Ilocos Region

Coordinates: 16°37′N 120°19′E

Ilocos Region (Ilocano: Rehion/Deppaar ti Ilocos; Pangasinan: Sagor na Baybay na

Luzon/Rehiyon Uno; Tagalog: Rehiyon ng Ilocos) is an administrative region of the Ilocos Region
Philippines, designated as Region I, occupying the northwestern section of Luzon and part of Rehion ti Ilocos
Central Luzon plain, primarily by Pangasinan. It is bordered by the Cordillera Administrative Sagor na Baybay na Luzon/Rehiyon na Sagor
Region to the east, the Cagayan Valley to the northeast and southeast, and the Central Luzon Luzon
to the south. To the west lies the South China Sea.[5]
Region I
The region comprises four provinces (Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union and Pangasinan) and Region
one independent city (Dagupan). Its regional center is San Fernando, La Union whereas the
largest settlement is San Carlos City, Pangasinan. The 2000 Census reported that the major
languages spoken in the region are Ilocano at 64% of the total population at that time,
Pangasinan with 32.5%, and Tagalog and other languages with 3.21%.[6]

History

Prehistory

The region was first inhabited by the aboriginal Negritos, before they were pushed by
successive waves of Austronesian immigrants that penetrated the narrow coast. Tingguians
(Igorot) in the interior, Ilocanos in the north, Pangasinenses in the south, and Zambals in the
southwesternmost areas settled the region.

Early history

As commercial trading routes became established in Southeast Asia, the pre-Hispanic Luyag
na Caboloan (present-day Pangasinan) area in the vicinity of Lingayen gulf became maritime Clockwise from the top: Paoay Church,
trading centers, as gold mined from the Cordillera Mountain Range came down along the Baluarte Watch Tower, La Paz Sand
Aringay-Tonglo-Balatok gold trail,[7][8] and was also traded in the neighboring settlement of Dunes, Hundred Islands National Park,
Agoo, whose coast at the time was shaped in such a way that it was a good harbor for foreign Bangui Windfarm
vessels.[9][10]

Evidence of trade between the then-Pangasinense port of Agoo and China has been excavated
in the form of porcelain and pottery pieces unearthed at the site of the Catholic church during
its renovation, - which are now kept in the Museo de Iloko.[9] Japanese fishermen eventually
established their first settlement in the Philippines there, passing on their fishing skills and
technologies to the local populace.[9]

Spanish colonial era

The Spanish arrived in the 16th century and established Christian missions and governmental
institutions to control the native population and convert them to Catholicism. Present-day
Vigan in Ilocos Sur province became the diocesan seat of Nueva Segovia. Ilocanos in the
northern parts were less easily swayed, however, and remained an area filled with deep
resentments against Spain. These resentments surfaced at various points in the Ilocos
provinces' history as insurrections, most notably that of Andres Malong and Palaris of
Pangasinan, Diego Silang and his wife Gabriela Silang in 1764, and the Basi Revolt in the 19th
century. However, it was the Pangasinans in the south who were the last to stand against the Location in the Philippines
Spaniards.[11] OpenStreetMap [show]

American invasion era

In 1901, the region came under American colonial rule, and in 1941, under Japanese
occupation.

Japanese occupation era

During 1945, the combined American and the Philippine Commonwealth troops including Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
with the Ilocano and Pangasinan guerillas liberated the Ilocos Region from Japanese forces Coordinates: 16°37′N 120°19′E
during the Second World War.
Country  Philippines
Island group Luzon
Philippine independence
Several presidents of the Republic of the Philippines hailed from the Region: Elpidio Quirino, Regional center San Fernando (La
Ferdinand Marcos, and Fidel V. Ramos. The province of Pangasinan was transferred by Union)
Ferdinand Marcos from Region III into Region I in 1973 and afterwards imposed a migration Largest city San Carlos
policy for Ilokanos into Pangasinan, to the moderate detriment of the native Pangasinenses. (Pangasinan)
Before the administration of Ferdinand Marcos, Pangasinan was not a part of the region.[12] Largest barangay Bonuan Gueset
He also included Abra, Mountain Province, and Benguet in the Ilocos region in a bid to expand (Dagupan City)
Ilokano influence among the ethnic peoples of the Cordilleras.[13]
Area
 • Total 13,013.60 km2
The Martial Law era (5,024.58 sq mi)
Highest elevation 2,361 m (7,746 ft)
Various human rights violations were documented in the Ilocos region during the Marcos (Mount Sicapoo)
martial law era, despite public perception that the region was supportive of Marcos'
Population (2020 census)[2]
administration.[14] In Ilocos Norte, various farmers from the towns of Vintar, Dumalneg,
 • Total 5,301,139
Solsona, Marcos, and Piddig were documented to have been tortured,[14] and eight farmers in
 • Estimate (2020) 5,220,807[1]
Bangui and three indigenous community members in Vintar were "salvaged" in 1984.[14]
 • Density 410/km2
Ilocanos who were critical of Marcos' authoritarian rule included Roman Catholic Archbishop (1,100/sq mi)
and Agoo, La Union native Antonio L. Mabutas, who spoke actively against the torture and Time zone UTC+8 (PST)
killings of church workers.[15][16] Other La Union natives who fought the dictatorship were
ISO 3166 code PH-01
student activists Romulo and Armando Palabay of San Fernando, La Union, whose torture and
death in a military camp in Pampanga would lead them to being honored as martyrs in the Provinces 4 [show]
fight against the dictatorship in the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani memorial.[17] Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Sur
In Ilocos Norte, one of the prominent victims of the Martial Law era who came from Laoag La Union
was Catholic layperson and social worker Purificacion Pedro, who volunteered in
Pangasinan
organizations protesting the Chico River Dam Project in the nearby Cordillera Central
Independent [show]
mountains.[18] Wounded while visiting activist friends in Bataan, she was later killed by 1
Cities
Marcos administration soldiers while recuperating in the hospital.[19][20] Another prominent Dagupan
opponent of the martial law regime was human rights advocate and Bombo Radyo Laoag Component cities 8 [show]
program host David Bueno, who worked with the Free Legal Assistance Group in Ilocos Norte Alaminos
during the later part of the Marcos administration and the early part of the succeeding Aquino Batac
administration. He would later be assassinated by motorcycle-riding men in fatigue uniforms
Candon
on October 22, 1987 – part of a wave of assassinations which coincided with the 1986-87 coup
Laoag
d'état which tried to unseat the democratic government set up after the 1986 People Power
San Carlos
Revolution.[21] Both Bueno and Pedro were later honored among the first 65 people to have
San Fernando
Urdaneta
their names inscribed on the wall of remembrance of the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Vigan
Bayani, which honors the martyrs and heroes who fought the dictatorship,[22] and Pedro was Municipalities 116
listed among Filipino Catholics nominated to be named Servant of God.[23] Barangays 3,267
Cong. districts 12

Transfer of provinces to the Cordillera Administrative Region Languages Ilocano (Iloko) ·

Pangasinan ·
Bolinao · Sambal ·
When the Cordillera Administrative Region was established in 1987 under Corazon Aquino, Kankana-ey · Itneg
the indigenous provinces of Abra, Mountain Province, and Benguet were transferred into the · Isnag · Ibaloi ·
newly formed region. English · Filipino
GDP (2021) ₱643 billion
$13 billion[3]
Geography Growth rate (4.6%)[3]
HDI 0.743 (High)
The Ilocos Region is divided into two contrasting geographical
HDI rank 6th in Philippines
features. The Ilocos provinces occupy the narrow plain between
(2019)
the Cordillera Central mountain range and the South China Sea,
whereas Pangasinan occupies the northwestern portion of the
vast Central Luzon plain, having Zambales Mountains as its
natural western limit.

Lingayen Gulf is the most notable body of water in Pangasinan

and it contains several islands, including the Hundred Islands
National Park. To the north of Ilocos is Luzon Strait.

The Agno River runs through Pangasinan from Benguet, flowing

into a broad delta at the vicinities of Lingayen and Dagupan
before emptying into Lingayen Gulf.

Administrative divisions

Political Map of Ilocos

Region
The Ilocos Region comprises 4 provinces, 1 independent component city, 8 component cities, 116 municipalities, and 3,265
barangays.[24]

Provinces

Province Capital Population (2020)[25] Area[26] Density Cities Muni. Barangay

km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

Ilocos Norte Laoag 11.5% 609,588 3,418.75 1,319.99 180 470 2 21 559
Ilocos Sur Vigan 13.3% 706,009 2,596.00 1,002.32 270 700 2 32 768

La Union San Fernando 15.5% 822,352 1,499.28 578.88 550 1,400 1 19 576
Pangasinan Lingayen 59.7% 3,163,190 5,450.59 2,104.48 580 1,500 4 44 1,364

Total 5,301,139 12,964.62 5,005.67 410 1,100 9 116 3,267

• Figures for Pangasinan include the independent component city of Dagupan.

Governors and vice governors

Province Image Governor Political Party Vice Governor

Ilocos Norte Matthew Marcos Manotoc Nacionalista Cecilia Araneta Marcos

 Province Image Governor Political Party Vice Governor

Jeremias C. Singson NPC Ryan Luis Singson

Ilocos Sur

Raphaelle Veronica Ortega-David PDDS Mario Eduardo Ortega

La Union

Ramon Guico III Nacionalista Mark Ronald DG. Lambino

Pangasinan

Cities and municipalities

 †  Regional center
 ^  Independent City
 [show] Population Income
Area[28] Density Class Province
City/Municipality (2020)[27] class

km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

Ilocos
Adams 2,189 159.31 61.51 14 36 Municipality 5th
Norte

Agno 29,947 169.75 65.54 180 470 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan

Agoo 66,028 52.84 20.40 1,200 3,100 Municipality 1st La Union

Aguilar 45,100 195.07 75.32 230 600 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan

Alaminos 99,397 164.26 63.42 610 1,600 Component city 4th Pangasinan

Alcala 48,908 45.71 17.65 1,100 2,800 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan

Alilem 7,361 119.33 46.07 62 160 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur

Anda 41,548 74.55 28.78 560 1,500 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan

Aringay 50,380 84.54 32.64 600 1,600 Municipality 2nd La Union

Asingan 57,811 66.64 25.73 870 2,300 Municipality 2nd Pangasinan

Ilocos
Bacarra 33,496 65.32 25.22 510 1,300 Municipality 3rd
Norte

Bacnotan 44,388 76.60 29.58 580 1,500 Municipality 1st La Union

Ilocos
Badoc 32,530 76.68 29.61 420 1,100 Municipality 2nd
Norte

Bagulin 14,428 107.33 41.44 130 340 Municipality 5th La Union

Balaoan 40,339 68.70 26.53 590 1,500 Municipality 1st La Union

Balungao 30,004 73.25 28.28 410 1,100 Municipality 4th Pangasinan

Banayoyo 7,931 24.63 9.51 320 830 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur

Bangar 38,041 37.36 14.42 1,000 2,600 Municipality 3rd La Union

Ilocos
Bangui 15,019 112.98 43.62 130 340 Municipality 4th
Norte

Bani 52,603 179.65 69.36 290 750 Municipality 2nd Pangasinan

 Population Income
Area[28] Density Class Province
City/Municipality (2020)[27] class

km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

Ilocos
Banna 19,297 92.73 35.80 210 540 Municipality 4th
Norte

Bantay 37,118 76.60 29.58 480 1,200 Municipality 1st Ilocos Sur
Basista 37,679 24.00 9.27 1,600 4,100 Municipality 4th Pangasinan

Ilocos
Batac 55,484 161.06 62.19 340 880 Component city 5th
Norte
Bauang 78,449 73.15 28.24 1,100 2,800 Municipality 1st La Union

Bautista 35,398 46.33 17.89 760 2,000 Municipality 4th Pangasinan

Bayambang 129,011 143.94 55.58 900 2,300 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

Binalonan 56,382 47.57 18.37 1,200 3,100 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

Binmaley 86,881 118.50 45.75 730 1,900 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

Bolinao 83,979 197.22 76.15 430 1,100 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

Bugallon 74,962 189.64 73.22 400 1,000 Municipality 2nd Pangasinan

Ilocos
Burgos 10,759 128.90 49.77 83 210 Municipality 5th
Norte
Burgos 12,793 44.38 17.14 290 750 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur

Burgos 9,006 70.80 27.34 130 340 Municipality 5th La Union

Burgos 23,749 131.32 50.70 180 470 Municipality 4th Pangasinan

Caba 23,119 46.31 17.88 500 1,300 Municipality 4th La Union

Cabugao 38,884 95.56 36.90 410 1,100 Municipality 1st Ilocos Sur

Calasiao 100,471 48.36 18.67 2,100 5,400 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

Candon 61,432 103.28 39.88 590 1,500 Component city 4th Ilocos Sur

Caoayan 19,574 17.42 6.73 1,100 2,800 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur
Ilocos
Carasi 1,607 82.97 32.03 19 49 Municipality 5th
Norte
 Population Income
Area[28] Density Class Province
City/Municipality (2020)[27] class

km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

Cervantes 19,449 234.70 90.62 83 210 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur

Ilocos
Currimao 12,215 34.08 13.16 360 930 Municipality 4th
Norte
Independent component
^Dagupan 174,302 44.47 17.17 3,900 10,000 2nd Pangasinan
city

Dasol 31,355 166.60 64.32 190 490 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan

Ilocos
Dingras 40,127 96.00 37.07 420 1,100 Municipality 2nd
Norte

Ilocos
Dumalneg 3,087 88.48 34.16 35 91 Municipality 5th
Norte
Galimuyod 10,244 34.40 13.28 300 780 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur

Gregorio del Pilar 4,472 41.66 16.09 110 280 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur
Infanta 26,242 254.29 98.18 100 260 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan

Labrador 26,811 90.99 35.13 290 750 Municipality 4th Pangasinan

Laoac 34,128 40.50 15.64 840 2,200 Municipality 4th Pangasinan

Ilocos
Laoag 111,651 116.08 44.82 960 2,500 Component city 3rd
Norte
Lidlidda 4,705 33.84 13.07 140 360 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur

Lingayen 107,728 62.76 24.23 1,700 4,400 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

Luna 37,318 42.90 16.56 870 2,300 Municipality 3rd La Union

Mabini 26,454 291.01 112.36 91 240 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan

Magsingal 31,308 84.98 32.81 370 960 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur

Malasiqui 143,094 131.37 50.72 1,100 2,800 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

Manaoag 76,045 55.95 21.60 1,400 3,600 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

Mangaldan 113,185 48.47 18.71 2,300 6,000 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

 Population Income
Area[28] Density Class Province
City/Municipality (2020)[27] class

km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

Mangatarem 79,323 317.50 122.59 250 650 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

Mapandan 38,058 30.00 11.58 1,300 3,400 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan

Ilocos
Marcos 18,010 72.77 28.10 250 650 Municipality 4th
Norte

Nagbukel 5,465 43.12 16.65 130 340 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur
Naguilian 52,189 104.60 40.39 500 1,300 Municipality 1st La Union

Narvacan 46,234 122.21 47.19 380 980 Municipality 2nd Ilocos Sur
Natividad 25,771 134.36 51.88 190 490 Municipality 4th Pangasinan

Ilocos
Nueva Era 11,968 515.02 198.85 23 60 Municipality 3rd
Norte
Ilocos
Pagudpud 25,098 194.90 75.25 130 340 Municipality 4th
Norte

Ilocos
Paoay 25,001 76.24 29.44 330 850 Municipality 4th
Norte
Ilocos
Pasuquin 29,678 210.54 81.29 140 360 Municipality 3rd
Norte

Ilocos
Piddig 22,475 216.20 83.48 100 260 Municipality 3rd
Norte
Ilocos
Pinili 17,626 89.48 34.55 200 520 Municipality 4th
Norte

Pozorrubio 74,729 134.60 51.97 560 1,500 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

Pugo 19,337 62.84 24.26 310 800 Municipality 5th La Union

Quirino 9,306 240.10 92.70 39 100 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur

Rosales 66,711 66.39 25.63 1,000 2,600 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

Rosario 60,278 73.98 28.56 810 2,100 Municipality 1st La Union

Salcedo 11,110 103.44 39.94 110 280 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur
 Population Income
Area[28] Density Class Province
City/Municipality (2020)[27] class

km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

San Carlos 205,424 169.03 65.26 1,200 3,100 Component city 3rd Pangasinan

San Emilio 7,206 141.44 54.61 51 130 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur
San Esteban 8,381 19.62 7.58 430 1,100 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur

San Fabian 87,428 81.28 31.38 1,100 2,800 Municipality 1st Pangasinan
† San Fernando 125,640 102.72 39.66 1,200 3,100 Component city 3rd La Union

San Gabriel 18,943 129.87 50.14 150 390 Municipality 4th La Union
San Ildefonso 8,190 11.35 4.38 720 1,900 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur

San Jacinto 44,351 44.18 17.06 1,000 2,600 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan
San Juan 26,674 64.37 24.85 410 1,100 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur

San Juan 40,507 57.12 22.05 710 1,800 Municipality 2nd La Union
San Manuel 54,271 129.18 49.88 420 1,100 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

Ilocos
San Nicolas 38,895 40.18 15.51 970 2,500 Municipality 2nd
Norte
San Nicolas 39,778 210.20 81.16 190 490 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

San Quintin 33,980 115.90 44.75 290 750 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan
San Vicente 13,118 12.60 4.86 1,000 2,600 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur

Santa 14,992 109.10 42.12 140 360 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur
Santa Barbara 92,187 61.37 23.70 1,500 3,900 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

Santa Catalina 14,493 9.68 3.74 1,500 3,900 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur
Santa Cruz 41,366 88.78 34.28 470 1,200 Municipality 1st Ilocos Sur

Santa Lucia 25,966 49.72 19.20 520 1,300 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur
Santa Maria 30,006 63.31 24.44 470 1,200 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur

Santa Maria 34,220 69.50 26.83 490 1,300 Municipality 4th Pangasinan
 Population Income
Area[28] Density Class Province
City/Municipality (2020)[27] class

km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

Santiago 19,471 46.36 17.90 420 1,100 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur

Santo Domingo 29,041 55.49 21.42 520 1,300 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur
Santo Tomas 40,846 64.00 24.71 640 1,700 Municipality 4th La Union

Santo Tomas 14,878 12.99 5.02 1,100 2,800 Municipality 5th Pangasinan
Santol 14,166 93.70 36.18 150 390 Municipality 4th La Union

Ilocos
Sarrat 25,186 57.39 22.16 440 1,100 Municipality 1st
Norte
Sigay 2,552 81.55 31.49 31 80 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur

Sinait 25,998 65.56 25.31 400 1,000 Municipality 3rd Ilocos Sur
Sison 52,320 81.88 31.61 640 1,700 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan

Ilocos
Solsona 24,851 166.23 64.18 150 390 Municipality 3rd
Norte
Sual 39,091 130.16 50.26 300 780 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

Sudipen 17,187 97.59 37.68 180 470 Municipality 4th La Union

Sugpon 4,930 57.11 22.05 86 220 Municipality 5th Ilocos Sur

Suyo 10,766 124.00 47.88 87 230 Municipality 4th Ilocos Sur

Tagudin 41,538 151.19 58.37 270 700 Municipality 2nd Ilocos Sur

Tayug 45,241 51.24 19.78 880 2,300 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan

Tubao 31,763 50.75 19.59 630 1,600 Municipality 4th La Union

Umingan 77,074 258.43 99.78 300 780 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

Urbiztondo 55,557 81.80 31.58 680 1,800 Municipality 3rd Pangasinan

Urdaneta 144,577 100.26 38.71 1,400 3,600 Component city 2nd Pangasinan
Vigan 53,935 25.12 9.70 2,100 5,400 Component city 4th Ilocos Sur

Villasis 65,047 75.83 29.28 860 2,200 Municipality 1st Pangasinan

 Population Income
Area[28] Density Class Province
City/Municipality (2020)[27] class

km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

Ilocos
Vintar 33,339 614.35 237.20 54 140 Municipality 1st
Norte

Economy
Poverty Incidence of Ilocos Although the economy in the southern portion of the region, especially Pangasinan, is anchored on
Region aquaculture, agro-industrial and service industry akin to its Central Luzon neighbor, the economy
in the northern portion of the region is anchored in the agricultural sector. The economy in
Source: Philippine Statistics
[29][30] Pangasinan is driven by agro-industrial (particularly in inland towns) and aquaculture (in coastal
Authority
[31][32][33][34][35] areas) businesses, such as milkfish (bangus) cultivation and processing, livestock raising, fish paste
processing (bagoong), and others. Income in the Ilocos provinces or northern portion mostly come
from cultivating rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, and fruits; raising livestock such as pigs, chicken,
goats, and carabaos (water buffalos).

The distribution of the economic activity in the region may be seen from the collection of tax revenue of the national government. The
bulk of the collections come from Pangasinan, which posted 61% of the total.[36]

The service and light manufacturing industries are concentrated in the cities. Dagupan, a major financial, commercial and educational
hub in the north, is mostly driven by its local entrepreneurs, which have expanded its network up to the national level such as the CSI
Group, Magic Group, BHF Group, Guanzon Group, St Joseph Drugs, and Siapno-Tada Optical, among others. San Fernando in La
Union also has an international shipping port and the upgraded San Fernando Airport. While Laoag in Ilocos Norte has an international
airport.

The tourism industry, driven by local airlines and land transportation firms in the area like Pangasinan Solid North Bus, Dagupan Bus
Company, Farinas Transit Company and Partas, focuses on the coastal beaches and on eco-tourism. There are fine sands stretching
along Lingayen Gulf area notably the historic Tondaligan Beach in Dagupan and the rest of the region's coastal areas.

The region is also rich in crafts, with renowned blanket-weaving and pottery. The Ilocanos' burnay pottery is well known for its dark
colored clay.[37]

Demographics
 The Ilocos provinces are the historical homeland of the Ilocanos. In the 2000 Census, the Ilocanos
Population census of Ilocos
comprised 64% of the region, Pangasinan people 32.5%, and the Tagalogs 3%.[6]
Region
Year Pop. ±% p.a. Pangasinan is the historical homeland of the Pangasinans. The population of Pangasinan
1903 948,935 —     comprises approximately 60% of the total population of the region. The Ilocanos started migrating
1918 1,210,909 +1.64% to Pangasinan in the 19th century.[39] Pangasinan was formerly a province of Region III (Central
1939 1,459,294 +0.89% Luzon) before President Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 1, 1972, incorporating it into
1948 1,685,564 +1.61% Region I. Minority groups include the Tingguian and Isneg communities that inhabit the foothills
1960 2,042,865 +1.61% of the Cordillera mountains, and Sambals who settle in west Pangasinan.
1970 2,488,391 +1.99%
1975 2,726,220 +1.85% The population is predominantly Roman Catholic with strong adherents of Protestantism such as
1980 2,922,892 +1.40% the Aglipayan denomination further north of the country. There are also adherents to other
1990 3,550,642 +1.96% religions, such as Iglesia ni Cristo, Mormons, and the like. There is also an undercurrent of
1995 3,803,890 +1.30% traditional animistic beliefs especially in rural areas. The small mercantile Chinese and Indian
2000 4,200,478 +2.15% communities are primarily Buddhists, Taoists, and Hindus.
2007 4,546,789 +1.10%
2010 4,748,372 +1.59%
2015 5,026,128 +1.09%
2020 5,301,139 +1.05%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[38]

Culture and the arts

The Ilocos region is noted for its distinctive culture, shaped by the austere demands of its
geography.[40]: 55 

The region has given birth to numerous artists who have won national acclaim - among the most
notable being writer and activist Isabelo de los Reyes of Vigan who helped publish the earliest
currently-extant text of Biag ni Lam-Ang; Badoc-born Philippine Revolution era activist and leader
Juan Luna; and Binalonan-born Carlos Bulosan, whose novel America is in the Heart has become
regarded as "[t]he premier text of the Filipino-American experience."[41]

Tampuhan by Juan Luna

The region is also home to several National Artists of the Philippines, including National Artist for Theater Severino Montano who was
conferred the honor in 2001,[42] and National Artist for Dance Lucrecia Kasilag, who was conferred the honor in 1989.

Notable people
Elpidio Quirino, sixth President of the Philippines
Ferdinand Marcos, tenth President of the Philippines
Fidel V. Ramos, twelfth President of the Philippines, from Pangasinan
Bongbong Marcos, seventeenth President of the Philippines
Gregorio Aglipay, founder of the Aglipayan Church, he is from Batac, Ilocos Norte
Manuel Arguilla, writer, patriot, and martyr during the Japanese occupation
Salvador Bernal, his output included over 300 productions in art, film and music, and earned him A view of San Fernando, La Union
the award of National Artist for Theater and Design in 2003, from Dagupan
Gloria Diaz, Philippines- first Miss Universe from Aringay, La Union
Victorio Edades, Father of Modern Philippine Painting. A National Artist awardee for Visual Arts
(Painting) He hailed from Dagupan
Josefa Llanes Escoda, founder of Girl Scouts of the Philippines, from Dingras, Ilocos Norte.
Lucrecia Roces Kasilag – National Artist of the Philippines for Music, from San Ferndando, La
Union
Juan Luna, famous Filipino painter of the Spoliarium from Badoc, Ilocos Norte
Antonio Luna, army general who fought in the Philippine–American War, He is from Badoc,
Ilocos Norte.
Antonio Mabutas – Agoo-born first bishop of Diocese of Laoag and the second Archbishop of the
Archdiocese of Davao, historically noted as the first Roman Catholic Archbishop to write a
pastoral letter to criticize human rights violations under the Marcos dictatorship.[15][16]
Bienvenido Nebres – Bacnotan-raised academic, National Scientist of the Philippines for
Mathematics, former Provincial Superior of the Society of Jesus in the Philippines
Armando "Mandrake" Ducusin Palabay - Filipino student leader and activist from San Fernando
La Union, honored at the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani as a martyr of the resistance
against the Marcos dictatorship.[17][43]
Orlando Quevedo, cardinal and third Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Cotabato. First cardinal
from Mindanao. He is from Sarrat, Ilocos Norte.
Artemio Ricarte, Filipino general during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American
War
Diego Silang, male revolutionary leader during the Spanish Occupation
 Gabriela Silang, female revolutionary leader during the Spanish Occupation
Teofilo Yldefonso, The first Filipino and Southeast Asian to win an Olympic medal and the only male Filipino olympian to win multiple
medals. He is from Piddig, Ilocos Norte.

See also
Amburayan
Ilocos
Solid North

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External links
Media related to Ilocos Region at Wikimedia Commons
Ilocos Region travel guide from Wikivoyage
Geographic data related to Ilocos Region (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1552186) at OpenStreetMap

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