CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction
Education is the key factor in the development and advancement of a society.
Each individual in a country should be considered as an asset because it is due
to the overall contribution of human resources that a nation can progress and
advance. To integrate each individual in the process of development and
advancement of the nation, suitable education and training is very important.
Since education and training of an individual is a life long process every nation
must be aware of this fact, if proper directions are to be given to its people. To
ensure that people get a life long education library should be made accessible
and library services should be made available at all places, to all sections of the
society. The human need for information is unlimited. People seek information
from different sources and formats for undertaking a variety of jobs and tasks.
They use information for decision making, discovering new phenomena,
developing new techniques and technologies, and improving existing knowledge
and theories. Information also plays a vital role in shaping human thinking and
character building, communication, and the teaching process. Tremendous
growth in knowledge, technological advancements and rapid changes in the
modern world have led to an increased awareness of the importance of
information in all aspects of life.
Academic institutions play a key role in society by preparing future generations
to use the acquired knowledge to fulfil their responsibilities more effectively.
The library of these institutions serve a variety of users such as students,
Department , administrators and staff with diverse information needs. These
library collect a variety of information sources and offer various services for
supporting instructional, research (Malhan,Vir Inder and Gupta,Urmila 2014)
”New Education policy and development of School library in India” in “Herald
of Library Science” vol.28, no.2, jan-april (2016). and learning activities. Hence,
the importance of library in academic institutions is considerable and they are
often viewed as a nucleus of academic activity.Today’s library is power house
where information is stored, generated and transferred to fulfill the users need.
For the optimum use of this library its users should also have knowledge to
access its resources to their full benefit making every search effective.

1
 The College of Education system is one of the tripods of tertiary education
in Nigeria and it has the primary role of training teachers who will be awarded
the minimum teaching qualification of Nigerian Certificate of Education (NCE).
This certificate qualifies one to teach in junior secondary schools and technical
colleges in Nigeria and it takes three years or more to complete. These teachers’
institutions were formally known as Advanced Teachers’ Colleges and were
affiliated to different universities in Nigeria. They were later transformed into
Colleges of Education under the supervision of one umbrella body known as the
National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE) established in 2016.
There are 64 colleges of education in Nigeria, classified according to their
ownership; hence, we have 20 federal, 39 state, 1military and private colleges of
education. The state colleges of education are established and funded by their
respective State governments. (NCCE, 2009, NCCE, 2002).

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Argungu is a city in Nigeria's Kebbi State, situated on the Sokoto River. As of
2007 Argungu had an estimated population of 47,064. The city is the seat of
The Argungu Emirate, a traditional state. The city is a major agricultural center
for the area, with key crops including tobacco, peanuts, rice, millet, wheat,
and sorghum. The city also hosts an annual international fishing festival which
was suspended for 11 years. But The Argungu fishing festival was held again in
the year 2020 from March 11–14 After the Hausa state of Kebbi was conquered
by the Fulani Empire in 1808, Kebbi's rulers fled to Argungu to found a new
emirate. Though the neighboring Hausa state of Gwandu conquered Kebbi in
1831, it was unable to fully secure control of Argungu, and a series of revolts
followed. By the end of the century, Argungu had become a de fact to
independent state, though it was again conquered by the British in 1902.

The building of the Kanta Museum, adjacent to the main market was built in
1831 and named after Muhammadu Kanta, who founded the Kebbi Kingdom in
1515. It was erected by Yakubu Nabame, a former Emir of Kebbi, and served as
the Emir's palace until 1942 when the British built a new administrative palace
during the reign of Muhammed Sani. After the building became vacant, on July

2
1, 1958, it opened as a museum, offering an insight into the turbulent history
of Kebbi State. The museum is divided into eleven compartments and has a
notable collection of weapons, consisting of charms, spears, swords, wood,
stones, bows and arrows, local guns and even drums on display. The museum
is also known to be a place where dead emirs of the local government are
buried.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ADAMU AUGIE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

ARGUNGU
This research topic cannot be completed untill the history of the adamu augie
college of education Argungu was emerge as a case study. When kebbi state
was curred out of the former sokoto state in august 1991. it became obvious
that the educational sector in the emerged area had suffered a long period of
time.
The desired by new state to have it own college of education for training of the
required manpower inthe field of teacher education led to the enactment of an
adict(Kebbi State college of education law, 2015 )on 28th july 2015 was the
then civilian govermnet of kebbi state Alhaji Abubakar Musa.the college
located at defunt govermnet teacher college Argungu Adamu Augie College of
Education located in Kebbi state northern Nigeria is state college and is
funded and managed by the government of Kebbi State. Adamu Augie college
has no religious or cultural affiliations and these factors hold little weight
during the admission selection process, however the student body is not so
diverse in terms of culture and religion, predominantly because of the location
of the college. The college provides accommodation facilities for her students
and attempts to create a conducive environment for her students in order to
full fill her goal of creating quality teachers for the education sector.
The college has the following department:

1) School of Science
2) School of Art
3) School of Art and Social Sciences
4) School of education
5) School of vocational and technical education

3
6) College of library
7) Consultancy service unit
8) Administrative section of the college

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Staffing in a library set up is very important. However, as important as it is,
staffing is often taken for granted or ignored in some colleges of education
library , such that staff vacancies may not be filled, while those on ground are
often over-stretch thereby making the services of the library inadequate for the
community they are meant to serve. Hence this study set out to examine the
staffing pattern of State Colleges of Education library in Nigeria.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study is to examine: The number of professional and
paraprofessional staff in Colleges of Education library under study to know
relationship between the institution and its users.

1.4 SCOPE
This study is limited to staffing patterns in state colleges of education library
argungu. The state colleges of education in argungu receive it funding from
their respective state government. Clerical and other administrative staff are
not included in this study.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is the staffing pattern of State Colleges of Education argungu ?
2. Are there more professional than para professional staff in State Colleges of
Education library in Nigeria?
3. What are relationship between the population served by the library ?
4. What proportions of the professional librarians gender are male?
5. What proportions of the professional librarians are gender female?

1.6 Definition of Terms/Glossary:

4
Academic Library:- An academic library is a library in school, college,
University and all other institute of higher learning. It is a library which is an
integral part of an institution of higher education.
CD-ROM:- Compact Disc Read Only Memory. A compact disc format that is
used to hold text, graphics and hi-fi stereo sound. The disc is almost the same
as the music CD, but uses different tracks for data.
Electronic Journal:- E-journals were defined to be publications available in
electronic form only and having an International Standard Serial Number
(ISSN).According to their definition, an e-journal contains original work which
is para ject to a peer review process, and is published only on the Web at no
cost.
Electronic Library: The library deemed to be one in which the core processes
of the library become basically electronic in nature. Which is likely to happen in
through the widespread incorporation and use of computers and the various
facilities that they are able to make available, such as online indexes, full- text
searching an retrieval facilities, automated record keeping and computer based
decision making.
Information:- Information is a property of data resulting from or produced by a
process that produced data.
Internet:- It is a data communication system that interconnects computer
system at various sites.
Information Service:- Library information center process information bearing
documents and organizes them for use to those who seek it. A library make
both extensive and intensive efforts to inform the users what information is
available in what document through its various bibliographical and
documentation services.
Library Service:- Refers to the facilities which are provided by a library for the
use of the books and the dissemination of information.
OPAC:- An OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog) is an online bibliography of a
library collection that is available to the public. OPACs developed as stand-
alone online catalogs, often from VT100 terminals to a mainframe library
catalog.

5
STAFF:-  A group of persons, as employees, charged with carrying out the work
of an establishment or executing some undertaking. a group of assistants to a
manager, superintendent, or executive. a member of a staff.

6
 CHAPTER TWO
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Past literature is the mirror of present and future, which helps to develop a
thorough understanding and insight into previous research works that relates
to the present study. It is the tool, which provides a proper guideline and idea
to the researchers in many studies hence, literature related to the research
topic, has been quoted here. It will make the study authentic, stronger and
finds the foundation for the work.
According to the definition taken from library and information science
encyclopedia, academic library reflect the development of the colleges and
universities of which they are a part. These library , are integral parts of the
institutions they serve, design their collections and services to meet the
instructional programs of the particular institution. The program of the
academic library varies depending upon institution of which they are a part.
The basic assumption governing the growth and development of all academic
library is that the library plays a role of central and critical importance in the
instructional and scholarly life of the college or university One of the most
important products of the academic endeavor is students’ success in their
courses of study. However, despite various attempts over the years, it has
seldom been possible to demonstrate conclusively that undergraduate library
use significantly contributes to student success.
Altman and Hernon (2015 , p. 53) made it very clear that users are the
best judges of library services and that customer opinion of library service is of
paramount importance. Should there be no users, library would only be
needed as warehouses. User evaluations of library goodness have therefore
frequently been taken at face value to indicate quality of service. Associated
with the missions of library and their institutions. User satisfaction may or
may not be related to the value or the performance of a library.
Different users may find the same services unequally satisfying. In an
interesting investigation of how effective students perceive their academic
library to be, McCarthy (2010, p. 226) had found that the sources of students’
satisfaction and dissatisfaction may be the same: if they were satisfied, they
were satisfied with the materials that they were able to locate and find; those

7
that were dissatisfied, were dissatisfied with their ability to find materials and
the lack of available materials. Itc has even been shown that users will be
satisfied with services regardless of whether they regard them as particularly
good The ACRL (2015 ) Task Force on Academic Library Outcomes Assessment
Report defined outcomes measures of library services as “the ways in which
library users are changed as a result of their contact with the library’s
resources and programs”. Improvement in academic performance and academic
success are quoted as examples of such changes.
Whitmire (2015 ) was able to show that students who engaged in what
she called “independent exploration” and “focused library activities”, such as
checking citations found in readings, reading references, finding unprescribed
material and borrowing books, reported a significant improvement in their
critical thinking abilities.
A case study by Donovan in an article in which he was really trying to
establish whether the role of the law librarian is an educational one, could
demonstrate that students of law who received academic honours on
graduation were more active library book borrowers than students who did not
graduate with honour. Wells (2010) found a positive correlation between
undergraduate academic achievement and the use of a variety of library
resources and services such as using the catalogue, obtaining assistance from
library staff and using different library materials such as electronic resources,
journal articles, books and reference works.
The amount of time spent in the library did not correlate with academic
achievement. An interesting aspect of the study is that it did not rely on
borrowing books as the sole indicator of library use.
Wells (2016 )made a particularly interesting comment by suggesting one way in
which to measure the “change” or improvement brought about by the library in
individual students’ work. She said that a particular assignment could be
selected and the “students’ use of the library in writing that particular
assignment recorded and compared with actual marks gained”, thus giving “a
more direct indication of the library’s role in the student’s achievement”.
“library essentially aim at improving the quality of life by self-learning and self
education. Learning and getting educated are the dual and independent value

8
of a library. library have the built in potential to provide users as seekers of
information in many situations with sources of information and knowledge to
give them inner satisfaction. Growing user figures show that users really go to
library/information centers for gaining information, education and inspiration
to enhance the meaning and richness of their lives.” All users of academic
library have a right to expect library services to be up-to-date and
commensurate with their needs provided by competent librarians and funded
on adequate collection.
As a resources centre it should play a great role in learning process. Ajayi(2016)
expressed that any student without access to supplementary reading materials
as provided for in library will be seriously handicapped: his academic success
will be based largely on his liability to memorize his lecture notes. On the other
hand however any student with access to a good library can learn and be
judged on his own skill in classifying a problem, collection information relating
to its solution and formulating conclusions.
The mark of academic excellence and scholarship lies in the student’s
ability to find new facts for himself to supplement whatever he gets from the
teacher. Wells(2009) reviews academic library performance in response to
research which demonstrates that library usage contributes to the academic
achievements of undergraduates.
The three key aspects according to him are the resources available to
undergraduate student’s ability to access these resources and student’s use of
information obtained.
Urena and Rubio(2010) expressed that on academics institution library
supports both teaching and research each of different requirements. Talking of
students, Mann (2009) remarked that many students are idle and do not want
to study if they can avoid it. They rather prefer mugging up lecture notes to
reading books.
While Unomah(2010) found that major responsibility for student’s use or lack
of use of the library lay with the Department . The implication of this is that a
lecturer who has no library training is not likely to encourage or motivate his
students in the use of the library.

9
Osinulu study (2015 ) showed that there is a low patronage of library service
and that many users have not actually realized the full potential of the library
in pursuit and attainment of academic excellence. Davies (2009) argued that
the scope of knowledge has become too vast to be covered extensively with the
boundaries of classroom instruction. He, therefore, stressed that a good library
can help in promoting the development of reading skills and providing a
framework for academic achievement.
Muogilim(2010) investigated the inability of students to utilize library facilities
after taking a course in the use of library. The finding showed that there is little
interaction between the students and the library staff during the orientation
programme. They were also overloaded with so much information with a short
time that the chances of retention and internalization of the avalanche of new
information is quite slim. He concluded that high enrolment with adequate
physical facilities mad effective work difficult.
Dr.Rabindranath Tagor in 1925 at Bengal library Conference once said “what
makes a library big”. He said that it is not the big building, big collection of
books, big finances and big staff that makes a library big but it is the big use of
the resources of the library that earns the big name to it. The value of books
and library is epitomized in the larger use of its collection A library collections
do not consist only of books and journals.
An academic library should house collection of films, slides and filmstrips. The
recent development in automation have seen the spread of personal computers
and network terminal nodes in academic library , and an increasing number of
library house and circulate software and other automated information
packages in their collection. Many library are sharing information and data
facilities and services on academic purpose. The use of collection development
statements has long been a standard practice in all types of library . What are
collection development policies?. The American Library Association(ALA) states
that they are documents which define the scope of a library's existing
collections, plan for the continuing development of resources, identify collection
strengths, and outline the relationship between selection philosophy and the
institution's goals, general selection criteria, and intellectual freedom (American
Library Association, 2010). They serve many functions beyond being merely a

10
tool for selection of materials. In addition to describing current collections, they
establish priorities, assist with budgeting, serve as a communication channel
within a library and between the library and outside constituents, support
cooperative collection development, protect intellectual freedom and prevent
censorship, and assist in overall collection management activities, including the
handling of gifts, deselecting of materials, and serials cancellations (Johnson,
1994). They also minimize personal bias in the selection of materials, identify
gaps in collection development responsibilities, and serve as information
resources for new collection development librarians (Frank et al., 2008).
Nation building, therefore for qualitative education to be achieved; the
supply of teachers must be adequate in quantity and quality (Adegbesan 2010).
Ukeje (2010) emphasized that education unlocks the door to modernization, but
it is the teacher who holds the key to the door. In corroborating this, Gambo
(2016) argued that “the Nigerian teachers must be intellectually,
conscientiously, highly motivated and professionally sound individuals that are
capable of discharging their professional obligations to the nation. As a result
such individual must be ever learning, up-to-date in knowledge, skills and
ideas and very adaptable to changing needs and situation.
In recognizing the vital roles of teachers, the Federal Government of Nigeria
stated in its National Policy of Education Team (2009) that teachers’ education
will continue to be given a major emphasis in all the nation’s educational
planning efforts (Federal Republic of Nigeria 2016).

2.2 THE INTERNET AGE

History of Internet goes back to 2000 when Rand Corporation of America made
public the first network with the principle that there would not be any central
authority. The National Physical Laboratory in UK set-up the first test network
in Overroye, 2010 stated that “Internet as a library without a card catalogue”.
One of the most notable advantages of the Internet was its ability to connect
people, services, and information regardless of location or computer platform.
Distributed computing, geographical independence, and temporal freedom for
information seeking would profoundly affect instruction. By the early 1990s a
number of colleges and universities offered classes about how to use the then

11
command-based Internet services to connect to remote databases, send e-mail,
download files, and search the hierarchies of gopher sites. The Internet,
especially its graphical World Wide Web, has become one of the most powerful
tools of information storage, retrieval and dissemination of our times. Access to
the Internet, including electronic mail (e-mail), Usenet, World Wide Web, remote
login (telnet), file transfer protocol (FTP), online chat and e-conferencing,
provides those connected to it with an unprecedented amount of information
that can be used to their advantages. The information available on the Internet
is seemingly limitless in terms of variety, quantity, and quality as massive
volume of information is added to it every day.
Muchin (2016) writes, “Librarians in the 2000s have an advantage over the
librarians we are able to rely on the Internet to make all aspects of our jobs
easier.” Making effective use of online resources through the Internet can
somehow alleviate these constraints being faced by library . Besides, by using
the Internet, library are able to perform their operations more effectively than
ever before and are able to improve the quality of their services, as well as able
to save time and money.

12
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulation hypothesis

or suggested solutions, collecting organizing and evaluating data, making
deductions and reaching conclusions and at last carefully testing the
conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis. Research
is the careful search of inquiry into any para eject matter which is an endeavor
to discover on find out valuable fact which will be useful for further application
or utilization.
The survey method was used for this study. Questionnaire was used as the
main instrument of data collection. 39 copies of questionnaires were directly
mailed to the heads of library in all state colleges of education. The state
colleges of education were selected for this study because a similar study had
been done by Egunjobi and Oyewole (2015) in Federal colleges of education in
Nigeria. In order to evaluate the face and content validity of the questionnaire,
the draft copies of the questionnaire was given out to four chief librarians in the
college system to assist in evaluating content. The corrected and final
questionnaire was sent out with self address envelops in June 2017. However,
other copies of the questionnaire were sent out to the same audience in
January 2018 when the earlier ones were not returned. The items of the
questionnaire addresses issues such as the number of professionals and para
professionals in each library, the qualification of the professionals, student and
academic staff population, total number of staff undergoing in-service training
and the types of training. Out of the thirty nine questionnaires forwarded by
mail to the college librarians, only twenty copies were returned by September
ending 2018. This forms 51.2% of the questionnaires sent out. The returned
questionnaires were analyzed and used for this study. Data was analyzed using
simple percentage calculation.

3.1 Research Design:

Research Design is the plan, structure and strategy of investigation conceived
so as to obtain answer to research questions and to control variance. For this

13
research work student of Adamu Augie College of institution were studied. The
student of the college there used From this study researcher will try to find out
the library using habit of the students. The preference between the print and
electronic resources and the reason behind it.

3.2 Source of Data:

The major sources of data were primary as well as secondary which were used
for this study. The primary data were collected through field survey, using the
questionnaire and inquiring. Researcher also consulted dissertation, article,
books, electronic journals, periodicals and brochures and secondary date.

3.3 COLLEGE library UNDER SURVEY

Adamu Augie College of Education library was examined in this study. The
date of establishment was indicated This reveals that since it establishments it
has reached or attain a certain level of development in term of adequate
facilities which includies adequate and quality library staff.
Table II:
What is the staffing pattern of Adamu Augie Collegeof Education
Staff Pattern No.Of Respondent Percentage %
Professional 5 17%
Non Professional 10 33%
Supporting Staff 15 50%
TOTAL 30 100%

3.4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The College librarians were asked to indicate the volume of their collection,
numbers of student and staff, number of librarians and number of library
officers, number of library sections headed by professionals and para -
professionals as well as professional training opportunities available. Their
responses to these issues were analyzed to answer the research questions
generated earlier in this study.
Table II:
What are the Professional and Non Professional

14
 Staff Pattern No.Of Respondent Percentage %
Professional 5 33%
Non Professional 10 67%
TOTAL 15 100%

Percentage of Professional and para -Professional Staff Data collected revealed

that in all the 20 colleges of education library surveyed, 91 (47.9%) librarians
and 99 (52.1%) library officers were employed. This shows that on the whole,
there are more para -professionals in these library . Further examination
showed that 8(40%) of the library have higher number of professionals than
para -professionals. This is in sharp contrast to the findings of Egunjobi and
Oyewole (2016) which reported the reverse of this result. the study also
revealed that while the number of professionals in the library surveyed range
from a minimum of two to a maximum of eight persons, the para professionals
range from a minimum of one to a maximum of eleven persons. The issue of
more library officers (para -professionals) than librarians in the state colleges of
education library may be as a result of shortage of fund to employ more
qualified staff as most Nigerian state governments are battling with economic
melt down which is in turn having effect on their educational institutions. A
closer look at the data also reveals that wherever the number of para -
professionals is high, there are usually a lower number of professionals. This
indicated that some para -professionals staffs may likely be assigned to perform
professional duties due to shortage of professional staff which may not be in
the best interest of the library and the library users. Moreover, going by the
NCCE standard for the college library , which stated that a college library shall
operate with not less than three professional staff and it shall maintain a staff
ratio of 1:5. The interpretation is that where there is 3 librarians there must be
15 paraprofessional librarians and the total number of staff should be 20.
Though, only 1(5%) of the library is operating with less than three professional
but non of the library is able to maintain the recommended ratio. This shows
that most of the college library are operating with inadequate number of library
staff. In fact only the College of Education Agbor has the correct number of staff
but not in the recommended ratio. Librarians Ratio to Patrons Population and

15
Collection Volumes Out of the twenty colleges involved in this survey, only
nineteen responded to this aspect of the questionnaire by producing data on
the total volume of thei rcollection and their student/academic staff population
vis-à-vis the number of librarians. This is represented in Table III.
Table III: What are the relationship between staff and the library users.
Responses No of Respondent Percentage %
Very Good 5 17%
Good 15 50%
Fair 10 33%
Total 30 100%

From the table above, while eighteen library provided information on total
collection in volumes and student population, seventeen provided information
on the academic staff population. The total number of students and academic
staff is taken to be the estimated total number of population served by the
library. The ratio of librarians to the volume of books collection in the college
library range from 1 librarian per 1338 volumes of books to 1 librarian per
22,779 volumes of books. In the same vein, the population served by a librarian
range from 530 persons to 3110 persons. Though there is no specific standard
set by the supervisory body in this regard but Agboola (2015) stated that the
National University Commission recommended the ratio of one librarian to two
hundred full time equivalent students in on academics institution library .
Consequently, Arubayi (2015) discovered that the computed lecturer /students
ratio in state colleges of education is 1:27 in 2012/2013 session. If this is so for
lecturers, it is quite obvious that having one librarian serving 530 students is
inadequate while having one librarian for a collection of about 22,779 volumes
and 2,248 persons as in the case of Shehu Shagari College of Education,
Sokoto is rather highly inadequate. The librarian will not be able to serve the
population adequately and the students may not be able to access important
information sources and might be missing out vital information that could have
made them better equipped for the task ahead of them.

16
Common Qualification held and Type of In-Service-training
Analysis of the qualifications held by librarians in the colleges indicated that 43
(47.3%) librarians have Bachelors Degree in library science, 46 (50.5%) held a
Masters Degree in librarianship (MLS) while 2(2.2%) held a Doctor of
Philosophy Degree. This is presented in Table V.

Table IV: Gender of Library staff

Responses No of Respondent Percentage %
MALE 20 67%
FEMALE 10 33%
TOTAL 30 100%

It is quite commendable that majority 48( 52.7%) of the librarians in the state
Colleges of Education had masters degree in librarian-ships. This may be due
to the fact that most Colleges of Education in Nigeria now require a minimum of
Postgraduate degrees for lectureship and since librarians are accorded the
same status with their teaching counter parts, it is compulsory for them too to
acquire Postgraduate degree. Further analysis of the data reveals that out of
the 48 librarians that have masters’ degree, 25 (52.1%) have their background
in education, 10 (20.8%) have theirs in arts/humanitarian studies, 8 (16.7%) in
social science while only 5 (10.4%) have in sciences. However, 43 librarians
that have only first degree, obtained it in library science, this may be due to the
fact that most of them rise through the ranks and therefore have to go through
diploma program in librarianship which was made possible through in-service
training. Only two librarians according to the data have doctorate degree,
however, there is the tendency for more staff to progress on courses leading to
the award of PhD in librarianship because librarianship in Nigerian academic
library keeps on evolving.

17
 CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The majority of the survey respondents hold positions such as Senior

Library, Chief Librarian, Librarian I and Librarian II. More than half of
the respondents worked as a librarian between six and ten years,
followed by those who have worked one to five years. Half of the
respondents hold bachelor degrees in library science, followed by those
who have additional Master’s degrees. More than half of the respondents
were women Respondents were asked to rate their skills level as low,
average, or high.The majority of the librarians who participated in the
study rated their skills to be average. Internet searching skills was the
only category rated as high, suggesting the need for professional training
and bolstering esanmi’s (2013) argument that obsolete skills should be
given urgent and adequate attention. This also gives credence to
Sarrafzadeh’s (2005) assertion that untrained Library Information
System (LIS)professionals will become irrelevant to their organizations
and will probably lose out in competition for employment to professionals
of other fields like scientists, engineers and IT professionals.
The overall assessment of the respondents revealed that the majority
(51%) rated their skills as average; 29% rated their skills as high, and
20% as low (Table 1).
Out of the 21 respondents who rated their overall skills to be high,
the vast majority (71%) are librarians in federal COE; 29% are librarians
from state owned institutions. The difference in the skill levels between
the librarians in different types of COE library might be attributed to the
availability of training opportunities for librarians in the federal COE; all
federal COE in Nigeria are directly—and as a result, more consistently—

18
funded by the federal government. State library are not given the same
opportunities.

4.3 Population:
The population of study was students of graduate level at the
institutions. Students who were familiar with the library and its service
and had been using the library resources for their studying purpose

4.4 Sampling Procedure:

To study the application of library resources in their daily studying
process of 510 students of the institution, the random sampling
technique was adopted for this study. To fulfill the objectives of this
study researcher distributed 200 questionnaires to the students which
are about 25% of the total population. They enthusiastically filled up the
questionnaire without any hesitation after explaining the aim of the study
by researcher. Out of 200 questionnaires were returned duly filled.
Several follow ups and request had to be made to the respondents to
return the questionnaires timely.
All 127 returned questionnaires were included in the analysis for this
study which is 64% of the total questionnaire distributed.

4.5 Data Collection Procedure:

Data were collected from the following methods
Questionnaire:
It was found to be more appropriate for this kind of survey as compared
to Interview. It enabled the researcher to get response from a relatively
large population within the specified time limit. It was also believed that
the questionnaire would provide an opportunity for respondent to answer
at their own leisure.

19
Questionnaire with 32 questions were prepared focusing on the use of
library resources (print and electronic resources) and Information
retrieving habits was prepared and distributed among the student. The
questionnaire was structured and closed ended type with one open ended
questions. Questions distributed to the students are attached in
appendix 1 Altogether 200 questionnaires were distributed. 50
questionnaires were distributed to students of the college by researcher.
Among 50 only 34 respondents were returned back.70 questionnaires
were distributed to the students of Adamu Augie College and 41 of the
questionnaire was returned back. In NCCS 80 questionnaire were
distributed to the students for that a help of some student were taken
due to time constraint and though the questionnaire took only 15-20
many students were reluctant to do it at school and some took the
questionnaire home and it did make a delay in gathering the 81.

Observation:
After going for several visit to these library the researcher found about
the collection of these library its management and close observation
made it possible to see first hand what the student normally came to do
in the library.

4.6 Data Analysis Procedure:

Data in the form of questionnaire have been collected, edited, coded,
tabulated and classified for data analysis. The completed (filled up)
questionnaires were checked to remove the possible error and
consistencies in the field. No advance Statistical tools were used for the
study. But the analysis was carried out by using simple statistical
tools using arithmetic techniques such as % addition, para scription,
estimation, approximately etc. The result of analysis could be found in

20
tables and figures making references relevant to the research relations
studied and drawing conclusion about them.

21
 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY,CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY
Based on the survey done among the student belonging to the same
institution, this study has the following key findings:
The questionnaire was distributed to 200 students of three institutions
i.e. 25% of the total number of targeted students of respected college. The
responses were made by 127 students of these three colleges which is
64% of the student responded to the questionnaire. Among the 64%
responded it was found that 87% of the students own a personal
computer at home and 51% had access to computer from different point
like at school, cyber and at friends. Further the study showed that 80%
of the student were familiar with computer and had basic knowledge
about the working of the computer since they were in school.

• Most of the student i.e. 56% of the total population of 127, responded
that they use the Internet once a week and 32% of the respondent said
they use it daily and their reason for accessing Internet was for
educational purpose as 58% of the student which is the majority of the
population stated that they use it for the education and others reason for
using the Internet was for entertainment purpose, news and sports.

• While looking for the information through the Internet the huge amount
of student i.e. 91% of them cited that they search information via search
engines and Google among the various search engines that is present
seems to be the most popular among the student as the study shows that
60% of the students used Google and their frequency of using these
search engine were also intensive as 36% accessed in on weekly basis
while 26% of them responded that they access it daily for study purpose.

22
• It was interesting to find out that among the total no. of population of
student 35%of the students response was their primary way to search for
information while preparing school paper or for reference work was to
look up in the Internet at school. Whereas 29% of the student said they
prefer to search for information from Internet from their home. This
response shows that most of the students are totally dependent upon the
Internet as a reference tool for their further study.

5.2 Conclusion:
On the basis of the above observation one can conclude that. Library is
an important part of any academic Institution. It is a Universe of
knowledge an institution responsible for acquiring or providing
information through various primary source or secondary sources made
available in various format. It plays a pivotal role in widening the
knowledge frontiers which leads to attainment of intellectual heights.
It is quiet evident that student as a whole use physical library to a great
extent for study purpose which is proved by the study that they do see
their particular library as a part of the educational institution and visits
their to inquire about the books that are acquired and for the basic
purpose of lending and returning.The main reason that came across in
the study was for the student to visit their particular library was to do
assigned reading. Students other purpose for visiting library was to use
the electronic resources. But due to insufficient networking computers
and inadequate tools students are discouraged to find the library as the
important part of their institutional system. As the need of the
information is tremendous in every individual today they are lured
towards the easy access to information it could be the Internet or the
other Information centers which they find as a reliable source of
disseminating the knowledge that is important to them.

23
Students today have really taken to heart digital access to collection and
resources and they use these resources to great extent due to the easily
understandable interface of a search engine students today are more
dependent on Internet and world wide web as it could be accessed from
anywhere like home, cyber or anyplace they could find the computers. As
found in the study Google is the most used search engine that is
employed for study purpose. For a large portion of heavy Google users the
use of a search engine is more informative, efficient and updated than the
use of the library and library resources.
Internet has contributed positively in providing quality reference service
and has improved individuals performance. The information need of the
student have changed( and are still changing) as a result of the
emergence and expansion of the electronic form of information in which
information content is made available for users to access and use.Users
today need to be information literate to acquire the information made
available to them in different formats. Student have to know how to use
these resources so as to make a proper exploitation of information at
hand. The challenges that is brought about by the information explosion
in the intellectual arena for the library will be to be more resourceful
expanding their collection and services according to their patrons
requirement.

5.3 Recommendation:
Following recommendation are made in order to help these college library
for catering the appropriate source of information that is generally sought
by the students. The objectives of any library is to be informative and
abreast of time so that it could become reliable to its patron and the
resources it has be useful to its users and effective rather than just lay
piling up on the stack.

24
1) The Physical library is still very important and well liked by students.
Library should focus on being more adequately resourceful to make
sometimes wonder regular library users.
2) Students are easily intimidated when they do not get the response
properly so to make them familiar with the resources librarian should
be more friendly, co-operative and helpful.
3) library should aim to make all the users aware of the information
resources and services available, both directly or through external
sources at the library and enable users to enjoy the search for
information
4) Teaching staff and library staff should collaborate to ensure that
library resources along with electronic resources are appropriately
used by the students.
5) Ensure there are sufficient networked computers available for
students,especially at peak times.
6) Ensure information skill training is pitched at a level which is
appropriate to the individuals needs of the student.
7) library should also consider the Internet as one of the most important
information sources and develop its infrastructure accordingly.
8) Library should be open access and promotion of on-screen help,
printed guides and training for the less popular electronic resources,
to encourage students to see the potential of them.

25
References
Adegbesan, S.O. (2010). Establishing quality assurance in Nigerian
education system: Implication for educational managers.
Educational Research and Reviews 5(7): 380-384, Available:
http://www.academicjournals.org/ERR2 Retrieve August 20, 2010

Agboola, A.T. (1994). Agricultural Information Services in Nigeria: The

Challenge for University for University of Agriculture library . Lagos
librarian 15: 24-33.

Arubayi, D.O. (2009). Lecturer quality, quantity and gender in colleges of

education in Nigeria College Student Journal FindArticles.com. 10
Oct, 2010.

Egunjobi, R.A. (2001) Academic Status for Librarians in Colleges of

Education: The Unsettled Issues. In Quadri, R.F., & Gbadamosi,
B.O. (eds.). Issues in Library and Information Services. Emola Joy:
59-69

Egunjobi, R.A. (2002). The Library Personnel. In Adesola, O.

(ed.)Fundamentals of Library Practice in Nigeria. Lagos: Higher
Education Book Pub.: 44-55

Egunjobi, R.A., & Oyewole, G.O. (2006). Staffing Patterns of Federal

Colleges of Education library in Nigeria. The Nigerian Academic
Forum 11(52-57)

Gambo, E.K. (1997). Library Services: The Basic for Effective Teacher
Education for National Development. In Nigeria, Ohanado, et al.

26
 (eds.) Nigeria Education System and National Development. Katsina:
SOE, FCE: 123-128.

Jekayinfa, A.A. (1999). Development of Teacher Education in Nigeria.

West African Journal of Education Research, 3(1): 129-133

Myer, M. (1989). Staffing Patterns. In Creth, S., & Duda, F. (eds.).

Personnel Administration in library . New York: Neal Shuman Pub.:
40-42.

27