the arteries to the brain ● High blood pressure.
become narrowed or blocked, causing ● Lives disease.
severely reduced blood flow). ● Suicide.
● Red wine, specifically, has a high ● Serious injury or accidental death.
concentration of polyphenols that ● Brain damage and other problems in a
lower blood pressure. fetus.
● Alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
● Bad memory.
● Assault.
● Impulsive and risky behavior.
● OPIOID
Origin: “Opioid” is the proper term, but opioid drugs may also be called opiates, painkillers or
narcotics. Opium, a type of poppy (Papaver somniferum), is one of the most versatile drugs known.
The poppy plant, known as the opium poppy, has always been used for food, fodder and oil, but
there are historical records that its psychotropic functions were already known in 3000 BC8. From

the Middle East, where it was widely used for medicine, it progressed to India and, later, in the 9th
century, to China.
Effects: All opioids work similarly: They activate an area of nerve cells in the brain and body
called opioid receptors that block pain signals between the brain and the body. Examples of
opioids include morphine, heroin, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone and fentanyl. Symptoms
of opioid use include drowsiness, constipation, euphoria, nausea, vomiting and slowed
breathing.
Note: the first effects are noted as relaxation and drowsiness. As the effect grows, tingling and
itching are felt throughout the body, pain is no longer felt, if it was suffered, and tactile sensation
increases. As you fall into the narcotic effects, you begin to dream lightly and feel a great
relaxation.
● Treatment for chronic pain (analgesic). ● Frequent consumption of amounts

● Methadone and buprenorphine, due to greater than those prescribed or for
their more stable concentration, help longer than expected.
stabilize physiological processes. ● Craving or powerful desires or need to
consume.
● Much time invested in activities related
to consumption.
● Abandonment or significant reduction
in social, professional or leisure
activities.
● Psychiatric comorbidity (depression,
anxiety, substance use disorder, post
traumatic stress disorder).
● MORPHINE
Origin: Morphine is a naturally occurring opioid alkaloid found in the opium poppy plant (Papaver
somniferum). The opium poppy has been cultivated for thousands of years for its medicinal
properties, and the use of opium as a pain reliever dates back to ancient civilizations in the
Mediterranean and Middle East. Morphine was first isolated from opium in 1804 by the German
pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner. He named the compound after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams,
due to its sedative effects. Morphine quickly became popular as a pain reliever, and it was widely
used during the American Civil War and World War I as a battlefield analgesic. However, its
addictive properties and potential for abuse soon became apparent, and its use became heavily
regulated.
Effects: Morphine is an agonist analgesic of the µ opioid receptors, and to a lesser extent of the
kappa, in the central nervous system. It combines with the opioid receptors in the brain and
blocks the transmission of painful stimuli so that, even if the cause of pain persists, it makes feel
less pain. In addition to relieving pain, morphine also confers a state of euphoria and mental
release.
● It helps a lot to relieve moderate or ● Nausea.

severe pain, caused by diseases or ● vomiting.
accidents. ● constipation, drowsiness,
disorientation, sweating, and euphoria.
● Sedation, respiratory depression,
orthostatic hypotension.
● Urinary retention and generalized
pruritus (more frequent epidural or
intrathecal).
● addiction.
● hallucinations, delirium, confusion,
and vertigo.
● CODEINE
Origin: Codeine is also a naturally occurring opioid alkaloid found in the opium poppy plant
(Papaver somniferum), just like morphine. It is typically found in lower concentrations in opium

than morphine, but it can be extracted and purified from the plant. Codeine was first isolated from
opium in 1832 by a French chemist named Pierre Jean Robiquet. It was initially used as a cough
suppressant and pain reliever and was marketed under various brand names.
Effects: The effects of codeine on the body and mind are similar to other opioids, although less
potent. The drug can cause respiratory depression, constipation, itching, nausea, and sedation.
Codeine can also produce a sense of well-being and relaxation, making it a popular drug among
recreational users.
● The drug is commonly used to treat ● The drug is addictive and can cause
mild to moderate pain, such as physical and psychological dependence
menstrual cramps, dental procedures, when misused or abused.
and headaches. ● Codeine can also cause drowsiness,
● Codeine is also an effective cough dizziness, and impaired judgment,
suppressant, reducing the frequency leading to accidents or injuries.
and severity of coughing in patients ● Codeine misuse can lead to overdose.
with respiratory infections or allergies.
● HEROINE
Origin: Heroin is an opiate drug (derived from opium) made from morphine. This natural substance
is extracted from the seed pod of several poppy plants grown in Southeast and Southwest Asia,
Mexico, and Colombia. Heroin can come in white or brown powder or as a sticky black substance
known as "black tar."
Effects: People who use heroin report feeling euphoria or "rush," a wave of pleasurable
sensations. But they may also have dry mouth, redness and flushing of the skin, heavy feeling in
the arms and legs, nausea and vomiting, severe itching, impairment of mental faculties, the
repeated alternation between wakefulness and numbness (conscious and semi-conscious state).

● Heroin can produce an intense initial ● Obstruction of the blood vessels that
euphoria, coupled with a feeling of reach the different organisms.
warmth and relaxation. It also often ● Modify the physical structure.
makes you forget emotional or ● Neuronal and hormonal disorders.
physical discomfort, pain, and anxiety. ● Damage to the nasal mucosa and
septum.
● Abscesses.
● OXYCODONE
Origin: Oxycodone is a semi-synthetic opioid that was first synthesized in Germany in 1916, by
modifying thebaine, an alkaloid found in the opium poppy. The drug was initially introduced as a
painkiller and a cough suppressant, but its use became more widespread in the 1990s, when it was
marketed under the brand name OxyContin. OxyContin was heavily promoted as a long-acting
painkiller with a low risk of addiction, but its high potency and addictive properties led to
widespread abuse and addiction. Today, oxycodone is a Schedule II controlled substance in the
United States.
Effects: The effects of oxycodone on the body and mind are similar to other opioids, including
morphine, heroin, and fentanyl. The drug can cause respiratory depression, dizziness, nausea,
constipation, itchiness, and confusion. Oxycodone can also induce a sense of well-being and
relaxation, making it a popular drug of abuse among recreational users.
● The drug can be used for acute and ● Highly addictive and can lead to
chronic pain management in various tolerance, dependence, and cravings.
medical conditions, including cancer, ● Severe withdrawal symptoms,
surgery, injury, and arthritis. including anxiety, insomnia, sweating,
● Oxycodone is also available in different and muscle aches.

dosages and release formats, allowing ● Oxycodone misuse can lead to

for individualized patient care. overdose, respiratory failure, and even
death.
● COCAINE
Origin: Cocaine is derived from the leaves of the coca plant, which is native to South America.
The use of coca leaves for medicinal and stimulant purposes dates back to ancient Incan
civilization. The active ingredient in cocaine is cocaine hydrochloride, which is extracted from the
leaves of the coca plant. Cocaine was first isolated in the mid-19th century, and its use as a local
anesthetic and stimulant quickly became popular in medicine. Cocaine is a Schedule II controlled
substance in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act.
Effects: Cocaine produces a very intense sense of power and energy and a sense of distrust,
excitement, jealousy, irritability, anxiety, and anxiety: aggressiveness, and restlessness. At the
organic level, it can also produce tremors, tachycardia, vomiting, increased body temperature,
hypertension, heavy sweating, constipation, muscle contractions, facial redness, etc. We must
add that repeated consumption creates tolerance and can produce dependence.
● Joy (euphoria or a "flash" or "rush") ● Decreased appetite and weight loss.

and less inhibition, similar to being ● Heart problems, such as a fast heart
drunk. rate, irregular heartbeat, increased
● Feel that thoughts are extremely clear. blood pressure, and heart attack.
● Feel more in control and confident. ● High body temperature and redness of
● Want to live and talk with people (be the skin.
more sociable). ● Memory loss, trouble thinking clearly,
● Energy increase. and stroke.
● Anxiety, Emotional and mood
problems, aggressive or violent
behavior, and hallucinations.

● Sleep problems.
● Kidney damage.
● Respiratory problems.
● Death.
● It is also a risk behavior for hepatitis B
and C, tuberculosis, HIV and other
parenterally transmitted diseases.
● CAFFEINE
Origin: Caffeine is a chemical compound that is found naturally in plant-based components such
as cocoa beans and coffee, tea leaves, guarana berries, and kola nut, whose consumption dates back
many years. Consumed by humans, caffeine stimulates the central nervous system, and in moderate
doses increases alertness and reduces drowsiness.
Effects: Short-term adverse effects in children and adults include problems related to the central
nervous system such as disrupted sleep, anxiety, and changes in behavior. In the long term,
excessive caffeine consumption has been linked to cardiovascular problems and, in pregnant
women, to delayed fetal growth. In addition, it stimulates the central nervous system, which can
make you feel more awake and give you an energy boost, it is a diuretic, which means that it
helps the body get rid of extra water and salt by urinating more, it increases the release of acid
in the stomach, which sometimes leads to upset stomach or heartburn, can interfere with calcium
absorption in the body, and increases blood pressure.
● It has been shown that regular ● Inquietud y temblores.

consumption of coffee has the ability ● Insomnio.
not only to combat some chronic and ● Dolores de cabeza.
degenerative diseases such as ● Mareos.
Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Type 2 ● Ritmo cardíaco rápido.
diabetes but also to protect liver health, ● Deshidratación.
as well as to protect the health of the ● Ansiedad.

liver, the health of the liver, the health ● Dependencia, por lo que necesita tomar
of the liver, the disease and the disease. más de ella para obtener el mismo
protecting you from diseases such as efecto.
fatty liver and cirrhosis.
● NICOTINE
Origin: Nicotine is a chemical that contains nitrogen, which is produced by several types of plants,
including the tobacco plant. It is also produced synthetically. Nicotiana tabacum, the type of
nicotine found in tobacco plants. The use of tobacco for smoking dates back to at least 2,000 BC
when the Maya began smoking tobacco leaves. The use of tobacco spread to Europe after the
Spanish conquest of the Americas in the 16th century, and the invention of the cigarette rolling
machine in 1855 led to a surge in tobacco consumption. Nicotine was first isolated from tobacco
in 1828 by the German chemist Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt and the physician Karl Ludwig Reimann.
Its chemical structure was later determined in 1893 by Adolf Pinner and Heinrich W. Himmelheber.
Effects: Nicotine is both sedative and stimulant. When the body is exposed to nicotine, the
individual experiences a “blow.” This is partly because nicotine stimulates the adrenal glands,
which causes the release of adrenaline. This surge of adrenaline stimulates the body. There is an
immediate release of glucose, as well as an increase in heart rate, respiratory activity, and blood
pressure. Nicotine also causes the pancreas to produce less insulin, which causes a slight increase
in blood sugar or glucose. Indirectly, nicotine causes the release of dopamine in the areas of
pleasure and motivation of the brain.
Note: We must clarify that, although many people believe that nicotine is the only one
responsible for causing various diseases associated with tobacco, such as cancer or respiratory
diseases, it has been proven that this is not true and that they are mainly caused by other
components of tobacco smoke.
● As a stimulant, it produces increased ● Anxiety

attention, improves memory. ● Increased blood pressure.

● Decreases irritability. ● Increased beats per minute (heart rate).
● Increase in blood sugar
(hyperglycemia).
● Increased intestinal movement.
● Ulcers in the stomach.
● The immune system is weakened.
● CANNABIS (MARIJUANA OR HASHISH)
Origin: Originally from Central Asia, specifically in the region that includes parts of modern-day
China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, the cannabis plant may have been cultivated for 10,000 years.
Archaeological records show that cannabis was already used as a source of textile fibers (hemp) in
4,000 BC. Subsequently, it was widely used to make espadrilles, ropes, bags, clothes and sails for
ships. Its hallucinogenic properties were first discovered in the Orient. Currently, cannabinoids are
consumed on a large scale in the West in three main different presentations, marijuana, hashish and
hashish oil.
Effects: Within minutes of smoking marijuana, a dreamlike state of consciousness ensues in

which ideas seem disconnected, unpredictable, and free. Perceptions of time, colors, and space
may be altered. In general, intoxication consists of a feeling of euphoria and relaxation (“trip”,
“flight” or “hang”). These effects last 4 to 6 hours after inhalation.
Note: Many of the other reported psychological effects appear to be related to the setting in
which the drug is used. They can cause anxiety, panic reactions, and paranoia, especially in new
users.
● Pain relief: this includes many different ● Dependence And Withdrawal

types of chronic pain, including pain Syndrome.
from nerve damage. ● Mental disorders derived from

● Control nausea and vomiting. consumption: Psychotic Disorders

● To make a person feel like eating. (Schizophrenia) and Affective
Disorders (Amotivational Syndrome,
Bipolar, Affective Disorders not
otherwise specified, depression,
suicide attempts, anxiety, neurosis and
mania)
● Cognitive Decline.
● METHAMPHETAMINE
Origin: Methamphetamine was first synthesized in Japan in 1919 by a chemist named Akira Ogata.
He was seeking to create a more potent version of the drug amphetamine, which had been
synthesized a few years earlier. Initially, methamphetamine was used in Japan as a nasal
decongestant and bronchodilator. During World War II, both the Axis and Allied forces used
methamphetamine to keep their soldiers alert and awake during battle. After the war,
methamphetamine became popular among civilians, who used it for various purposes including
weight loss, to enhance their performance at work, and to stay awake for long periods of time.
Effects: Illegal forms of methamphetamine can be smokedTrusted Source, snorted, injected, or

ingested orally. Smoking or injecting methamphetamine causes an immediate, intense “rush” or
feeling of bliss that lasts for a few minutes. Snorting produces a euphoric high, instead of an
intense rush, within 3–5 minutes of ingestion. A person who takes methamphetamine orally can
feel the effects within 15–20 minutes. The effects of methamphetamine can last for many hours,
and it can take up to 4 days to leave a person’s body.
● Increased energy and focus. ● Cardiovascular problems.

● Hyperthermia (elevated body
temperature) and convulsions may
occur with methamphetamine

overdose.
● Anxiety.
● Confusion.
● Sleep disorders.
● Deficits in thinking and motor skills.
● Mood disturbances.
● Extreme weight loss.
● Memory loss.
● Aggressive or violent behavior.
● Paranoia.
● LSD (LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE)
Origin: LSD, or lysergic acid diethylamide, is a powerful psychedelic drug that was first
synthesized in 1938 by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann. Hofmann discovered its psychedelic
properties by accident when he ingested a small amount of the compound and experienced vivid
hallucinations. LSD is a Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act.
Effects: The effects of LSD can vary widely depending on a number of factors, including
dosage, purity, and individual psychology. The drug is known for inducing profound alterations
in perception and consciousness, including changes in visual and auditory perception, intense
emotions, and a profound sense of connection to the world around the user. These effects
typically last between 6-12 hours, after which the user returns to a normal state of consciousness.
● LSD is known for inducing mystical ● LSD is illegal in most parts of the
and spiritual experiences in users, and world, and its use is associated with a
has been used in a variety of research variety of risks and side effects. these
settings to study the nature of include anxiety, paranoia, delusions,
consciousness and the effects of and hallucinations, as well as long-term
psychoactive drugs. effects such as flashbacks, HPPD
● It has also been used as an experimental (Hallucinogen Persisting Perception
treatment for a variety of psychiatric Disorder), and worsening of psychotic

disorders, including depression, symptoms.
anxiety, and addiction.
● MDMA (ECSTASY)
Origin: MDMA, also known as "ecstasy" or "molly," was first synthesized in 1912 by the German
pharmaceutical company Merck as part of a larger effort to develop medications to control
bleeding. However, it was not until the 1970s that MDMA was rediscovered by a chemist named
Alexander Shulgin, who began studying its psychoactive effects. Shulgin and his colleagues
conducted a series of experiments on the drug, and in the 1980s, MDMA began to be used
therapeutically as a tool for psychotherapy.
Effects: Those who use MDMA may experience the intoxicating effects of the drug about 45
minutes after taking a single dose. Those effects include an intensified sense of well-being,
increased extroversion, emotional warmth, empathy toward others, and the willingness to
converse about emotionally charged memories. In addition, people report intensification of
sensory perception as a hallmark of the MDMA experience.

• Researchers have explored the drug's ● The drug can cause a wide range of
potential for treating post-traumatic physical and psychological side effects,
stress disorder (PTSD), social anxiety, including increased heart rate and
and depression. blood pressure, muscle tension, nausea,
● MDMA works by increasing the confusion, panic attacks, and
activity of serotonin, a neurotransmitter hallucinations.
that regulates mood, appetite, and ● Prolonged use of MDMA can damage
sleep. This increase in serotonin levels the brain's serotonin receptors, leading
can lead to feelings of empathy, to long-term cognitive impairment and
relaxation, and euphoria. memory problems.
● In a therapeutic setting, MDMA may ● The drug can lead to risky behavior,
help patients connect with their such as unprotected sex or driving
emotions. under the influence, which can have
serious consequences.
● PSILOCYBIN MUSHROOMS (MAGIC MUSHROOMS)
Origin: Psychoactive mushrooms have been used for thousands of years and have a long history
of both medicinal and ceremonial use among indigenous peoples in many parts of the world,
including Europe and the Americas. They were re-popularized in 1957, when a photo essay
featuring an American banker and mushroom enthusiast R. Gordon Wasson was published in LIFE
Magazine. Four years earlier, Wasson had stumbled across an indigenous tribe using psychoactive
mushrooms in Mexico while on vacation and brought back a sample that he then sent to the Swiss
chemist known for discovering LSD, Albert Hofmann. Hofmann isolated psilocybin and developed
a synthesis for the drug in his lab at Sandoz Pharmaceuticals. Psilocybin and psilocin have been
listed in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act since 1970.
Effects: Psilocybin mushrooms produce changes in a user’s consciousness, mood, perception

and sensory experience. These changes are classically known as a psychedelic ‘trip’, and can
last anywhere between 2–6 hours. The intensity of the trip is directly related to the dose

consumed and the strength of the mushrooms in terms of their psilocybin content. A commonly
reported effect is that the mind seems to become more open under the influence of psilocybin
and sensory experience can become very intense.
● Due to this similarity in molecular ● Nausea and vomiting.

structure, psilocin molecules activate ● Increased heart rate, blood pressure,
the same receptors in the brain that and body temperature.
serotonin activates, thus regulating ● Muscle weakness.
mood, imagination, learning, and ● Drowsiness.
perception in its users. ● Lack of coordination.
● Dilated pupils.
● PEYOTE (CACTUS)
Origin: Anthropological evidence suggests that the use of peyote, a psychoactive cactus, in native
peoples of South Texas and some parts of Mexico dates back at least 5700 years. The oldest known
psychoactive botanical sample, dated through carbon testing, is from dry peyote buttons found in
Shumla cave number 5 in Rio Grande, Texas, which were found to be between 3780 and 3660 BC
and still contained 2% mescaline. Spanish missionaries described the use of peyote by native
peoples in the 16th century, with some claiming that the Tarahumaras and others suggesting the
Chichimeca people were the first to discover its psychoactive properties. The use of peyote in
rituals and ceremonies has been shared among various native peoples in the region, including
Coras, Huicholes, Tepehuanos, and Mexicaneros, and is believed to date back more than three
thousand years.
Effects: Peyote has a bitter and pungent taste, and usually induces nausea and more rarely
vomiting. Peyote shares with this group of substances the ability to induce profound changes in
perception, consciousness, and cognition. Visions with eyes open and closed, increased sensory
perceptions (brighter colors, the sound is perceived more deeply), as well as experiences of

psychological insight and transcendental and spiritual experiences, as well as changes in the
perception of space, time, and self-image. Peyote is slightly more stimulating than psilocybin
mushrooms or ayahuasca.
● In traditional medicine, peyote is used ● Peyote produces some physical

not only as a spiritual remedy but as a reactions such as alterations in heart
medicine to treat arthritis, stomach rate and blood pressure, nausea, and
problems, asthma, influenza, diabetes, vomiting.
and even poisonous animal bites and ● These can cause personality changes
viper bites. and excessive euphoric states that could
● Peyote has been proven to have put the life of the person who consumes
analgesic and antibacterial properties, it at risk.
has the ability to boost the immune
system, and can be helpful in the
treatment of certain types of cancer.
● SCOPOLAMINE
Origin: Scopolamine is a powerful sedative that is derived from the plant known as deadly
nightshade. The plant sources of scopolamine were used by Native Americans for medicinal
purposes and in religious ceremonies. The plant was later introduced to Europe, where it was used
in the 18th and 19th centuries as a treatment for a range of conditions, including motion sickness
and asthma. Scopolamine is a Schedule IV drug under the United Nations Convention on
Psychotropic Substances (1971).
Effects: The effects of scopolamine on the body and mind are diverse and dangerous. The drug
can cause dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, agitation, amnesia, confusion, delirium,
hallucinations, stupor and coma. Scopolamine can also induce a false sense of well-being and

compliance, making the victim more susceptible to coercion or exploitation. Scopolamine

intoxication can be fatal in high doses or due to respiratory depression.
● Scopolamine has some therapeutic ● The drug is highly addictive and

benefits like reducing motion sickness, tolerance to its effects can develop
muscle spasms and post-operative rapidly.
vomiting. ● Scopolamine can also cause severe
● The drug is also used for palliative care adverse effects on cardiac, renal and
in terminal patients, as it can alleviate hepatic function.
nausea, delirium and dyspnea. ● Scopolamine is banned in many
countries due to its potential for
criminal or terrorist activities.
● KROKODIL (DESOMORPHINE)
Origin: Krokodil is a synthetic drug that is derived from codeine and other chemicals, such as
hydrochloric acid and red phosphorus. It was first developed and used as a cheap heroin substitute
in Russia in the early 2000s, but quickly gained notoriety for the horrific injuries it causes to users'
skin and tissue. Krokodil is known for its corrosive effects, which can cause skin and tissue to rot
away, exposing bones and vital organs. The resulting liquid is then injected into the veins. The drug
gets its name from the scaly, crocodile-like skin that appears around the injection site. Krokodil is
not a controlled substance under the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances
(1971) or any other international drug regulation.
Effects: The effects of krokodil on the body are horrific and life-threatening. The drug destroys
the skin, muscles, bones and internal organs of the user, leading to deep ulcers, necrosis,
gangrene, sepsis, thrombosis and organ failure.

Note: Krokodil is typically used by the intravenous (IV) route. The name "krokodil", “Russian
Magic” or “Crocodil” comes from the scaly, greenish appearance of the skin of the addicts who
use this drug.
● There are no advantages. ● The drug is highly addictive and can

lead to severe physical and mental
health problems in a very short period
of time.
● The chemical ingredients used in
making krokodil are toxic and
carcinogenic.
● The drug can cause permanent damage
to the internal organs of the user.
● The injection of krokodil can transmit
HIV, hepatitis, and other blood-borne
diseases, leading to further health
complications.
● FENTANYL
Origin: Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that was first synthesized by Dr. Paul Janssen in 1960 at the
Belgian pharmaceutical company Janssen Pharmaceutica. Janssen was searching for a potent,
short-acting painkiller that could be used in surgeries and other medical procedures. Fentanyl is
about 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine, and its rapid onset and short duration of action
make it well-suited for use in anesthesia and pain management.
Effects: Fentanyl is a potent painkiller that can provide fast relief for severe pain. It can cause
feelings of euphoria and relaxation, which can be desirable for some people but can also lead to
addiction and overdose. Fentanyl can cause side effects such as dizziness, nausea, constipation,
and respiratory depression, which can be dangerous in high doses.

Note: Fentanyl is a powerful synthetic opioid, up to 50 times more potent than heroin and up to
100 times stronger than morphine.
● Fentanyl is highly effective at relieving ● Overdose may result in stupor

severe pain, and is commonly used in ● Changes in pupillary size
cancer pain management and palliative ● Cold and clammy skin
care. ● Cyanosis
● Its rapid onset and short duration of ● Coma
action make it well-suited for use in ● Respiratory failure leading to death.
anesthesia and procedural sedation.
● Fentanyl is available in a variety of
formulations, including transdermal
and injectable solutions.
● BOXER
Origin: On September 26, 1950, Manuel Escobar, Eduardo Martinez, and Margoth de Martinez
met in the 3rd Notary of Bogota to give birth to the company and give shape to an idea that already
hovered in their minds, establish an industry that uses rubber as a raw material to produce quality
items that widely meet the needs of Colombian households. In 1962, the 'Pegante Boxer', initially
aimed at the footwear industry, was released, initially aimed at the footwear industry; today in
Colombia, given its acceptance, permanence in the market, and use in industries, homes, and crafts
"EL BOXER" is synonymous with glue.
Effects: Effects related to inhalant poisoning may include belligerence, apathy, impaired
judgment, and inappropriate performance at work or in social situations. Other common side
effects include nausea and vomiting. High-dose exposure to these substances can cause
confusion and delirium. In addition, it may cause dizziness, drowsiness, trouble speaking,
lethargy, lack of reflexes, general muscle weakness, and stupor.

● Inhaling glue does not bring any benefit ● Delusions and hallucinations.
to humans, its use should be only as a ● Deterioration in the body.
material to stick shoes or other objects. ● Respiratory diseases.
● Disorientation.
● Loss of control.
● Nervous breakdowns.
● Decreased reflexes.
● Nosebleeds
DRUG TREATMENTS
Different treatments for drug addiction can involve a combination of therapy, medications, and
support groups. There are some common treatments for drug addiction:
● Behavioral therapy: Behavioral therapy aims to help people change their attitudes and
behaviors related to drug use. Examples of behavioral therapy include cognitive-behavioral
therapy (CBT) and contingency management.
● Medications: Medications can be used to help manage withdrawal symptoms, reduce drug
cravings, and prevent relapse. Examples of medications used to treat drug addiction include
methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone, and acamprosate.
● Support groups: Support groups provide a safe, non-judgmental environment where people
can connect with others who are going through similar experiences. Narcotics Anonymous
is an example of a support group for people with drug addiction.
● Religions: God and different religious beliefs can be considered a treatment for people who
are addicted to drugs.

NARCOTICS ANONYMOUS (NA)
Narcotics Anonymous (NA) is a non-profit organization that offers support to people struggling
with drug addiction. It is modeled after Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and uses a 12-step program
to help people overcome addiction. The program encourages participants to admit their
powerlessness over drugs, seek a higher power for help, and take steps to improve their lives.
Meetings are free and open to anyone who wants to attend, and anonymity is a core principle of the
program.
ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS (AA)
Alcoholics Anonymous is an international mutual aid community of alcoholics in recovery from

the disease of alcoholism, founded in 1935 by William Griffith Wilson known as Bill W and Robert
Holbrook Smith as Dr. Bob, starting meetings in Akron, Ohio.
OTHER ADDICTIONS
● Gambling addiction
● Sex addiction
● Video game addiction
● Vape addiction
● Social networks addiction
● Addiction to plastic surgery
● Food addiction
● Addiction to work
● Cult Addiction
● Shopping addiction

QUESTIONS
1. What do you think the future of drugs would be?
2. What is the difference between addiction and dependence?
3. Can alcohol be classified as a drug? Why or why not?
4. What are the most commonly used drugs?
5. What is drug addiction?
6. What are the common signs of drug addiction?
7. What are the health risks associated with drug use?
8. How do drugs affect the brain?
9. How do drug tolerance and withdrawal work?
10. Can drug addiction be treated?
11. What are some common drug treatment options?
12. How does drug use affect society?

REFERENCES
Real Academia Española. (n.d.). Drogas. Diccionario de la lengua española. From

https://dle.rae.es/droga
Drug Enforcement Administration. (2020). Fentanyl. Retrieved April 15, 2023, from
https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Fentanyl-2020_0.pdf
Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Opioids. Johns Hopkins Medicine, from

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-
therapies/opioids#:~:text=Symptoms%20of%20opioid%20use%20include,risk%20of%20
overdose%20and%20death
González Ortega, I., & Echeburúa Odriozola, E. (2018). Cannabis y salud mental en la
adolescencia [Cannabis and mental health in adolescence]. Adicciones, 30(1), 17-27.
Retrieved from
http://www.adolescenciaalape.com/sites/www.adolescenciaalape.com/files/Cannabis%20
y%20Salud%20Mental.pdf
Proyecto Hombre Salamanca. (n.d.). Información sobre drogas. Retrieved April 18, 2023,
from https://proyectohombresalamanca.es/informacion-sobre-
droga/#:~:text=Seg%C3%BAn%20el%20criterio%20de%20la,%2C%20Estimulantes%20
y%20Alucin%C3%B3genas%2F%20Psicod%C3%A9licas.
Alvarez, A. (2018). Historia de las drogas y de la guerra de su difusión. Noticias

Jurídicas. Retrieved from https://noticias.juridicas.com/conocimiento/articulos-
doctrinales/4340-historia-de-las-drogas-y-de-la-guerra-de-su-difusion/

Psicologia-Online. (2021). Clasificación de las drogas OMS y sus efectos. Retrieved April
15, 2023, from https://www.psicologia-online.com/clasificacion-de-las-drogas-oms-y-sus-
efectos-918.html
USAC. (2017). Conoce los efectos que causan las drogas en el cerebro. Soy USAC. From
https://soy.usac.edu.gt/?p=14479
Vidasanaadomicilio.com. (n.d.). Ventajas y desventajas del alcohol para la salud. From

https://vidasanaadomicilio.com/ventajas-desventajas-alcohol/
Mayo Clinic. (2021). Alcohol: Beneficios y riesgos. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from
https://www.mayoclinic.org/es-es/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-
depth/alcohol/art-20044551
Narconon International. (n.d.). Historia de la cocaína. Retrieved April 19, 2023, from
https://www.narconon.org/es/informacion-drogas/cocaina/historia-cocaina.html
VidasinDrogas. (n.d.). A Short History of Cocaine. From

https://www.vidasindrogas.org/drugfacts/cocaine/a-short-history.html
MedlinePlus. (s.f.). Abuso de drogas y adicción. Retrieved April 18, 2023, from
https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/ency/patientinstructions/000793.htm
Fispiral. (2021, March 1). Cocaína: Origen, usos, riesgos y efectos. Fispiral. From
https://fispiral.com.es/cocaina-origen-usos-riesgos-efectos/
AESAN. (2016). Opio y semillas de adormidera. Agencia Española de Seguridad

Alimentaria y Nutrición. From
https://www.aesan.gob.es/AECOSAN/docs/documentos/seguridad_alimentaria/gestion_ri
esgos/opio_semillas_adormidera.pdf

MedlinePlus. (2022, April 4). Cafeína. Retrieved April 15, 2023, from
https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/caffeine.html
Incapto. (2022). Beneficios y perjuicios del café por sus propiedades. Retrieved April 15,
2023, from https://incapto.com/beneficios-y-perjuicios-del-cafe-por-sus-
propiedades/#:~:text=Se%20ha%20demostrado%20que%20el,h%C3%ADgado%20graso
%20y%20la%20cirrosis.
KidsHealth. (s. f.). Hongos alucinógenos. Retrieved April 20, 2023, from
https://kidshealth.org/es/teens/mushrooms.html


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FACULTAD DE EDUCACIÓN Y CIENCIAS HUMANAS

GUERRA BETANCOURT MAYRA ALEJANDRA

GONZÁLEZ NARVÁEZ ZHARIC VALENTINA

TEACHER: JAIME NIETO

BACHELOR'S DEGREE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES WITH EMPHASIS IN ENGLISH

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

Classification according to the WHO in the Central Nervous System

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

Classification in "hard" or "soft"

● Hard drugs: cocaine, opioids (morphine, heroin, etc.), alcohol, or amphetamines.

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

● Reduces the risk of a stroke. ● Certain cancers, including breast

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

● Treatment for chronic pain (analgesic). ● Frequent consumption of amounts

● It helps a lot to relieve moderate or ● Nausea.

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

dosages and release formats, allowing ● Oxycodone misuse can lead to

● Joy (euphoria or a "flash" or "rush") ● Decreased appetite and weight loss.

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

● It has been shown that regular ● Inquietud y temblores.

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

● As a stimulant, it produces increased ● Anxiety

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

attention, improves memory. ● Increased blood pressure.

● CANNABIS (MARIJUANA OR HASHISH)

Effects: Within minutes of smoking marijuana, a dreamlike state of consciousness ensues in

● Pain relief: this includes many different ● Dependence And Withdrawal

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

● Control nausea and vomiting. consumption: Psychotic Disorders

Effects: Illegal forms of methamphetamine can be smokedTrusted Source, snorted, injected, or

● Increased energy and focus. ● Cardiovascular problems.

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

● LSD (LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE)

treatment for a variety of psychiatric Disorder), and worsening of psychotic

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

● PSILOCYBIN MUSHROOMS (MAGIC MUSHROOMS)

Effects: Psilocybin mushrooms produce changes in a user’s consciousness, mood, perception

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

● Due to this similarity in molecular ● Nausea and vomiting.

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

● In traditional medicine, peyote is used ● Peyote produces some physical

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

compliance, making the victim more susceptible to coercion or exploitation. Scopolamine

● Scopolamine has some therapeutic ● The drug is highly addictive and

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

● There are no advantages. ● The drug is highly addictive and can

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

● Fentanyl is highly effective at relieving ● Overdose may result in stupor

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

NARCOTICS ANONYMOUS (NA)

ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS (AA)

Alcoholics Anonymous is an international mutual aid community of alcoholics in recovery from

Por una universidad con calidad, moderna e incluyente

1. What do you think the future of drugs would be?

2. What is the difference between addiction and dependence?

3. Can alcohol be classified as a drug? Why or why not?

4. What are the most commonly used drugs?

5. What is drug addiction?