A.

2 Moments of sections 477

A.2 Moments of sections

Section shape Area A Moment I Moment K Moment Z Moment Q Moment Z p

4 4 4 4 4
m m m m m m

b h3 b h3 b b h2 b2 h2 b h2
h bh (1-0.58 )
12 3 h 6 (3h +1.8b) 4
(h > b) ( h > b)
b

a 3 2 a4 3 a4 a3 a3 3a3
a
4 32 3 80 32 20 64

πr2 π 4 π 4 π 3 π 3 π 3
r r r r r
2r 4 2 4 2 3

π 3 π a3 b3 π 2 π 2 π 2
a b a b a b a b
2a πab 4 4 2 3
(a2 + b2 )
(a < b)
2b
t
π (ro2 - ri2 ) π 4 4 π 4 4 π 4 4 π 4 4 π 3 3
(ro - ri ) (ro - ri ) (ro - ri ) (ro - ri ) (ro - ri )
2rii 2ro 4 2 4 ro 2 ro 3
2π r t
π r3 t 2 π r3 t π r2 t 2 p r2 t π r2 t

t
h 2t (h + b) 1 3 b 2 t b2 h2 t 1 2 b t 2 h
(h, b >> t ) 6
h t (1 + 3 )
h (1 - ) 4 3
h t (1 + 3 )
h
2 t b h(1 -
h
) b h t (1 +
2b
)
(h + b) h
b
t
π 3 3b 4π(ab)5 / 2 t π 2 3b 2 π t (a3b)1/ 2 a
a t (1+ ) a t (1+ ) π a b t (2 + )
2a π (a + b) t 4 a 4 a b
(a2 + b2 ) (b > a)
(a, b >> t )
2b
t
b (ho - hi ) b 3 3 b b 2 2
hi (ho - hi ) (h3o - h3i) (ho - hi )
ho 2b t 12 -- 6 ho -- 4
1 b t ho
(h, b >> t ) b t ho2 b t ho
b 2

t
2t h 2 t (h + b) 1 3 b 2 3 h 1 2 b 2 2 h h
2t h t (1 + 3 ) b t (1 + 4 ) h t (1 + 3 ) b t (1 + 4 ) b h t (1 + )
6 h 3 b 3 h 3 b 2b
(h, b >> t )

t h2
2t {1 +
h
2 t (h + b) t 3
(h + 4 b t 2 ) t3 t 3
(h + 4 b t 2 ) t2 2
6 (8 b + h) 3h (8 b + h) 2 t (b-2t)
2t (h, b >> t ) 3 3 }
h2
 A.3 Elastic bending of beams 479

A.3 Deflection of beams

L C1 C2

t 3 2
FL 3 ML 2
F
F δ = =
C 1E C 1E
8 6
FL 2 ML
θ = =
C 2E C 2E
2 1
M
F
48 16 = See Table A.2 ( m4 )
E = Youngs modulus ( N/m2 )
F δ = Deflection ( m )
384 24 F = Force ( N )
5 M = Moment ( Nm )
F L = Length ( m )
192 - b = Width ( m )
t = Depth ( m )
F
θ = End slope ( - )
384 - y = Distance from N.A. ( m )
R = Radius of curvature ( m )
M
6 -
M
σ M M
M = =
y R
- 4
M/2 θ
M
- 3
θ/2 θ