Judy Ann Deloterio

Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Alcohol and Tobacco are among the top causes of preventable deaths.
Moreover, these substances often are used together. People who smoke are
much more likely to drink, and people who drink are much more likely to smoke.
Dependence on alcohol and tobacco also is correlated. People who are
dependent on alcohol are three times more likely than those in the general
population to be smokers, and people who are dependent on tobacco are four
times more likely than the general population to be dependent on alcohol. The
link between alcohol and tobacco has important implications for those in the
alcohol treatment field. Many alcoholics smoke, putting them at high risks for
tobacco- related complications, including multiple cancers. Alcohol and tobacco
use may lead to major health risks when used alone and together (Taylor, 2010).
Understanding just how alcohol and tobacco interact is challenging.
Because co-use is so common, and because both substances work on similar
mechanisms in the brain, it’s proving difficult to tease apart individual and
combined effects of these drugs. According to Husten (2015), interactions
between these two substances, including the prevalence of co-occurring tobacco
and alcohol use disorders, some of the health consequences of combined use,
biological mechanisms and genetic vulnerabilities to co-use and dependence.
Alcohol and tobacco use may lead to major health risks when used alone and
together. In addition to contributing to traumatic death and injury.
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According to Breslau and Peterson (2010) individuals who smoke early in
life are less likely to quit as adults. Likewise, alcohol use typically begins in
adolescence, and early initiation of alcohol use is a strong predictor of
subsequent problems and dependence (De 2010). Cigarette’s smoking is of
special interest because cigarettes were legally available to minors until recently
and are still readily available to minors from the Internet and non-commercial
sources (Castrucci 2012). This approach was used by Chen and Kandel (2012)
to examine the relationship between substance use and dependence for the
cases of nicotine and cocaine. In the present study, they take analogous
approach to address whether smoking might predict differential susceptibility to
alcohol abuse and dependence, also known as alcohol use disorder. Alcohol and
smoking are associated with physical health (Oxford University Press 2014).
The main objectives of this study is to identify the factors influencing
cigarette smoking and alcoholism and its effect to the health of the youths, and
open new ideas for everyone’s information, not just for the youth, but also for the
people who are dependent to alcohol and cigarette, because consumption to
alcohol and cigarettes is currently one of society’s major issues. The purpose of
this is to become aware in our physical, mental, and social aspects.
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Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to determine the factors influencing cigarette smoking
and alcoholism among youths in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat.
Specifically, it aims to answer the following:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of;
1.1 age; and
1.2 gender?
2. What are the extent of factors influencing cigarette smoking and
alcoholism among youths in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan
Kudarat in terms of;
2.1 ignorance and curiosity;
2.2 peer pressure; and
2.3 rebellious phase?
3. What are the effects of cigarette smoking and alcoholism to the youths
in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat in terms of;
3.1 physical aspect;
3.2 mental aspect ; and
3.3 social aspect?
4. Is there a significant relationship between the factors influencing
cigarette smoking and alcoholism and its effect to the youths in
Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat?
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Conceptual Framework
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

FACTORS OF CIGARETTE
SMOKING AND ALCOHOLISM EFFECTS OF THE CIGARETTE
AMONG YOUTHS SMOKING AND ALCOHOLISM
TO THE YOUTHS
 Ignorance and Curiosity
 Physical Aspect
 Peer Pressure  Mental Aspect
 Rebellious Phase  Social Aspect
Figure 1: The Conceptual Framework of the Study
The diagram shows the factors influencing cigarette smoking and
alcoholism among youths in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat.
As shown in the figure 1, the independent variables are factors of
cigarette smoking and alcoholism among youths in terms of ignorance and
curiosity, peer pressure and rebellious phase. The dependent variables are
effects of the cigarette smoking and alcoholism to the youths in terms of physical
aspect, mental aspect and social aspect. This study leans on the factors
influencing cigarette smoking and alcoholism among youths.
Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the factors
influencing cigarette smoking and alcoholism and its effect to the youths.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between the factors
influencing cigarette smoking and alcoholism and its effect to the youths.
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Significance of the Study
The study focused on determining the factors influencing cigarette
smoking and alcoholism among youths in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan
Kudarat. Moreover, the results of the study will be beneficial to the following:
To the Community, the community will put more attention to handle this kind of
case.
To the Parents, the parents are directly concerned with the health of their
children and will be able to know how to handle and discipline their child.
To the Barangay Officials, this study can provide more knowledge to be aware
of the youth to undergo such treatment and help them to solve the problem that
they encountered.
To the Youth, the respondents will have awareness on the factors influencing
cigarettes smoking and alcoholism to their health. With this study, it will be an
eye opener that health is more important than any other issues.
To the Future Researchers, this study will provide baseline data needed for
future researchers and studies related to this one.
To the Researcher, this will broaden their understanding on the factors
influencing cigarettes smoking and alcoholism among youth in Barangay Kapaya
Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat.
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Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study focused on the factors influencing cigarette smoking and
alcoholism among youths in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat. The
data collection was conducted to 200 random youths in Barangay Kapaya
Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat who represented the population. Each respondent
was given the same questionnaire to answer. The result of this study was
applicable to the community of Barangay Kapaya. The main source of data was
the questionnaire, which is prepared by researcher.
This study was conducted during first and second semester of the School
Year 2021-2022.
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Definition of Terms
The researcher defined some important words based on its use in the
study for clarification and to be understood by the readers.
Alcoholism refers to excessive and repetitive drinking of
alcoholic beverages of the youth of Barangay
Kapaya to the extent that it is drinker
repeatedly harmed or harms others. The harm
may be physical, mental and social.
Cigarette Smoking refers to the substances that the youth used
to calm their selves and it gives them sense
of belongingness in their social aspect.
Curiosity refers to a strong desire to know or learn
something.
Ignorance refers to a lack of knowledge or information.
Mental Aspect refers to the emotional, psychological, and
social well-being of the youths. It affects how
we think, feel and act.
Peer Pressure refers to a feeling of the youths that one must
do the same things as other people of one’s
age and social group to be liked or respected
by them.
Physical Aspect refers to the youths body as distinguished
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from the mind and spirit.
Rebellious Phase refers to the expression of defiant behavior
and disregard for the existing parenting rules.
Social Aspect refers to the commonalities among people
within a specific culture.
Youth refers to the respondents of the study. The
age is ranging 13 years old to 25 years old.
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Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter provides an overview of previous research on knowledge
sharing and related studies. This study includes factors influencing cigarettes
smoking and alcoholism among youth and its indicators, ignorance and curiosity,
peer pressure, rebellious phase and its effect to the physical aspect, mental
aspect and social aspect of the youths.
Cigarette Smoking
It’s difficult to stop once you get started. Because tobacco includes the highly
addictive chemical nicotine, smoking is a difficult habit to stop. The body and
mind soon become used to the nicotine in cigarettes, much as they do to cocaine
or other addictive drugs. It becomes necessary for a person to have it to feel
normal. People begin smoking for a variety of reasons. Some people believe it’s
cool. Others begin because a member of their family or a close acquaintance
smoke. Almost all adult tobacco users began before they turned 18. Most people
never anticipated to develop an addiction. That’s why it’s so much easier to avoid
starting to smoke in the first place (Kuper, 2010)
According to Milenkovic (2019) Cigarette smoking remains one of the most
significant preventable causes of disease and premature death in the western
world and is a leading cause of cancer and death from cancer. Caporaso (2017)
Cigarette smoking is the largest preventable risk factor for morbidity and mortality
in developed countries. Dramatic changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking
in the second half of this century in the United States (i.e., a reduction among
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men and an increase among women) have reduced current smoking levels to
approximately one quarter of the adult population and have reduced differences
in smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable diseases between the sexes.
Current smoking in the United States is positively associated with younger age,
lower income, reduced educational achievement, and disadvantaged
neighborhood environment. Daily smokers smoke cigarettes to maintain nicotine
levels in the brain, primarily to avoid the negative effects of nicotine withdrawal,
but also to modulate mood.
Regular smokers exhibit higher and lower levels of stress and arousal,
respectively, than nonsmokers, as well as higher impulsivity and neuroticism trait
values. Nicotine dependence is the single most common psychiatric diagnosis in
the United States, and substance abuse, major depression, and anxiety
disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric comorbid conditions associated with
nicotine dependence. Studies in twins have implicated genetic factors that
explain most of the variability in vulnerability to smoking and in persistence of the
smoking phenotype. Future research into the causes of smoking must consider
these associated demographics, social factors, comorbid psychiatric conditions,
and genetic factors to understand this complex human behavior (Bosetti, 2011)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011) said that every day,
almost 2,500 children under 18 years of age try their first cigarette, and more
than 400 of them will become new, regular daily smokers. Half of them will
ultimately die from their habit. People who start smoking at an early age are more
likely to develop a severe addiction to nicotine than those who start at a later age
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of adolescents who have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime, most of
them report that they would like to quit but are not able to do so. Furthermore, if
current tobacco uses patterns persist, an estimated 5.6 million of today’s youth
under age 18 eventually will die prematurely from a smoking-related disease
(National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2016).
According to National Center for Health Statistics (2015) 9.3% of high school
students reported smoking cigarettes in the last 30 days, down 74% from 36.4%
in 1997 when rates peaked after increasing throughout the first half of the 1990s.
In 2015, 2.3% of middle school students smoked cigarettes in the last 30 days.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2016) Rates of
overall tobacco use remain high, however. In 2015, 25.3% of high school
students and 7.4% of middle school students used a tobacco product. Among
high school students in 2015, the most prevalent forms of tobacco used were
electronic cigarettes (16%), cigarettes (9.3%), cigars (8.6%) and hookah (7.2%).
In 2015, about half of middle and high school students reported using two or
more tobacco products in the past 30 days. Menthol cigarette use is more
common among younger and newer teen smokers. 10 This is due to young
smokers perceiving menthol cigarettes as less harsh and easier to smoke. One
study found that teens exposed to the greatest amount of smoking in movies
were 2.6 times more likely to start smoking themselves compared with teens who
watched the least amount of smoking in movies.
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Alcoholism
Alcohol is a depressant that affects driving abilities, decreases reaction time,
and causes people to make unsafe decisions they would not ordinarily make.
Alcoholism can kill you in a variety of ways. Regular drinkers are more likely to
die from injuries, violence, and variety of cancers. Earlier someone starts drinking
heavily, the more likely they are to acquire major illnesses later. Any benefit from
moderate alcohol use appears to be limited to those over 60 who are at risk for
heart disease. Adults who drink moderately have a lower mortality rate than their
non-drinking counterparts, but their chance of dying prematurely rises as they
drink more heavily. Yet drinking continues to be widespread among adolescents,
as shown by nationwide surveys as well as studies in smaller populations.
According to data from the 2015 Monitoring the Future (MTF) study, an
annual survey of U.S. youth, three-fourths of 12 th graders, more than two-thirds of
10th graders, and about two in every five 8 th graders have consumed alcohol. And
when youth drink they tend to drink intensively, often consuming four to five
drinks at one time. MTF data show that 11 percent of 8 th graders, 22 percent of
10th graders, and 29 percent of 12 th graders had engaged in heavy episodic
drinking within the past two weeks. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and
Alcoholism [NIAAA] defines binge drinking as a pattern of drinking alcohol that
brings blood alcohol concentration to 0.08 grams percent or above. For the
typical adult, this pattern corresponds to consuming five or more drinks in men or
four or more drinks in women in about 2 hours. Research also shows that many
adolescents start to drink at very young ages. In 2018, the average age of first
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use of alcohol was about 14, compared to about 17 ½ in 2017. People who
reported starting to drink before the age of 15 were four times more likely to also
report meeting the criteria for alcohol dependence at some point in their lives.
In fact, new research shows that the serious drinking problems (including
what is called alcoholism) typically associated with middle age actually begin to
appear much earlier, during young adulthood and even adolescence. Other
research shows that the younger children and adolescents are when they start to
drink, the more likely they will be to engage in behaviors that harm themselves
and others.In accordance with O’Connor (2015) as children move from
adolescence to young adulthood, they encounter dramatic physical, emotional,
and lifestyle changes. Developmental transitions, such as puberty and increasing
independence, have been associated with alcohol use. So, in a sense, just being
an adolescent may be a key risk factor not only for starting to drink but also for
drinking dangerously.
Research shows the brain keeps developing well into the twenties, during
which time it continues to establish important communication connections and
further refines its function. Scientists believe that this lengthy developmental
period may help explain some of the behavior which is characteristic of
adolescence such as their propensity to seek out new and potentially dangerous
situations. For some teens, thrill-seeking might include experimenting with
alcohol. Developmental changes also offer a possible physiological explanation
for why teens act so impulsively, often not recognizing that their actions such as
drinking have consequence (Bagnardi, 2013)
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In accord with Knowler (2012) people view alcohol and its effects also
influences their drinking behavior, including whether they begin to drink and how
much. An adolescent who expects drinking to be a pleasurable experience is
more likely to drink than one who does not.An important area of alcohol research
is focusing on how expectancy influences drinking patterns from childhood
through adolescence and into young adulthood. Beliefs about alcohol are
established very early in life, even before the child begins elementary school.
Before age 9, children generally view alcohol negatively and see drinking as bad,
with adverse effects. By about age 13, however, their expectancies shift,
becoming more positive. As would be expected, adolescents who drink the most
also place the greatest emphasis on the positive and arousing effects of alcohol.
As claimed by Williamson (2013) Children who begin to drink at a very early
age (before age 12) often share similar personality characteristics that may make
them more likely to start drinking. Young people who are disruptive, hyperactive,
and aggressive often referred to as having conduct problems or being antisocial
as well as those who are depressed, withdrawn, or anxious, may be at greatest
risk for alcohol problems. Other behavior problems associated with alcohol use
include rebelliousness, difficulty avoiding harm or harmful situations, and a host
of other traits seen in young people who act out without regard for rules or the
feelings of others.
Based on Komro (2012) some of the behavioral and physiological factors that
converge to increase or decrease a person’s risk for alcohol problems, including
tolerance to alcohol’s effects, may be directly linked to genetics. For example,
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being a child of an alcoholic or having several alcoholic family members places a
person at greater risk for alcohol problems. Children of alcoholics (COAs) are
between 4 and 10 times more likely to become alcoholics themselves than are
children who have no close relatives with alcoholism. COAs also are more likely
to begin drinking at a young age and to progress to drinking problems more
quickly.
Most young people are introduced to alcohol by their parents and most young
people have had an alcoholic drink before the age of 16. Drinking at home under
parental supervision often began in childhood. Coleman and Carter (2013)
reported that the first experiences of drinking alcohol usually occurred between
the ages of 8 and 12 years old. However, one review reported that a third of 3–4-
year-old children could able to tell the difference between alcoholic and non-
alcoholic drinks. Also, it has been reported that children as young as 6 or 7 years
old have already developed attitudes about alcohol and have some knowledge
about its use. Drinking in a parentally supervised environment tends to peak
around the age 13 or 14. Whilst boys often experienced their first drink younger
than girls but these gender differences even out by age 13 or 14.
Several reviews reported that age of first use of alcohol is highly predictive of
both continued use and frequency of use. Harolyn (2010) reported that the
younger a child initiates alcohol and drug abuse, the higher the risk of serious
health consequences and adult substance abuse. More specifically, it has been
reported that children who are introduced to alcohol before the age of 6 years are
more than twice as likely to report frequent, heavy, or problematic drinking at age
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15 compared to children who were not exposed before the age of 13 years.
However, two reviews found that the age of the first drink neither predicted
alcohol use by age 20 nor the consequences from alcohol abuse by age 30 and
that early drinking was only a modest predictor of heavy regular drinking in later
life.
The effect of the age at which young people first consumed alcohol was
explored in relation to later drinking behaviors in US college students. Saltz and
Elandt (2015) reported that the older an individual was at the time of their first
drink, the lower the college student’s current alcohol consumption was likely to
be. College students who had their first drink in elementary school drank more
heavily and at a higher frequency and experienced more negative consequences
because of their drinking than students with a later initiation to alcohol. However
early onset of drinking does not always suggest higher long-term risk. For
instance, subsequent epidemiological data suggest that early puberty in girls is
associated with early drinking but not adult alcoholism.
Drinking too much can weaken your immune system, making your body a
much easier target for disease. Chronic drinkers are more liable to contract
diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis than people who do not drink too
much. Zeigler (2015) reported the number of young people aged 12-17 years
from the USA who had used alcohol increased from 2.2 to 3.1 million between
2010 and 2011. In this review, most youths had their first drink around 12 years
of age and the prevalence of alcohol use increased with age. They also found
that individuals who first used alcohol in the age range of 11-14 years had a
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much greater risk of subsequently developing alcohol abuse or alcohol
dependence than children who started drinking later; it was estimated that 40%
of children who start drinking before the age of 15 years would develop alcohol
abuse or dependence. Lastly, they report that delaying the time of a young
person’s first drink may significantly reduce the risk of harmful drinking.
Vingilis (2021) investigated the location of early drinking behavior and
reported that 20% of adolescent ‘delinquents’ (students who had been in trouble
with the law) had had their first drink in the home environment compared to 75%
of law-abiding students. Thus, the location of the drinking initiation may be
important for future outcomes, however the data in this study related to 1967.
Donovan (2014) reviewed research on parental norms and the onset of drinking
and via survival analyses showed that higher levels of parental alcohol and drug
use and more permissive parental attitudes about teen drinking were linked to
earlier alcohol initiation in children.
Lieberman (2010) reported that children who learned from their parents that
alcohol use led to positive outcomes had a greater risk of alcohol related
problems than those who learned more negative expectancies. Lastly, whilst
York (2012) stated that early alcohol use was linked to later alcohol misuse and /
or problems, they cautioned that but that the exact biological and social
mechanisms were disputed and that a causal relationship had not been
demonstrated.
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To summarize, early to alcohol may be associated with increased risk of
alcohol-related problems. However, the literature is unclear as to whether early
alcohol exposure leads to harmful consequences or if early drinking is more likely
to occur in children who are at risk due to other personal, familial, or social
factors. It is possible that different outcomes may result from early alcohol
exposure with peers or with parents, although parental drinking practices or
attitudes to alcohol may influence higher or lower risk drinking.
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Factors influencing Cigarette Smoking and Alcoholism
Ignorance and Curiosity
Many adolescents and youth are likely to adopt behaviors that are very
common among adults sometime during their transition to full adulthood, even
when they are aware of the undesirable health consequences of these behaviors.
For example, the primary socialization theory contends that individuals learn
social norms and behaviors from primary sources which include the family. There
is evidence that young people whose parents smoke are more likely to smoke
(Conrad 2010). Some of the reasons given are the availability of cigarettes at
home, parents being model of smoking and drinking behavior and consequently
parents lack the credibility as advocates for non-smoking or non-drinking.
According to a report by American Cancer Society, 75% of men age 20+ and
18% of women age 20+ were smokers in the Philippines in 2011 (Corraro, 2011).
Drinking and smoking is very common in the Philippines especially among adult
males. Therefore, in the process of transition to adulthood, most male
adolescents are likely to begin drinking and smoking. It is likely that the initiation
of drinking and smoking is closely related to some markers of transition to
adulthood such as reaching socially and legally recognized age of adulthood,
completion of education, leaving parental home, and beginning of full-time
employment. Once controlled for these transition indicators, other individual and
family characteristics may have small effects.
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Portnoy (2014) despite decreasing use of tobacco products, youth remain
curious about them. Curiosity is associated with various forms of tobacco
advertising. These findings suggest the importance of measuring curiosity as an
early warning signal for potential future tobacco use and evaluating continued
efforts to limit exposure to tobacco marketing among youth. According to Ohman
(2016) Cigarettes were used to increase the boys' social status among their
friends. If they smoked a ‘good’, expensive, and popular cigarette brand, they felt
more confident, more mature, and richer than their peers. To them, smoking and
tobacco advertisements were signs of several positive connotations, such as ‘a
steady life’, ‘pleasure’, ‘good taste’, ‘feel so rich’, ‘impressive’, ‘good appearance’
and ‘attractive’.
Curiosity is widely recognized as a motivational force that moves people to
experiment with many new behaviors (Opdal, 2010). Building curiosity is a focus
for many educational endeavors (Simon, 2017), as well as the target for
marketers promoting experimentation with their consumer behavior (Smith &
Swinyard 2010). As such, multiple studies have reported that most smokers,
when asked to reflect on why they started to smoke, cite curiosity about smoking
(Guo, 2013). In this study, as in previous studies, pre-teens who were receptive
to tobacco industry marketing messages that are known to encourage smoking,
were also likely to develop curiosity cognitions.
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Peer Influences
According to Schulz (2017) showed that having friends who smoke or drink
and having peers who offer tobacco or alcohol were significantly associated with
ever smoking and drinking among the adolescents. Previous studies have
indicated that peer influences on adolescents’ smoking and drinking behaviors
were stronger, compared to those of their parents and siblings, while longitudinal
studies indicated that friends’ smoking and drinking behaviors had a larger
magnitude of association with those of adolescents compared with their parents’
or siblings’ behaviors. The findings of the present study are in line with these
studies, meaning that significant peer influences on the adolescents’ smoking
and drinking behaviors were found.
Branstetter (2011) also examined peer influences on adolescents’ risk
behaviors. According to one study on risk-taking and risky decision-making
among adolescents and adults, adolescents were more prone to risk when in
peer groups compared to adults. Liang (2016) investigated the relationship
between peer pressure and the risk behaviors of students aged 13–15 showed
that having friends who were involved in the same risk behaviors was the
dominant factor influencing risky behaviors. In addition, one study indicated that
more than 60% of students obtained their first cigarette from their peers (63%),
while one systematic review on the predictors of smoking onset in adolescents
showed a positive correlation between friends’ smoking and smoking onset in 26
out of 28 studies.
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Altogether, these findings indicated that peer influences were among the
most dominant factors in smoking and drinking among early adolescents. It is
important to note that many of the studies that indicated the significant effect of
peer influences were conducted in upper-middle- and high-income countries. The
results provide vital evidence regarding the effect of peer influences on smoking
and drinking among early adolescents in the country.
Morris (2020) Peer pressure to drink alcohol and smoking may influence
excessive alcohol and tobacco consumption, which can have adverse impacts on
health and wellbeing. While peer pressure to smoke and drink alcohol is
extensively studied among youth, less examination exists among adults. Peer
pressure to use cigarettes and drink alcohol is a complex and multifaceted
phenomenon experienced across adulthood requiring better understanding to
support initiatives to decrease the impact of pressure-inducing environments and
develop strategies to deal with perceived pressure conditions.
Jacob (2014) Peer pressure can be defined as ‘any attempt by one or more
peers to compel an individual to follow in the decisions or behaviors favored by
the pressuring individual or group’. Perceived peer pressure has been shown to
increase engagement in risky drinking practices and smoking, such as drinking
and smoking games. Alcohol consumption and cigarettes use frequently occurs
in contexts where social influence through others may operate and is embedded
within many social rituals. For some non-drinkers and smoker and moderate
drinkers, strategically selecting peers with similar drinking habits and cigarettes
use or mixing with peers with a diverse range of consumption levels, was seen
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as a helpful strategy in avoiding unwanted peer pressure. The importance of
supportive peers who understood and respected their decision not to drink and
use smoke were highlighted (Emslie, 2013).
Engels (2015) their friends are interested in smoking and drinking, they may
pressure him to experiment with those substances. The need for acceptance and
fear of being outcast can make it extremely hard to say “no”, causing the teen to
go along with what his friends suggest. Graber (2011) describe how careful
selection of a peer group can reduce drinking smoking-related peer pressure.
‘(One participant) related finding an accepting friendship group who ranged from
moderate drinkers to abstainers. Knowing other non-drinkers and smokers and
having peers who know other non-drinkers made her teetotal status less salient.’
This finding is also echoed by Piacentini & Banister (2015) ‘Light non-drinkers
and smokers tended to draw on the ‘seeking social support’ strategy, deliberately
seeking the company of other light or nondrinking friends. (One participant)
explained how initially she had considered socializing with her university flat
mates but decided against this when she realized the extent of their alcohol and
cigarettes consumption.
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Rebellious Phase
Different rebellious teens choose different substances to use based on their
personalities. Alcohol is the drug of choice for the angry teenager because it
frees them to behave aggressively. Some teens abuse prescription medicine to
party and get high. Hallucinogens (ex. Mushrooms, LSD) are also escape drugs,
often used by young people who feel misunderstood and may long to escape to a
more idealistic, kind world. Smoking cigarettes can be a form of rebellion to flaunt
their independence and make their parents angry. The reasons for teenage drug-
use are as complex as teenagers themselves.
According to Rusby (2018) some studies have indicated that although
parental influences were less influential, compared to peer influences, they were
significantly linked with adolescents’ smoking and drinking behaviors. Related
studies have also indicated that parental monitoring, parental styles, and parent–
adolescent communication predicted the substance use of adolescents. Loke
(2013) the lack of parental influences neighborhood/community cohesion had a
limited direct effect on adolescent delinquency and alcohol use while protective
neighborhood/community factors were correlated with low alcohol, tobacco, and
drug use.
Park (2015) Adolescence is the transitional period from infancy to
adulthood, in which a person experiences rapid physical growth, along with
mental and social growth and development. During the early period of
adolescence, the ability for abstract thinking, distinguished from concrete
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thinking, begins to increase gradually when solving problems or making
decisions. In the middle stage of adolescence, the person reaches the peak of
puberty, beginning to keep a distance from parents and trying to be independent
to attain autonomy; friends play a central role in this process. Once the late
period of adolescence is reached, abilities in abstract thinking develop fully, and
as a result, the person thinks about his/her future roles and plans.
Davis (2014) while undergoing these processes, adolescents achieve
physical, mental, and social growth, and along with physical changes, experience
rapid sociocultural changes. Over the course of adolescence, individuals
establish their value systems and secure a social status associated with being an
adult. Choung (2016) most people experience these processes and changes
without much trouble; however, some fail to adjust to a rapidly changing social
life and associate with friends, becoming easily exposed to cigarettes or alcohol.
This can potentially lead to drug addiction or other delinquencies. With the recent
opening and westernization of our society, smoking and alcohol use in
adolescents has increased and has become more common. Many adolescents
start smoking and use alcohol at a young age, out of curiosity and a spirit of
adventure, only to become addicted to it. Nevertheless, it is not easy to grasp
trends in adolescent smoking and alcohol in Korea because few systematic
surveys and studies have been performed.
According to surveys in (2010 and 2015), the overall smoking rate and
drinking alcohol of adolescents in Korea changed from 21.2 to 27.9%. By gender,
the rate increased from 30.5 to 33.3% in males, and from 12.2 to 21.7% in
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females. Although the overall increase was not large, the smoking rate and
alcohol use among female adolescents showed a relatively large increase.
Effects of Cigarette Smoking and Alcoholism to the Youths
Physical Aspect
Smoking and alcohol consumption are two practices that are considered high-
risk lifestyle factors. Both are incredibly damaging to one’s health. If you name an
illness, you can bet that alcohol and smoking are contributing causes. The two
behaviors have received a lot of bad feedback from the health sector, and this is
just for the sake of people’s well-being. They can create major health problems if
done on a frequent basis. Smoking and alcoholism can cause Erectile
dysfunction (ED) is a condition that affects men. Males require a continuous flow
of blood through the penis to achieve erection.
Erectile dysfunction is caused by a blockage in blood flow. Erectile
dysfunction can be caused by excessive alcohol use and regular smoking. Also,
Emphysema is a disorder in which a person's lungs lose their flexibility, making
breathing more difficult. Lungs are pliable, and in order to breathe effectively, the
body need them to be elastic and flexible. The harm induced by regular smoking,
on the other hand, is such that it compromises the suppleness of the lungs and
causes emphysema. Even light activity can cause heavy breathing in this
situation.
According to studies, smoking causes many emphysema cases. Furthermore,
Excessive drinking and smoking might increase the chance of developing high
26
blood pressure. High blood pressure raises the chance of developing heart
disease. If high blood pressure is not managed, it can lead to cognitive heart
failure, kidney damage, heart attack, stroke, and eyesight loss, according to the
American Heart Association.
According to Lee YO (2011) Cigarette smoking and drinking alcohol during
childhood and adolescence causes significant health problems among young
people, including an increase in the number and severity of respiratory illnesses,
decreased physical fitness and potential effects on lung growth and function.
Most importantly, this is when an addiction to smoking takes hold, often lasting
into and sometimes throughout adulthood. Among adults who have ever smoked
daily, 87% had tried their first cigarette by the time they were 18 years of age,
and 95% had by age 21.
As stated by Hingson (2014) Alcohol is the drug of choice among youth. Many
young people are experiencing the consequences of drinking too much, at too
early an age. As a result, underage drinking is a leading public health problem in
this country. Each year, approximately 5,000 young people under the age of 21
die because of underage drinking; this includes about 1,900 deaths from motor
vehicle crashes, 1,600 because of homicides, 300 from suicide, as well as
hundreds from other injuries such as falls, burns, and drownings.
Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body. Some of these harmful and
negative effects are immediate. According to Department of Health and Human
Services Nicotine from cigarettes is as addictive as heroin. Nicotine addiction is
27
hard to beat because it changes your brain. The brain develops extra nicotine
receptors to accommodate the large doses of nicotine from tobacco. When the
brain stops getting the nicotine it’s used to, the result is nicotine withdrawal. You
may feel anxious, irritable, and have strong cravings for nicotine.
According to Fuller (2014) drinking alcohol is associated with both short-term
and long-term health consequences. While short-term issues may last a few
hours or days, long-term health consequences may never go away. The more
frequently and longer duration an individual consumes alcohol, the greater the
likelihood of developing an alcohol-related disease. Since alcohol misuse can
have many negative health effects, it is important to understand how alcohol
affects the body, how much is too much, and when alcohol becomes a serious
problem.
Manwarren (2014) Alcohol abuse, also known as alcohol misuse, occurs
when a person consumes alcohol inappropriately or in ways that cause harm to
themselves and the people around them. For example, blacking out, binge
drinking, drinking too frequently, or using alcohol as a negative coping
mechanism are examples of alcohol misuse which can contribute to several
health-related issues. According to National Institutes of Health smoking causes
physical changes in the eyes that can threaten your eyesight. One of the effects
of nicotine from cigarettes restricts the production of a chemical necessary for
you to be able to see at night. Also, smoking increases your risk of developing
cataracts and macular degeneration (both can lead to blindness).
28
Mental Aspect
Alcohol and smoking affect your brain, making you feel relaxed in a small
amount of time. As you drink more, you become intoxicated and unsteady, and
you might do or say things you normally won’t. People with depression and
anxiety might use alcohol to help ease symptoms, but excessive alcohol use can
also worsen your mental health. (Marcus 2010).
According to Brennan (2010) people drink alcohol and smoke to help with the
symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression. Alcohol changes the way your
brain cells signal to each other, which can make you feel relaxed. Other times
people use alcohol to self-medicate. While this can feel good for a short time, this
effect doesn’t last for long. The feelings of bliss wear off, and they can worsen
your depression symptoms.
Ferreira (2018) indicated a strong association of alcohol and tobacco use with
psychiatric disorders, but the relationship with depression and anxiety symptoms
is still uncertain. We investigated the association of psychological distress and
alcohol consumption; tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke among
adolescents in a developing country. Silva (2016) stated that smoking (passively
and actively) and the consumption of alcoholic beverages are associated to
psychological distress in the adolescent population. Avoiding smoking and the
use of alcohol may have beneficial effects on the mental health. Our data
reinforce the urgent necessity to prevent effectively underage access to legal
drugs in Brazil.
29
Zhang (2013) depression and anxiety are associated with cravings for alcohol
and nicotine. And long-term use of alcohol and nicotine can produce low levels of
the brain chemical serotonin, which might trigger or worsen depression (67).
Given the apparent link between drinking, smoking, and depression, Ait-Daoud
and colleagues suggest that clinicians must address both addictions and major
depression to treat these patients effectively. Boycle (2012) Medications and
psychotherapy can be useful in treating these patients. The researchers
conclude that combining pharmacotherapy with psychotherapy might be the best
mode of treatment.
Horn (2015) People with behavioral health conditions die about 5 years earlier
than those without these disorders. Many of these deaths are caused by smoking
cigarettes. Additionally, individuals with serious mental health disorders who
smoke die almost 15 years earlier than individuals without these disorders who
do not smoke. Zhao (2017) The most common causes of death among people
with behavioral health conditions are heart disease, cancer, and lung disease,
which can all be caused by smoking and alcohol.
Social Aspect
The real-world impact of alcohol and cigarettes abuse reaches far beyond
the financial costs. When a loved one has a problem with alcohol or smoking, it
can affect their marriage and their extended family. There’s also the larger impact
on the community, schools, the workplace, the healthcare system and on society.
Some people smoke when hanging out with friends or to feel comfortable in
30
social situations. Social smokers smoke occasionally and almost always in
groups often while drinking alcohol.
For many people, drinking alcohol is a trigger, or an activity they connect
with smoking (Ladonna 2015). A study conducted by The Scripps Research
Institute in US showed that nicotine exposure promotes alcohol dependence.
This explains why smoking and drinking tend to go hand-in-hand. In other words,
it’s a vicious cycle smoking reinforces drinking and vice versa.
According to Innes (2014) some people smoke or drink excessively to
relieve stress or cope with problems. Using alcohol and cigarettes as a coping
mechanism tends to have consequences in relationships. At best, it has a
tendency to create distance between loved ones. At worst, it can contribute to
anger, fighting, and irresponsible behavior in relationships. Studies have shown
that social norms play a part in shaping behavior. Often, people smoke or drink
among friends who do so, to be socially accepted. This is true especially for men.
George (2015) said that the problem with smoking is that it becomes behavior
that is part of your life, meaning that smoking becomes an auto-response, not a
conscious decision. Unfortunately, smoking and drinking tend to go together. By
engaging in such behavior among friends, one bad habit leads to two, multiplying
the negative effects to your body. According to Howard (2013) the use of alcohol
is associated with an increased risk of injuries and accidents. Even a single
episode of excessive drinking can lead to a negative outcome. Alcoholism and
chronic use of alcohol are associated with numerous medical, psychiatric, social,
and family problems. Family members, including children, exposed to a first-
31
degree relative's alcohol problem are at risk for problems. Children of parents
with alcohol addiction, for example, show higher rates of alcoholism than children
who do not have parents with an alcohol addiction.
Watkin (2015) Alcohol abuse and alcoholism within a family is a problem that
can destroy a marriage or drive a wedge between members. That means people
who drink can blow through the family budget, because fights, ignore children,
and otherwise impair the health and happiness of the people they love. In time,
family members may even develop symptoms of codependency, inadvertently
keeping the addiction alive, even though it harms them.
Arcury (2016) Social effects of tobacco production include social disruption
for communities in which tobacco production is declining (unemployment,
economic loss), and for communities in which tobacco production is being
introduced (loss of local food production and local autonomy). Wiss (2010) said
the ill-effects of smoking on health not only concern the smoker but the entire
population living in the same society and sharing the economy. Smoking is
associated with a general increase of costs involved with increased morbidity,
lowering of the social product and excess mortality.
The main problem in weaning from smoking is related to the origin of smoking
which is in large measure unknown. Smoking habits should not be analyzed on
an individual basis only. It represents a “minor addiction” with the origin within the
society. This is the result of an analysis of motives leading to smoking and
drinking alcohol.
32
Social habits, examples, deprivation of senses, dullness, anxiety, stress, and
smoking as a symbol of status play a major role (Akad, 2010). Black (2008)
Smoking only when you’re out with friends or in groups is known as social
smoking and is often triggered by alcohol – that is, drinking becomes
psychologically connected with smoking, making you crave a cigarette when
alcohol is involved. But while a couple of cigarettes on the weekend might seem
less harmful than a pack-a-day habit, even smoking occasionally is damaging
your health.
33
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter deal with the methods and procedures that show and present
the research design, research locale, respondents of the study, data gathering
instrument, data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment.
Research Design
This study used a descriptive-correlational method. This type of research
enables the researcher to describe the record, analyze and interpret the present
condition that exist regarding the factors influencing cigarette smoking and
alcohol addiction among youth through survey questionnaire. The primary goal of
this research is to explain and help understand about the factors and effects of
alcoholism and cigarette smoking. This method is used in order to gather data
and evaluate it properly in the research area.
Quantitative in nature, the field study conducted in order to identify and
evaluate the youths that are dependent in alcohol and cigarettes. Correlational as
it determines the relationship between factors and its effect to the youth
dependent in cigarettes and alcohol.
Research Locale
The researcher conducted her study at Barangay Kapaya, Bagumbayan
Sultan Kudarat. Kapaya is a barangay in the municipality of Bagumbayan in the
province of Sultan Kudarat. Its population as determined by the 2020 Census
was 5,956. This presented 8.64% of the total population of Bagumbayan.
34
Figure 2. Map of Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat
35
Respondents of the Study
From the 410 total population of the target respondents, the researcher
considered 200 youths using 5% margin of error in computing the sample size
from Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat with a random sampling
method use to gather data. These individuals came from various ages ranging
from 13 years old and 25 years old.
Qualified respondents are those knowledgeable enough to answer the
problems being presented in this study. It should answer the questions through
questionnaire given to them, to express themselves in the particular studies
respectively.
Data Gathering Instrument
A survey questionnaire was conceptualized to obtain the primary data
from the respondents. These questionnaires were distributed personally, and the
respondents were given sufficient time to answer the survey questions. In case of
the irregularities, follow up questions may be asked by the respondents.
The following scale was used by the respondents to reflect their experiences.
Numerical Scale Descriptive Rating
5 Always
4 Often
3 Sometimes
2 Seldom
1 Never
36
To determine the factors influencing cigarette smoking and alcoholism the
Likert Scale below describe the mean responses of the respondents patterned
from the work of Pimentel (2019).
Mean Interval Description
4.20-5.00 To a Very High Extent
3.40-4.19 To a High Extent
2.60-3.39 To a Moderate Extent
1.80-2.59 To a Less Extent
1.00-1.79 To a Least Extent

To describe the significant relationships between the extent factors
influencing cigarette smoking and alcoholism and its effect to the youths in
Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat, the researcher referred to the
following description for the obtained Pearson correlation coefficient.
r-computed value Adjectival Equivalent
1.0 No Correlation
(-+) 0.01 to (-+) 0.20 Very Low Correlation
(-+) 0.21 to (-+) 0.40 Slight Correlation
(-+) 0.41 to (-+) 0.70 Moderate Correlation
(-+) 0.71 to (-+) 0.90 Strong Correlation
(-+)0.91 to (-+) 0.99 Very Strong Correlation
(-+)1.00 Perfect Correlation
37
Data Gathering Procedure
The first step before going to the testing proper is to make a request letter.
The researcher should submit a letter to the Barangay Captain duly noted by the
adviser, Department Chairman, and College Dean which sought permission to
conduct a study within the area of Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat,
attached with the letter is the sample survey questionnaire which served as a
reference of Barangay Captain.
Upon the approval of the Barangay Captain, the researcher retrieves the
request letter. In this study, the researcher used a questionnaire. The
questionnaire was set and orderly arranged Questions were carefully prepared to
use answer by the respondents. The researcher respectively distributed
questionnaires to the respondents of the study.
During the survey, the researcher explains to the respondents the purpose
of the study and gave instruction on how to answer the questionnaire. The
vernacular language was used for better understanding of the questions. The
validity of the questionnaire was limited on S.Y 2021-2022.
38
Statistical Treatment
The researcher utilized the Percentage and Frequency Distribution,
Weighted Mean, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, as statistical tools to treat,
analyze and interpret the data of the present study. The following formulas were
mechanized.
Percentage- The demographic profile variables of the respondents were
analyzed using simple percentage with the following formula.
Weighted Mean-This statistical tool was used to compute for the weight of
the responses in the questionnaire designed by the respondents during the
actual data gathering procedure. The formula for the weighted mean is as
follows.
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation- This was used to determine the
significance on the relationship between the factors influencing cigarette smoking
and alcoholism and its effect to the youths.
39
Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter includes the presentation of analysis and interpretation of
data gathered. The presentation of data is in tabular form for easy identification
and understanding.
Table 1.1 Demographic Profile of Respondents in terms of Age.

Frequency Percentage
Age Group
(f) (%)
13-15 years old 24 12%
16-18 years old 61 30.5%
19-21 years old 85 42.5%
22-25 years old 30 15%
Overall 200 100%
The age distribution of the respondents who participated in the study is
provided in table 1.1. The sample included only residents in the target area who
were youths. Most respondents were 19, 20 and 21 years old, with a frequency
of 85 that comprised 42.5 percent of the respondents, 16, 17 and 18 years old
has a frequency of 61 with comprised of 30.5 percent of the respondents. The
age bracket of 13 14 and 15 years old with a frequency of 24 equivalent to 12
percent of the respondents, 30 or 15 percent were 22 to 25 years old, with the
total frequency of 200 or 100 percent.
40
Table 1.2 Demographic Profile of Respondents in terms of Gender.
Gender Frequency Percentage
Female 77 38.5%
Male 123 61.5%
Overall 200 100%
As shown in the table above most of the respondents was male which
comprised 61.5 percent of the total number of population 123 respondents, there
were 77 respondents for female , which comprised 38.5 percent of the total
number of population.
Table 2.1 Extent of Factors influencing Cigarette Smoking and Alcoholism

in terms of Ignorance and Curiosity.
Standard
Items Mean Description
Deviation
1. You smoke and drink
alcohol because it feels 3.80 1.09 To a High Extent
good.
alcohol because it gives 3.77 1.00 To a High Extent
you pleasure.
3. Your environment leads
you to drink alcohol and 3.79 0.96 To a High Extent
smoke cigarettes.
4. Smoking and drinking
alcohol is one of way to 3.76 0.97 To a High Extent
relax.
3.71 1.04 To a High Extent
alcohol to look cool.
Overall 3.76 0.85 To a High Extent
As reflected in table 2.1 is the extent of factors influencing cigarette
smoking and alcoholism in terms of ignorance and curiosity with an overall
mean of 3.76 described as to a high extent. As displayed, item 1 got the highest
mean of 3.80 described as to a high extent and item 5 got the lowest mean of
41
3.71 to a high extent. This implies that most of the respondents smoke and drink
alcohol because it feels good.
Each standard deviation implies a significant variation in the ratings given
by the respondents to each indicator. This reveals that respondents may not
completely agree with each other. However, the respondents have tolerably
varied general opinions in the extent factors of influencing cigarette smoking and
alcoholism among youth in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat in
terms of ignorance and curiosity as suggested by the overall standard deviation
of 0.85.
Thus, this support the proposition of Ohman (2016) Cigarettes was used to
increase the boys' social status among their friends. If they smoked a ‘good’,
expensive, and popular cigarette brand, they felt more confident, more mature,
and richer than their peers. To them, smoking and tobacco advertisements were
signs of several positive connotations, such as ‘a steady life’, ‘pleasure’, ‘good
taste’, ‘feel so rich’, ‘impressive’, ‘good appearance’ and ‘attractive’.
42
in terms of Peer Pressure.
Standard
Deviation
1. Your friends try to
convince you to
smoke and drink 3.48 0.98 To a Moderate Extent
alcohol.
2. You felt scared that
you might lose 3.51 0.94 To a High Extent
friends.
3. Your friends push you
to try drink alcohol 3.58 1.01 To a High Extent
and smoke cigarettes.
4. You feel pressured to
drink alcohol and
smoke because a lot
of people around you 3.57 1.00 To a High Extent
are smokers and
drinkers.
5. You do anything like
drinking and smoking
3.47 1.04 To a Moderate Extent
to avoid being seen
as “loser”.
As reflected in table 2.2 is the extent of factors influencing cigarette
smoking and alcoholism in terms of peer pressure with an overall mean of 3.52
described as to a high extent. As displayed, item 3 got the highest mean of 3.58
described as to a high extent and item 5 got the lowest mean of 3.47 to a
moderate extent. This implies that most of the respondents their friends push
them to try drink alcohol and smoke cigarettes.
Each standard deviation implies a significant variation in the ratings given
by the respondents to each indicator. This reveals that respondents may not
43
completely agree with each other. However, the respondents has a tolerably
varied general opinions in the extent factors of influencing cigarette smoking and
alcoholism among youths in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat in
terms of peer pressure as revealed by the overall standard deviation of 0.79.
Thus, this support the proposition of Engels (2015) their friends are
interested in smoking and drinking, they may pressure him to experiment with
those substances. The need for acceptance and fear of being outcast can make
it extremely hard to say “no”, causing the teen to go along with what his friends
suggest.

in terms of Rebellious Phase.
Standard
Deviation
1. You drink and smoke to
escape from worries and 3.39 1.05 To a Moderate Extent
troubles.
2. When you drink alcohol and
smoke you break and 3.41 1.04 To a Moderate Extent
destroy things.
3. You drink and smoke to be
notice by your parents.
4. You disobey your parents
rule so that you can drink 3.57 1.02 To a Moderate Extent
and smoke.
5. You drink and smoke to
forget your bad experiences 3.39 1.00 To a Moderate Extent
from the people around you.
Overall 3.46 0.85 To a Moderate Extent
As reflected in table 2.3 the extent of factors influencing cigarette smoking
and alcoholism in terms of rebellious phase has an overall mean of 3.46
described as to a moderate extent. As displayed, item 4 got the highest mean of
3.57 described as to a moderate extent and item 1 and 5 got the lowest mean of
44
3.39 to a moderate extent. This implies that most of the respondents disobey
their parents rule so that they can drink and smoke.
The corresponding standard deviation for each indicator describes a
variation in the ratings given by the respondents. The overall standard deviation
of 0.85 means that respondents’ have tolerably varied general opinions in the
extent factors of influencing cigarette smoking and alcoholism among youths in
Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat in terms of rebellious phase.
Thus, this support the proposition of Rusby (2018) some studies have
indicated that although parental influences were less influential, compared to
peer influences, they were significantly linked with adolescents’ smoking and
drinking behaviors. Related studies have also indicated that parental monitoring,
parental styles, and parent–adolescent communication predicted the substance
use of adolescents.
Table 2.4 Summary Responses on Extent of Factors Influencing Cigarette

Smoking and Alcoholism.
Standard
Indicators Mean Description
Deviation
Ignorance and Curiosity 3.76 0.85 To a High Extent
Peer Pressure 3.52 0.79 To a High Extent
Rebellious Phase 3.46 0.85 To a High Extent
Grand Mean 3.58 0.16 To a High Extent
Table 2.4 presented the summary responses on extent factors influencing
cigarette smoking and alcoholism. The data revealed that factors influencing
cigarette smoking and alcoholism described as to a high extent.
The highest mean of 3.76 is the ignorance and curiosity while the
rebellious phase got the lowest mean of 3.46. The overall mean is 3.58 and the
45
overall standard deviation is 0.16 which means that the extent of factors
influencing cigarette smoking and alcoholism they used cigarette smoking and
alcohol because of ignorance and curiosity, the peer pressure and rebellious
phase.
Table 3.1 Effects of Cigarette Smoking and Alcoholism to the Youths in

terms of Physical Aspect.
Standard
Deviation
1. Drinking and smoking cause
you to diagnose any disease 1.66 1.05 To a Less Extent
like lung disease and cancer.
2. Your appetite has been
affected in the short- or long-
1.80 1.05 To a Less Extent
term period whenever you are
unable to drink or smoke.
3. You feel lack of energy, trouble
sleeping and exhaustion.
4. You feel pain and tightness of
chest because of your drinking 1.92 1.11 To a Less Extent
and smoking.
5. Drinking and smoking lead you
to be hospitalized.
Overall 1.83 0.96 To a Less Extent
As reflected in table 3.1 are the effects of cigarette smoking and
alcoholism to the youths in terms of physical aspect with an overall mean of 1.83
described as to a less extent. As displayed, item 3 got the highest mean of 2.04
described as to a less extent and item 1 got the lowest mean of 1.66 to a less
extent. This implies that most of the respondents feel lack of energy, trouble
sleeping and exhaustion.
The corresponding standard deviation to each indicator describes a
46
effects of cigarette smoking and alcoholism to the youths in Barangay Kapaya
Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat in terms of Physical Aspect.
Thus, this support the preposition of Lee Yo (2011) Cigarette smoking and
drinking alcohol during childhood and adolescence causes significant health
problems among young people, including an increase in the number and severity
of respiratory illnesses, decreased physical fitness and potential effects on lung
growth and function. Most importantly, this is when an addiction to smoking takes
hold, often lasting into and sometimes throughout adulthood. Among adults who
have ever smoked daily, 87% had tried their first cigarette by the time they were
18 years of age, and 95% had by age 21.

terms of Mental Aspect.
Standard
Deviation
1. You use alcohol and cigarettes
as a way of dealing with your 3.23 1.10 To a Moderate Extent
emotions and stress.
to seek comfort.
3. You use smoking and drinking
alcohol to make you less 3.57 0.85 To a High Extent
depressed.
4. When you are drinking and
smoking it is easy to make 3.53 0.87 To a High Extent
mental connections.
to make you calm down when 3.37 0.96 To a Moderate Extent
you are upset.
Overall 3.42 0.76 To a Moderate Extent
alcoholism to the youths in terms of mental aspect with an overall mean of 3.42
47
described as to a moderate extent. As displayed, item 3 got the highest mean of
3.57 described as to a high extent and item 1 got the lowest mean of 3.23 to a
moderate extent. This implies that most of the respondents used smoking and
drinking alcohol to make them less depressed.
The corresponding standard deviation to each indicator describes a
effects of cigarettes smoking and alcoholism to the youths in Barangay Kapaya
Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat in terms of Mental Aspect.
Thus this support the proposition of Brennan (2010) people drinks alcohol
and smoke to help with the symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression. Alcohol
changes the way your brain cells signal to each other, which can make you feel
relaxed. Other times people use alcohol to self-medicate.
48
terms of Social Aspect.
Standard
Deviation
1. When you are taking
cigarettes and alcohol you 3.66 1.14 To a High Extent
feel less shy.
2. Drinking alcohol and
smoking makes it easier to
openly express affection
to other people.
3. You feel better to get
along with people
whenever you are able to
drink alcohol and smoke.
4. When you are drinking
and smoking it makes you 3.63 0.92 To a High Extent
feel outgoing and friendly.
5. When you are drinking
and smoking, your social
life has been more
enjoyable.
alcoholism to the youths in terms of mental aspect with an overall mean of 3.65
described as to a high extent. As displayed, item 2 got the highest mean of 3.80
described as to a high extent and item 5 got the lowest mean of 3.48 to a
moderate extent. This implies that most of the respondents are drinking alcohol
and smoking makes it easier to openly express affection to other people.
The corresponding standard deviation for each indicator describes a
effects of cigarettes smoking and alcoholism to the youths in Barangay Kapaya
Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat in terms of Social Aspect.
49
Thus, this support the proposition of Innes (2014) using alcohol and
cigarettes as a coping mechanism tends to have consequences in relationships.
At best, it has a tendency to create distance between loved ones. At worst, it can
contribute to anger, fighting, and irresponsible behavior in relationships.
Table 3.4 Summary Responses on Effects of Cigarette Smoking and

Alcoholism to the Youths.
Standard
Indicators Mean Description
Deviation
Physical Aspect 1.83 0.96 To a Less Extent
Mental Aspect 3.42 0.76 To a High Extent
Social Aspect 3.65 0.86 To a High Extent
Grand Mean 2.97 0.10 To a Moderate Extent
Table 2.4 presented the summary responses on effects of cigarette
smoking and alcoholism to the youths. The data revealed that the effects of
cigarette smoking and alcoholism to the youths described as to a moderate
extent.
The highest mean of 3.65 is the social aspect while the physical aspect
got the lowest mean of 1.83. The overall mean is 2.97 and the overall standard
deviation is 0.10 which means that the cigarette smoking and alcoholism can
affect to the physical aspect, mental aspect and social aspect of the youth.
50
Table 4 Significant relationship between the extent factors Influencing
Cigarette Smoking and Alcoholism and its effects to the Youth in Barangay
Kapaya, Bagumbayan, Sultan Kudarat.
F Df P R Interpretation
Factors x Effects of Cigarette 100.7 198 .000 0.58 Significant
Smoking and Alcoholism 9
*at 0.05 level of significance
The result suggests that there is a moderate positive significant
relationship between the factors and effects of cigarettes smoking and alcoholism
(r=0.58,p<0.05,two-tails). This means that the higher the extent of the factors of
cigarettes smoking and alcoholism, the higher is the extent of its effects.
51
Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presented the comprehensive summary of results,
generalizations and conclusions of the data gathered. Recommendations are
formulated therein to affect the results of the study.
Summary
Generally, this study aimed to determine the factors influencing cigarette
smoking and alcoholism among youths in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan
Kudarat. The researcher described the profile of the respondents using the
frequency and its relative percentage. However, the main objectives of this study
were determined by computing the mean and standard deviation of the
responses about factors influencing cigarette smoking and alcoholism. The
correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship of factors influencing
cigarette smoking and alcoholism and its effect to the youths in Barangay
Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat.
The following are the findings of the study:
1. This study was presented through a survey questionnaire consisting of
30 questions designed based on the study items to evaluate the
factors influencing cigarette smoking and alcoholism among youth in
Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat. The 200 respondents
were the youths of the Barangay ranging from 13 years old and 25
years old and knowledgeable enough to answer the given questions.
52
The age bracket of 19-21 years old has a frequency of 85 respondents
followed by 16-18 years old with the total of 61 respondents followed
by 22-25 years old with the total of 30 respondents and 13-15 years
old has a frequency of 24 respondents. The male has a total of 123
respondents and the female has a 77 respondents.
2. In the extent of factors influencing cigarette smoking and alcoholism
among youth in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat in
terms of Ignorance and Curiosity has the highest mean result of 3.76,
followed by Peer Pressure with 3.52; followed by Rebellious Phase
with 3.46.
3. In the effects of cigarette smoking and alcoholism to the youths in
Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat in terms of Social
Aspect the highest mean result of 3.65, followed by Mental Aspect with
3.43; and Physical Aspect with 1.83 respectively.
4. The correlational of the extent of factors influencing cigarette smoking
and alcoholism and its effect to the youths, solved through *at 0.05
level of significance and the result is moderate positive significant
relationship.
53
Conclusions
Taking all the results of the study, it is concluded that:
1. The researcher concludes that the age and gender of the respondents
the age bracket of 19 to 21 years old are more influenced in cigarette
smoking and alcoholism and its effect. While the male has the highest
possibility of being affected by their curiosity, peer pressure and being
a rebel to their parents compared to female.
2. The extent of factors influencing cigarette smoking and alcoholism, the
researcher conclude that the ignorance and curiosity can be the one of
factors influencing the youths to used cigarette smoking and
alcoholism based on the response of the respondents
3. However, in the effects of cigarette smoking and alcoholism among
youth, it results that affects mostly to the social aspects of the
respondents specially when they are drinking alcohol and smoking it
makes easier to openly express affection to other people.
4. Therefore, the researcher concludes that based on the data gathered
from the respondents, there is a significant relationship between the
factors and effects of cigarette smoking and alcoholism among youths
in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat. This implies that
the more the level of cigarette smoking and alcoholism, the greater the
extent of their effects.
54
Recommendations
Based on the results and conclusions of the study, the researcher
presented the following recommendations
1. The researcher recommends strategies in the barangay to reduce the
addiction of the youth in alcohol and cigarettes in order them to be
physically, mentally and socially fit.
2. It is further recommended that the awareness in the prevention strategy
related to the effects of cigarette smoking and alcoholism should be made
in symposium.
3. Since the highest grand mean of the extent factors influencing cigarette
smoking and alcoholism is the ignorance and curiosity, may keep their
hands and mind busy by take up a new hobby or interest.
4. Since the highest grand mean of the effects of cigarette smoking and
alcoholism to the youths is the social aspect, may avoid isolation and
distract them by working in community.
5. The correlation of factors influencing cigarette smoking and alcoholism
and its effect to the youths result to moderate positive significant
relationship, it is further recommend that don’t used alcohol and cigarette
because it affects in your life.
6. It is also recommended that every youth in the barangay may also work as
a team or do their part as a citizen to maintain their selves being healthy
and become active in the community.
55
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62
Appendix 1 Form 1
PLAN OF COURSE WORK
Name: JUDY ANN C. DELOTERIO Course: BS – CRIMINOLOGY

Major Course:
Course No. Course Description Unit Grade Remarks
Forensic 121 Forensic Photography 3 1.75 Passed
Forensic 424 Questioned Document Examination 3 1.75 Passed
Forensic 525 Lie Detection techniques 3 2.00 Passed
CDI 222 Specialized Crime Investigation 1 3 2.00 Passed
with Legal Medicine
CLJ 313 Criminal Law (book 1) 3 1.75 Passed
LEA 212 Comparative Model Policing 3 2.00 Passed
LEA 121 Law Enforcement Organization and 4 2.25 Passed
Administration
CA 111 Institutional Corrections 3 1.75 Passed
CA 222 Non-Institutional Corrections 3 1.50 Passed
LEA 414 Law Enforcement Operations & 3 2.00 Passed
Planning w/ Crime Mapping
CDI 313 Special Crime Investigation 2 3 1.75 Passed
CDI 111 Fundamentals of Investigation & 4 2.50 Passed
Intelligence
CDI 414 Traffic Management and Accident 3 1.75 Passed
Investigation w/ Driving
Inclusive Course:
Forensic 222 Personal Identification Techniques 3 2.25 Passed
Forensic 313 Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology 5 2.00 Passed
CLJ 424 Criminal Law Book 2 4 2.50 Passed
Total Number of Units Required for the Period :
Total Numbers of Units Earned : __53___
Certified Correct: Approved:
VIOLETA T. PICO EDWIN F. CORTEJO, MSCRIM

University Registrar College Dean
________________ ________________
Date Date
63
Form 2
Appendix 2
APPLICATION FOR THESIS TITLE
November 19 2021
Date
FACTORS AFFECTING CIGARETTE AND
ALCOHOL ADDICTION AMONG YOUTHS IN
BARANGAY KAPAYA BAGUMBAYAN
SULTAN KUDARAT
_________ _________
Remarks Signature
I am planning to write my thesis outline on November 19 2021, at SKSU

Access Campus.
Very respectfully yours,
JUDY ANN C. DELOTERIO

Student
Recommending Approval:
ROGELIO C. PALANOG JR., MSCJ MARLON D. BANGONON, MSCJ

Member Member
ALMIRA C. ANGKAL, MSCJ

Adviser
Endorsed:
MARLON D. BANGONON, MSCJ MARILOU U. PEREZ, MSCRIM

Research Coordinator Program Chairperson
_______________ ____________
Date Signed Date Signed
Approved:
EDWIN F. CORTEJO, MSCRIM

College Dean
____________
Date Signed
64
Appendix 3 Form 3
NOMINATION OF GUIDANCE COMMITTEE
I JUDY ANN C. DELOTERIO, a student of BS - CRIMINOLOGY hereby
nominate the following as adviser and members of my thesis guidance
committee.

Adviser
MARLON D. BANGONON, MSCJ
Member Member
We, hereby certify our willingness to act as adviser / members of the
guidance committee.

Adviser

Member Member
Endorsed:

______________ _______________
Approved:

College Dean
__________________
Date Signed
65
Form 4
Appendix 4
APPLICATION FOR THESIS OUTLINE DEFENSE
Name: JUDY ANN C. DELOTERIO Course/Major: BS - CRIMINOLOGY
I have the honor to apply for outline defense for my study entitled:
FACTORS INFLUENCING CIGARETTE SMOKING AND ALCOHOLISM
AMONG YOUTH IN BARAGAY KAPAYA BAGUMBAYAN SULTAN KUDARAT
Time: 2:30 pm
Date: February 24, 2022
Venue: College of Criminal Justice Education
Department
MARLON D. BANGONON, MSCJ

Member Member
TEFFANY D. GONZAGA MS CHERRY VANESSA M. VENTURA, MMEM

Statistician English Critic

Adviser
Endorsed: Recommending Approval:

Approved:

College Dean
66
Appendix 5 Form 5
CHANGE OF ADVISER / GUIDANCE COMMITTEE MEMBER
Name: JUDY ANN C. DELOTERIO Course: BS-CRIMINOLOGY

Major: CRIMINOLOGY
Thesis Title: FACTORS INFLUENCING CIGARETTE SMOKING AND
ALCOHOLISM AMONG YOUTH IN BARAGAY KAPAYA BAGUMBAYAN
SULTAN KUDARAT
APPROVED BY THE GUIDANCE COMMITTEE
ALMIRA C. ANGKAL, MSCRIM __________ __________

Adviser Signature Date
ROGELIO C. PALANOG JR.. MSCJ __________ __________

Member Signature Date
MARLON D. BANGONON, MSCJ __________ __________

CHERRY VANESSA M. VENTURA, MMEM __________ __________

English Critic Signature Date
TEFFANY D. GONZAGA, MS __________ __________

Statistician Signature Date

Approved:
EDWIN F. CORTEJO, MSCRIM.
67
College Dean
68
Appendix 6
Form 6
APPROVAL OF THESIS OUTLINE DEFENSE
Name: JUDY ANN C. DELOTERIO Course/Major: BS-CRIMINOLOGY

Major: CRIMINOLOGY
SULTAN KUDARAT
APPROVED BY THE GUIDANCE COMMITTEE
ALMIRA C. ANGKAL, MSCJ __________ February 24, 2022

Adviser Signature Date
ROGELIO C. PALANOG JR., MSCJ __________ February 24, 2022

MARLON D. BANGONON, MSCJ __________ February 24, 2022

TEFFANY D. GONZAGA, MS __________ February 24, 2022

Statistician Signature Date
CHERRY VANESSA M. VENTURA, MMEM __________ February 24, 2022

English Critic Signature Date

Approved:

College Dean
69
Appendix 7 Form 7
CERTIFICATION OF STATISTICIAN
This is to certify that the thesis entitled FACTORS INFLUENCING
CIGARETTE SMOKING AND ALCOHOLISM AMONG YOUTH IN BARAGAY
KAPAYA BAGUMBAYAN SULTAN KUDARAT conducted on April 21, 2022,
authored by JUDY ANN C. DELOTERIO was evaluated/checked by the
undersigned as to the statistical analysis and interpretation.
Issued on this _____________ day of _____________.
TEFFANY D. GONZAGA, MS
Statistician
Noted:

College Dean
70
Appendix 8 Form 8
CERTIFICATION OF ENGLISH CRITIC
This is to certify that the thesis entitled FACTORS INFLUENCING
CIGARETTE SMOKING AND ALCOHOLISM AMONG YOUTH IN BARAGAY
KAPAYA BAGUMBAYAN SULTAN KUDARAT conducted on April 21, 2022
authored by JUDY ANN C. DELOTERIO was edited by the undersigned as to its
grammar.
Issued on this ______ day of _____________.
CHERRY VANESSA M. VENTURA, MMEM

English Critic
Noted:

College Dean
71
Appendix 9 Form 9
APPLICATION FOR THESIS FINAL DEFENSE EXAMINATION
Name: JUDY ANN C. DELOTERIO Course/Major: BS-CRIMINOLOGY

Major: CRIMINOLOGY
SULTAN KUDARAT
Please write × whether: ( ) First ( ) Second ( )Third
Date: _______________ Time: _________________ Venue: _________
Guidance Committee
Name Signature Date
ALMIRA C. ANGKAL, MSCJ __________ May 25, 2022

Adviser
ROGELIO C. PALANOG JR., MSCJ __________ May 25, 2022

Member
MARLON D. BANGONON, MSCJ __________ May 25, 2022

Member
TEFFANY D. GONZAGA, MS __________ May 25, 2022

Statistician
CHERRY VANESSA M. VENTURA, MMEM __________ May 25, 2022

English Critic

Approved:

College Dean
____________________
Date
72
Report on the Result of Final Defense
(Action taken by the Guidance Committee. Please indicate whether Passed or
Failed)
Signature Date Remarks

May 25, 2022
May 25, 2022
May 25, 2022
Approved:

College Dean
73
Appendix 10 Form 10
APPLICATION FOR THESIS FINAL PRINTING AND BINDING

This is to certify that the thesis entitled FACTORS INFLUENCING CIGARETTE
SMOKING AND ALCOHOLISM AMONG YOUTH IN BARAGAY KAPAYA
BAGUMBAYAN SULTAN KUDARAT was thoroughly reviewed by the guidance
committee and recommended for final printing and binding.
CHERRY VANESSA M. VENTURA, MMEM TEFFANY D. GONZAGA, MS

English Critic Statistician
______________ ______________

Member Member
______________ ______________
ALMIRA C. ANGKAL MSCJ

Adviser
_________________
Date Signed
Recommending Approval:

______________ _______________
Approved:

College Dean
____________________
Date Signed
74
Appendix 11 Form 11
March 13, 2022

Dear Respondents,
Greetings of FATES!
I am conducting a research entitled FACTORS INFLUENCING CIGARETTE

SMOKING AND ALCOHOLISM AMONG YOUTH IN BARANGAY KAPAYA
BAGUMBAYAN SULTAN KUDARAT as partial requirement in the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
In connection with this, I would like to ask for your help to provide the
necessary data for my study, please feel free to answer the questionnaires.
I would like to appreciate your assistance and support in this particular
research endeavour.
Thank you very much for your cooperation.
Very truly yours,
JUDY ANN C.DELOTERIO

Researcher
RESPONDENTS SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Direction: Fill up the information needed and check the column for each
statement that corresponds to your answer from the given choices. All
information gathered shall be used purely for research purpose and shall be
treated with confidentiality.
General Instruction: Please check in the box about “FACTORS INFLUENCING
CIGARETTE SMOKING AND ALCOHOLISM AMONG YOUTH IN BARANGAY
KAPAYA BAGUMBAYAN SULTAN KUDARAT” in each statement using the
Likert Scale below.
Numerical Scale Descriptive Rating
5 Always
4 Often
3 Sometimes
2 Seldom
1 Never
75
Part I: Demographic Profile
Name (Optional):
Age:
Gender:
Part II: Factors Influencing Cigarette Smoking and Alcoholism

IGNORANCE AND CURIOSITY 5 4 3 2 1
1. You smoke and drink alcohol because it feels good.
2. You smoke and drink alcohol because it gives you

pleasure.
3. Your environment lead you to drink alcohol and smoke
cigarettes.
4. Smoking and drinking alcohol is one of your way to
relax.
5. You smoke and drink alcohol to look cool.
PEER PRESSURE 5 4 3 2 1
1. Your friends try to convince you to smoke and drink
alcohol.
2. You felt scared that you might lose friends.
3. Your friends push you to try drink alcohol and smoke
cigarettes.
4. You feel pressured to drink alcohol and smoke
because a lot of people around you are smokers and
drinkers.
5. You do anything like drinking and smoking to avoid
being seen as “loser”.
REBELLIOUS PHASE 5 4 3 2 1
1. You drink and smoke to escape from worries and
troubles.
2. When you drink alcohol and smoke you break and
destroy things.
3. You drink and smoke to be notice by your parents.
4. You disobey your parents rule so that you can drink
and smoke.
5. You drink and smoke to forget your bad experiences
from the people around you.
76
Part III: Effects of Cigarette Smoking and Alcoholism
PHYSICAL ASPECT 5 4 3 2 1
1. Drinking and smoking cause you to diagnose any
disease like lung disease and cancer.
2. Your appetite has been affected in the short- or long-
term period whenever you are unable to drink or
smoke.
3. You feel lack of energy, trouble sleeping and
exhaustion.
4. You feel pain and tightness of chest because of your
drinking and smoking.
5. Drinking and smoking lead you to be hospitalized.
MENTAL ASPECT 5 4 3 2 1
1. You use alcohol and cigarettes as a way of dealing
with your emotions and stress.
2. You use alcohol and cigarettes to seek comfort.
3. You use smoking and drinking alcohol to make you
less depressed.
4. When you are drinking and smoking it is easy to make
mental connections.
5. You use alcohol and cigarettes to make you calm
down when you are upset.
SOCIAL ASPECT 5 4 3 2 1
1. When you are taking cigarettes and alcohol you feel
less shy.
2. Drinking alcohol and smoking makes it easier to
openly express affection to other people.
3. You feel better to get along with people whenever you
are able to drink alcohol and smoke.
4. When you are drinking and smoking it makes you feel
outgoing and friendly.
5. When you are drinking and smoking, your social life
has been more enjoyable.
77
Appendix 12 Form 12
PICTORIALS AND SCREENSHOTS
78
Appendix 13 Form 13
SOURCE CODE
79
Appendix 14 Form 14
DVD
80

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Chapter I

Background of the Study

Dependence on alcohol and tobacco also is correlated. People who are

tobacco- related complications, including multiple cancers. Alcohol and tobacco

Understanding just how alcohol and tobacco interact is challenging.

Because co-use is so common, and because both substances work on similar

combined effects of these drugs. According to Husten (2015), interactions

between these two substances, including the prevalence of co-occurring tobacco

biological mechanisms and genetic vulnerabilities to co-use and dependence.

together. In addition to contributing to traumatic death and injury.

adolescence, and early initiation of alcohol use is a strong predictor of

subsequent problems and dependence (De 2010). Cigarette’s smoking is of

approach to address whether smoking might predict differential susceptibility to

The main objectives of this study is to identify the factors influencing

people who are dependent to alcohol and cigarette, because consumption to

this is to become aware in our physical, mental, and social aspects.

The study aimed to determine the factors influencing cigarette smoking

and alcoholism among youths in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of;

1.1 age; and

2. What are the extent of factors influencing cigarette smoking and

alcoholism among youths in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan

Kudarat in terms of;

2.1 ignorance and curiosity;

2.2 peer pressure; and

2.3 rebellious phase?

in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat in terms of;

3.1 physical aspect;

3.2 mental aspect ; and

3.3 social aspect?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the factors influencing

cigarette smoking and alcoholism and its effect to the youths in

Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat?

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

 Rebellious Phase  Social Aspect

Figure 1: The Conceptual Framework of the Study

The diagram shows the factors influencing cigarette smoking and

alcoholism among youths in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat.

As shown in the figure 1, the independent variables are factors of

cigarette smoking and alcoholism among youths in terms of ignorance and

influencing cigarette smoking and alcoholism among youths.

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the factors

Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between the factors

The study focused on determining the factors influencing cigarette

smoking and alcoholism among youths in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan

future researchers and studies related to this one.

To the Researcher, this will broaden their understanding on the factors

influencing cigarettes smoking and alcoholism among youth in Barangay Kapaya

Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat.

This study focused on the factors influencing cigarette smoking and

alcoholism among youths in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat. The

data collection was conducted to 200 random youths in Barangay Kapaya

Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat who represented the population. Each respondent

the questionnaire, which is prepared by researcher.

study for clarification and to be understood by the readers.

Alcoholism refers to excessive and repetitive drinking of

alcoholic beverages of the youth of Barangay

Kapaya to the extent that it is drinker

repeatedly harmed or harms others. The harm

may be physical, mental and social.

Cigarette Smoking refers to the substances that the youth used