MATH 310

November
Friday ,
12

More on

diagonal
ization
(7-2)
Non-diagonaliz-ablematn.ee#
matrix A is
Recall from last time that
an nxn

diagonalizable
if it has 1
linearly independent eigenvectors
the
that A can
) saying
same as
This is
( the max
possible .

diagonal Equivalently
-1
where D is

factored
PDP
.

as
be ,

-
l
D = P AP .

possible
-

complex eigenvalues
are
-

will be real ( and

important They appear
in

)
For
eigenvalues
.
-

us
the textbook
-
,
.

of
real
eigenvalues
uxn
that if all n
an
Last time we saw
,

matrix A are distinct then A is

-
diagonal
itable
-
for sure .

However
,
if A has
repeated eigenvalues ,
it
mayormaynot
out
be
diagonal it able : we have to do more work to
find .

learn how to tell the difference

Today
we
.

,
Example
-
.
Consider the matrix A
=

[! I ] .

A is (
upper
)
triangular
-
,
so its
eigenvalues
are its
diagonal
entries : ✗
-
= 1 (
repeated
twice ) is the
only eigenvalue .

izable ?
Is A
diagonal
1 A would need to have
of A

only eigenvalue
is so
The ,

it's 2×2
eigenvectors
I since
two L I
.

,
-
.

8 the
① (A )I has

[ ]
0 so
-
II =

A -
II =

(f)
already o o ,

solution set
[I]
RREF
is I = =
t
× =

, .

t free
,
-

will not be
of the 1-
is so we
1-
The dimension
eigen space ,

eigenvectors ④
able
able to
find 2 l I -

.
I -

,
not
diagonal it .

( ) but
[I 9 ] has the
eigenvalue
s
In contrast I = same
,
,

iza-be.net onset to II I ( the 1-

diagonal
=

is
( it's ☒ R2 )
of I ) is two dimensional all c- .

eigen space
-
Howtocheckfordiagonalizabih.ly/
f A is an nxn
matrix with u real
eigenvalues ,
some
of

izable ?
which are

repeated ,
when is A
diagonal
Answer (
NOT
explained very
well in

!
our
)
book it 's
-
; p
362
-

only

A is
diagonal
iz able if
every repeated eigenvalue
to the maximum number of L.I.

corresponds
eigenvectors .

What is this max # ?

-

The number
eigenvalue
of times the
" "

( its )
repealed multiplicity
is .

How

many
-

eigenvectors
L I.

✗ have ?
-
does a

repeated eigenvalue

freevariables.nu # of
dim of =

)
111A XI
( A- XIII =3
-

in .
 ( oatefaifs ! )
'
A
- couple
of 3×3
examples
Let

=/ I )
and B

f} ! )
=

Probiem
A

iz able
Determine whether each matrix
diagonal
is .

If diagonalize )
not if it
not
explain why ;
so .

, ,

polynomial
we start with A .
Its characteristic is

I ÷ )
det CA -
XI ) =

H II
'

⇐'
I
-
-
H -

E.
)
( 2) ( z X ) 2
) 2
(( z X) t
- -

X) (
-

s
(
- -

= z -

f -
z t (3 -
X)
)
'
X) (z X) 3 (t X)
( x) (3 2
-
-

= z
- - -

= -

X 't 722 -
112 t 5

2
=

-
(5 -
X ) ( I -

7)
,
so the
eigenvalues
of A are 1=5 and 2=1 ( twice ) .

-
-
 "

could "

repeated eigenvalue
✗ I
possibly
=
the

Only
mess

up
it first
diagonal ability
ii.
,
so we

investigate .

|
①

) |
I

(
I 2 -

I 2 -

A- ✗ I = A -
I =

I z -

t ~ 0 0 0

RREF
0 0 0
I -2 I
.

✗
is
×
,=t
free free

to
✗ = 1
multiplicity
has 2- and corresponds 2-
there's 2- free variables The 2 's match
eigenvectors
I. I. since ,
.

I + 2 = 3
iz able it will have
diagonal
so A is :
- w w

✗ = 5 ✗ =\ max
possible :

" A is 3×3

said and done

"
when all
eigenvectors
is
L.I. .

A to write it

diagonalize
: as
also asks to

problem
The us

that know this

possible
l is

diagonal
we
where D
-

now
.

PDP is
,

( ] ( A- I )Ñ=Ñ
'

Since A- I

I.
from
O
? j O O

,
solutions to

=/ ¥;) =/ It
f. /Y
"
☒
form
take the = s + t

vecbrpm
t

where s and t can be real numbers

parametric
any
.
?⃝
 vector form shows that
parametric
us
The

a basis
for the 1-
eigen space
of A is

} / ? ] (f) }
- ,

In

particular ,
[?] and
(&) are

ÑA
L I..

eigenvectors
,
both with

1
eigenvalue
✗ =
.

Now we have to consider the other

,

2=5

repeated eigenvalue
non -
.

] Feel? ? I ]
t

(
→ Z -

A- ✗ I A 5I
①
=
=
i o ,
-

i i
-

I -2 -3
.

get
free

solutions to CA -
SI )I = 8

take the
form
I

=/ ) t
=
t
/) ,
It c- IR )

so a basis for the 5-

eigen space
of A is
{ [ ]} .

-
 of
eigenvectors
We have 3 LI A :
now -

eigenvector
5

eigenvectors
-

I -

" It:÷÷: Hit so

guaranteed
to be LI .
"

when
"
combined .

These are the columns of P .

-
I
of A A PDP
diagonal ization
=
is
A-

=/ ? ! µ ! ! ! ) !
w
recall from last time
5
:

there is more than one !

- w

X = I X=5

get
( ) the
Alpha
used Wolfram
Calculating
the inverse I we
,

ization
complete diagonal
:

I? ! l! ! ¥1
'

a-
=L!! f- poi -

( whew ! )
B 's
polynomial
turn Its characteristic is
.

=/ |
det( B- XI ) 3- x I I
-

2 2- X -
I

2 2
-

(3-2)/2-2 / I 1- pay
=
-

I
-

1st a- ×
2 2

row

=
( 3- 2) (-212-2)+2 ) (-27+2) -

(4-212-21)
= -2,3+522-871-4

=
( 1- 2) ( 2- XP ,
so the
eigenvalues
of
-

Bare ✗ =L and 2=2 ( twice ) .

-
-

"
"

possibly
✗ =2 could
repeated eigenvalue up
mess

only
the

diagonal ability
ii. .

)
① k

] /
-

[
1 I -

I
B- II = B- ZI =

① K
"
2 0 -1 ~ o

2 2 RREF O O O
-2 .

×
,=t
free
We that the
eigenvalue
X 2 has
multiplicity I
=
see ,

ZI

eigenvector
B
but contributes since

only I
LI
-

for
variable ) A basis
has
only I
non -

pivot
column (
free .

the 2 -

eigen space
of B is
} ( ! )} ,

) ! with
That's (not the
possible Together
enough
not max

we'll LI

only get
2
the l
basis vector for
eigen space
-

- .

a ,

not 3
total
for
B
eigenvectors
.

Mable
Therefore ,
B is
not diagonal .

) !
'

eigenvalue
"

( we call 1=2 a

deficient
-