Agoo

Coordinates: 16°19′19″N 120°21′53″E

Agoo, officially the Municipality of Agoo (Ilocano: Ili ti Agoo; Pangasinan: Baley na Agoo;
Filipino: Bayan ng Agoo), is a 1st class municipality in the province of La Union, Philippines. Agoo
According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 66,028 people.[6]
Municipality
Agoo is 235 kilometres (146  mi) from Metro Manila and 34 kilometres (21  mi) from San Municipality of Agoo
Fernando, the provincial capital.

Etymology
The name agoo is usually attributed to "aroo" or "agoho," a pine-like evergreen tree
(Casuarina equisetifolia or whistling pine) that thrived in the western coast during the pre-
Spanish period.[3][8]

History
Agoo town center along the National
Agoo's administrative dates back further than most Philippine municipalities, with the town Highway with the steeple of Basilica
being established within the same decade that the Spanish colonizers arrived on the Island of Minore of Our Lady of Charity on the right
Luzon.[1] The history of the settlement now known as Agoo dates back even further, with both
documentary and artifactual evidence supporting the assertion that it was a major port of call
for foreign traders before it was formally established by the Spaniards.[2]

Flag
Early history Seal

Nickname: Origin of Dinengdeng
Before the arrival of European colonizers, Agoo, a trading port of Luyag na Caboloan (modern Motto: Agoo Kay Ganda
day-Pangasinan), was already a coastal maritime trading center for Northwestern Luzon,[9] Anthem: Agoo Hymn
because its coast was shaped in such a way that it was a good harbor for foreign vessels
coming into Lingayen Gulf.[2][3] Gold mined from the Cordillera Mountain Range, coming
down from the Aringay-Tonglo-Balatok gold trail, was traded in Agoo as well as its neighbor
settlement in Aringay.[9]

Evidence of trade between Agoo and China has been excavated in the form of porcelain and
pottery pieces unearthed at the site of the Catholic church during its renovation, - which are
now kept in the Museo de Iloko.[3]

Japanese fishermen eventually established their first settlement in the Philippines at Agoo,
passing on their fishing skills and technologies to the local populace.[3]

By the time the Spanish first arrived to colonize Luzon, they noted that Agoo was inhabited by
people of the "same race as those of Pangasinan,"[1] and Agoo was originally made part of that
Pangasinan province until the Spanish authorities decided to create a new province, La Union,
bringing together towns from Pangasinan and Ilocos Sur.[3]

Map of La Union with Agoo highlighted

Spanish colonial era OpenStreetMap [show]

Sighting by Juan de Salcedo

In 1572, Juan de Salcedo, fresh from his conquest of Southern Luzon, was ordered by Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi to explore Northern Luzon and "pacify the people in it".[2]

In June 1572, he was traversing the Angalakan River, when he saw and attacked three
Japanese ships. When they fled, Salcedo followed them until they landed at a Japanese
settlement. After paying tributes, the Japanese were allowed to remain. These Japanese would
leave when the port of Agoo was later closed, but not without first teaching the natives their Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
methods of fish culture, rice cultivation, deerskin tanning, duck breeding, and weapons
manufacturing.[2]

Establishment by the Franciscans

A permanent settlement was established in Agoo in 1578 when two Franciscan Missionaries,
Fray Juan Bautista Lucarelli of Italy and Fray Sebastian de Baeza of Spain, constructed a
thatch and bamboo church in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi. Agoo encompassed a vast land
area that spanned the modern-day towns of Rosario, Santo Tomas, Tubao, Pugo, Aringay,
Caba, Bauang, and the place called "Atuley" or present-day San Juan. Agoo became the center
of the campaign of pacification and conquest, not only of the surrounding towns that would
later become La Union but of the mountain tribes in the Cordilleras as well.[2]
Agoo
The two missionaries formally proclaimed Agoo as a civic unit. naming it after the river along
whose banks it was built. At the time, the riverbank was forested with pine-like trees locally
called "aroo" or "agoho" (Casuarina equisetifolia, or Whistling Pine).[2]

El Puerto de Japon

During the early years of the Spanish colonial period, Agoo continued to be an important
point of trade with Japan. Miguel De Loarca referred to Agoo as "El Puerto de Japon" - the
Japanese Port.[2][10]
Location within the Philippines
Rosario Mendoza-Cortes, in her book "Pangasinan 1572-1800" notes that Agoo was the Coordinates: 16°19′19″N 120°21′53″E
region's primary port of call for Japanese and Chinese traders - with the only other contender
for the honor being Sual, Pangasinan. This was because there was a Japanese colony there. Country Philippines
After all, traders at Agoo would have access to a greater number of people, and it was nearer Region Ilocos Region
to China and Japan. The main product traded from the area was the deer pelt, which was Province La Union
shipped to Japan.[2] District 2nd district
Founded December 8,
Agoo's role as a port deteriorated when the Spanish closed the Philippines to foreign trade. 1578[1][2][3]
When foreign trade was allowed again, the shape of the gulf had changed and it was thus Sual
Barangays 49 (see Barangays)
that became the dominant port.[2]
Government [4]
 • Type Sangguniang Bayan
Development by the Augustinians
 • Mayor Hon. Frank O.
Sibuma
Most of the town's early development can be attributed to the efforts of the Augustinian  • Vice Mayor Hon. Tony Eslao
Order. They took over from the Franciscans and administered the town off and on throughout
 • Representative Hon. Dante S.
the Spanish occupation until the secular priests took over in 1898.[2] Garcia
 • Municipal Members [show]
They changed the town's patron saint to Santa Monica. They established a school where Council
reading, writing, industrial works, and catechism were taught. They relocated the town center, Antonio A. Eslao
laid out the streets and public buildings, and established roads leading to the nearby towns.[2] Violeta L. Balbin
Josephus D. Komiya
Rogelio R. de Vera
Reynaldo V. Oller
To facilitate the construction of churches, public buildings, and bridges, they taught the Victor I. Rivera
people brick and lime making, brick-laying, and stone-quarrying. They introduced the "moro- Dominador P. Rivera
moro", the singing of "pasyon", new farm implement, and new plants.[2] Ricardo P. Fronda
 • Electorate 44,058 voters
Father Aquilino Garcia constructed a church, and by the end of the 15th century, the image of (2022)
Nuestra Señora de Caridad (Our Lady of Charity) was installed in it. This church was
destroyed in 1796 and a new one was built when the original settlement was moved to what Area[5]
has ever since been the town center. The church was then claimed to be the largest and  • Total 52.84 km2
grandest in northern Luzon during that time. Ruins are scattered throughout the town's (20.40 sq mi)
center and some are visible at this point.[2] Elevation 38 m (125 ft)
Highest elevation 260 m (850 ft)
Lowest elevation −1 m (−3 ft)
Battle of Agoo (1661)
Population (2020 census)[6]
In 1661, Andres Malong of Pangasinan failed to recover La Union from the Spaniards after the  • Total 66,028
Battle of Agoo.[11]  • Density 1,200/km2
(3,200/sq mi)
1849 Integration into La Union  • Households 15,953
Economy
On October 29, 1849, Governor General Claveria issued a promovido to fuse the Pangasinan-  • Income class 1st municipal
Ilocos-Cordillera areas into La Union. On March 2, 1850, Governor General Antonio Maria income class
Blanco signed the Superior Decreto of La Union (34th province from Cebu-1565), with  • Poverty
Captain Toribio Ruiz de la Escalera as the first Gobernador Military y Politico. Isabella II of incidence 3.26% (2018)[7]
Spain decreed the province's creation on April 18, 1854.[11]  • Revenue 2021 PHP 449,680,789.46
million
The new province comprised the north-western towns of Pangasinan and the towns of Ilocos  • Assets 2021 PHP
Sur south of the Amburayan river. Agoo was the oldest town to be integrated and was listed as 1,374,182,114.06
having a population of 6,936 people.[2] billion
 • Expenditure PHP 315,552,246.76
2021 million
World War II  • Liabilities 2021 PHP 184,804,460.81
million
In the early morning of 22 December 1941, Agoo was one of three beachheads taken by the
invasion force of General Masaharu Homma during the Japanese Invasion of Lingayen Service provider
Gulf.[12]  • Electricity La Union Electric
Cooperative
(LUELCO)
Time zone UTC+8 (PST)
The Japanese' 47th Infantry Regiment under the command of Col Isamu Yanagi, accompanied ZIP code 2504
by the 4th Tank Regiment and supported by a flotilla of the Imperial Japanese Navy led by PSGC (https://ps 013301000 (https://
Vice Admiral Kenzaburo Hara (consisting of the light cruiser Natori , destroyers Fumizuki, a.gov.ph/classific psa.gov.ph/classifica
Nagatsuki, Satsuki, Minazuki, Harukaze, Hatakaze, three minesweepers, six anti-submarine ation/psgc/) tion/psgc/?q=psgc/b
craft and six transports) was supposed to land on the beaches of Agoo beginning 5:00 A.M. on arangays/01330100
December 22, 1941, having left Takao on Taiwan the evening of December 18.[12] 0&regcode=01&prov
code=33)
The Japanese 47th Infantry and 4th Tank Regiment were confronted by heavy weather, IDD : area code  +63 (0)72
however, and were thus delayed and dispersed. They landed at about 7:30 A.M. on a four-mile Native languages Ilocano
stretch of beach all the way from Agoo to just north of Damortis.[12] Pangasinan
Tagalog
Agoo is thus recorded in WWII annals as one of the Japanese staging points for the Battle of Major religions Roman Catholic
Rosario.[12] Notable Festival Dinengdeng Festival
Website agoolaunion.gov.ph
(http://agoolaunion.g
Martial law ov.ph)

President Ferdinand Marcos' 1972 declaration of martial law had little political effect within Agoo
itself, although there were some Agoo natives, such as then-Davao Archbishop Antonio L. Mabutas,
who spoke against the human rights abuses during martial law.[13][14]

Marcos had strong political ties to La Union, notably Jose D. Aspiras whom he appointed as Tourism
Minister. He also allowed the powerful family factions which had dominated La Union politics since
before the American colonial era to stay in place.[15] Marcos' efforts to consolidate political power
did not get much resistance in the La Union,[15] including Agoo, since Marcos' use of violent
methods for stifling dissent thus mostly took place in other, non-Ilocano provinces, such as nearby
Abra, Kalinga, and Mountain Province.[16] Basilica Minore of Our Lady of
Charity
Since Bishop Mabutas was in Davao at the time, though, he was aware of human rights abuses in that city, particularly the torture and
killings of church workers. The pastoral letter he wrote against Martial law, "Reign of Terror in the Countryside," is notable for having
been the first pastoral to be written against Marcos' martial law administration,[13] and even doubly so because Mabutas was considered
a conservative within the Catholic church hierarchy in the Philippines.[17]

1980s and 1990s

Establishment of High School and University

On July 23, 1945, the Municipal government, then led by Mayor Miguel Fontanilla, established South Provincial High School in
response to education-oriented citizen Ramon Mabutas' calls for the establishment of a public high school. South Provincial High
School turned Agoo into a center of education for Southern La Union and became one of the constituent state-run schools that were
combined by Presidential Decree 1778 to create the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University in 1981.[18]

After the 1986 EDSA Revolution

After the February 1986 People Power Revolution, President Corazon Aquino placed the Philippines under a revolutionary government
until the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines could be ratified. During this time, the Municipality of Agoo was placed under the
administration of OIC Mayor Antonio Q. Estrada.[3]

1990 Luzon Earthquake

At 4.26 P.M. on July 16, 1990, Agoo was hit by the 1990 Luzon earthquake, and was one of the most severely affected locales.[3][19]

The Basilica Minore of Our Lady of Charity was badly damaged, and the bell tower which was then the only remaining structure from
the 1893 church, crashed completely.[20] The Agoo municipal building collapsed completely, killing numerous citizens who were inside
because they were in line to pay in time for the national income tax deadline for that quarter. Numerous tombs in the municipal
cemetery were fractured open.[19]

Alleged Marian Apparitions

The town gained media attention in the early 1990s for the alleged Marian apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary to Judiel Nieva. Nieva
reported seeing the Virgin Mary, popularly known as Our Lady of Agoo atop a Guava tree, a statue weeping with blood became highly
sensationalized. Religious pilgrimages among Filipino Catholics increased by the millions as people flocked to see the phenomenon. The
alleged apparition and healing events came into the attention of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines, who in turn began
an investigation and later released an ecclesiastical ruling that the apparitions were non-supernatural in origin in 1993.

Recent history

Failed proposed merger of Agoo and Aringay

On June 11, 2014, then-representative Eufranio Eriguel filed House Bill 4644 to establish the first city in the second district by merging
the municipalities of Agoo and Aringay. The bill was co-authored by La Union first district Rep. Victor Ortega and Abono party-list Rep.
Francisco Emmanuel Ortega III,[21] and was deemed necessary because neither Aringay nor Agoo alone could meet the requirements to
create a Philippine city: a population of 150,000; an annual income of P100 million minimum a year; and a land area of 100 square
kilometers. (As of 2014, the national census showed that Agoo and Aringay have about 65,000 and 47,500 residents, respectively. Agoo
posted more than P90 million, and Aringay made P15,000 million in annual earnings, respectively)

The proposed city would have two districts under a city mayor and city vice mayor along with 14 councilors in the Sangguniang
Panlungsod,[21] new positions for which the former municipal officials could run despite having the terms limits of their offices.[22]

The proposed bill sparked protests from the people of both Agoo and Aringay who did not want the merger because it would subject
them to the same high local taxes as Agoo and because of concerns that Agoo and Aringay would lose their cultural identities.[21] The
proposed merger did not push through within term of the 16th Congress.[21]

Election and Drug Related Violence (2010-2018)

Since 2010,[23] either the Municipality Agoo has been regularly declared an election hotspot[23][24][25] due to incidences of
violence[24][25][26] during national and local election periods. Major incidents include the murder of former Tubao Vice Mayor Lazaro
Gayo outside his law office near Agoo's Municipal Hall,[24] and an alleged assassination attempt on Tubao Mayor Dante Garcia in the
same year;[27][26] and an alleged assassination attempt on former Congressman Eufranio Eriguel in 2016.[28]

Media[24][29][25] attributed the violence to "intense rivalry"[24][29] between incumbent Congressman Eufranio Eriguel and his 2010
opposing candidate, former Rep. Thomas Dumpit Jr.,[24][29] and later to "clashes between the followers"[25] of Congressman Eriguel
and his 2013 opponent, former Army General Mario Chan.[25]

In 2013, the declaration of the towns Tubao, Agoo, Caba, and Aringay as election hotspots compelled the Philippine National Police to
temporarily remove the police chiefs of the four towns during the election period,[25] a decision which was protested by incumbent
politicians in both towns, including then-Congressman Eriguel and his wife, then-Mayor Sandra Eriguel.[25]
Also during the 2010s, a number of drug-related incidents in Agoo came to national attention.[30][31][32] This resulted in the sacking of
the police chief of Agoo, along with those of the Southern La Union towns of Bauang, Naguilan, and Tubao.[33]

On August 16, 2016, former Congressman Eriguel was included by Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte as one of the local government
officials and legislators allegedly involved in illegal drug trade[34] in his "I am sorry for my country" speech.[35][36] Eriguel and a
number of other Southern La Union politicians denied these allegations.[37]

On May 12, 2018, Eriguel and two others were gunned down by unknown assailants in an ambush during an event for the 2018
Barangay elections.[38]

Geography
Agoo and La Union are part of the Ilocos Region, which is located on the narrow plain between the Cordillera Central and the South
China Sea. Agoo itself is one of the southern municipalities and is bounded on the north by Aringay, on the east by the municipality of
Tubao further up the foothills of the Cordilleras, and on the south by Santo Tomas. Agoo's western shores consist of a long beach facing
Lingayen Gulf and South China Sea.

The Agoo River, which is sometimes wrongly named the Principe River after the Taytay Principe Bridge which traverses it along the
main highway, flows through the town from uphill in the east to where it meets the South China Sea in the west.[3]

Barangays

Agoo is divided into 49 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Ambitacay San Agustin Sur San Julian East

Balawarte San Antonino San Julian Norte
Capas San Antonio San Julian West
Consolacion (Poblacion) San Francisco San Manuel Norte
Macalva Central San Isidro San Manuel Sur
Macalva Norte San Joaquin Norte San Marcos
Macalva Sur San Joaquin Sur San Miguel
Nazareno San Jose Norte San Nicolas Central (Poblacion)
Purok San Jose Sur San Nicolas East
San Agustin East San Juan San Nicolas Norte (Poblacion)
San Agustin Norte San Julian Central San Nicolas Sur (Poblacion)
 San Nicolas West Santa Barbara (Poblacion) Santa Rita Norte
San Pedro Santa Fe Santa Rita Sur
San Roque East Santa Maria Santa Rita West
San Vicente Norte Santa Monica San Roque West
San Vicente Sur Santa Rita (Nalinac)
Santa Ana Santa Rita East

Climate

Climate data for Agoo, La Union [hide]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

30 31 33 34 33 31 30 29 30 31 31 31 31
Average high °C (°F)
(86) (88) (91) (93) (91) (88) (86) (84) (86) (88) (88) (88) (88)

20 21 22 24 25 25 25 25 24 23 22 21 23
Average low °C (°F)
(68) (70) (72) (75) (77) (77) (77) (77) (75) (73) (72) (70) (74)

15 16 24 33 102 121 177 165 144 170 56 23 1,046

Average precipitation mm (inches)
(0.6) (0.6) (0.9) (1.3) (4.0) (4.8) (7.0) (6.5) (5.7) (6.7) (2.2) (0.9) (41.2)

Average rainy days 6.3 6.6 9.5 12.8 20.6 23.5 25.4 23.4 23.2 21.4 14.0 8.2 194.9

Source: Meteoblue[39]

Geology
According to findings of the Philippine Rice Research Institute, Agoo's land consists mostly of the San Manuel (a dark grayish brown
sandy loam characterized by medium compactness and a Ph ranging from highly acidic to slightly alkaline), Maligaya (dark grayish
brown clay loam with course fragments of soft powdery red and black concretions, characterized by medium compactness and a neutral
to slightly alkaline Ph), Bauang (dark grayish brown clay loam with course fragments of highly weathered stratified shales and
sandstones characterized by strongly acidic to slightly acidic Ph), and Annam (brown clay loam with course fragments of partially and
highly weathered rock or gravel and yellowish brown Iron and Magnesium concretions, characterized by an extremely to slightly acidic
Ph) type soils.[40]

Demographics
Population census of Agoo
 Year Pop. ±% p.a.
1903 10,653 —    
1918 12,517 +1.08%
1939 13,938 +0.51%
1948 16,638 +1.99%
1960 21,093 +2.00%
1970 28,696 +3.12%
1975 32,450 +2.50%
1980 34,849 +1.44%
1990 42,698 +2.05%
1995 47,721 +2.11%
2000 51,923 +1.83%
2007 57,952 +1.53%
2010 60,596 +1.64%
2015 63,692 +0.95%
2020 66,028 +0.71%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[41][42][43][44]

In the 2020 census, the population of Agoo was 66,028 people,[6] with a density of 1,200 inhabitants per square kilometre or 3,100
inhabitants per square mile.

Economy
Poverty Incidence of Agoo

Source: Philippine Statistics

[45][46]
Authority
[47][48][49][50][51]

Government

Local government
Just as the national government, the municipal government of Agoo, is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judiciary.
The judicial branch is administered solely by the Supreme Court of the Philippines. The LGUs have control of the executive and
legislative branches.

The executive branch is composed of the mayor and the barangay captain for the barangays.Local Government Code of the Philippines,
Book III (https://web.archive.org/web/20090326164110/http://www.dilg.gov.ph/pdf/LGC%20Book%203.pdf), Department of the
Interior and Local Government official website.

The legislative branch is composed of the Sangguniang Bayan (town assembly), Sangguniang Barangay (barangay council), and the
Sangguniang Kabataan for the youth sector.
The seat of Government is vested upon the Mayor and other elected officers who hold office at the Townhall. The Sangguniang Bayan is
the center of legislation, stationed in Agoo Municipio.[52]

Elected officials

Members of the Municipal Council

(2019–2022)[53]

Position Name

Congressman Sandra Y. Eriguel

Mayor Stefanie Ann Y. Eriguel

Vice-Mayor Henry B. Balbin

Antonio A. Eslao

Violeta L. Balbin

Josephus D. Komiya

Rogelio R. De Vera
Councilors
Reynaldo V. Oller

Victor I. Rivera

Dominador P. Rivera

Ricardo P. Fronda

Tourism
Agoo has interesting attractions and main festival/events:

Cultural and Architectural Attractions

Basilica Minore of Our Lady of Charity
 Museo de Iloko - The 1979 Museo de La Union or Museo Iloko was the former Presidencia of
Agoo (restored by the Philippine Tourism Authority in 1981).[54]
Eagle of the North Park - a giant eagle structure designed by Arch. Anselmo Day-ag as a Symbol
of Marcoses' power.
Agoo Presidencia and New Town Hall
Agoo Welcome Arch (1578)
Plaza de la Virgen
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University (Marcos Sports Center) DMMMSU-South La
Union Campus
The redeveloped Imelda Garden
Imelda Garden (fishermen sculpture, Agoo Town Square and Town Plaza)[55][56]
Jose D. Aspiras ancestral house
Jose D. Aspiras Civic Center
Our Lady of Lourdes Grotto

Nature Attractions
Agoo–Damortis Protected Landscape and Seascape
Agoo Ecopark (Sta. Rita West/Central)
Agoo beach (San Nicolas East)
Jose D. Aspiras ancestral house
Camp Wagi (Brgy. Capas)
San Antonio-San Miguel Eco-Mountain Trail[57]

Festivals
Dinengdeng festival and Patronal Town Fiesta (8th, April 26 to May 4, 2012 - "Lifting Agoo to New Heights Through Dynamic,
Dedicated and Visionary Leadership." 101 Dinengdeng recipes, an Agoo/Ilocano vegetable delicacy of Ilocanos festivity meant
DMMMSU-South La Union Campus Grandstand, Agoo)[58]
Agoo Kilawin (Ceviche) Festival, December 28, 2011

Other Attractions
San Roque West-San Roque East fish ponds
 Aspiras-Palispis Highway (formerly the Marcos Highway and Agoo-Baguio Road), connecting Agoo to Baguio City

Notable personalities
Congressman Jose D. Aspiras
Archbishop Antonio L. Mabutas

Image gallery

Agoo Public Market Town Plaza San Roque West fish ponds at
Sitio Banaoang

Agoo beach (San Nicolas East)

 Panorama of Agoo hills and rice-fields

References
1. de Loarca, Miguel (1582). Relacion de Las Yslas Filipinas.
2. Mendoza-Cortes, Rosario (1974). Pangasinan, 1572-1800. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.
3. Sals, Florent Joseph (2005). The History of Agoo: 1578-2005. La Union: Limbagan Printhouse. p. 80.
4.  Municipality of Agoo (https://lgu201.dilg.gov.ph/view.php?r=01&p=33&m=01) | (DILG)
5. "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (https://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/fil
es/_POPCEN%20Report%20No.%203.pdf) (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016.
ISSN 0117-1453 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0117-1453). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210525030629/https://www.ps
a.gov.ph/sites/default/files/_POPCEN%20Report%20No.%203.pdf) (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16,
2021.
6. Census of Population (2020). "Region I (Ilocos Region)" (https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/ird/pressrelease/Region%
201.xlsx). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
7. "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates" (https://psa.gov.ph/content/psa-releases-2018-municipal-and-
city-level-poverty-estimates). Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
8. General Information (http://www.agoolaunion.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=87) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20121011212014/http://www.agoolaunion.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Item
id=87) 2012-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
9. Panela, Shaira (2017-03-19). "Looking into the past through the eyes of the future" (https://www.rappler.com/science/163689-filipino
-archaeologist-traces-ancient-gold-trade-trail-north-luzon/). Rappler. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220103122714/https://
www.rappler.com/science/163689-filipino-archaeologist-traces-ancient-gold-trade-trail-north-luzon/) from the original on 2022-01-03.
Retrieved 2022-01-03.
10. Scott, William (1974). The Discovery of the Igorots. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 9711000873.
11. "La Union Profile: La Union History - Province of La Union :: Official Website" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150927160658/http://w
ww.launion.gov.ph/page.php?7). Archived from the original (http://www.launion.gov.ph/page.php?7) on 2015-09-27. Retrieved
2014-04-25.
12. Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941- 1945 (https://archive.org/details/battlehistoryofi0000dull).
Naval Institute Press. pp. 29 (https://archive.org/details/battlehistoryofi0000dull/page/29)–31. ISBN 1299324614.
13. "Honoring Davao's Contributions to the Struggle for Rights, Freedom" (http://www.bantayog.org/davao-konsensya/). Bantayog ng
mga Bayani. 23 February 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180228182116/http://www.bantayog.org/davao-konsensy
a/) from the original on 2018-02-28. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
14. Maglana, MAgz (2017-07-10). "VOICES FROM MINDANAO: Fear is not a good foundation for getting Mindanao out of the rut" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20200208094745/https://www.mindanews.com/mindaviews/2017/07/voices-from-mindanao-fear-is-not-a-go
od-foundation-for-getting-mindanao-out-of-the-rut/). MindaNews. Archived from the original (https://www.mindanews.com/mindaview
s/2017/07/voices-from-mindanao-fear-is-not-a-good-foundation-for-getting-mindanao-out-of-the-rut/) on 2020-02-08. Retrieved
8 February 2020.
15. Turner, Mark M. (1989) Elites and Power in a Philippine Town. Under Martial Law, 1972-76. Philippine Studies 37: 283-300.
16. Cortes, Rosario Mendoza. (1990) Pangasinan, 1901-1986: A Political, Socioeconomic, and Cultural History. New Day Publishers.
17. Youngblood, Robert L. (1993). Marcos against the church : economic development and political repression in the Philippines (http
s://www.worldcat.org/oclc/312239945). Quezon City: New Day Publ. ISBN 971-10-0512-3. OCLC 312239945 (https://www.worldcat.
org/oclc/312239945).
18. "History" (http://www.dmmmsu.edu.ph/index.php/transparency/about-us/history). 21 June 2019.
19. Bankoff, Greg (2003). Cultures of Disaster: Society and Natural Hazards in the Philippines (https://books.google.com/books?id=5O8
qU49LIzQC&q=agoo%2520earthquake%25201990&pg=PA63). Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7007-1761-3.
20. "Basilica Minore of our Lady of Charity - Agoo" (http://wikimapia.org/821552/Basilica-Minore-of-our-Lady-of-Charity-Agoo-La-Union).
21. Lazaro, Freddie G. (2014-08-23). "Agoo-Aringay merger, mariing tinututulan" (https://balita.net.ph/2014/08/23/agoo-aringay-merger-
mariing-tinututulan/). Balita. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170220053637/http://balita.net.ph/2014/08/23/agoo-aringay-m
erger-mariing-tinututulan/) from the original on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2017-02-14.
22. Capuno, Joseph J. (2013). "Fiscal transfers and gerrymandering under decentralization in the Philippines" (https://www.econstor.eu/
bitstream/10419/93566/1/747317917.pdf) (PDF). UP School of Economics Discussion Papers. 2013–4.
23. Cantos, Joy (January 8, 2010). "5 pang lalawigan 'hotspot' " (https://web.archive.org/web/20170312051757/http://www.philstar.com:
8080/bansa/538632/5-pang-lalawigan-hotspot). The Philippine Star. Archived from the original (http://www.philstar.com:8080/bansa/
538632/5-pang-lalawigan-hotspot) on March 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
24. "Cops eye 'hot spot' tags on 2 towns in La Union" (http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/301024/cops-eye-hot-spot-tags-on-2-towns-in-la-unio
n). Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
25. "Police chiefs pulled out of La Union hot spots" (http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/28238-police-chiefs-taken-off-l
a-union-hot-spots). Rappler. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
26. Aquino, Miriam (2012-11-23). "Civic groups hold peace rally in La Union" (https://archive.today/20130416081921/http://www.pia.gov.
ph/news/index.php?article=311353569536). Philippine Information Agency. Archived from the original (http://www.pia.gov.ph/news/in
dex.php?article=311353569536) on 2013-04-16. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
27. "PIA | Philippine Information Agency | Civic groups hold peace rally in La Union" (https://archive.today/20130416081921/http://www.
pia.gov.ph/news/index.php?article=311353569536). Philippine Information Agency. Archived from the original (http://www.pia.gov.p
h/news/index.php?article=311353569536) on 2013-04-16. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
28. "Binay supporter Eriguel survives attack in San Fernando, La Union" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170216131538/http://interaksy
on.com/article/127137/binay-supporter-eriguel-survives-attack-in-san-fernando-la-union). InterAksyon.com. 2016-04-30. Archived
from the original (http://interaksyon.com/article/127137/binay-supporter-eriguel-survives-attack-in-san-fernando-la-union) on 2017-
02-16. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
29. PALISADA, THE REGIONAL DRIFT | STANLEY. "2010 Elections: The Battles of Luzon - Stanley Palisada (Part 1 of 3)" (http://news.
abs-cbn.com/insights/04/22/10/2010-elections-battles-luzon-stanley-palisada-part-1-3). ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
30. Fuente, Stacy Dela. "This elementary teacher in La Union sells drugs for unbelievable reasons" (https://kami.com.ph/50560-buy-bus
t-operation-reason-why-this-elementary-teacher-in-la-union-sells-drugs-is-unbelievable.html). Kami.com.ph - Philippines news.
Retrieved 2017-03-09.
31. News, Carmela Jimenez, ABS-CBN. "Thousands of drug users, pushers face La Union governor" (http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/0
7/17/16/thousands-of-drug-users-pushers-face-la-union-governor). ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 2017-03-09. {{cite news}}:
|last= has generic name (help)
32. "5 suspected drug dealers arrested in La Union" (http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/435351/news/regions/5-suspected-drug-d
ealers-arrested-in-la-union). GMA News. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
33. "Top cops in 4 La Union towns sacked amid probe of 'drug' mayors" (http://www.rappler.com/nation/142412-top-cops-la-union-sacke
d-drug-mayors). Rappler. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
34. "FULL TEXT: Duterte's speech linking government officials to illegal drugs" (http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/08/07/1611020/f
ull-text-dutertes-speech-linking-government-officials-illegal-drugs). The Philippine Star. August 7, 2016. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20160921222401/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/08/07/1611020/full-text-dutertes-speech-linking-government-offi
cials-illegal-drugs) from the original on 2016-09-21. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
35. "Duterte names officials linked to drugs" (http://www.rappler.com/nation/142203-duterte-names-judges-cops-military-lgu-officials-link
ed-drugs). Rappler. 7 August 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170209075649/http://www.rappler.com/nation/142203-
duterte-names-judges-cops-military-lgu-officials-linked-drugs) from the original on 2017-02-09. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
36. "FULL TRANSCRIPT: Duterte's exposé vs drug-tagged officials" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170206174428/http://news.abs-cbn.
com/focus/08/07/16/full-transcript-dutertes-expos-vs-drug-tagged-officials). ABS-CBN News. 7 August 2016. Archived from the
original (http://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/08/07/16/full-transcript-dutertes-expos-vs-drug-tagged-officials) on 2017-02-06. Retrieved
24 August 2016.
37. " 'Narco mayors': Politics behind supposed links to illegal drugs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170216210250/http://www.rappler.c
om/nation/143012-illegal-drugs-mayors-affidavit). Rappler. Archived from the original (http://www.rappler.com/nation/143012-illegal-
drugs-mayors-affidavit) on 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
38. "Former La Union congressman, 2 bodyguards shot dead" (http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/regions/653172/former-la-union
-congressman-shot-dead/story/). GMA News Online. Retrieved 2018-05-12.
39. "Agoo: Average Temperatures and Rainfall" (https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/agoo_philippin
es_1731958). Meteoblue. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
40. Wilfredo B. Collado; et al. (2017). "Simplified keys to soil series. La union" (https://www.pinoyrice.com/wp-content/uploads/simplified
-keys-to-soil-series-la-union.pdf) (PDF). pinoyrice.com. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
41. Census of Population (2015). "Region I (Ilocos Region)" (https://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/R0
1.xlsx). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
42. Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region I (Ilocos Region)" (https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrel
ease/Ilocos.pd%66). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved 29 June
2016.
43. Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region I (Ilocos Region)" (https://archive.org/download/PhilippinesCensusofPopulationLGUs
19032007/Region%201%20Ilocos%20Philippines%20Census%20of%20Population%201903%20-%202007.xls). Table 1.
Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007 (https://archive.org/download/Philippi
nesCensusofPopulationLGUs19032007). National Statistics Office.
44. "Province of La Union" (http://122.54.214.222/population/MunPop.asp?prov=LAU&province=La%20Union). Municipality Population
Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
45. "Poverty incidence (PI):" (https://psa.gov.ph/content/poverty-incidence-pi). Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28,
2020.
46. "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/NSCB_LocalPovertyPhilippines_0.pdf) (PDF).
Philippine Statistics Authority. 29 November 2005.
47. "2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates" (https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2003%20SAE%20of%20poverty%20(Full%
20Report)_1.pdf) (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 23 March 2009.
48. "City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009" (https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2006%20and%202009%20City%
20and%20Municipal%20Level%20Poverty%20Estimates_0_1.pdf) (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 3 August 2012.
49. "2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates" (https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2012%20Municipal%20and%20City%20Lev
el%20Poverty%20Estimates%20Publication%20(1).pdf) (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 31 May 2016.
50. "Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015" (https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/City%20and%2
0Municipal-level%20Small%20Area%20Poverty%20Estimates_%202009%2C%202012%20and%202015_0.xlsx). Philippine
Statistics Authority. 10 July 2019.
51. "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates" (https://psa.gov.ph/content/psa-releases-2018-municipal-and-
city-level-poverty-estimates). Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
52. Brief History (http://www.agoolaunion.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=85) Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20121011065225/http://www.agoolaunion.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=85)
2012-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
53. "2019 National and Local Elections" (https://comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2019NLE/ElectionResults/2019NLE_LIst_of_Elect
ed_CityMun_Candidates.pdf) (PDF). Commission on Elections. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
54. "National Commission for Culture and the Arts" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121101042616/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture
-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=2&i=204). Archived from the original (http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articl
es-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm%3D2%26i%3D204) on 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
55. Land Bank Of The Philippines, Petitioner, V. Eduardo M. Cacayuran, Respondent, Municipality Of Agoo, La Union, Intervenor., G.R.
No. 191667 (http://www.chanrobles.com/cralaw/2015aprildecisions.php?id=302) (2015-04-22).
56. "Supreme Court affirms former Agoo mayor guilty in loan scam". Northern Philippines Times. 2010-04-26.
57. Major Tourist Spots (http://www.agoolaunion.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=65) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20121011211954/http://www.agoolaunion.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemi
d=65) 2012-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
58. 8th Dinengdeng Festival & Patronal Town Fiesta (https://archive.today/20130416122708/http://www.agoolaunion.gov.ph/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=77:8th-dinengdeng-festival-and-patronal-town-fiesta&catid=57:news-and-events&Itemid=27)

External links
The History and founding of Agoo, La Union (https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091245/http://www.agoolaunion.com/2015/12/ag
oo-history-founding-tourism.html) (Facebook)
Free Public Domain Images of Agoo beaches and surrounds (https://web.archive.org/web/20160224171434/http://www.agoolaunio
n.com/2016/02/free-public-domain-photographs-of.html) (Facebook)
Philippine Standard Geographic Code (https://psa.gov.ph/classification/psgc/?q=psgc/barangays/013301000&regcode=01&provcod
e=33)
Philippine Census Information (https://web.archive.org/web/20131004104825/http://census.gov.ph/)
Local Governance Performance Management System (https://web.archive.org/web/20120523033509/http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv
2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23&frmIdDcfCode=7&fLguType=CM&frmIdRegion=2&frmIdProvince=20&frmIdLgu=259)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agoo&oldid=1161583647"