Sk2e - Level 3 Listening and Speaking - Audio Scripts

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Listening & Speaking

3 AUDIO SCRIPTS
Unit 1: Identity HASSAN: Hmmm, well, my defining moment personal information they include, but in
was a little different. It was when I made general, these IDs typically include a person’s
Track 1.1 the swim team earlier this year. I trained photo, name, nationality, gender (male or
PROFESSOR: Good afternoon. Last class hard all summer and tried out for the team female), and an identification number. It may
we discussed life events that affect one’s in the fall. I’d wanted to be on the team also include hair color, eye color, and height
identity; for example, getting married, and for a couple of years and all that practice of the person. An advantage of a photo ID is
getting a job. Today, I’d like to focus on key enabled me to succeed. Now I have a new someone can look at the photo and quickly
events in education. What kind of things status at school. I can say I’m a member of check who you are. A disadvantage is it can
can happen during your education that the swim team. I can call myself a school be lost or stolen and photos can be altered.
affect the direction of your life? Any ideas? athlete. I also changed my major to sports OK, so what about passwords, user IDs and
management. PINs—personal identification numbers? Well,
DAN: Well, sometimes people realize they’re
studying the wrong subject. Maybe you PROFESSOR: Great that you attained your while these are excellent ways to protect
really thought that you wanted to be a goal, Hassan. That is a good example of our bank accounts, computers and social
designer, but once you start your course how our achievements can lead to a new media profiles, this information could be
you realize that you don’t enjoy it. I know identity. All right. Was anyone influenced by stolen and used by somebody else. There’s
lots of people like that … other students? Yes, Sonya? no way to guarantee that the person entering
SONYA: Well, I definitely was influenced by the password or PIN is the real owner of the
PROFESSOR: Absolutely. This was a
my friends in my study group … I really like account, and as such, these are not reliable
common response during my research in
psychology, but I was concerned about ways to establish identity.
which I interviewed 100 students. I asked
them was there a defining moment at getting a job with a psychology major. My Now, let’s turn our attention to biometrics. I
school that affected your self-identity? friends know I like to talk to lots of people. want to look at how biometric information
By defining moment I meant a class, or I’m outgoing. They suggested I study is used to identify someone. The oldest way
a professor, or an experience with other business. They thought I would be great at is by taking a person’s fingerprint. You are
students.One student I spoke to, Tom, told it. So, that’s what I’ve decided to do. all probably familiar with this. Do you know
me he’d always wanted to be a doctor. His PROFESSOR: Your experiences support my why each of us has a unique fingerprint? It’s
father was a doctor. His uncle was a doctor. research, which shows students often change because the skin on each of our fingers has
He wanted to be like them. It was part of their minds about a major after they attend a unique pattern. Although the skin on our
their family structure. However, in his first classes and are exposed to new ideas. fingers is flexible, a fingerprint is one reliable
year at college, he took a writing seminar way to identify someone. This is especially
and realized he really liked to write. One Track 1.2 true nowadays where 3D scanners are used.
day in class he suddenly knew he wanted to Good morning everybody. Today I’m The second biometric form of identification
be a journalist instead. Sound familiar? going to be talking about methods used I want to mention uses voice. Each person’s
SONYA: Sure. Lots of students decide on for identifying people. Every day there are voice has a unique combination of features,
a career and then change their minds. It situations in which we have to identify who such as pitch and rhythm. This makes it
seems pretty common. we are. Not that long ago, a photo ID was possible for a recording of a person’s voice to
sufficient for most purposes. But nowadays, be used to confirm identity. To make a voice
PROFESSOR: Here’s another example from
we live in a world full of technology where ID, the user records themselves saying a short
research. It’s one from a student named
there are issues with identity theft and the sentence. Later, when they want to access
Ben majoring in biology. Ben had planned
need to confirm our identity in other ways. the account or, whatever’s protected by the
to be a computer science major. But, then
Thus, there is now a need to move beyond voice ID, they repeat the sentence. If the pitch
he took a couple of biology classes and
the basic information on our photo IDs. For and rhythm of the two sentences match, the
discovered not only was he good at it, but
example, we have user IDs and passwords to person’s identity can usually be established.
that he loved it. He changed majors. Now
use with our computers. It’s also becoming This is useful in situations where the
he plans to work in biotech. Have any of
more common for us to be identified using person cannot be seen; for example, on the
you had a similar experience? Dan?
biometric information. Biometrics is the telephone. Voice ID is generally considered
DAN: Well, in high school, I was good at a reliable way to identify someone … Of
process where a unique physical feature of
mathematics. I also loved art and design course, voice recognition software isn’t 100%
a person—for example, someone’s face or
and writing. I had a lot of diverse interests, accurate, so it cannot always be relied on for
voice—is recorded electronically and used to
but planned to major in math. Then, I took all situations.
confirm a person’s identity.
an intro engineering class. The engineering
All right. So first, I plan to briefly look at photo Next, let’s consider how DNA testing is
professor was fantastic! I was hooked. I
IDs and passwords. Then, I’ll talk in more used to identify people. ALL people share
decided to major in engineering instead.
detail about how using biometrics is a more over 99% of the same DNA information.
It allows me to combine mathematics and
reliable way to identify someone. However, there is a VERY small amount of
design.
DNA information that varies from one person
PROFESSOR: That sounds like a good So, now let’s focus on photo IDs; for instance,
to another. The small amount is used in
choice, Anyone else? [pause] Hassan? a passport or a driver’s license. These may
DNA testing. Let me explain. Let’s say, the
vary a bit from country to country as to what
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police submit two samples of hair to a DNA Track 1.4

crime lab. The lab extracts the DNA from
one sample of hair and compares it to the 1 A: When I was 17, I became the youngest
DNA they extract from another sample to see person ever to study at NSY.
how closely the two samples match. The lab B: Oh, really? That’s amazing.
looks for the probability the two samples are 2 A: I taught English in Japan for a year in
from the same person. However, they can’t my twenties.
say with absolute certainty that two DNA B: Me too! Where did you work?
samples are from the same person, and for 3 A: Last summer, a friend and I climbed
this reason, DNA testing is not 100% reliable Mount Everest.
as a type of identification. B: Wow! That sounds incredible. How
Let’s move on to the last type of biometrics I long did it take?
want to cover: it’s iris recognition. The iris is 4 A: I traveled around Iceland for a few
the colored part of your eye. To create an iris months after I graduated from college.
ID, a person’s iris is scanned. The scan creates B: It’s a beautiful country, isn’t it?
an image of the pattern in the iris. Because
the iris patterns in our eye are unique to each
of us, the patterns can be used to confirm our
identity.
Compared to other types of biometrics,
iris recognition is especially good for
identification. There are a couple of reasons
for this. First, because the iris is inside the eye
and well-protected from damage, it doesn’t
change over time. Second, because the iris is
mostly flat, it is easy to create a very accurate
video image of it. As a result, iris recognition
is one of the most reliable biometric forms of
ID we have. For this reason, iris recognition
is often used in automated border crossing
between some countries and in buildings
where security is important.
As technology develops, there will continue
to be new biometric ways to identify people.
Given that biometrics is based on our unique
physical features, this makes it the most
reliable way to identify people.
Track 1.3
1 a That sounds amazing.
b That sounds amazing.
2 a Oh, really?
b Oh, really?
3 a That’s great.
b That’s great.
4 a Me too.
b Me too.
5 a Yes, I have.
b Yes, I have.
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Unit 2: Design calls “designing for humans,” which is Track 2.2

similar to Dieter Rams’s principle that
Track 2.1 products should be understandable. Hello everyone. My name is Russell McGraw
Norman says doors are really simple and I’m a member of a team that works to
MARTA: Jack! Over here! design virtual reality and augmented reality
devices. We shouldn’t need written
JACK: Oh, hey Marta. How’s it going? products, not just games but also products
instructions like “pull” or “push” to figure
MARTA: OK … I just went to Professor Malik’s out what to do—it should be obvious from with practical uses in fields like medicine,
office to ask about the assignment for the the design. science, and even fashion. A lot of people
class I missed. He says we’re supposed are confused by the terms “augmented
MARTA: I completely agree with him. I wish reality” and “virtual reality,” so what I want to
to evaluate a product using the design
all products were designed like that. do today is define these terms, explain the
principles of Dieter Rams. Who is he? I’m
kind of behind on the reading for that class. JACK: Especially electronic devices, like similarities and differences between them
phones or tablets … and give examples of some of their current
JACK: Again? OK well, he’s a German
industrial designer who used to work for MARTA: No kidding! My parents need a set and potential future applications.
Braun, you know, the consumer products of written instructions to use the TV remote! Augmented reality and virtual reality have
company? Back in the 1970s, he came up JACK: Ha-ha! Yeah, mine can’t operate the one major similarity, and that is that both
with ten principles of good design that are microwave … are designed to alter our view of the world.
still being followed today. Like, for example, However, the way they do it, and the
MARTA: Well, to be fair, I got a new coffee
a good design is innovative, long-lasting, technology they employ, are different.
machine a few months ago, and I still don’t
environmentally friendly … And the most really understand how to use it. It’s got lots Let me start by talking about augmented
important one, I think, is that it should of great features, but I seem to spend more reality, or AR for short. AR has been in the
make the product understandable. He time reading the instruction manual than I news recently because of its use in the game
doesn’t believe in designs that have a lot of do drinking the coffee. Pokémon Go, which came out in 2016 and
unnecessary features. You know the classic became a worldwide hit. To “augment”
JACK: Yeah, that’s just bad design. Complex
Braun calculator? Rams designed that and something means to add to it or increase it.
equipment doesn’t need to be difficult to
you can see the influence in the iPhone For example, you can augment your income
use.
calculator today. by taking a second job or working more
MARTA: True. Argh … what am I going to hours. Augmented reality is a technology that
MARTA: Really? I think my dad has one of
evaluate for this assignment? layers or puts computer-generated content
those calculators – they’re ancient. He’s
not very good with technology, so I guess JACK: Try to think of something that is on top of the existing environment.
it must be fairly “understandable!” Ha-ha! attractive, but also functional. You view it through a device like a
Anyway, have you chosen a product to MARTA: Yeah, I need something simple … smartphone or a tablet. So, when people
evaluate for the assignment yet? Oh, how about the glass measuring jug play Pokémon Go, they see the real
JACK: Yeah. A door. you use in the kitchen? You know the thing environment around them, combined with
that has ounces and milliliters printed on artificial images of little monsters that players
MARTA: A door?
the side so you can measure liquids or dry can interact with in all sorts of fun ways.
JACK: Yeah. The door to the college library, foods like rice?
to be exact. Look, here’s a photo … Can you Now, in contrast, virtual reality is an artificial,
JACK: Well, it’s certainly useful … computer-generated simulation—that means
see the problem?
MARTA: Right, and I’m sure Rams would a copy—of a real-world environment. You
MARTA: Um … no. Not really. enter the VR world via a specially designed
agree it’s “understandable.” It’s not like you
JACK: Look at the handle. Are you supposed need instructions to use it. headset like the one in this photo. The
to pull or push it? headset completely shuts out the real world
JACK: True. Also, it pioneered the use of a
MARTA: Well … hmm. It’s not clear. and allows you to enter the virtual world. It
new heat-proof glass so you could say it
feels real. The action takes place all around
JACK: See, that’s the problem. It’s not clear. was ‘innovative’ at the time and the design
you, in 360 degrees, so you’re encouraged to
The handle is vertical, so naturally you want hasn’t changed for at least 100 years, so I
turn around, look around, and move around,
to pull on it. But that’s not how it works. You guess you could argue it’s “long-lasting”
like in the real world. The people and objects
have to push. Dieter Rams would say it’s too.
are three-dimensional and they appear life-
not understandable. Therefore … it’s a bad MARTA: Definitely. size.
design.
JACK: Well it sounds like you’ve found a So, in short, while augmented reality places
MARTA: That’s so interesting. I’d never have product for the assignment. Let me know if digital content in the real world, virtual reality
thought of that. you need any help with anything. is designed to take the viewer completely out
JACK: I found out that there’s actually a MARTA: I will do. Thanks, Jack. of the real world. The two technologies are
name for badly designed doors. They’re opposites in that way.
called “Norman doors,” after Don Norman,
who wrote a book called The Design of
Everyday Things. He believes in what he
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OK, until now, both technologies have been actually be able to feel the touch. Amazing,
used successfully for entertainment and play. right? The main development moving
But more and more they’re being used for forward is that eventually augmented and
practical purposes as well. Consider the field virtual reality won’t be separate experiences.
of aviation. Have you ever heard of a flight Rather, they’ll be combined to create a
simulator? It’s a machine for training pilots. blended experience that has both real and
It’s designed exactly like a real airplane, and it artificial elements and that reduces the
has the ability to move in ways that simulate, distance between real and digital worlds.
or copy, the movement of an airplane as it
takes off and lands, though of course it never Track 2.3
actually leaves the ground. The pilot controls 1 To “augment” something means to add to
it just as he or she would a real plane. Virtual it or increase it.
reality is used to create the landscape the 2 Augmented reality is a technology that
pilot sees and to copy the kinds of messages layers or puts computer-generated
and feedback that pilots normally receive. content on top of the existing
So, the simulator allows pilots to practice environment.
flying virtually in all kinds of weather, and to
3 Virtual reality is an artificial, computer-
handle every sort of emergency safely and
generated simulation—that means a
inexpensively.
copy— of a real-world environment.
In the medical field, augmented reality has
4 Let’s say you have a person with
been used to help students by layering
arachnophobia, which is a fear of spiders.
a map of the bones and muscles onto a
life-size, three-dimensional model of the 5 The term “haptic” is defined as “relating to
human body. Also, virtual reality has been the sense of touch”.
used to train surgeons in situations where it
would be dangerous or difficult to operate
on living people. And a very interesting use
of augmented reality is in treating extreme
fears called phobias. Let’s say you have a
person with arachnophobia, which is a fear
of spiders. The normal treatment for phobias
is to expose people to the thing they’re afraid
of in small, controlled amounts. But doctors
don’t usually keep jars of spiders in their
offices. Virtual reality provides a practical
substitute for the real thing.
Augmented reality also has many potential
uses in the fashion industry. For example,
today there are websites that allow you to
upload a photo of yourself and then try on as
many pairs of eyeglasses as you want. Soon
there will be virtual dressing rooms and even
virtual shopping malls. Someday soon there
may be augmented cooking lessons, or car
repair, or an augmented GPS system that’s
part of the car’s windshield, so drivers can get
directions at the same time as they’re looking
at the road.
I see we’re running out of time, so to finish I’ll
mention some future developments in the
areas of virtual and augmented reality. One is
the addition of haptic feedback to the virtual
reality environment. The term “haptic” is
defined as “relating to the sense of touch,” so
let’s say that for example someone touches
you on the hand in your virtual world; in
the real world using haptic feedback you’d
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Unit 3: Thought FRANKIE: You know, my aunt signed up for Excuse me, let me rephrase that. 73% of
one of those brain training courses, and she U.S. adults and 91% of U.S. teens reported
Track 3.1 is certain the exercises have helped her be going online every day. Moreover, a
STEVE: Hey Frankie. What are you doing? sharper, you know, more focused. significant percentage of people – 21% of
STEVE: That may be true, Frankie. But as adults and 24% of teens – said they were
FRANKIE: Oh, hi Steve, hi Anna. I’m just
one of my psychology professors always connected “almost constantly.” Scientists
trying out one of those brain training apps.
says, “One person’s anecdotal experience are very interested in finding out what effect
It’s supposed to make you more intelligent
isn’t proof that something works.” all this Internet use is having on our brains.
and improve your memory and focus. At
least that’s what the company’s ads claim. ANNA: Can I just jump back in here? Even if To begin, let’s review some very basic
all your criticisms are true, I would argue that information about how human memory
ANNA: Oh, I tried some of those games!
brain training has the potential to make our works. As this simple chart shows, there are
They’re really fun!
brains work better. In a recent interview with two types of memory: short-term memory,
STEVE: They may be fun, but there’s no which is also named working memory and
Future Tech, Mark Vanderburg said, “Brain
evidence they make you more intelligent. long-term memory. Basically, information
training companies are working with some
We actually talked about this exact topic enters short-term memory and is stored
of the best scientists in the world and I’m
in my neuroscience class last week. The there briefly before being transferred to
convinced that sooner or later they’re going
companies that sell these apps have done long-term memory for permanent storage.
to develop tasks that really do make people
hundreds of studies to try to prove that However, and this is extremely important,
smarter.” I think he’s right – it’s only a matter
their products really work, but a team of this transfer only happens if we’re paying
of time.
psychologists from the University of Illinois attention. In other words, we have to
reviewed the studies, and they identified STEVE: Well, I agree with you there. I think
focus on the information, and even better,
some big problems with the research. the potential for brain training to make us
process it in some way, for example by
smarter is really exciting. What bothers me
FRANKIE: What kind of problems? repeating it. The other thing you need to
is that today, the companies marketing the
STEVE: OK. Well, in the first place, the know about short-term memory is that it
brain games generate revenues of over $25
psychologists disagreed with the claim that has a very limited capacity. To be precise,
million dollars a year for products that don’t
the brain-training games affect intelligence. most people can only remember about
deliver what they promise. I believe that’s
Dr. Warner of the Mayweather Institute said seven items for a period of ten to fifteen
dishonest.
that, “Playing the games a lot seems to seconds.If we have too much information
FRANKIE: Right. So, let me ask you coming at us too fast, which is what
make you better at those games, but the
something. If you’re right and brain training happens all the time when we’re online,
improvement doesn’t appear to transfer to
games don’t work, then what does? I’d love to the result is a condition named cognitive
real-life contexts.”
find an easy way to improve my memory and overload.
FRANKIE: What does that mean? concentration.
This happens when our working memory is
STEVE: Like for example, the studies ANNA: I’ve read a lot of research supporting unable to keep up with the amount of new
couldn’t prove that playing word games the value of regular physical exercise as a way information entering it, meaning that our
helped older people remember to take their of improving brain function. ability to process information, uh, to move
medicine every day.
FRANKIE: What … like jogging? it from short term to long-term memory,
ANNA: Wait a minute, Steve. I think you’re begins to fail.
ANNA: Yeah.
only telling one side of the story. First of
STEVE: And the other thing that’s helpful is Now there are two characteristics of the
all, there’s a pretty big group of researchers
mastering new concepts and skills. You don’t World Wide Web that have the potential
who claim brain training does work. One
have to pay a lot of money for a brain training to create cognitive overload. The first is
website published a list of 132 studies
course. You can sign up for a language class hyperlinks – those blue, underlined words
showing that brain training can improve
or take piano lessons. Anyway, enjoy your and phrases that take you to another
brain function. Moreover, the website
game Frankie, I’ve got to get to class. webpage when you click on them. However,
included a report signed by more than a
contemporary research shows that
hundred scientists, so I believe it must be FRANKIE: OK … thanks Steve. See you later.
hyperlinks actually interfere with attention,
true. ANNA: See ya. even if we don’t click on them! That has
STEVE: Yeah, I know about that website too, certainly happened to me!
but in my opinion, most of those studies Track 3.2
OK, now the second problem with the
were poorly designed. Some of them only PROFESSOR: Good afternoon everyone.
online environment is the design of most
tested 20 people; that’s not a big enough Today we’re talking about the impact of
Web pages. In addition to hyperlinks, most
sample to show clear results. Another study Internet use on our ability to form and
websites are full of ads, photos, music clips,
had one group using the brain training store memories. Now this is an extremely
and flashing images. Because all of this
app and another group watching DVDs. I important issue because, according to
information is coming in at the same time,
don’t believe that’s a fair test—of course research by the Peterson Institute in New
it creates enormous cognitive overload.
the group using the app showed more York, 73% of U.S. teens and 91% of U.S.
improvement! adults reported going online every day.
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So, what does all this mean for you and for Track 3.3 Track 3.5
students all over the world? After all, … Yes?
Do you have something to add? 1 STEVE: OK. Well, in the first place, the STEVE: OK. Well, in the first place, the
psychologists disagreed with the claim that psychologists disagreed with the claim that
STUDENT: Yes, thanks. Um, I understand the brain-training games affect intelligence. the brain-training games affect intelligence.
what you’re saying about the negative Dr. Warner of the Mayweather Institute said Dr. Warner of the Mayweather Institute said
impact of the Internet on memory, but I that, “Playing the games a lot seems to that, “Playing the games a lot seems to
would argue that the Internet also benefits make you better at those games, but the make you better at those games, but the
short-term memory because we don’t have improvement doesn’t appear to transfer to improvement doesn’t appear to transfer to
to remember so many facts anymore. We real-life contexts.” real-life contexts.”
can just look them up. Doesn’t that free
up our short-term memory and reduce 2 ANNA: Wait a minute, Steve. I think you’re FRANKIE: What does that mean?
cognitive overload? only telling one side of the story. First of STEVE: Like for example, the studies
all, there’s a pretty big group of researchers couldn’t prove that playing word games
PROFESSOR: Well that’s an interesting who claim brain training does work. One
observation—you’re right that we don’t helped older people remember to take their
website published a list of 132 studies medicine every day.
need to remember certain kinds of showing that brain training can improve
information anymore because we can ANNA: Wait a minute, Steve. I think you’re
brain function. Moreover, the website
either find it easily online or store it on a only telling one side of the story. First of
included a report signed by more than a
mobile device. For example, when was all, there’s a pretty big group of researchers
hundred scientists, so I believe it must be
the last time any of you tried to memorize who claim brain training does work. One
true.
someone’s cell phone number? Or actually website published a list of 132 studies
remembered a fact instead of just looking Track 3.4 showing that brain training can improve
it up? Right. Because you don’t have to. brain function. Moreover, the website
1 A: A professor at Stanford University,
However, this doesn’t contradict my main included a report signed by more than a
Clifford Nass, says that listening to
argument that technology use can hurt the hundred scientists, so I believe it must be
music with words can interfere with a
brain’s ability to form and store memories. true.
person’s ability to focus on reading and
For your memory to work most efficiently, writing tasks. Track 3.6
you really should get into the habit of
turning off notifications while you’re B: On the other hand, lots of studies have 1 A:
These statistics aren’t correct. The
studying, and if you have the option to read shown that listening to classical music numbers are too large.
text-only versions of articles online, you can help boost concentration.
B:
They ARE correct. I reviewed them
should definitely choose that option. 2 A: I think students take better lecture myself and I’m sure they’re right.
notes when they use a laptop instead
2 A:
We don’t need to remember numbers
of writing by hand.
anymore because we can store them
B: There’s no evidence to support that on our cell phones.
idea. In fact, the sources I’ve read say
B:
I think we DO need to remember them.
that students remember information
What if you lose your cell phone?
better if they take notes by hand.
3 A:
Taking notes by hand is inefficient
3 A: Online courses are super-convenient,
because we can’t write everything.
don’t you agree?
B:
Researchers say that’s a GOOD thing
B:
That may be true, but I think face-to-
because it forces you to think about
face courses are a lot more interesting.
what you choose to write.
4 A:
This article says that lost or damaged
4 A:
It’s not good for young children to
brain cells aren’t replaced in adults.
learn two languages at the same time.
B:
That research is way out of date. It confuses them.
Scientists have known for a long
B: It DOESN’T confuse them. In fact, it
time that some parts of the brain can
makes them smarter!
continue to produce new cells even
into old age.
5 A: Kids are spending too much time
playing games online. It’s a waste of
time.
B: I disagree. Studies have shown that
online games can increase teamwork
among children and promote
creativity.
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Unit 4: Fire S2: In general, then, you’re saying that the findings confirm that higher summer
controlled use of fire allowed people to temperatures are causing areas to be hotter
Track 4.1 have more food choices day to day and and drier for longer, thus increasing the
S1: Hi, everyone. I want to share some thus maintain a better diet, right? That does risk of forest fires. While many forest fires
research I did for our project. I decided to seem like a huge benefit. are started by lightning during a rainstorm,
focus on the discovery of the controlled S1: Researchers claim it was. Their findings others are accidentally started. For example,
use of fire. By controlled use I mean when demonstrate that as our ancestors adapted first someone drops a burning cigarette, or
people started to use and maintain fires to eating a wider range of food, they were builds a small fire and then suddenly, the fire
to benefit their daily lives. According to healthier and able to survive longer. gets out of control.
research, no one is absolutely certain WHEN S3: All right, so far we have warmth and After a forest fire breaks out and starts to
fire was first used regularly, but researchers expanded living options, protection, and spread, the next response by most people is
have discovered enough objects from cooked food. How about other benefits, like to try to get the fire under control and put it
daily life to conclude it was between three having light to see at night? Wasn’t that a out as quickly as possible. They know a forest
hundred and four hundred thousand years major change? fire can have a terrible impact. They want to
ago. There are only theories about HOW preserve trees, people’s homes and avoid
S1: Sure. The controlled use of fire allowed
the people first discovered they could destruction, if possible. However, controlling
for more socializing at night. Once people
use fire. From what I’ve found, it seems the fire isn’t always the best idea. Scientists
had light, they could occupy themselves
that the discovery of the controlled use of have demonstrated that forest fires play an
playing music, making tools and clothes,
fire dramatically changed the lives of our important role in keeping forests healthy and
and so on. They didn’t have to go to sleep
ancestors. the ecosystem of a forest in balance.
when it got dark. This was a huge change
S2: Wow. I never thought about life before in our social history. I read that some So turning now to the more surprising idea
fire. Or life without fire. Can you give us researchers consider using fire a step of fire as a “friend”: what are the benefits
some examples you found of how life forward in our use of technology. For me, of forest fires? Well, there are several. After
changed? technology usually means electronics— forest fires clear away dead trees and plants
S1: Sure. First, fire was used to provide computers, mobile phones, and so on. on the floor of the forest, this provides open
warmth. This meant people could live in However, they say technology is the space for new plants to grow. The new, small
more places than ever before. For example, application of knowledge to improve our plants are low to the ground. As these plants
findings confirm people started to live in lives. Using fire for warmth and to cook food grow and become visible, they provide an
colder climates that had been too cold fits this definition, doesn’t it? easy source of food for small animals. These
to live in before without a source of heat. new plants also provide more nutrition for
S2: Sure, so then we can say discovering
Second, fire provided protection at night animals than older plants. In short, a forest
how to use fire was an important advance
from wild animals who are afraid of fire. fire is a bit like cleaning a house; the fire
in our use of technology
In my view, by building fires at night, our clears out the dead wood and plants in the
ancestors were able to greatly improve their Track 4.2 forest. Afterward, it’s a healthier place for
own comfort and safety. trees, plants, and animals to live. The fire also
Today, we’re going to look at how a forest fire
makes it safer for the people living nearby
S3: So, there were two benefits at night: h
eat is both friend and foe. Some people claim
because by removing dead trees and plants,
and protection? that it’s a foe, that is, an enemy, because a
it lowers the risk of hotter, bigger fires in the
S1: Absolutely. Both were very important. forest fire can become a natural disaster.
future.
For me, though, the third benefit is one I However, others view it as a friend because a
forest fire keeps a forest healthy and growing. Researchers have found that trees, plants,
had never considered: the controlled use
and insects that live in areas that frequently
of fire enabled people to cook food. Being First, forest fires as natural disasters. A forest
have forest fires adapt to these conditions in
able to cook our food is something we fire can move through an area quickly and
order to survive. For example, the cork oak
take for granted, right? However, cooked destroy almost everything: homes, trees,
tree doesn’t burn easily. After a forest fire, the
food, researchers suggest, was a major buildings, animals, and people. For example,
outer part of the tree may be totally burned
turning point for our ancestors. The impact the Black Saturday bushfire in Victoria,
and look dead, but the inner part of the cork
on their food choices was huge. Meat and Australia on February 7, 2009, was one of the
oak tree is still alive, and the tree continues
plants that had been too hard to chew, or worst in recorded Australian history. Over
to live. They’ve also found that forest fires
too difficult to digest, or unsafe to eat raw, 2,000 homes were destroyed, and many
benefit certain trees and plants, animals, and
could be eaten once they were cooked. people and animals were killed.
insects in specific ways. Some trees need fires
Thus, cooking gave people a lot more food Every day, there are hundreds of forest to spread their seeds; for example, a tree-like
options than in the past. Cooked food was fires all over the world. According to recent bush in Australia called the banksia bush.
especially helpful to babies, young children, research, we’re seeing that climate change First, the banksia bush burns, next its cones
and older people. Furthermore, cooking has had a big impact on forest fires—studies open, and then the cones release seeds.
helped to preserve food; thus, food could have found that forest fires in the US have Eventually, new trees start to grow. The point
be stored and used later when less food occurred nearly five times more often in
was available. recent years than in the 70s and 80s. These
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is, the cones must get burned a little before Track 4.4
they will open and drop new seeds. Thus, fire
helps to maintain the forest. 1 I got a box of chocolates for my birthday.
You want some? Wait, you told me you
One insect that benefits from fires and has don’t like chocolate, right?
adapted well is the blue beetle. The blue
beetle has heat sensors that enable it to 2 Hey, did you hear about that big fire at the
detect a forest fire up to 50 kilometers away. theater downtown last night?
You might think the beetle would use its 3 I thought that movie was fabulous. What
heat sensors to avoid the fire, but it does did you think of it? Did you like it?
just the opposite. Here’s what happens. The 4 That is a beautiful photograph of your
blue beetle senses a fire. Next, it starts flying wedding. Everyone looks great!
INTO the burning area. Then the beetle lands
and lays its eggs in the trees that have been Track 4.5
burned. The beetle knows this wood is an 1 OK, no problem. I’ll meet you at the library
excellent food source for its eggs. Consider at 7:30. By the way, Mike was looking for
this: if the beetle laid its eggs before the fire you earlier.
moved through, the fire would destroy the
2 You asked me about the lecture you
beetle’s eggs.
missed. Oh, before I forget, we have an
In sum, there are positive outcomes of forest exam next Friday.
fires. Yet, they can cause terrible damage.
3 The first part of the lecture was clear. Let’s
The question is: does the destruction justify
get back to talking about the last part. It
the advantages? This is difficult to answer.
was confusing.
After a fire, a sequence of events takes place
which restores the forest’s ecosystem. First, 4 You asked about my biology class.
fast-growing plants and grasses start to grow. Speaking of classes, have you decided
Then slower-growing plants emerge, and what to take next term?
then, lastly, new trees grow. The first steps 5 Thanks for mentioning that article you
happen quickly, but it can take many years found online. Anyway, does anyone know
for a forest to return to health. the answer to the second question?
6 As I was saying before, there are several
Track 4.3
benefits we need to consider.
Every day, there are hundreds of forest
fires all over the world. According to recent Track 4.6
research, we're seeing that climate change 1 I heard about a forest fire that happened
has had a big impact on forest fires -- studies recently.
have found that forest fires in the US have
2 I heard about a forest fire that happened
occurred nearly five times more often in
recently.
recent years than in the 70s and 80s. These
findings confirm that higher summer 3 I heard about a forest fire that happened
temperatures are causing areas to be hotter recently.
and drier for longer, thus increasing the
risk of forest fires. While many forest fires
are started by lightning during a rainstorm,
others are accidentally started. For example,
first someone drops a burning cigarette, or
builds a small fire and then suddenly, the fire
gets out of control.
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Unit 5: Movement ANDREAS: The physical part isn’t so bad, CARL: Err … no, I’m afraid my commute is a
really. I generally fly business class, so I can little shorter than yours. I actually ride my
Track 5.1 sleep and move around easily during the bike to college every day. It usually takes
CARL: Is this seat taken? flight. And I don’t usually have a problem about 15 minutes each way.
with jet lag, luckily. ANDREAS: Outstanding! Great for the health
ANDREAS: No, sorry, uh. Here, I’ll move my
things. CARL: But what’s the impact on your family and spirit! Pretty environmentally-friendly,
when you’re so far away? You have kids? too.
CARL:
Thanks. Crowded this morning, isn’t
They must miss you.
it? Track 5.2
ANDREAS: Yes, they do. And I miss them.
ANDREAS: Yes, it is. 1
That’s the difficult part. It would be easier
CARL: Flying to Frankfurt? if I were there all the time, of course. Much CARL: Man, that is what I call an “extreme”
ANDREAS: Yes, and you? less pressure for my wife. commute. How long does it take you?
CARL: Same here. It’s my first time in CARL: Did you ever think about moving? ANDREAS: Well, let’s see … Mainz is about
Germany. I’m Carl, by the way. ANDREAS: Yes, of course. My wife and I 44 kilometers from Frankfurt. As a rule, I
ANDREAS: Andreas. Nice to meet you. talked about it, but it would have been get the shuttle from Mainz to the airport,
very hard for our kids. We have such a which takes about 45 minutes. I normally
CARL: Are you from Germany?
nice lifestyle in Mainz. Not so fast-paced fly nonstop to San Francisco, which is
ANDREAS: Yes, my family’s from a small city an 11-hour flight. Then I take a taxi from
… healthier … more focused on the
called Mainz. Have you heard of it? the airport to my apartment. That takes
family. Also, my wife’s parents live near
CARL: Sure. It’s where the first books were us and they’re getting old, so she wasn’t approximately one hour, so altogether with
printed, in the 15th century, isn’t it? comfortable leaving them. In the end, we the flying and the driving and the waiting
ANDREAS: Haha! Yes, it is. How do you know decided it was best for them to stay and for it’s about a 16-hour trip.
that? me to commute. CARL: And you do that every two weeks?
CARL: Oh, well I teach history at Pembroke CARL: Is that a trend, do you think, this Isn’t it exhausting?
State, so it’s the kind of thing I’m interested “global commuting”? ANDREAS: The physical part isn’t so bad,
in. ANDREAS: Definitely. Apparently, it’s quite really. I generally fly business class, so I can
ANDREAS: Ah, right. common in Europe and the Middle East. Of sleep and move around easily during the
course, most people don’t travel as far as flight. And I don’t usually have a problem
CARL: So what do you do, Andreas?
I do. with jet lag, luckily.
ANDREAS: I’m a software engineer. I work
CARL: Right … Actually, I think there was 2
for a company called M-Tech here in Silicon
Valley. an article about this in today’s paper. Hold CARL: Right … Actually, I think there was
on, let me see if I can find it … Ah, yes. Here an article about this in today’s paper. Hold
CARL: OK, so are you flying home for a
it is. So apparently, in the U.S. a “super- on, let me see if I can find it … Ah, yes. Here
vacation?
commuter” is defined as “a person who it is. So apparently, in the U.S. a ‘super-
ANDREAS: Haha! Sadly, not. My company travels at least an hour and a half and 50 commuter’ is defined as “a person who
has offices here and in Germany, so I have miles to work.” travels at least an hour and a half and 50
to divide my time between the two; two miles to work.”
ANDREAS: Oh, right. So how long’s the
weeks in San Francisco, two weeks in Mainz.
average commute? ANDREAS: Oh, right. So how long’s the
CARL: Man, that is quite an “extreme” average commute?
CARL: Erm … about 26 minutes. That’s not
commute. How long does it take you?
too bad, is it? CARL: Erm … about 26 minutes. That’s not
ANDREAS: Well, let’s see … Mainz is about too bad, is it?
ANDREAS: No. Unless you’re driving in rush-
44 kilometers from Frankfurt. As a rule, I get
hour traffic, that can be pretty boring. ANDREAS: No. Unless you’re driving in rush-
a shuttle from Mainz to the airport, which
CARL: Yeah, my father does that. Typically, hour traffic, that can be pretty boring.
takes about 45 minutes. I normally fly
he leaves the house at 6:30 a.m. in order to CARL: Yeah, my father does that. Typically,
nonstop to San Francisco, which is an
get to work for 8:00. he leaves the house at 6:30 a.m. in order to
11-hour flight. Then I take a taxi from
ANDREAS: You see? My commute isn’t so get to work for 8:00.
the airport to my apartment. That takes
approximately one hour, so altogether with bad! ANDREAS: You see? My commute isn’t so
the flying and the driving and the waiting CARL: Haha! I suppose not … bad!
it’s about a 16-hour trip. ANDREAS: Anyway, tell me about you, Carl. CARL: Haha! I suppose not …
CARL: And you do that every two weeks? Are you a “super-commuter”? ANDREAS: Anyway, tell me about you, Carl.
Isn’t it exhausting? Are you a “super-commuter”?
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CARL: [laughing] Err … no I’m afraid my always safety: managing the crowds in order until they exit the venue at the end of the
commute is a little shorter than yours. I to prevent injuries and avoid accidents. And event. It’s especially important to monitor
actually ride my bike to college every day. It the other big concern is doing everything people during breaks, when fast-moving
usually takes about 15 minutes each way. possible to make the event enjoyable. In crowds are likely to head towards the toilets
ANDREAS: Outstanding! Great for the health short, it should be not only safe, but also fun. or food stalls.
and spirit! Pretty environmentally-friendly, At this point I’d like to outline four key So, there you have a broad outline of the
too. elements of effective crowd management. I’ll topics we’ll be covering in the seminar. Are
be covering each of them in great detail later there any questions before we continue?
Track 5.3 on and providing you with effective strategies
Good morning everyone, and welcome to for implementing each one. Track 5.4
this seminar on crowd management. We’ll OK. Principle number one is good planning. Lecturer: And that brings me to the focus of
be concentrating on effective strategies for This is what happens before the event ever our seminar. Event planners and organizers
managing crowds at mega-events in large takes place. The most important thing have two priorities. Priority number one
stadiums, for example soccer matches and to consider is how many people will be is always, always safety: managing the
rock concerts. By way of background, by attending the event. Also, what is the nature crowds in order to prevent injuries and
“crowd” I mean any group of people who of the expected crowd – does it include avoid accidents. And the other big concern is
have come together for a particular purpose. children, for instance? Based on past history doing everything possible to make the event
The gathering can be planned or unplanned. at similar events, how is the crowd likely enjoyable. In short, it should be not only safe,
Crowd behavior is a much-studied topic in to behave? And so on. Good planning also but also fun.
the field of sociology. In general, sociologists means planning for emergencies, having At this point I’d like to outline four key
describe four types of crowds. The first is the state-of-the-art equipment on hand, and of elements of effective crowd management. I’ll
casual crowd. This is just a group of people course it involves hiring and training staff to be covering each of them in great detail later
who happen to be in the same place at the work at the event. on and providing you with effective strategies
same time, such as people who are waiting Alright, principle number two is careful for implementing each one.
to cross the street. risk assessment. Our main concern here is OK. Principle number one is good planning.
Next, we have the conventional crowd. These identifying high-risk situations that could This is what happens before the event ever
are people who gather for a specific purpose, hurt people or reduce their enjoyment of the takes place. The most important thing
such as watching a movie. event. Now there are two kinds of hazards: to consider is how many people will be
The third type of crowd is named those caused by the movement of people, attending the event. Also, what is the nature
“expressive.” An expressive crowd is a group for example if fans try to rush onto the of the expected crowd – does it include
of people who have come together to express playing field at a soccer match; and hazards children, for instance? Based on past history
emotions, to be excited. The emotion is part caused by the venue, such as wet floors or a at similar events, how is the crowd likely
of the attraction. Crowds at large sporting locked emergency exit. Once a risk has been to behave? And so on. Good planning also
events are typically classed as an expressive identified, it’s up to the event organizer to means planning for emergencies, having
crowd. find a way of reducing the risk or correcting state-of-the-art equipment on hand, and of
the problem. course it involves hiring and training staff to
Now, an expressive crowd can change
OK, the next principle is good work at the event.
into what’s named an acting crowd,
when members of the group become communication. Mainly this is about having All right, principle number two is careful
enthusiastically involved in an action related good signage. Signs serve different purposes, risk assessment. Our main concern here is
to the event. For example, at a soccer game, for example they tell people which way to identifying high-risk situations that could
they may wave a sign, or shout the name go, where things are located, and what to hurt people or reduce their enjoyment of the
of their team, or a favorite player. Usually do in case of an emergency. Clear visual event. Now there are two kinds of hazards:
this is harmless fun. But if a crowd becomes communication is a top priority for event those caused by the movement of people,
over excited or too emotional, people may organizers because without clear signs, for example if fans try to rush onto the
decide to jump out of their seats. Pretty soon people are certain to get lost, confused, or playing field at a soccer match; and hazards
you have a riot on your hands - hundreds injured. caused by the venue, such as wet floors or a
or thousands of people running down the Alright, so we’ve covered planning, risk locked emergency exit. Once a risk has been
stairs, climbing over fences, pushing through assessment, and the importance of good identified, it’s up to the event organizer to
narrow gates, or knocking down barriers communication. This brings me on to the find a way of reducing the risk or correcting
to get onto the playing field. It is at this final principle - managing crowd flow. The the problem.
point that crowds can become dangerous. priority here is to keep people moving and OK, the next principle is good
Accidents can happen and people can get to take quick action if necessary to prevent communication. Mainly this is about having
hurt. overcrowding. This means observing good signage. Signs serve different purposes,
And that brings me to the focus of our customers from the time they arrive at the for example they tell people which way to
seminar. Event planners and organizers have venue, as they line up to enter, as they move go, where things are located, and what to
two priorities. Priority number one is always, through the venue to find their seats, and do in case of an emergency. Clear visual
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communication is a top priority for event B: This is a top priority for us, which is
organizers because without clear signs, why we have recruited 50 new security
people are certain to get lost, confused, or guards.
injured. 4 A: I fear overcrowding will be a serious
Finally, principle number four is managing problem in this area.
crowd flow. The priority here is to keep B: I agree, which is why a new entrance is
people moving and to take quick action if being installed in the south stand.
necessary to prevent overcrowding. This
5 A: I’m a little concerned about the
means observing customers from the time
number of injuries on the stairs last
they arrive at the venue, as they line up to
year.
enter, as they move through the venue to find
their seats, and until they exit the venue at B: We’re concerned too, which is why
the end of the event. It’s especially important we’ve asked for a full risk assessment
to monitor people during breaks, when fast- of that area.
moving crowds are likely to head towards the
Track 5.7
toilets or food stalls.
1 I think the roof is the biggest problem.
So, there you have a broad outline of the
topics we’ll be covering in the seminar. Are 2 It’s dangerous to have wet floors near the
there any questions before we continue? entrance.
3 I don’t think there are enough exits.
Track 5.5
4 We need to install a handrail on the stairs.
Now, an expressive crowd can change
5 I’m concerned about overcrowding in the
into what’s named an acting crowd,
east stand.
when members of the group become
enthusiastically involved in an action related Track 5.8
to the event. For example, at a soccer game,
1 A: We can’t have wet floors in this area.
they may wave a sign or shout the name of
their team, or a favorite player. Usually this B: You’re right, that’s really dangerous.
is harmless fun. But, if a crowd becomes 2 A: The fence in this area isn’t very strong.
over excited or too emotional, people may B: That’s true. Perhaps we should replace
decide to jump out of their seats. Pretty soon it.
you have a riot on your hands - hundreds
or thousands of people running down the 3 A: Replacing the roof should be our top
stairs, climbing over fences, pushing through priority.
narrow gates, or knocking down barriers B: I agree. The old roof is a danger to
to get onto the playing field. It is at this fans.
point that crowds can become dangerous. 4 A: The way to the toilets isn’t well
Accidents can happen and people can get signposted.
hurt. B: I agree. It’s confusing for fans.
Track 5.6 5 A: There’s only one exit for all fans.
1 A: I’m worried that there aren’t enough B: Yes. That’s a big problem.
emergency exits in this area.
B: I agree that this is a major issue, and
we will be discussing it in the next
board meeting.
2 A: We can’t have fire exits being blocked
by unused sports equipment.
B: Absolutely! All unused sports
equipment will be removed by the end
of the week.
3 A: We must make sure that there are
enough security guards on game day.
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Unit 6: Disease DR. MITCHELL: No, no … in actual fact you kitchen floor: the 5-second rule. The rule is:
could wash your hands all the time and If you drop some food on the floor, but you
Track 6.1 still get sick. Just make sure you wash your pick it up within five seconds, then it’s still
HOST: Welcome to Health Beat. In this hands regularly … especially after you’ve OK to eat it. That’s not valid, of course. As
digital age, we’re constantly exposed to come into contact with things that have soon as the food touches the floor, it comes
medical claims. “Wonder drugs” that cure been handled by many different people, into contact with bacteria. This usually
disease … foods that can cause cancer like banknotes … handrails on trains … means it’s unsafe to eat.
… but which claims are true and which HOST: OK, good advice. Next, people claim HOST: We’re out of time. Thank you, Dr.
complete nonsense? Joining us this month that they get sick when they fly because Mitchell. To recap: germs are everywhere;
to talk about germs and disease is Dr. the air is circulated and recirculated on not all germs are dangerous. Money’s not
Mitchell of the Mayweather Institute in New the plane the whole flight. Is it true that likely to make us sick, but the kitchen
York. Dr. Mitchell, welcome to the show. breathing in recirculated air on flights might.
DR. MITCHELL: Thanks for having me. makes passengers sick?
Track 6.2
HOST: OK, so to start us off Dr. Mitchell, what DR. MITCHELL: Actually, the air you breathe
on a plane is pretty fresh. High-efficiency air There are many diseases we know about
exactly are germs?
filters remove about 99.9% of any bacteria and understand the causes of. However,
DR. MITCHELL: By germs, we mean bacteria sometimes there are outbreaks of a
and viruses in the air that’s pulled into
and viruses that can cause diseases. For disease that are unexpected and nobody
the plane. What’s more, recirculated air is
example, tuberculosis is caused by a understands why so many people are getting
continuously released from the plane and
bacterium. The common cold and influenza sick.
replaced with fresh air from the outside.
are caused by viruses.
The average plane’s air is refreshed about Today, I’m going to discuss two case studies,
HOST: … and is it true that dangerous 20 times an hour. In comparison, the air in one in Senegal, in West Africa, and the other
germs are all around us? an average office is only changed about 12 in Guam, an island in the Pacific Ocean. In
DR. MITCHELL: While it is true that germs times an hour! both places, there were epidemics affecting
are everywhere, it’s a myth that all germs HOST: So why do people think that planes many people. Researchers had to investigate
are dangerous. Most are not harmful, and, make them sick? the causes of these epidemics.
in fact, some “good” bacteria in our bodies The first situation, in Senegal, concerns
DR. MITCHELL: Well, let’s say a passenger
help us to digest food. a disease called schistosomiasis.
comes down with a cold after a flight. This
HOST: So, you mean that we don’t need to reinforces the myth that the air was the Schistosomiasis is caused by a parasite
worry about germs so much? cause. In fact, the cold virus might have released into rivers by freshwater snails.
DR. MITCHELL: Erm…. no. To clarify, I’m been spread from touching the seat tray, When anyone comes into contact with the
saying we need to keep in mind that just or it could have been spread by turning a river, the parasite is transmitted to their skin,
because germs exist everywhere, this door handle. Or, it may have been spread causing fevers, coughs, stomach pains, and
doesn’t mean that ALL germs we come in by a passenger sitting nearby who was general sickness.
contact with cause diseases. coughing and sneezing. We don’t know the Although schistosomiasis is one of the most
HOST: But many people think they will, true cause. common diseases from a parasite in the
don’t they? One of our listeners claims that HOST: So, your main point is that the world, no one in this part of Senegal had had
money spreads diseases because it has a recirculated air isn’t the way that germs are it before 1986 – the year the Diama Dam was
lot of germs on it. Is that true? spread on flights. built on the Senegal River. Soon after the
dam was built, people started to become
DR. MITCHELL: It is a classic myth that DR. MITCHELL: Exactly. There are lots of
ill. In fact, by 1988, 90% of the population
money is a major way that diseases are different ways to get sick on a plane, but it’s
had come down with the disease. Finding a
spread. Of course, any money we use—both very unlikely to be caused by recirculated
solution to this health crisis became critical.
banknotes and coins—might have picked air.
After a lot of research, scientists traced the
up some bacteria or viruses as it circulates HOST: Another listener believes the kitchen problem back to the dam. This is what they
from person to person. How many bacteria is the dirtiest room in the house. That isn’t found.
a banknote has depends on how old it is true, is it?
and what it was printed on, and this varies Before the dam was built, there were a lot
DR. MITCHELL: Well, in fact, some say it is. of prawns in the Senegal River. The prawns
from country to country. However, you
Kitchens are, in fact, full of germs that can ate the freshwater snails that lived in the
don’t need to worry about it too much.
cause diseases. For example, many people river, and there was no disease. However, the
Just remember to wash your hands after
use a wet sponge or cloth to clean up. construction of the dam caused the water
handling money.
They don’t realize that dangerous germs in the river to flow differently. This, in turn,
HOST: So, you either wash your hands all might have been spread as they cleaned. changed the prawns’ natural habitat, and
the time, or you get sick? The kitchen table looks clean, but it isn’t. eventually led to their extinction. With no
And, the kitchen floor is another place we natural predators left in the river, the snail
know that can have a high concentration of population increased rapidly. More snails
germs. Here’s another myth related to the
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led to more parasites in the river water, and Track 6.3 Track 6.5
suddenly many people started to become
very ill. HOST: But many people think they will, don’t 1 A:
The fever could have been from a cold,
they? One of our listeners claims that money couldn’t it?
A group of researchers called “Project spreads diseases because it has a lot of
Crevette” decided that the best way to B: Sure, but colds don’t usually cause
germs on it. Is that true? fevers, do they?
eliminate the disease was to restore the
environmental conditions of the river so the DR. MITCHELL: It is a classic myth that money A: Not always, but sometimes.
prawns would be able to live there again. is a major way that diseases are spread. Of
2 A: The patient got worse, didn’t she?
If the prawns returned to the river, they course, any money we use—both banknotes
and coins—might have picked up some B: No, she got better once the doctors
would eat the snails. This would mean fewer treated her with some strong
parasites in the river and ultimately less bacteria or viruses as it circulates from person
to person. How many bacteria a banknote medicine.
disease. This approach to solving a health
problem is significant because it focuses on has depends on how old it is and what it was 3 A: It was difficult to diagnose the
the main cause of the disease rather than printed on, and this varies from country to problem, wasn’t it?
simply giving people medicine to treat the country. However, you don’t need to worry B: Right. The doctors had a difficult time.
disease. about it too much. Just remember to wash
4 A: The symptoms started a few days later,
your hands after handling money.
Now, let’s look at a case study in Guam—a didn’t they?
small island in the Pacific Ocean. In the HOST: So, you either wash your hands all the
B:
No. It was about a week later or so.
late 1940s, the local people—known as time, or you get sick?
the Chamorro—contracted a neurological DR. MITCHELL: No, no … in actual fact you
disease called lytico-bodig. As the disease could wash your hands all the time and still
only seemed to affect the Chamorro, get sick. Just make sure you wash your hands
scientists argued that something in their diet regularly … especially after you’ve come into
must be the cause. contact with things that have been handled
Every day, the Chamorro made bread using by many different people, like banknotes …
the seeds of the cycad plant. These seeds handrails on trains …
were known to contain a toxin, so researchers HOST: OK, good advice. Next, people claim …
initially thought that the flour must be the
Track 6.4
cause of the epidemic. However, the seeds
were washed several times before they were A: There are a lot of environmental factors
used and this removed most of the toxins, in big cities that can lead to diseases and
meaning that the flour couldn’t have caused health problems, aren’t there?
the disease. B: What exactly do you mean by
At this point, the researchers discovered environmental factors?
two interesting facts—more men had the A: I mean things like traffic, noise, crowds of
disease than women, and men ate more people, air pollution, dirty streets. People
meat than women. The most commonly don’t realize that these create a lot of stress
eaten meat in the area was the flying fox, for us.
and the flying fox regularly ate the seeds of
B: So, your point is that disease is caused by
the cycad plant. This meant that there was
stress?
a high concentration of toxins in the meat of
the flying fox, and this fact led researchers A: I mean it’s a factor, isn’t it? My uncle
to suspect that the meat may have been the became very ill last year. His illness might
cause of the epidemic. Later, they learned have been caused by the chemicals where
that when the flying fox population declined he worked, or it could have been caused by
due to overhunting, the incidence of lytico- the air pollution near his home, but I don’t
bodig also started to decrease, and this think so. He was so stressed at work all the
confirmed that flying fox meat was the cause time. Stress had to have caused him to get
of the epidemic. so sick.
So, these are just two examples of the various B: So, you mean you think stress was the
factors that need to be taken into account biggest factor?
when investigating an unusual incidence A: Yeah, I do. Definitely. He changed jobs and
of a disease. Personally, I think they are now his health is much better.
quite interesting case studies because they B: Could you clarify for me how his health
demonstrate that while researching diseases improved?
can be challenging, it’s also incredibly
rewarding.
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Unit 7: Survival HOST: Acts of kindness go beyond our local water, and energy, this wouldn’t be a concern.
community too, don’t they? But we don’t. Thus, the challenge now is to
Track 7.1 learn to design buildings that use resources
DR. LEE: Sure. For example, every year
HOST: Today, I have Dr. Lee, a psychologist well. We need to meet the current needs of
there are natural disasters, such as
who has studied kindness. To start us off, I people living today, but we can’t overuse our
earthquakes, floods, and forest fires.
want to share a story Dr. Lee told me. A few resources now because this might make it
Afterward, people from other parts of
years ago, a woman went into a small café difficult for future generations to meet their
the world — total strangers — respond to
in South Carolina in the U.S.A. and ordered needs.
help. They contribute food, water, medical
a cup of coffee. When she was finished with supplies, and other types of emergency aid With this in mind, today we’re going to look at a
her coffee, she paid $100, which was much that is then distributed to disaster victims. trend called green building, which emphasizes
more than it cost. She told the café to use Responses to natural disasters take indirect using renewable resources, like sunlight, and
the extra money for customers who needed reciprocity one step further in the sense being environmentally responsible. First, I’ll
it. Why did she do this? Was she just being that individuals can’t possibly expect they explain some principles of green building.
kind? Or could it be that she was acting will get anything directly back. That said, Then, I plan to focus on two aspects: energy use
out of a more basic human motivation, the their actions highlight and reuse of existing buildings, such as those
will to survive? Let’s listen to how Dr. Lee built for the Olympics.
that all countries are part of a global
explained it to me. Dr. Lee? community in which it’s to everyone’s Regarding the principles of green building:
DR. LEE: The café where this took place was survival advantage to cooperate and help The first principle of green building is that the
where local people gathered regularly. As one another in times of need. building is energy efficient; for example, it has
word of the woman’s generosity spread, windows that let in a lot of sunlight, but not
HOST: What makes someone risk his or her
more customers decided to also leave a heat or cold. The building also uses renewable
life for a total stranger? This doesn’t sound
little extra money as well. This happened energy sources, such as solar and wind power
like a desire for survival, and yet it is not
at a time when the economy was bad, for some electricity, heating, and cooling.
unusual to hear reports of people who put
when no one knew who would get laid off The second principle is that the building is
their own lives in danger to perform acts of
next. The customers in the shop realized designed to fit in well with the surrounding
kindness in order to save someone they’ve
they needed to help each other through environment; for example, the landscaping
never met before.
a difficult economic situation. The basic uses local trees and plants. The third principle
concept is that people are kind to each DR. LEE: There are many examples of is resource conservation. This means the
other to ensure survival; that is, it is in people saving total strangers. Just recently, building materials that are used have some
everyone’s best interest to help one I read a story about a car that fell into a river recycled content, and come from local sources
another. When we are kind, we connect from a bridge nearby. There were two small when possible. The fourth principle is that the
with other people, and create a sense of children in the car. Another driver jumped building meets the community needs of the
community in which to live. We do kind into the river and saved the children. people who use it; for example, that there is
things because we want others to do kind Afterward, the man who saved the children easy access to public transportation like buses
things for us; in other words, we want to was called a hero. The man said, “I’m not and subways and shopping. And, finally, the
encourage reciprocity between people a hero. If a stranger saw that my children last principle is that it is often better to reuse
because it helps us all to survive. There are needed help, he would help them.” This an old building than to construct a new one.
two ways reciprocity works. There’s direct man risked his own life because his first The reason is that reusing an old building saves
reciprocity in which two people agree to a priority was to help others survive. resources.
specific exchange; for example, I agree to HOST: So, you’re saying by building bonds Now let’s look at energy use in more detail.
help you move some heavy boxes, and you of reciprocity, we develop a sense of trust There are two goals: reduce energy use when
agree to help me review for my exam. that we will take care of one another. the building is constructed, and reduce
HOST: But, that wasn’t what happened in DR. LEE: Yes, that’s what my research energy use when the building is used. During
the coffee shop, was it? shows. It’s in everyone’s best interest to construction, attention is paid to the type of
create a sense of community. The stronger building materials used. For example, builders
DR. LEE: That’s right. The coffee shop tale may use renewable materials like bamboo.
is an example of indirect reciprocity. In this the community, the better chance we all
have of living better lives, and ensuring our They may recycle stone and metal, and use
case, I do something for you; you then help floors made from recycled materials like plastic
someone else; that person goes on to help own survival.
water bottles and old tires. In addition, they use
a third or fourth person. In this way, we Track 7.2 local materials when possible to avoid using
establish that it is OK to ask one another for energy to transport building materials from far
help. Through these acts of kindness, we Our ability to survive in the future depends in
part on how we adapt the way we currently away.
build a bond with one another — be it our
family, our friends, our neighbors — and by construct buildings. Estimates are that by the The building design emphasizes using
doing this we build a sense of community year 2050, there will be nine billion people renewable resources, such as sunlight, wind
that helps us all to survive. in the world who need housing. If we had power, and water once the building is in use.
unlimited resources of building materials, Making a building comfortable for the people
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who use it is obviously very important. Whether have to use energy to travel far to meet their Track 7.4
this means keeping it warm, or keeping it cool, needs. They can live and work, shop, and
of course, depends on the climate of where the enjoy entertainment right there. 1 Where does the city get its water from?
building is located. [FALLING INTONATION]
Do we have to choose between meeting
In a northern European country like Germany, current needs or future needs? The answer 2 Does the city process salt water to use for
windows and landscaping can be designed is no. If we expand our use of green building, drinking water? [RISING INTONATION]
to take advantage of the sun in the winter. For we can achieve the goal of doing both. 3 That water is used for drinking? [RISING
example, a building with more south-facing INTONATION]
windows brings in sunlight and warmth. Trees Track 7.3
4 The village doesn’t have any water?
can be planted to provide shade to the building Student 1 [RISING INTONATION]
during warm months, yet allow warm sunshine I never thought about kindness as being part 5 When do they usually have water
in when the leaves are gone during cold, winter of our desire to survive. It seems to me it’s shortages? [FALLING INTONATION]
months. possible. In my view, we don’t consciously
In warmer climates, such as in Egypt, buildings calculate that if I help someone they will Track 7.5
can be designed to let in less strong sunlight help me. It’s more that we take care of one 1 A:
What are ways people can use
in the middle of the day, yet allow in enough another because, well, that’s just what we do less water at home? [FALLING
natural light for people to see without turning for our friends, our families, people we know. INTONATION]
on lamps or lights. In addition, trees can be Student 2 B: They can take shorter showers. They
planted to block some sunlight year-round,
There was the part about how people risk can re-use water.
which will help reduce the amount of energy
their lives for others, and how, in some 2 A: I read some cities get water from
needed to keep the building cool.
ways that goes against our personal desire melting ice caps in the mountains.
There are many examples of green building to survive. I recently read an article about
projects that use energy efficiently, such as B: Cities get water from melting ice caps?
a house fire. A man was leaving for work, [RISING INTONATION] I didn’t know
Masdar City, in Abu Dhabi, the United Arab and he noticed flames shooting from the
Emirates, which is an entire city, designed that.
top of his neighbor’s house. He helped his
to be completely powered by renewable neighbors escape, even though he ended up 3 A: Are there really water shortages
energy. Another is the Bahrain World Trade getting injured. Fortunately, everyone was everywhere? [RISING INTONATION]
Center, which has wind turbines that produce saved, and he wasn’t seriously hurt. B: Well, not absolutely everywhere, but it
around 13% of the tower’s total power is a serious global problem.
Student 3
needs. And then there’s the Sun Life Centre in
That’s lucky. Talking about strangers helping 4 A: How can water be used efficiently
Manila, the Philippines, which has windows
strangers, there was the point that following in public buildings? [FALLING
that let in light, but block heat and noise, and
natural disasters, the global community INTONATION]
thus lower air conditioning costs by about
35%. responds because it’s to everyone’s survival B: One way is to collect rain water to use
advantage to do so. I recently saw online for landscaping.
A green building doesn’t need to be new,
that there was an earthquake in Pakistan;
though.
many countries sent aid, and there were
Taking that into consideration, now let’s several bad earthquakes in Haiti after which
turn to reuse of existing buildings. The main emergency supplies were contributed from
reason to reuse old buildings is that it saves all over the world.
limited natural resources like wood and
Student 4
metal. Earlier I mentioned reusing Olympic
facilities. Let’s look at some examples of how Yeah, the main point was that building those
Olympic buildings were transformed: the bonds of reciprocity is important both locally
facilities from the Sydney, Australia Olympics and globally. And that there is both direct
of 2000 were turned into a huge public park. and indirect reciprocity. As I understand
The aquatic center in Beijing was converted it, direct is like last week when you helped
to an enormous indoor water park where me prepare for the history exam, and then
people can swim. Barcelona converted I helped you review for biology. In contrast,
Olympic buildings to university dorms for indirect is … I did that for you, and then you
students. After the 2012 Olympics, London help another friend, and at some point, a
created Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. third friend does something for me, right?
We all trust we will help one another. And
A different example of reuse is Namba Parks
it’s not just with friends, it’s between family
in Osaka, Japan, which was built from a
members, shopkeepers, governments,
former baseball stadium. By reusing the
people locally and globally.
stadium, the builders saved a lot of building
materials. It is designed so that people don’t
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Unit 8: Law home of the President of the United States! protection, people between the ages of 18
In another famous case, about 15 million and 24 are the most likely targets of identity
Track 8.1 customers had their personal information theft.
HOST: Greetings listeners, and welcome to stolen when criminals hacked into the All right, now to begin, what is identity theft?
Ask an expert, the weekly show in which we website for the finance company Experian. The United States government defines it
interview experts from a variety of fields. HOST: Yes, I remember that. All right, I’d like like this on its website, and I quote: “Identity
Today’s topic is cybercrime, and our expert is to continue now and discuss the topic of theft is a crime where a thief steals your
Robert Braun, professor of law at Pennbrook computer piracy. What is that? personal information, such as your full name
University. Professor Braun, welcome to our or your social security number, to commit
BRAUN: It means illegally downloading
show. fraud.” In addition, the well-known consumer
movies, books, or music from the Internet,
protection organization Consumer Reports
BRAUN: Thank you. without paying for the content.
explained in a 2016 article that identity theft
HOST: Let’s start with a simple definition. What HOST: Why is that illegal? can be either low- or high-tech. Low-tech
is cybercrime, and how common is it? BRAUN: Let me explain. In the United States, theft can happen when a thief looks over
BRAUN: Well, the U.K.’s Norton website defines U.K., and many other countries we have your shoulder while you’re typing in your
cybercrime as “a crime that has some kind a concept called “intellectual property.” personal identification number at an ATM.
of computer or cyber aspect to it.” In other According to the Macmillan Dictionary, This is called “shoulder surfing.”
words, it means any illegal activity committed “intellectual property” is something that High-tech ID theft happens when a thief hacks
with a computer. Now that covers a broad someone has created or invented and that into your computer or your phone. Then, for
range of criminal no one else is legally allowed to make, copy, example, they can steal your social security
activities, including crimes against people, or sell. In other words, it’s against the law number and use it to acquire credit cards or
such as stealing someone’s identity or online to download intellectual property without even a passport. Or they can steal your credit
bullying, crimes against property, such as paying for it. card numbers and use them to purchase things
illegal movie downloads, and crimes against HOST: What’s the punishment for illegally online. And you may not even know you’ve
governments, mainly spying. downloading a movie? been a victim of ID theft until you start getting
credit card bills for things you know you didn’t
HOST: That is a broad range, indeed. What BRAUN: People who are caught downloading
buy.
does all this illegal activity cost? movies illegally can face up to a year in jail
and a fine of $100,000. That’s just for personal I’m not trying to worry you, and of course
BRAUN: Bill Laberis, the former editor-in-chief
use. If you turn around and sell those illegally the bank will compensate you for any money
of the journal Computer World, reported in
downloaded movies, the crime is much more that is stolen from your account. However, it
Security Intelligence that the global cost of
serious. You could go to jail for five years and can be a horrible experience to try to recover
cybercrime in 2015 was $500 billion dollars.
face a penalty of $250,000. your identification once it’s been stolen. So,
HOST: That’s shocking. now let’s talk about steps you can take to
HOST: That seems pretty severe. protect yourself and make sure your identity
BRAUN: But wait, Laberis goes on to estimate
that the cost will be two TRILLION dollars BRAUN: It’s a serious crime. Helen Mirren, is secure.
by 2019. There’s a sentence in a 1991 book the famous actor, once said, “The Internet Step 1: Protect your numbers! Never share
called Computers at Risk that still holds true: and piracy will destroy the film industry”. your personal or financial information with
“The modern thief can steal more with a What she meant is that it’s expensive to anyone. Don’t carry your social security card in
computer than with a gun.” make movies, and if companies can’t make your wallet, and never give your credit card to
money, they’ll stop doing it. anyone else to use.
HOST: That’s very true, isn’t it? Well now, let’s
get specific and look more closely at some of HOST: I’m speaking with law professor OK, step 2, be aware of phishing requests.
the cybercrimes you mentioned. I suppose Robert Braun. Let’s take a break, and then Phishing, spelled p-h-i-s-h-i-n-g, is when you
many of our listeners have heard the term we’ll talk some more. get an email or text that looks like it’s from a
“malware.” Could you explain what that company you know, such as your bank or credit
Track 8.2
means? card company, asking you to provide your
Good afternoon everyone and welcome account number or credit card information.
BRAUN: Sure. “Malware” isn’t a crime. It’s a
to today’s session on cyber-security. Our These are fake emails sent by criminals whose
general term that means any kind of software
goal in this session is to make sure you and motive is to try to trick you into giving them
that’s used to commit crimes, for instance
your data are protected against people who your personal details. Remember, an honest
stealing private information, spying on users,
would like to harm you or your electronic company will never ask you to give out that
or displaying unwanted advertising. The
devices. Our main focus will be a discussion type of information. If you think there is
victims can be individuals, corporations, or
on identity theft, and how to prevent it. This something odd about an email or text, don’t
governments. To give just one example, in
is an important topic for college students reply, and don’t click on any links within the
its December 30, 2015 issue the respected
because, according to the United States message either because they could contain
magazine Business Insider reported that in
Federal Trade Commission, the government malware.
2014 hackers used malware to break into a
agency that’s responsible for consumer
computer system at the White House, the
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Now, step 3. Create strong passwords and Track 8.3 you into giving them your personal details.
update them regularly, both on your computer Remember, an honest company will never
and on your phone. And avoid common Good afternoon everyone and welcome ask you to give out that type of information.
passwords like your birth date or your school to today’s session on cyber-security. Our If you think there is something odd about an
name. Most people are not very careful about goal in this session is to make sure you and email or text, don’t reply, and don’t click on
this. The password manager company called your data are protected against people who any links within the message either because
Keeper reported on its website that almost one- would like to harm you or your electronic they could contain malware.
fifth of people use the same password! Can you devices. Our main focus will be a discussion
on identity theft, and how to prevent it. This Now, step 3. Create strong passwords
guess what it is? “123456”! Using a password and update them regularly, both on your
that is so easy to guess will expose you to cyber- is an important topic for college students
because, according to the United States computer and on your phone. And avoid
attack, so if that’s your password, I advise you common passwords like your birth date or
to change it immediately. Use a combination of Federal Trade Commission, the government
agency that’s responsible for consumer your school name. Most people are not very
numbers and letters, and try to use uppercase careful about this. The password manager
and lowercase letters if possible. protection, people between the ages of 18
and 24 are the most likely targets of identity company called Keeper reported on its
Next, step 4. Be careful about what you theft. website that almost one-fifth of people use
share on social media sites. A lot of students the same password! Can you guess what it
practically live on Facebook and Twitter and a All right, now to begin, what is identity theft? is? “123456”! Using a password that is so easy
lot of them give away too much information too The United States government defines it to guess will expose you to cyber-attack, so if
easily. Krystal Merton, the Security Manager at like this on its website, and I quote: “Identity that’s your password, I advise you to change
Pennbrook University, explains that criminals theft is a crime where a thief steals your it immediately.
can follow your social media posts and use personal information, such as your full name
or your social security number, to commit Next, step 4. Be careful about what you
them to extract information that will help them share on social media sites. A lot of students
answer the security questions on your online fraud.” In addition, the well-known consumer
protection organization Consumer Reports practically live on Facebook and Twitter
accounts, such as your birthplace or your and a lot of them give away too much
mother’s maiden name. This is supported by explained in a 2016 article that identity theft
can be either low- or high-tech. Low-tech information too easily. Krystal Merton, the
Conrad Stewart, director of student services at Security Manager at Pembrook University,
the Mayweather Institute in New York. Stewart theft can happen when a thief looks over
your shoulder while you’re typing in your explains that criminals can follow your
says, “Criminals exploit students that over- social media posts and use them to extract
share and over-trust on social media sites.” personal identification number at an ATM.
This is called “shoulder surfing.” information that will help them answer the
So be careful what you share, and check your security questions on your online accounts,
privacy settings to make sure only the people High-tech ID theft happens when a thief such as your birthplace or your mother’s
you choose are allowed to see what you post hacks into your computer or your phone. maiden name. This is supported by Conrad
on social media. Then for example they can steal your social Stewart, director of student services at the
Finally, step 5. Protect your computer by security number and use it to acquire credit Mayweather Institute in New York. Stewart
installing anti-virus software. This prevents cards or even a passport. Or they can steal says, “Criminals exploit students that over-
hackers from breaking into your computer your credit card numbers and use them to share and over-trust on social media sites.”
or phone and stealing your information. The purchase things online. And you may not So be careful what you share, and check your
university provides this kind of software free even know you’ve been a victim of ID theft privacy settings to make sure only the people
to all its students and staff, so if you need help until you start getting credit card bills for you choose are allowed to see what you post
installing it just call or bring your device in to things you know you didn’t buy. on social media.
the campus computer center. I’m not trying to worry you, and of course Finally, step 5. Protect your computer by
All right, before we go any further I want to the bank will compensate you for any money installing anti-virus software. This prevents
remind you that identity theft is a criminal that is stolen from your account. However, it hackers from breaking into your computer
offense. It is illegal in most countries around can be a horrible experience to try to recover or phone and stealing your information. The
the world and in every state in the United your identification once it’s been stolen. So university provides this kind of software free
States. The punishment for identity theft now let’s talk about steps you can take to to all its students and staff, so if you need
includes both jail time and fines. The trouble protect yourself and make sure your identity help installing it just call or bring your device
is that a lot of thieves are very clever, and it is secure. in to the campus computer center.
is getting harder and harder to catch them. Track 8.4 All right, before we go any further I want to
That’s why it’s so important to follow the remind you that identity theft is a criminal
security measures I’ve been talking about. OK, step 2, be aware of phishing requests.
Phishing, spelled p-h-i-s-h-i-n-g, is when offense. It is illegal in most countries around
And if you think you have been a victim the world and in every state in the United
of identity theft, be sure to contact the you get an email or text that looks like it’s
from a company you know, such as your States. The punishment for identity theft
university computer center immediately. includes both jail time and fines. The trouble
bank or credit card company, asking you to
provide your account number or credit card is that a lot of thieves are very clever, and it
information. Their motive is to try to trick is getting harder and harder to catch them.
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That’s why it’s so important to follow the 7

security measures I’ve been talking about. LECTURER: This is supported by Conrad
And if you think you have been a victim Stewart, director of student services at the
of identity theft, be sure to contact the Mayweather Institute in New York. Stewart
university computer center immediately. says, “Criminals exploit students that over-
Track 8.5 share and over-trust on social media sites.”
1 Track 8.6
BRAUN: Bill Laberis, the former editor-in- 1 I completely agree with you; the
chief of the journal Computer World, reported punishment doesn’t match the crime.
in the journal Security Intelligence that the 2 You’re absolutely right. Young people
global cost of cybercrime in 2015 was $500 don’t understand that this is a serious
billion dollars. crime.
2 3 I totally disagree. She broke the law, and
BRAUN: In its December 30, 2015 issue deserves to be punished.
the respected magazine Business Insider 4 I strongly disagree with sending people to
reported that in 2014 hackers used malware prison for Internet fraud.
to break into a computer system at the White
5 I really don’t think that’s true.
House, the home of the president of the
Downloading something without
United States!
permission is a crime.
3
BRAUN: According to the Macmillan
Dictionary, “intellectual property” is
something that someone has created or
invented and that no one else is legally
allowed to make, copy, or sell. In other
words, it’s against the law to download
intellectual property without paying for it.
4
LECTURER: According to the United States
Federal Trade Commission, the government
agency that’s responsible for consumer
protection, people between the ages of 18
and 24 are the most likely targets of identity
theft.
5
LECTURER: The well-known consumer
protection organization Consumer Reports
explained in a 2016 article that identity theft
can be either low- or high-tech.
6
LECTURER: Krystal Merton, the Security
Manager at Pennbrook University, explains
that criminals can follow your social media
posts and use them to extract information
that will help them answer the security
questions on your online accounts, such as
your birthplace or your mother’s maiden
name.
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Unit 9: Sound unpredictable. I have two examples. First, Track 9.2

most people are annoyed by the sound of
Track 9.1 a flying insect, such as a mosquito or a fly Good afternoon I’m Evan Roberts. Today
nearby. Now, this isn’t because they make on New Perspectives we’re looking at some
INTERVIEWER: Hello, and welcome to strange phenomena from the world of
Health Beat. I think we would all agree that a loud noise. In fact, at 40 decibels, they’re
only just louder than someone whispering neuroscience. I want to start by asking you
car alarms, dripping faucets, and buzzing to imagine a young woman, sitting at home,
insects are incredibly annoying. But what in our ear. However, how loud they sound
to us depends on how close they are, and watching TV, and waiting for her friend to
is it about them that annoys us so much? call. She reaches for her phone because she’s
Here to help us answer that question is because they fly in such irregular patterns,
this distance is constantly changing. sure she heard it ring. The phone didn’t ring,
Alex Nader, Professor of Acoustics at Queen though. Sometimes the brain plays tricks
Anne University in London. So, Professor INTERVIEWER: Right. Sometimes they seem on people. Sometimes the brain perceives
Nader, what is it that makes sounds to be flying right next to our ear, then they sounds that aren’t there.
annoying? fly away, then they come back again …
Two curious examples of this are: phantom
PROFESSOR NADER: Well, according to my PROFESSOR NADER: Exactly, and it’s phone rings and vibrations, and phantom
research there are three main factors. First, this random movement that makes it words.
a sound can be annoying because we don’t impossible to predict when we will next
A phantom phone ring is when someone
know when it will stop. The question of hear the sound or how loud it will be. The
mistakenly imagines their phone is ringing
how long the sound will last is what upsets result is incredibly annoying. If you’ve ever
when it isn’t. Psychologists call this a
us. Even a distant bell or quiet beep can tried to fall asleep with a fly or mosquito
“phantom” ring, because no sound is actually
have this effect. At first, you may not notice buzzing around your room, you’ll know
made. This is a common phenomenon that
the sound. But, if it continues, it becomes what I mean. Now let’s consider my second
seems to have been happening more and
distracting—and increasingly annoying. example: someone’s fingernails scratching
more since the arrival of the smartphone. In
INTERVIEWER: For example, the common on a chalkboard. Why do you think we find
fact, a survey conducted last year suggested
experience of becoming irritated by a that sound so annoying?
that up to 85% of us have experienced a
stranger’s phone conversation in a public INTERVIEWER: Hmm … is it because it’s so phantom phone ring at least once in our
place, right? high-pitched? lifetime.
PROFESSOR NADER: That’s a great PROFESSOR NADER: Haha! Yes, that’s Whilst researchers aren’t certain what causes
example. Initially, you may hardly notice what most people think. However, it isn’t phantom phone rings, several theories have
the conversation. As the conversation the high pitch that bothers us. The sound been proposed.
continues, however, you start to feel we hear is actually made up of a range First, phantom phone rings seem to be tied
slightly annoyed. You may tell yourself of sounds from high to low frequency. It in with the brain trying to make sense of the
it’s because the person is speaking too turns out we are irritated MORE by the LOW sounds it receives. For example, you may
loudly, or because you don’t want to know sounds because our ears are more sensitive hear some music on a TV commercial that
a stranger’s personal details. My research, to them. Moreover, as the fingernails travel is similar to your ringtone and your brain
however, has revealed it’s not knowing down the board, the sound changes from assumes it’s your phone ringing. Similarly,
when the conversation will end that makes loud to soft in an unpredictable way. We people have reported experiencing phantom
it so annoying. have concluded that the sound being phone rings when using a hair dryer, turning
INTERVIEWER: So, one main factor is not unpredictable contributes to why it is so on the washing machine, or even after
knowing when the sound will stop. And, the annoying. Thus, a fly near our ears, and hearing a car go by. Essentially, your brain
second factor? fingernails scraping a chalkboard share the isn’t sure what the sound is, so it tries to
reason they’re annoying: the sounds are make an intelligent guess.
PROFESSOR NADER: The second factor is unpredictable.
if the sound is repetitive; for example, the Another, perhaps more likely explanation, is
sound of a dripping faucet. This seems to INTERVIEWER: So, Professor Nader, the that when we’re anxiously expecting a call,
annoy just about everyone. three factors for us to keep in mind as to we get so stressed that we imagine the phone
what make sounds annoying are: one, is ringing. In other words, our expectation
INTERVIEWER: Well it certainly annoys me. not knowing when they’ll stop, two, being that the phone is going to ring prompts us to
My faucet at home is broken, and all night I repetitive, and three, being unpredictable. imagine that it is.
have to listen to the steady drip, drip, drip, Of course, our understanding the reasons
over and over and over. After a while, the Phantom phone rings caused by stress seem
why some sounds are annoying doesn’t
sound seems to magnify in strength until to be particularly common if we’re separated
help us feel less irritated when we hear
it’s the only thing I can hear. from our phones when waiting for a call.
them! Thank you for sharing your insights
People have reported leaving their phone on
PROFESSOR NADER: Right. So, it’s that the with us.
the kitchen table while they take a shower
sound is repetitive that annoys us. Now let’s and becoming so worried about missing a
consider the third factor: sounds that are call, that they actually convince themselves
the phone is ringing.
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3 AUDIO SCRIPTS
A stranger variation of this phenomenon is With both phantom phone rings and Track 9.5
phantom phone vibrations – the feeling that phantom words, researchers aren’t certain
your phone is vibrating because of a text or why people hear what they do, but it appears 1 Low sounds actually affect us more than
call, when in reality, nothing is happening. that the brain is working hard to interpret high sounds.
As with phantom rings, the cause of these sounds, and give them meaning. Perhaps 2 Hassan imagined the phone rang because
imaginary vibrations is unknown. However, people would have fewer phantom vibrations he wanted it to ring.
the leading theory is that as most of us carry if they paid less attention to their phones, but 3 Elliott complained about the noise, but it
our phones in the same place every day—for that isn’t likely to change any time soon. didn’t bother Jude.
example the front pocket of our jeans—our 4 Fireworks are louder than jet engines.
brains have become trained to anticipate Track 9.3
vibrations in that area of the body. Over Noise in cities can interfere with normal 5 Aida heard so many phantom rings that
time, our brains have started to over-predict activities such as sleeping. It can disrupt the she ignored a real call.
these vibrations, making us think we’re quality of life. It is difficult to escape from Track 9.6
receiving calls or texts, when we’re not. This is sounds in a city. A lot of the outdoor noise,
obviously both distracting and annoying for the environmental noise, in cities is caused 1 Ahmed’s new ringtone is very annoying.
the person that experiences it. by transportation. Cars, taxis, buses, trains, 2 Ahmed’s new ringtone is very annoying.
Another example of our brains playing and subways all cause noise pollution. 3 Ria was bothered by the traffic in the
tricks on us is phantom words—when we People adapt to noise, but face health morning.
hear words that no one actually said. In one problems due to noise levels. One problem
4 Ria was bothered by the traffic in the
study, researchers had volunteers listen to is hearing loss. When people hear loud
morning
a recording consisting of repeated words or noises regularly, this contributes to hearing
phrases, not sentences. After listening several loss. Some people also suffer from high
times, they were asked to recall any words stress levels. City planners are beginning to
or phrases they’d heard. Strangely, many understand that they need to create parks for
of the volunteers reported hearing words the people living there. A well-planned park
and phrases that weren’t actually on the provides a quiet space for people to relax,
recording. One explanation for this is that and get away from noise. Because noise
the human brain is constantly looking for seems to have an impact on animals, they
patterns and meaning in the information it also benefit from having parks to enjoy.
receives, even if this information is actually
Track 9.4
meaningless.
1 A: OK, are there any questions?
Interestingly, the researchers also found that
what people were thinking about before B: Yes, what is “pitch”?
listening to the recording had an effect on the A: The question was: what is pitch? Pitch
words and phrases they heard. For example, means how high or low a sound is.
someone who is trying to lose weight 2 A: What sound did you say is the most
might hear phrases about food. Someone annoying?
worried about money might hear vocabulary
B: You want to know what sound I said is
associated with banking or finance.
the most annoying, correct?
In another interesting study, English
3 A: Do some sounds become less
language students from various countries
annoying if we hear them every day?
were played a recording in English, and
asked to recall what they’d heard. The results B: That’s a good question. I’m not sure.
suggested that some students heard words 4 A: That’s all the information we gathered.
and phrases in their first language while Did you understand what I said about
listening to the recording. For example, our group’s conclusion?
Chinese students heard some Chinese words B: Not exactly.
in the recording, while students who spoke
Arabic or Spanish heard Arabic or Spanish
words. What’s striking is that some students
were even convinced that Chinese, Arabic, or
Spanish words had been added to the audio
track, even though this wasn’t true. The
same results were obtained even when the
students heard the recording several times.
PHOTOCOPIABLE 20
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3 AUDIO SCRIPTS
Unit 10: Tomorrow predict, and to prevent, potential leaks. ANGELA: Far from it! For me, the biggest issue
Without drones, you need to send a team is privacy. I don’t want drones filming me in
Track 10.1 of highly trained inspectors to conduct a my house or my back yard. That’s my private
PRESENTER: Good morning and welcome to manual examination of each section of space, and nobody else has a right to fly over
the show. I’m joined today by Angela Lewis, pipeline – many of which aren’t in easily it.
leader of the “Drone-Free Skies” campaign. accessible places like cities! It’s extremely
PRESENTER: Victor?
Welcome to the show, Angela. slow and expensive. If one of your pipelines
starts leaking, it’ll take forever to find the leak. VICTOR: Well, again, this is about regulation.
ANGELA: Thank you. It’s good to be here. And by the time you finally fix it, it will have You’re right that drones shouldn’t film you or
PRESENTER: Angela, tell us about your been leaking for months. But with a drone fly too close to your house, so we just need
campaign. What are you trying to achieve? equipped with a few simple cameras, we can good rules stating what drones can and can’t
examine whole pipelines in a few hours, not do. But remember that most drones these
ANGELA: Well, as the name suggests, we’re days are used for commercial reasons – they
trying to keep the sky free from drones. We months. And when we identify a problem,
we can send in another drone, equipped distribute parcels, or look for oil leaks in
believe drones are dangerous, noisy, and, remote pipelines, or whatever. I can assure
above all, unnecessary. with various tools, to fix it. We use computers
to steer the drones, which means the whole you they’re not trying to film you in your back
PRESENTER: OK, but can you tell us why you process can be controlled by a single engineer yard!
started your campaign? in our headquarters, hundreds of miles away. ANGELA: OK, maybe “most drones” are
ANGELA: Well, the park near my house is very So, Angela is totally wrong when she claims harmless—I don’t know. But there are billions
popular with so-called drone pilots, racing drones are just silly toys. of drones out there that aren’t harmless. You
their dangerous toys around all day. It’s totally PRESENTER: Right. So, what about safety? seem to think that rules and regulations can
irresponsible, and on weekends, the noise solve the problem, but how on earth will
is unbearable! Believe me, these trouble- VICTOR: Well, the statistics speak for
regulators be able to distinguish the good
makers don’t care if their noise pollution themselves. The number of serious accidents
drones from the bad ones? Until you can give
destroys other people’s lives. Anyway, one day involving drones is tiny. In this country, there
us a satisfactory answer to that question, I’m
about three years ago, one of the pilots lost hasn’t been a single death or serious injury
afraid I’m going to continue the campaign for
control of his drone and it crashed through involving drones—not one—over the past
drone-free skies.
my son’s bedroom window and landed on his three years, and only a handful of minor
accidents. If we compare that with the safety PRESENTER: Right, well thanks to both of
bed. It’s very lucky he wasn’t seriously injured. you for your comments. We’re going to take
record of cars, where there are thousands of
PRESENTER: That sounds terrifying! Was your deaths and injuries every year, it’s clear that a break right now, but we’ll be back in a few
son in bed at the time? drones are incredibly safe. minutes.
ANGELA: Er … no. He was away at university. PRESENTER: Angela? Track 10.2
But it was then that I realized that something
had to be done. ANGELA: Well, there are far more cars than PROFESSOR: OK everybody. As you’ll
drones, so it doesn’t make sense to compare remember, we have a guest lecturer today.
PRESENTER: OK, so we’ll come back to those figures. And the drone that crashed This is Dr. Zahra Demir from our applied
you in a moment, Angela. But first I’d like to into my house was certainly dangerous. engineering department. She’s going to tell
introduce our second guest, Victor Young, Presumably Victor would describe it as us about our university team’s entry for a
who is here on behalf of the National Drone another minor accident, not really worth Hyperloop competition. Over to you, Zahra.
Club. Victor, do you agree that drones are just worrying about, but it was absolutely
toys, and that the pilots are irresponsible? DR. DEMIR: Thanks. OK, so before I start
terrifying at the time. But the bigger point I talking about the competition, does anybody
VICTOR: Well, of course, some people do use was making is that drones have a potential to know what a Hyperloop is? No? Well, a
them as toys, and yes, a small number of do enormous damage, especially if they crash Hyperloop is basically a revolutionary new
pilots aren’t as responsible as they should be. into an airplane. And as the number of drones form of transportation. The whole world will
But we’re talking about a tiny, tiny percentage grows, the potential for serious accidents will be talking about Hyperloops in a few years—
of the total number here. Commercial drones increase dramatically. they’re going to change everything! They’ve
are rapidly becoming a vital part of our VICTOR: In that case, surely the answer is to been called “the fifth form of transportation,”
economy, and they perform essential tasks establish rules to prevent accidents, rather after cars, trains, boats, and planes. The basic
that humans simply cannot otherwise do. than simply banning all drones. And that’s idea is that people travel in small vehicles
PRESENTER: Can you give us an example? what we’re trying to do in the National Drone called “pods,” which travel through long tubes
Club: we want to make sure that the skies from one city to another. Those tubes can be
VICTOR: Sure. Well, I work in the oil business, underground—or even under the sea—or they
remain safe for everybody.
and we have a network of oil pipelines all over can be above the surface.
the country. Now, all of those pipelines need PRESENTER: So, it sounds like you share
to be checked regularly in order to similar goals. Angela, is safety your only PROFESSOR: So, they’re like railroad trains,
concern? then?
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3 AUDIO SCRIPTS
DR. DEMIR: Well, not really. Hyperloop pods for the passengers. So, it’ll be hard to find PROFESSOR: Excellent. So how does the
don’t have wheels. They use the power of a good balance between comfort, safety, competition work?
magnets to keep them up. There are magnets and speed. There are also many challenges DR. DEMIR: Well, the first stage was last
in the tube and magnets in the pod, and they connected with the size of the project. For month, where they judged whether our
push each other apart. That’s what makes example, how do you ensure there’s almost no designs have the potential to work. We’ve just
the pod look like it’s floating in the air. But air in a tube that’s a million miles long! How heard that we got through that round, which
the really clever part is that we can also use do you build those tubes in the first place, is great. So now we’ll have twelve months to
magnets to drive the pods along the tubes. and make sure they’re safe and strong? And build an actual working pod. So, it’s a long
We can use electricity to control the magnets, of course, the tubes might be underground process—by the end, we’ll have been working
so that the magnets in front of the pod pull or under the sea, which makes everything on it for nearly two years. But it’ll be worth it
it, and the magnets at the back push it. That incredibly difficult. So those are all huge when we win.
means the pods can travel at incredible engineering challenges. But to be honest, the
biggest challenges are political: persuading PROFESSOR: I’m sure. So, what’s the prize?
speeds—much faster than trains, and they
people that Hyperloops are OK. Some people DR. DEMIR: There’s no prize. We’re just doing
use basically no fuel at all.
are simply afraid of progress, and they don’t it for fun, and because it’s a great way to learn.
PROFESSOR: Sorry, can you explain that last like it when you try to do something new. Now, I know what you’re all thinking: how can
part more clearly. How do they travel so much There are plenty of powerful people and we justify spending all that time and money
faster than trains? And how do they use so organizations that don’t want Hyperloops on a competition with no prize! You probably
little fuel? to work, and they’re putting up all kinds of think we should be reading books and writing
DR. DEMIR: OK. So, let’s think about trains barriers to slow down our progress. essays instead. But in my opinion, practical
for a moment. They have to fight against two PROFESSOR: Really? Why? projects like this are the best way to learn. And
incredibly strong forces. One force is friction— maybe we’ll play a small part in making the
DR. DEMIR: Well, the transportation world a better place.
the force that makes it harder to move things
companies in this country are very worried
that are touching each other. The train is
that Hyperloops will destroy their business. I Track 10.3
touching the tracks, so the tracks are literally
mean, if Hyperloops work, nobody will ever
fighting against the engine, dragging the 1
need to take a train or a plane again. So, they’ll
train backward. But as I said, in a Hyperloop, DR. DEMIR: Some people are simply afraid
do anything to stop us from succeeding. It’s
the pods aren’t touching anything, so there’s of progress, and they don’t like it when you
all taking place in secret, so we can’t prove
basically no friction to fight against. And then
anything, but I’m sure that’s what’s happening. try to do something new. There are plenty
the second force is air resistance—the way
PROFESSOR: Hmmm … OK, so tell us about of powerful people and organizations that
the air slows you down as you move. When
the competition. I understand you’re up don’t want Hyperloops to work, and they’re
you’re trying to make a vehicle go fast, air
against teams from the best universities in the putting up all kinds of barriers to slow down
resistance is the worst thing in the world! But
in a Hyperloop, you can pump out most of the world, so it’s going to be tough, I guess. our progress.
air from the tube. So that means there’s almost DR. DEMIR: That’s what everyone says: that PROFESSOR: Really? Why?
no air, and therefore no air resistance, as well we don’t have a chance because we’re not as DR. DEMIR: Well, the transportation
as no friction. So, there’s nothing to slow the good as those other universities. But I think
companies in this country are very worried
pod down, and it’s incredibly fuel-efficient. The that’s the wrong attitude. I think everyone has
that Hyperloops will destroy their business.
speeds we can reach are unbelievable. The a chance—you just need to believe in yourself.
I mean, if Hyperloops work, nobody will
aim is to reach hypersonic speeds—that’s over Anyway, the competition involves designing
ever need to take a train or a plane again.
5 times the speed of sound. You’ll be able to pods that will travel along a test track in the
travel from one end of the country to the other U.S.A. The fastest pod will be the winner—as So, they’ll do anything to stop us from
in no time at all! long as it doesn’t crash! The challenge is to succeeding. It’s all taking place in secret, so
design the shape so that there’s as little air we can’t prove anything, but I’m sure that’s
PROFESSOR: OK, but what are some of the
resistance as possible. Remember that we what’s happening.
challenges? Presumably you’ll need to control
the magnets carefully so that they push the can’t remove all the air from the tube, so we 2
pods along. still need to make sure the air flows around PROFESSOR: OK, so tell us about the
the pod smoothly.Anyway, I’m leading the
DR. DEMIR: Well, that’s actually a fairly simple competition. I understand you’re up against
team from our university. And to be honest,
engineering challenge—a child of five could some teams from the best universities in
I think we’ve come up with a brilliant design.
solve it in minutes. It’s just a question of getting the world, so it’s going to be tough, I guess.
We’ve all been working on it 24 hours a day
a computer to turn the magnets on and off DR. DEMIR: That’s what everyone says: that
for the last ten months, and it’s been going
rapidly to drive the pods forward. It’s quite we don’t have a chance because we’re not
very well so far. We started out with computer
a common form of motor. A much bigger as good as those other universities. But
simulations, to test various ideas. But for the
challenge will actually be slowing the pods I think that’s the wrong attitude. I think
past four months we’ve been building, testing,
down when they reach their destination.
and modifying actual models, to check everyone has a chance—you just need to
They’ll have been traveling at almost four
whether they work in practice, not just on a believe in yourself.
thousand miles an hour, so if the brakes are
computer.
too weak, it’ll be extremely dangerous. And if
they’re too strong, it’ll be very uncomfortable
PHOTOCOPIABLE 22
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3 AUDIO SCRIPTS
3
DR. DEMIR: There’s no prize. We’re just
doing it for fun, and because it’s a great
way to learn. Now, I know what you’re all
thinking: how can we justify spending all
that time and money on a competition with
no prize? You probably think we should be
reading books and writing essays instead.
But in my opinion, practical projects like
this are the best way to learn. And maybe
we’ll play a small part in making the world a
better place.
Track 10.4
Let’s start by addressing that final argument.
Not everybody finds it as easy as you do
to walk to the store. Think about your own
grandparents or your elderly neighbors or
indeed yourselves 50 years from now! And
what about people who live in remote areas
who don’t even have a nice accessible store
to walk to? For people in such situations
drones could literally be a life-saver. Because
we’re not just talking about pizza deliveries
here we’re talking about essential drugs and
vital medical equipment.
Track 10.5
1 And as the number of drones grows,
the potential for serious accidents will
increase // dramatically.
2 We want to make sure that the skies
remain safe // for everybody.
3 The whole world will be talking about
Hyperloops in a few years – they’re going
to change // everything!
4 I think everyone has a chance – you just
need to believe // in yourself.
5 But it’ll be worth it // when we win.
6 Maybe we’ll play a small part in making
the world // a better place.
PHOTOCOPIABLE 23

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Second Edition

Listening & Speaking

Listening & Speaking

police submit two samples of hair to a DNA Track 1.4

Listening & Speaking

Unit 2: Design calls “designing for humans,” which is Track 2.2

Listening & Speaking

Listening & Speaking

Listening & Speaking

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Listening & Speaking

Listening & Speaking

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Listening & Speaking

That’s why it’s so important to follow the 7

Listening & Speaking

Unit 9: Sound unpredictable. I have two examples. First, Track 9.2

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Listening & Speaking

Listening & Speaking

Listening & Speaking

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