Sociocultural approach

The individual and behaviour

Content Research and theories

Ethics of sociocultural approach Deception:, Berry (1967), Tajfel (1970)

Research methods in sociocultural research Experiments: Abrams et al (1990);

Bandura (1961),
Observations: Festinger (1956)
Social Identity Theory Tajfel (1970); Abrams et al (1990),
Social Cognitive (Learning) Theory Bandura (1961), Charlton et al (2002), Joy,
Kimball and Zabrack (1986).
Stereotypes Origin:
Rogers & Frantz (1961)
Hamilton and Gifford (1976)
Effect:
Steele & Aronson (1995)
Focus on memory distortion: Martin &
Halvorson;

Cultural origins of behaviour and cognition

Content
Cultural dimensions
Effect of culture on behaviour
Effect of culture on cognition
Research and theories
Individualism vs. collectivism: Berry (1967)
(conformity); Kulkofsky et al (2011)
(Flashbulb memory)
Berry (1967) on conformity. Kulkofsky et al
(2011) on flashbulb memory
Kulkofsky et al (2011); Keari ns (1981) ,
Cole and Scribner (1974)

Enculturation: Fagot (1978), Hilliard and Liben (2010)

Acculturation: Lueck and Wilson (2010), Miranda and Matheny (2000)

 These two studies are good for comparing methods, with one using an interview and the
other an online questionnaire

Globalization – HL only:

effects on mental health: Ogihara & Uchida (2014); Norasakkunkit & Uchida (2014); Becker et
al (2002);

effect on tolerance/attitudes towards foreigners: Chiu et al (2009); Novotny and Polonsky

(2011); Ariely (2011)
Cognitive approach
Studies for cognitive processes
Memory models: Glanzer and Cunitz (1966), HM: Milner (1966), Landry and Bartling (2011),
Baddeley and Hitch (1974), KF: Warrington and Shallice (1974).

 Remember, you may be asked an SAQ specifically for the Working Memory Model or the
Multi-store model.
 If you have an essay on memory models, you may use the MSM, WMM, Schema theory,
Levels of Processing, or Flashbulb memory.
Schema theory: Brewer & Treyens (1981), Martin and Halverson (1983)

Intuitive vs rational thinking: Englich and Mussweiler (2001), Tversky and Kahenman
(1986), Tversky and Kahneman (1974), Wason (1968)

Studies for the reliability of cognitive processes

Reconstructive memory: Loftus & Palmer (1974), Loftus & Pickrell (1995), Yuille &
Cutshall (1986), Neisser & Harsch (1992), Martin and Halverson (1983)

 You need to be able to explain the process of reconstructive memory; this is based on
schema theory.
 Remember, reliability implies no change over time. Brewer and Treyens (1981) is not
highly relevant to this question.

Studies for the effect of emotion on cognition

You only need to focus on one cognitive process - memory or decision-making.

Effect on memory: Brown & Kulik (1977), Kulkofsky et al (2011), Sharot et al (2007), Yuille
& Cutshall (1986), McGaugh & Cahill (1995)

 95% of candidates worldwide will focus on Flashbulb memory. This concept can also be
linked to the HL extension below.
Biases in thinking and decision-making: Englich and Mussweiler (2001), Tversky and
Kahenman (1986), Tversky and Kahneman (1974)

 These are the same studies as above in "cognitive processes." The difference here is
that the cognitive bias must be identified and explained - and not just the model on which
the study is based.