Effective English Grammar

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Effective English Grammar

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THIRD EDITION : October 2016

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Effective
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English Grammar
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Copies can be had from :

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V.G.S. BOOK LINKS

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5-6-59/3, Second Floor, Tammina Krishna Street,

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Behind Sairam Theatre, VIJAYAWADA - 520 009.

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Ph : 2510202, 2512222. Fax : 0866-2515555.

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email: vgsbooklinks@gmail.com
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B.O : V.G.S. BOOK LINKS

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# 3-1-399, Nimboliadda, Kachiguda,

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HYDERABAD - 500 027. Ph. 040-24650717.

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email: vgspublishers.hyd@gmail.com
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SHREE RAJESWARI BOOK STALL

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Printed at :
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SRI MARUTHI PRINTERS

5-6-59/3, Tammina Krishna Street,
Behind Sairam Theatre,
VIJAYAWADA - 520 009.
We have taken many efforts to present this book without errors. But, some errors might have
crept in. We don't take any legal responsibility for such errors and omissions. If you bring them to
our notice, we will correct them in our next edition.
All disputes are subject to AMALAPURAM Jurisdiction only.
eTT+<TeÖ³s s
&jáTsY ¯&sYà,
ç|dTïÔá bþ{¡ ç||+#á+ýË ç|Ü <Ã«>· kÍ<óqýË ç|eTTK bÍçÔá eV¾²dTïq~
English Grammar. n+<Te\q ç|Ü e«¿ì¿ï ì Ôáq eÖÔáuó²wÔÃ bÍ³T>± +^¢w§

uó²wqT HûsTÁ Ì¿Ãe&+ Ôá|Î d]>± eÖ]+~. ¿± nÜ ¿=~ÝeT+~ eÖçÔáyTû +^¢w§
uó²wqT HûsTÁ Ì¿Ãe&+ýËqT, <|Õ |³T¼ kÍ~ó+#á&+ ýËqT d|© ¿£Ôá+ ¿±>·\T>·TÔáTHsÁT.
B¿ì ¿±sÁD+ #ý²eT+~ Grammar Ôî\TdT¿ÃÅ£+& Spoken English qT
HûsÁTÌ¿Ãe&¿ì ç|jáTÜ+#á&yûT.
uó²w @<îÕq|Î{ì¿¡ < Grammar (y«¿£sDÁ +), Vocabulary (|<C ²\+),
Pronunciation (#ÌsÁD) n eTÖ&T uó²>±\T>± $uó +#áe#áTÌ. uó²>±\ýË
Vocabulary nHû~ ÿ¿£ |<¿ì ns Ôî\T|>± Pronunciation nHû~ <¿ì >·\
#ÌsÁD (|*¹¿ $<óq+) qT Ôî\T|ÚÔáT+~.Vocabulary &¿q£ ¯ dVä jáT+ÔÃqT,
Pronunciation qT +^¢w§ uó²wqT $q&+ <ÇsqT, nqTuóe
+ e\¢qÖ HûsTÁ Ì¿Ã>·\eTT.
¿±ú Grammar ¿=+#î+ çXø$T+º HûsTÁ Ì¿Ãy*àq neds+Á +~.
|Údï¿£+ ¹¿e\+ Grammar Hû ¿±Å£+& Grammar dV¾²ÔáyîT®q Spoken
English Å£L& HûsTÁ Ì¿Ãe&¿ì m+Ôá>±HÃ |¿] £ dT+ï ~. sÂ +&+{ìú dT\uóÔ sá yÁ Tî q®
$<óq+ýË HûsTÁ Ì¿Ãe&¿ì ÿ¿£ eT+º |Úd¿ï +£ ¿Ãd+ m<TsÁT#áÖdTqï y] n_óý²wqT
HîsyÁ s¹û Ì ne¿±Xæ n+~+ºq+<TÅ£ $..jáTdt. |_¢wsYà y]¿ì H ¿£ÔáÈãÔá\T.
|Úd¿ï +£ ýË n Topics dsÞÁ yø Tî q® uó²wýË n+<]¿¡ nsÁe TjûT« ¯ÜýË
çyjáT&q$. ç|Ü Topic qT $esÁD²Ôá¿£+>± n+~+#á&+ È]Ð+~. jáÖ Topics
eTT+<T>± nsÁe TjûT«+Ôá esÁÅ£ #á~$ HûsTÁ Ì¿= ÔásÇÔá y{ì sÁ¿s£ ¿Á ±\ y¿±«\ýË
apply #ûdÖï çbÍ¿¡¼dT #ûdï +>·¢ uó²w|Õ n<TÒÛÔáyîT®q |]C²ãq+ ¿£\T>·TÔáT+~.
$<«sÁT\T, bÍ<ó«jáTT\T, $$<ó |¯¿£\Å£ VäÈsÁjûT« $<«sÁT\T, +^¢|T

uó²w HûsTÁ Ì¿=qTy]¿ì n+<]¿¡ |jTá T¿£+ï >± +&û $<ó+ >± çyjáT&q |Úd¿ï ±
eT]+Ôá ç|jîÖÈq¿£sÁ+>± r]Ì~<Ý&¿ì ÔáÐq d\Vä\T, dÖ#áq\T n+~kÍïsÁ
¥dÖï...
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ss sÁ#ásTTÔá
INDEX
1. Alphabet 15
F Capital letters F Small letters F Usage of capital letters
F Classification of Alphabet F Vowels and consonants and usage
F Syllable and its kinds
2. Word 6 17
F Types of words F Formation of compound words
F Prefixes and suffixes F Types of words according to syllables
F Silent letters in words
3. Phrase 18 20
F Kinds of phrase F Adjective phrase F Adverb phrase F Noun phrase
4. Clause 21 24
F Kinds of clause F Main clause F Subordinate clause and its kinds
F Noun clause F Adjective clause F Adverb clause
5. Sentence 25 41
F Parts of sentence F Predicate F Kinds of verb
F Kinds of subject F Kinds of object F Kinds of complement
F Structure of sentence F Kinds of sentence (Three classifications)
6. Punctuation Marks 42 46
F Kinds of punctuation marks F Usage of punctuation marks
7. Parts of Speech 47 53
F Noun F Pronoun F Adjective F Verb
F Adverb F Preposition F Conjunction F Interjection
8. Noun 54 74
F Kinds of noun F Gender of noun F Number of noun F The noun - case

iv
9. Pronoun 75 95
F Kinds of pronoun F Gender of pronoun F Number of pronoun
F Persons of pronoun F The pronoun - case
10. Adjective 96 113

F Kinds of Adjective F Formation of Adjectives
F Adjective - Degrees of comparison
11. Verb 114 134

F Forms of verb F Kinds of verb F Kinds of main verb
F Kinds of Auxiliary verb F Main verb and its forms
F Kinds of verb (According to conjugation)
F Auxiliary verb and its forms F Participle and Gerund F Moods of verb
12. Adverb 135 142

F Kinds of Adverb
13. Preposition 143 170

F Kinds of preposition F Usage of prepositions
F Prepositions often confused
14. Conjunction 171 178

F Kinds of conjunction F Usage of conjunctions
15. Interjection 179 181

F Usage of Interjection
16. Articles 182 188

F Articles in English F Kinds of Articles F Usage of Articles
F Omission of Article
17. Tense 189 231

F Kinds of tense F Kinds of present tense
F Kinds of past tense F Kinds of future tense
F Usages and structures of tenses F Combination of tenses
F Conditional tenses
F Negative sentences of Assertive sentences
F Interrogative sentences on tenses
F Negative sentences of Interrogative sentences

v
18. Imperative Sentence 232 239
F Kinds of orders F Kinds of requests F Negative sentences of imperative sentences
19. Auxiliary Verbs 240 276

F Kinds of Auxiliaries F Usage of Auxiliaries
F Negative sentences on Auxiliaries F Interrogative sentences on Auxiliaries
F Negative sentences of Interrogative sentences on Auxiliaries
20. Voice 277 310

F Kinds of voice F Voice on tenses F Voice on Auxiliaries
F Voice on imperative sentences
F Change of pronouns from Active voice to passive voice
F Usage of passive voice
21. Speech 311 325

F Kinds of speech F Rules of changing speech
F Speech on Assertive sentences F Speech on Interrogative sentences
F Speech on Imperative sentences F Speech on passive voice sentences
22. Question Tag 326 341

F Rules of writing Question tag F Question tag on tenses
F Question tag on Auxiliaries
23. Degrees of Comparison 342 356

F Degrees of Adjective F Changing of degrees; five models
F Three forms of Adjectives F Formation of three forms of Adjectives
24. Simple, Complex and Compound Sentences 357 367

F Simple sentence F Complex sentence F Compound sentence
F Transformation of sentences
25. Letter - Writing 368 376

F Kinds of letters F Parts of letters and structures of letters
F Sample letters

vi
1. Alphabet (nø£ås¡e÷\)
ìs¡«#·q+ : Ä+>∑¢ nø£ås¡e÷\qT nq>± Ç+^¢wüß nø£åsê\qT ‘Alphabet’ n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The total letters of English Language are called as ‘Alphabet’.
>∑eTìø£ : Ç+^¢wüß nø£åsê\ìï+{Ï˙ ø£*|æ ‘Alphabet’ nì n+{≤s¡T. eT]j·TT @ ˇø£ÿ nø£åsêHÓÌïHê düπs ‘Alphabet’
nH˚ n+{≤s¡T. nø£så ê\T m≈£îÿe ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ‘Alphabets’ nì nq≈£L&É<Tä . ˇø£fHÆ… ê, s¬ +&ÓH’ ê mHÓïÌ Hê düsπ yê{Ïì ‘Alphabet’
nì e÷Á‘·y˚T |æ\yê*.
Ç+^¢wüß˝Àì nø£åsê\T nq>± Alphabet yÓTT‘·Ô+ 26.
n$ :
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P
Q R S T U V W X Y Z
M{Ïì Capital Letters (ô|<ä› nø£åsê\T) nì n+{≤s¡T.
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p
q r s t u v w x y z
M{Ïì Small letters (∫qï nø£åsê\T) nì n+{≤s¡T. á Capital eT]j·TT Small letters jÓTTø£ÿ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+˝À
ø=ìï e÷s¡TŒ\THêïsTT. M{Ïì mø£ÿ&Óø£ÿ&É ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê˝À ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ø=ìï ìj·Te÷\T ñHêïsTT.
Usage of Capital Letters
ìj·Te÷\T :
@<ÓH
’ ê yêø£´+ Áyêj·T&É+ yÓTT<ä\Tô|{Ïqº |ü⁄&ÉT yÓTT<ä{Ï |ü<+ä ˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£så êìøÏ Capital letter ì ñ|üj÷Ó –+#ê*.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
They wrote books. (yês¡T |ü⁄düÔø±\T ÁyêXÊs¡T.)
$es¡D : ô|’ yêø£´+˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï |ü<ä+ - They (yês¡T)
‘They’ nH˚ |ü<ä+ jÓTTø£ÿ yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£ås¡+ - ‘T’
á yêø£´+˝À á yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£ås¡yÓTÆq ‘T’ ì ‘Capital letter’ ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~.
ˇø£ yêø±´ìï eTT–+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT Ä yêø£´+ ∫es¡q full stop (.) qT ô|&É‘ês¡T. Bì ‘·s¡Tyê‘· nq>± yêø£´+ |üPs¡ÔsTTq
‘·s¡Tyê‘· eTs=ø£ yêø£´+ Áyêj·T&ÜìøÏ Äs¡+_Û+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT Ä yêø£´+ yÓTT<ä{Ï |ü<ä+ jÓTTø£ÿ yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£åsêìï ≈£L&Ü
‘Capital letter’ H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*.
nq>± full stop (.) ‘·s¡Tyê‘· m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ ‘Capital letter’ H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
Ravi is a good boy. He studies well.
(s¡$ ˇø£ eT+∫ u≤\T&ÉT. n‘·&ÉT u≤>± #·<äTe⁄‘ê&ÉT.)
$es¡D : ô|’ yêø£éTT\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï yêø£´+ ‘boy’ nH˚ |ü<ä+˝Àì ‘y’ nH˚ nø£ås¡+‘√
eTT–dæ+~. n+<äTe\q ‘y’ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· full stop (.) qT ñ+#êeTT. Bì ‘·s¡Tyê‘· ¬s+&Ée yêø±´ìï yÓTT<ä\Tô|{≤ºeTT. á
yêø£´+˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï |ü<ä+ nsTTq ‘He’ ˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£ås¡+ nsTTq ‘H’ qT full stop (.) ‘·s¡Tyê‘· yÓTT<ä˝…’q+<äTq
‘Capital letter’ >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~.
1
K∫Ã‘·yÓTÆq ù|s¡TqT ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·÷*‡ e∫Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT nq>± eTqTwüß\ ù|s¡¢qT, <˚XÊ\ ù|s¡¢qT, q>∑sê\ ù|s¡¢qT, q<äT\
ù|s¡¢qT, Á>∑+<∏ë\ ù|s¡¢qT eT]j·TT yêsê\ ù|s¡¢qT e+{Ïyê{Ïì Áyêùd≥|ü⁄&ÉT yê{Ï yê{Ï ù|s¡¢ eTT+<äT nq>±
ù|s¡T˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£åsêìï ‘Capital Letter’ ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. Rajesh plays keyboard well. (Rajesh → eTìwæ ù|s¡T)
(sêCÒwt ø°uÀs¡T¶ u≤>± yêsTTkÕÔ&ÉT.)
2. She went to America. (America → <˚X¯+ ù|s¡T)
(ÄyÓT nyÓT]ø± yÓ[¢+~.)
3. Prakash visited Agra. (Agra → q>∑s¡+ ù|s¡T)
(Á|üø±wt ÄÁ>±ì <ä]Ù+#ê&ÉT.)
4. The Ganges is a long river. (Ganges → q~ ù|s¡T)
(>∑+>±q~ ˇø£ bı&ÉyÓ’q q~.)
5. The Gita is a sacred book of Hindu religion. (Gita → Á>∑+<∏ä+ ù|s¡T, Hindu → eT‘·+ ù|s¡T)
(uÛÑ>∑eBZ‘· Væ≤+<ä÷eT‘êìøÏ |ü$Á‘· Á>∑+<∏ä+.)
6. Swapna came here on Thursday. (Thursday → yês¡+ ù|s¡T)
(dü«|üï >∑Ts¡Tyês¡+ Hê&ÉT Çø£ÿ&çøÏ e∫Ã+~.)
$es¡D : á Äs¡T yêø±´\˝Àq÷ Äj·÷ ù|s¡¢˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£åsê\qT ‘Capital letters’ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~.
>∑eTìø£ : á ìj·TeT+˝À #Ó|üŒã&çq ù|s¡¢qT yêø±´ìøÏ @ uÛ≤>∑+˝À ÁyêdæHê düπs Ä ù|s¡TqT ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd |ü<ä+˝Àì
yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£åsêìï ‘Capital letter’ ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*.
ˇø£ e´øÏÔ e÷{≤¢&ÉT‘·Tqï|ü&ÉT n‘·ì >∑T]+∫ #Ó|ü⁄Œø√e&ÜìøÏ nq>± ªH˚qTμ nì #Óù|Œ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ‘I’ ì
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. á ‘I’ yêø£´+˝À mø£ÿ&É Áyêj·÷*‡ e∫ÃHê düπs ‘Capital letter’ >±H˚ Áyêj·÷*.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
I will come tomorrow.
(H˚qT πs|ü⁄ ekÕÔqT.)
$es¡D : á yêø£´+˝À á yêø±´ìï #Ó|Œæ q e´øÏÔ ‘êqT Ä eTs¡Tdü{Ï s√Eq ekÕÔ&ìÉ #Ó|Œü &ÜìøÏ n‘·H˚ e÷{≤¢&TÉ ‘·Tqï+<äTq
‘I’ nH˚<ëìì ªH˚qTμ nì #Ó|ü⁄Œø√e&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê&ÉT. ø±e⁄q Bìì ‘Capital letter’ ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT.
>∑eTìø£ : ªH˚qTμ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ‘I’ ì Capital letter >± yê&Ü*. |ü<ë\˝À nq>± King (sêE) e+{Ï yê{Ï˝À
‘I’ ì Capital letter’ >± Áyêj·Tsê<äT.
ø=ìï dü+düú\T e+{Ï yê{Ï ù|s¡¢qT dü+øÏå|üÔ+>± |æ\TkÕÔs¡T. Ç≥Te+{Ï yê{Ïì ‘Abbreviations’ nì n+{≤s¡T. Ç{Ïº
yê{Ï˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ nìï nø£åsê\q÷ ‘Capital letters’ H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. A.P.S.R.T.C (Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation)
2. I.P.S (Indian Police Service.)
3. M.B.B.S. (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Science)
4. I.A.S (Indian Administrative Service)
5. B.Sc (Bachelor of Science.

2
$es¡D : Çø£ÿ&É Çe«ã&çq ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À Äj·÷ ù|s¡¢ jÓTTø£ÿ dü+øÏå|üÔ s¡÷bÕ\≈£î nìï nø£åsê©ï ‘Capital letters’ H˚
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~. B.Sc. ˝À e÷Á‘·+ ‘Sc’ nH˚ ¬s+&Éø£åsê\÷ ≈£L&Ü ‘Science’ nH˚ ˇπø |ü<ëìï dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq
‘Sc’ ˝Àì ‘S’ ì e÷Á‘·y˚T ‘Capital letter’ Áyêdæ ‘c’ ì ‘small letter’ Áyêj·T&ÉyÓTÆ+~.
>∑eTìø£ : B.Sc., M.Sc eT]j·TT B.Ed e+{Ï ø=ìï abbreviations ˝À ¬s+&˚dæ nø£åsê\T ˇπø |ü<ëìï dü÷∫kÕÔsTT.
Ç≥Te+{Ï yê{Ï˝À ¬s+&Ée nø£åsêìï ‘Small letter’ H˚ Áyêj·÷*. B.Sc eT]j·TT M.Sc \˝À ‘Sc’ nq>± science’ nì
ns¡ú+. eT]j·TT B.Ed ˝À ‘Ed’ nq>± ‘education’ nì ns¡ú+. Ç$ ˇπø |ü<ëìï dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq yÓTT<ä{Ï <ëìì ‘Capital
letter’ >±q÷, ¬s+&Ée<ëìì ‘Small letter’ >±q÷ Áyêj·T&É+ »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~.
<˚e⁄&çì ‘Ó*j·TCÒdü÷Ô ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ Á|ür |ü<ä+˝Àq÷ yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£åsêìï ‘Capital letter’ >±H˚ Áyêj·÷*.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. The Lord saves you.
(<˚e⁄&ÉT ìqTï s¡øÏå+#·TqT.)
2. God is great. We are His children.
(<˚e⁄&ÉT >=|üŒyê&ÉT. eTqeTT Äj·Tq _&É¶\+.)
3. Our Father is always behind us.
(eTq ‘·+Á&ç m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ eTq yÓqTø£H˚ ñ+{≤&ÉT.)
4. Eswara is graceful. We have to praise Him.
(áX¯«s¡T&ÉT <äj·T>∑\yê&ÉT. eTq+ Äj·Tìï düTÔ‹+#ê*.)
$es¡D : ô|’ yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï yêø£´+˝À ‘Lord’ nq>± <˚e⁄&Éì ns¡ú+ ø±e⁄q ‘Lord’ ˝Àì
yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£ås¡yÓTÆq ‘L’ qT ‘Capital letter’ >± ÁyêXÊeTT. ¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À ‘God’ nq>± <˚e⁄&É˙, ‘His’ nq>± ª<˚e⁄ì
jÓTTø£ÿμ n˙ ns¡ú+. á ¬s+&ÉT |ü<ë\÷ ≈£L&Ü <˚e⁄H˚ï dü÷∫+#·&É+ e\q ‘God’ ˝Àì ‘G’ ˙, ‘His’ ˝Àì ‘H’ ˙ ‘Capital
letters >± ÁyêXÊeTT. eT÷&Ée yêø£´+˝À ‘father’ nq>± <˚e⁄&çì dü÷∫düTÔ+~. n+<äTe\¢ Bì˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£ås¡yÓTÆq ‘f’
ì ‘Capital letter’ >± ÁyêXÊeTT. ∫e] yêø£´+˝À ‘Him’ nq>± ªn‘·ììμ nì ns¡ú+. yêø£´+ Á|üø±s¡+ ªn‘·ììμ n+fÒ
ªáX¯«s¡Tìμ nì ns¡ú+. nq>± ‘him’ nH˚ |ü<ä+ <˚e⁄ìï dü÷∫düTÔ+~. ø±e⁄q ‘him’ ˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£ås¡yÓTÆq ‘H’ ì ‘Capital
letter’ >± Áyêj·T&É+ »]–+~.
Ç+^¢wüß uÛ≤wü˝Àì |ü<ë´˝˝Àì Á|ür es¡Tdü˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£åsê˙ï ≈£L&Ü ‘Capital letter’ H˚ Áyêj·÷*.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
Cats and dogs are animals dear
Cocks and crows are birds so near
Cows and goats are useful here
Rats and mice are small to fear
$es¡D : á |ü<ä´+ (Rhyme) ˝À Á|ür es¡Tdü˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£åsê˙ï nq>± ‘C’, ‘C’, ‘C’ eT]j·TT ‘R’ \qT Capital
letters qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~.
Classification of Alphabet (Ç+^¢wüß nø£åsê\ eØZø£s¡D)

‘Alphabet’ qT ¬s+&ÉT esêZ\T>± eØZø£]+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Vowels (n#·TÃ\T) 2. Consonants (Vü≤\T¢\T)

3
Vowels : ‘Alphabet’ yÓTT‘·Ô+ 26. M{Ï˝À qT+∫ ‘5’ alphabet qT Á|ü‘˚´øÏ+∫ yê{ÏøÏ ‘Vowels’ nì
ù|s¡Tô|{≤ºs¡T. n$ : A, E, I, O, U.
Consonants : ‘Alphabet’ yÓTT‘·Ô+˝À+∫ ‘Vowels’ nsTTq A, E, I, O, U \qT rdæy˚j·T>± $T–*q ‘21’
nø£åsê\q÷ ‘Consonants’ n+{≤s¡T.
n$ :
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N
P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z
Usage of Vowles & Consonants : @ uÛ≤wü˝ÀHÓ’Hê n#·TÃ\T, Vü≤\T¢\qT $uÛÑõ+#·&É+ »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. |ü<ë\qT
n#·TÃ\ eT]j·TT Vü≤\T¢\ ø£\sTTø£‘√ @s¡Œs¡TkÕÔs¡T. kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± @ uÛ≤wü˝À ≈£L&Ü n#·TÃ\T ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü πøe\+ Vü≤\T¢\‘√
|ü<ëìï @s¡Œs¡#·˝ÒeTT. ø±˙ Ç+^¢wüß˝À e÷Á‘·+ πøe\+ Vü≤\T¢\‘√H˚ ø=ìï |ü<ë\qT @s¡Œs¡#·e#·TÃ. ø±˙ yê{Ï˝À ≈£L&Ü
n#·TÃ X¯ã›+ <ë– ñ+≥T+~. ø±˙ n#·TÃ˝…’q A, E, I, O, U \˝À @B ≈£L&Ü ø£ìŒ+#·<äT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
Sky (Äø±X¯+), Fly (m>∑s¡&É+), Cry (ns¡e&É+) etc.
á |ü<ë\qT >∑eTìùdÔ nìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ ªª◊μμ nH˚ ‘Ó\T>∑T n#·TÃ X¯ã›+ <ë– ñ+~. yÓTT‘·Ô+ MT<ä á Vowles eT]j·TT
Consonants ì ‘Words’ ì @s¡Œs¡#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Syllable (e÷Á‘·)
‘Syllable’ nq>± ˇø£ |ü<ä+˝Àì ªn#·TÃ X¯ã›+μ nì ns¡ú+. Syllable nH˚~ Hê\T>∑T s¡ø±\T>± ñ+≥T+~. nq>±
Syllables Ä<Ûës¡+>± |ü<ë\qT Hê\T>∑T s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#·e#·TÃ. n$ :
1. Monosyllabic words 2. Disyllabic words 3. Trisyllabic words 4. Polysyllabic words
1. Monosyllabic word : ˇø£ |ü<ä+˝Àì ˇπø ˇø£ÿ n#·TÃ X¯ã›+ ñ+fÒ <ëìì ‘monosyllabic word’ n+{≤s¡T.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. Fan (ù|òHé → @) → (>±*|ü+ø±)
2. One (eHé → n) → (ˇø£{Ï)
3. Kite (¬ø’{Ÿ → ◊) → (>±*|ü≥+)
4. Roof (s¡÷|òt → }) → (ô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ)
5. Large (˝≤sY® → Ä) → (ô|<ä›) etc.
$es¡D : ô|’ ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT >∑eTì+∫qjÓT&É\ nìï+{Ï˝Àq÷, ˇø=ÿø£ÿ{Ï #=|ü⁄Œq y˚s¡Ty˚s¡T ‘Vowel sounds’
ñHêïsTT. Á|ü‹ |ü<+ä ˝Àq÷ ˇø£ÿ{Ï #=|ü⁄Œq vowel sounds ñHêïsTT. ø±e⁄q M{Ïì ‘monosyllabic words’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
2. Disyllabic word : ˇø£ |ü<ä+˝À ‘Syllable’ ¬s+&ÉTkÕs¡T¢ |ü*øÏ‘˚ nq>± n#·TÃ X¯ã›+ ¬s+&ÉTkÕs¡T¢ ñ#·Ã]+#·ã&ç‘˚
<ëìì ‘Di-syllabic word’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. Seven (ôd yÓHé → m, m) → (@&ÉT) 2. Order (Äs¡¶sY → Ä, n) → (Ä»„)
3. Table (fÒ ãT˝Ÿ → @, ñ) → (ã\¢) 4. Vo ice (yê sTTdt→ Ä, Ç) → (dü«s¡eTT)
5. Scooter (dü÷ÿ≥sY → }, n) → (dü÷ÿ≥s¡T) etc.

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$es¡D : ô|’ ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À ˇø£ |ü<ä+˝À ¬s+&ÉT ‘Vowel sounds’ ñHêïsTT á $<Ûä+>± Á|ü‹ |ü<ä+˝Àq÷ ñHêïsTT.
ø±e⁄q á |ü<ë\qT ‘Disyllabic words’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
3. Trisyllabic word : ˇø£ |ü<ä+˝À ‘Vowel sounds’ eT÷&ÉTkÕs¡T¢ ñ+fÒ nq>± eT÷&ÉTkÕs¡T¢ ñ#·Ã]+|üã&ç‘˚ <ëìì
‘trisyllabic word’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. Chemistry (¬ø $T Åd”º → m, Ç, á) → s¡kÕj·Tìø£XÊg+
2. Consonant (ø√q‡qHéº → z, n, n) → Vü≤\T¢
3. Alphabet (j·÷˝Œ¤u {Ÿ → j·÷, n, n) → Ç+^¢wüß nø£ås¡+
4. Division (&ç $ » Hé → Ç, Ç, n) → uÛ≤>∑Vü‰s¡+
5. Capital (ø± |æ ≥ ˝Ÿ → Ä, Ç, n) → sê»<Ûëì
$es¡D : ô|’ ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À Á|ü‹ |ü<ä+˝Àq÷ eT÷&˚dæ syllables ñHêïsTT. nq>± n#·TÃ X¯ã›+ Á|ü‹ |ü<ä+˝Àq÷
eT÷&ÉTkÕs¡T¢ |ü\Tø£ã&ÉT‘·T+~. ø±e⁄q M{Ïì ‘trisyllabic words’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
4. Polysyllabic word : ˇø£ |ü<+
ä ˝À syllables Hê\T>∑T ˝Ò<ë n+‘·ø+£ fÒ m≈£îÿe ñ+fÒ nq>± n#·TÃ X¯ã+› Hê\T>∑TkÕs¡T¢
˝Ò<ë n+‘·ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿekÕs¡T¢ |ü\Tø£ã&ç‘˚ <ëìì ‘Polysyllabic word’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. Communication (ø£eTT´ì πø wüHé → n, ñ, Ç, @, n) → (düe÷#ês¡+)
2. Necessary (HÓ dü dü Ø→ m, n, n, á) → (ÄeX¯´ø£yÓTÆq)
3. Competition (ø±+ |æ {Ï wü Hé → Ä, Ç, Ç, n) → (b˛{°)
4. Transformation (Á{≤q‡ Œ¤πsàwü Hé → Ä, n, @, n) → (e÷s¡TŒ)
5. Philosophy (|òæ ˝≤ dü |ò” → Ç, Ä, n, á) → (y˚<ë+‘·+)
$es¡D : ô|’ ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï |ü<+ä ˝À ◊<äT, s¬ +&ÉT, eT÷&ÉT, Hê\T>∑T eT]j·TT ◊<äe |ü<ë\˝À ˇø=ÿø£ÿ<ëì˝Àq÷
Hê\Tπ>dæ syllables ñHêïsTT. nìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ ≈£L&Ü Hê\T>∑T ˝Ò<ë n+‘·ø+£ fÒ m≈£îÿekÕs¡T¢ n#·TÃ X¯ã+› |ü\ø£ã&ÉT‘·Tqï+<äTq
M{Ïì ‘Polysyllabic words’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : ‘Syllable’ nH˚~ πøe\+ |ü<ä+˝À |ü\Tø£ã&˚ n#·TÃ X¯ã›+ MT<ä e÷Á‘·y˚T Ä<Ûës¡|ü&ÉT‘·T+~. n+‘˚ø±ì
|ü<ä+˝À ñ+&˚ n#·TÃ\ dü+K´ô|’ ø±<äT. m≥¢q>± ‘Sky’ nH˚ |ü<ä+˝À vowel ˝Ò<äT. ø±˙ Bì˝À ª◊μ nH˚ n#·TÃX¯ã›+ (Vowel
sound) ñqï+<äTq Ç~ ‘monosyllabic word’ ne⁄‘·T+~. n<˚$<Ûä+>± ‘Read’ nH˚ |ü<ä+˝À vowels (e, a) ¬s+&ÉT
ñHêïsTT. ø±˙ vowel sound (á) ˇø£ÿfÒ ñ+~. ø±ã{Ïº Ç~ ≈£L&Ü ‘monosyllabic word’ ne⁄‘·T+~. ø±ã{Ïº á
‘syllable’ nH˚~ ø
π e\+ n#·TÃ X¯ã+› (vowel sound) ≈£î e÷Á‘·yT˚ dü+ã+~Û+∫q~. Ç~ |ü<+ä ˝Àì vowels ˝Ò<ë consonants
MT<ä Ä<Ûës¡|ü&É<äì eTq+ >∑eTì+#ê*.
Q
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2. Word (|ü<ä+)
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ ì]›wüºyÓTÆq ns¡úeTTqT ø£*– ñ+&ç, ñ#·Ã]+#·&ÜìøÏ (|ü\ø£&ÜìøÏ) M\j˚T letters (nø£åsê\T) jÓTTø£ÿ
neT]ø£qT ‘Word’ (|ü<ä+) nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The arrangement of letters which has proper meaning and is to be pronounced is
called a ‘Word’.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. letter (nø£ås¡+)
(˝…≥sY)
2. word (|ü<ä+) (esY¶)
3. sentence (yêø£´+) (ôd+f…Hé‡)
4. pen (≈£\eTT) (ô|Hé)
5. paper (ø±–‘·+) (ù||üsY) etc.
$es¡D : ô|’ ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\ìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ ø=ìï letters ì ˇø£ |ü<äΔ‹˝À neTsêÃs¡T. á neT]ø£≈£î ˇø£ ì]›wüº ns¡ú+
eT]j·TT ñ#êÃs¡D ñHêïsTT. ø±e⁄q M{Ïì ‘words’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : πøe\+ nø£åsê\ ø£\sTTø£ ‘word’ ne<äT. nq>± abbreviations n˙ï ≈£L&Ü πøe\+ ìsêàD≤H˚ï ø£*Z
ñ+{≤sTT. M{ÏøÏ ñ#êÃs¡D ñ+&É<äT. ø±e⁄q Ç$ ‘words’ ø±e⁄. n<˚$<Ûä+>± πøe\+ ñ#êÃs¡D e÷Á‘·y˚T ø£*–q nø£åsê\
neT]ø£ ≈£L&Ü ‘word’ ø±<äT. <ëìøÏ ˇø£ Á|ü‘˚´ø£ ns¡ú+ ñqï|ü⁄Œ&˚ n~ ‘word’ ne⁄‘·T+~.
Types of words : (According to Formation)
Ç+^¢wüß˝Àì words ì n$ @s¡Œ&˚ $<ÛëHêìï nqTdü]+∫ eT÷&ÉT s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#·e#·TÃ. n$ :
1. Simple words (or) Primary words (kÕ<Ûës¡D ˝Ò<ë ÁbÕ<∏ä$Tø£ |ü<ë\T)
2. Compound words ($TÁX¯eT |ü<ë\T)
3. Derivative words (ñ‘·Œqï |ü<ë\T)
1. Simple words : English ˝À y˚s=ø£ |ü<ä+ MT<ä Ä<Ûës¡|ü&É≈£î+&Ü dü«‘·+Á‘·+>± ñ+&˚ |ü<ë\qT ‘Simple words’
nì n+{≤s¡T. M{Ïì Ä<Ûës¡+>± #˚düTø=ì ø=ìï |ü<ë\T @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT. ø±e⁄q M{Ïì eT÷\|ü<ë\T>± ù|s=ÿ+{≤s¡T.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. son (ø=&ÉT≈£î) 2. daughter (≈£L‘·Ts¡T)
3. sun (dü÷s¡T´&ÉT) 4. moon (#·+Á<äT&ÉT)
5. father (‘·+Á&ç) 6. mother (‘·*¢)
7. light (yÓ\T>∑T) 8. man (eTìwæ)
9. wife (uÛ≤s¡´) 10. house (Ç\T¢) etc.
$es¡D : ô|’q Çe«ã&çq ñ<ëVü≤s¡D |ü<ë\˙ï yê{Ïø£y˚ dü«‘·+Á‘·+>± πøe\+ letters jÓTTø£ÿ düVü‰j·T+‘√ @s¡Œ&çq$.
ø±e⁄q Ç$ ‘Simple words’ ne⁄‘êsTT.
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2. Compound words : ¬s+&ÉT ˝Ò<ë eT÷&ÉT |ü<ë\ ø£\sTTø£ e\q @s¡Œ&çq |ü<ë\qT ‘Compound words’ nì
n+{≤s¡T. Ç$ ¬s+&ÉT ˝Ò<ë eT÷&ÉT simple words ì ns¡úe+‘·+>± neTs¡Ã&É+ e\q @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT. á neT]ø£≈£î
≈£L&Ü ìsêàD+, ns¡ú+ eT]j·TT ñ#êÃs¡D ñ+{≤sTT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. sunrays (dü÷s¡´øÏs¡D≤\T) (sun, rays) 2. moon-light (yÓHÓï\) (moon, light)
3. mother-in-law (n‘·Ô>±s¡T) (mother, in, law) 4. man-servant (|üìyê&ÉT) (man, servant)
5. white house (‘Ó\¢ì Ç\T¢) (white, house) 6. beautiful face (n+<äyÓTÆq eTTKeTT) (beautiful, face)
7. nobleman (>=|üŒ e´øÏÔ) (noble, man) 8. redroom (mÁs¡ì>∑~) (red, room)
9. homework (Ç+{Ï|üì) (home, work) 10. bedroom (|ü&Éø£>∑~) (bed, room) etc.
$es¡D : ô|’q Ç∫Ãq ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àì |ü<ë\˙ï dü«‘·+Á‘·yÓTÆq$ ø±e⁄. Çe˙ï ≈£L&Ü ¬s+&˚dæ dü«‘·+Á‘· |ü<ë\‘√
@s¡Œ&çq$. Mother-in-law nH˚~ eT÷&ÉT |ü<ë\‘√ @s¡Œ&çq~. Ç≥Te+{Ï yê{Ïì ‘Compound words’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
á |ü<ë\˝Àì $&ç$&ç dü«‘·+Á‘· |ü<ë\≈£î ñqï $&ç$&ç nsêú\≈£L yê{Ï <ë«sê @s¡Œ&çq ‘Compound-word’ jÓTTø£ÿ
nsêúìø° dü+ã+<Ûä+ ñ+&Ée#·TÃ ˝Ò<ë ñ+&Éø£b˛e#·TÃ.
Formation of compound words
á Compound words ì eT÷&ÉT s¡ø±\T>± @s¡Œs¡#·e#·TÃ. n$ :
1. Noun ≈£î eTs=ø£ Noun qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê 2. Noun ≈£î Adjective qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê
3. Verb ≈£î Noun qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê
>∑eTìø£ : ‘Noun’ nq>± ù|s¡TqT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd |ü<ä+. ‘Verb’ nq>± |üìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd |ü<ä+.
‘Adjective’ nq>± >∑TD≤ìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd |ü<+ ä . M{Ï eT]+‘· $es¡D ‘Parts of Speech’ ˝À ≈£îå Dí+>± >∑eTì+#·e#·TÃ.
1. Noun ≈£î Noun #˚s¡Ã&É+ : ˇø£ Noun øÏ @<˚ì y˚s=ø£ Noun qT ø£*|æ Áyêj·T&É+ <ë«sê ø=ìï ‘Compound words’
@s¡Œ&É‘êsTT. M{ÏøÏ ˇø£ ì]›wüº ns¡ú+ eT]j·TT ñ#êÃs¡D ñ+{≤sTT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. class + work = classwork (‘·s¡>∑‹
|üì)
2. house + wife = housewife (Ç˝≤¢\T)
3. ring + leader = ringleader (dü÷Á‘·<Ûë])
4. ring + worm = ringworm (‘êeTs¡yê´~Û)
5. male + servant = male-servant (eT>∑|üìyê&ÉT)
6. tiffin + box = tiffin box ({Ï|òæHé ô|f…º)
7. bus + driver = bus driver (ãdüT‡Å&Ó’es¡T)
8. key + chain = keychain (‘êfi¯eTT\ >=\TdüT)
9. match + box = matchbox (n–Zô|f…º)
10. mobile + stand = mobile stand (bò˛Hé jÓTTø£ÿ kÕº+&ÉT)
$es¡D : á nìï words ≈£L&Ü ¬s+&˚dæ words jÓTTø£ÿ ø£\sTTø£‘√ @s¡Œ&çq$. á ¬s+&ÉT eT÷\|ü<ë\÷ ≈£L&Ü
Noun ˝Ò. á $<Ûä+>± ¬s+&ÉT noun \ ø£\sTTø£‘√ ‘words’ @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT. M{Ïì ‘Compound words’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
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2. Adjective qT Noun qT ø£\|ü&É+ : ˇø£ Adjective qT eT]j·TT Noun qT ø£\|ü&É+ <ë«sê ø=ìï ‘Compound
words’ @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT. M{ÏøÏ ≈£L&Ü ns¡ú+ eT]j·TT |ü*πø $<Ûëq+ ñ+{≤sTT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. black + board = blackboard (q\¢ã\¢)
2. drawing + book = drawing book (u§eTà\Ty˚ùd |ü⁄düÔø£+)
3. dark + room = dark room (q\¢ì >∑~)
4. blue + pen = blue pen (˙\+ ô|qTï)
5. honest + person = honest person (ìC≤sTTr|üs¡T&ÉT)
6. short + hand = shorthand (dü+øÏå|üÔ *|æ)
7. grave + stone = gravestone (düe÷~Û•\)
8. weak + person = weak person (ã\V”≤q e´øÏÔ)
9. sweet + words = sweet words (r|æ e÷≥\T)
10. pure + water = pure water (dü«#·Ã¤yÓTÆq ˙s¡T)
$es¡D : ô|’ words n˙ï ≈£L&Ü ˇø£ adjective eT]j·TT ˇø£ noun \qT ø£\|ü&É+ <ë«sê @s¡Œ&çqy˚. Ç$ n˙ï ≈£L&Ü
compound words ne⁄‘êsTT. á compound words øÏ ≈£L&Ü ˇø£ ì]›wüº ns¡ú+, ñ#êÃs¡D ñ+{≤sTT.
3. Verb qT, Noun qT ø£\|ü&É+ : ˇø£ Verb qT ˇø£ Noun ‘√ ø£\|ü&É+ <ë«sê ≈£L&Ü ‘Compound words’
@s¡Œ&É‘êsTT. Ç$ ≈£L&Ü ñ#êÃ¤s¡DqT eT]j·TT ns¡úeTTqT ø£*– ñ+{≤sTT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. sketch + pen = sketchpen (s¡+>∑Ty˚ùd ô|qTï)
2. pick + pocket = pickpocket (CÒãT<=+>∑)
3. break + fast = breakfast (ñ<äj·Tø±\ uÛÀ»q+)
4. cut + throat = cutthroat (˙‹˝Òì)
5. leave + letter = leave letter (ôd\e⁄N{Ï)
6. kick + boxing = kickboxing (øÏø˘u≤øÏ‡+>¥)
7. pen + drive = pendrive (ô|HéÅ&Ó’yé)
8. sun + set = sunset (dü÷sê´düÔeTj·T+)
$es¡D : Ç#·≥ Çe«ã&çq ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ Á|ür<ëì˝Àq÷ ˇø£ verb eT]j·TT ˇø£ noun ñ+&É&É+
>∑eTì+#·>∑\eTT. á $<Ûä+>± compound words @s¡Œ&ÉTqT. á compound words qT @s¡Œs¡#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q{Ïº
verb eT]j·TT noun \T simple words n>∑TqT. á compound words nsêúìï eT]j·TT ñ#êÃs¡Dì ø£*– ñ+{≤sTT.
3. Derivative words : Simple words qT ø=+#Ó+ e÷s¡Ã&É+ e\q ˝Ò<ë yê{ÏøÏ ø=ìï nø£åsê\qT ø£\|ü&É+ e\q
@s¡Œ&çq |ü<ë\qT ‘Derivative words’ nì n+{≤s¡T. M{ÏøÏ ˇø£ ì]›wüº ns¡ú+ eT]j·TT |ü*πø $<Ûëq+ ñ+&ÉTqT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. sing (bÕ&É&É+) = song (bÕ≥) (Vowel e÷sêÃeTT)
2. brother (k˛<äs¡T&ÉT) + hood = brotherhood (k˛<äs¡uÛ≤e+)
3. child (•X¯óe⁄) + hood = childhood (|üdæ‘·q+)

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ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
4. un + kind (<äj·T>∑\) = unkind (<äj·T˝Òì)
5. in + justice (Hê´j·T+) = injustice (nHê´j·T+)
6. boy (u≤\T&ÉT) + hood = boyhood (u≤\´+)
7. in + dependence (Ä<Ûës¡|ü&˚ >∑TD+) = independence (dü«‘·+Á‘·+>± ñ+&˚ >∑TD+)
8. free (U≤∞>±) + dom = freedom (ùd«#·Ã¤)
9. speak (e÷{≤¢&É&É+) = speech (yêÚ≤´q+) (letters e÷s¡TŒ)
10. fight (b˛{≤¢&É&É+) + ing = fighting (b˛{≤¢≥)
$es¡D : ô|’ ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àì ns¡ú+ Çe«ã&çqe˙ï ‘Simple words’ ne⁄‘êsTT. yê{ÏøÏ ø=ìï nø£åsê\qT ø£\|ü&É+
e\q ˝Ò<ë ø=ìï e÷s¡TŒ\T #˚j·T&É+ e\q ‘Derivative words’ @s¡Œ&Ü¶sTT. á ‘derivative words’ nsêúìï,
ñ#êÃs¡DqT ≈£L&Ü ø£*– ñHêïsTT.
>∑eTìø£ : ‘Word’ nq>±H˚ <ëìøÏ K∫Ã‘·+>± ªns¡ú+μ eT]j·TT ªñ#êÃs¡Dμ\T ñ+&çrsê*. Word @ s¡ø£yÓTÆq<Ó’q|üŒ{Ïø°
≈£L&Ü n~ á ¬s+&ç+{Ï˙ ø£*– ñ+≥T+~.
‘Simple words’ ø=ìï letters jÓTTø£ÿ ø£\sTTø£‘√ @s¡Œ&ç ns¡ú+ eT]j·TT ñ#êÃs¡D ñqï |ü<ë\T ø±>± ‘Compound
words’ nH˚$ ¬s+&ÉT ‘simple words’ jÓTTø£ÿ ø£\sTTø£‘√ @s¡Œ&ç ns¡ú+ eT]j·TT ñ#êÃs¡D ø£*–q |ü<ë\T eT]j·TT
‘Derivative words’ nH˚$ ˇø£ ‘simple word’ qT e÷]Ãq ˝Ò<ë <ëìøÏ ø=ìï nø£åsê\qT ø£*|æq @s¡Œ&˚ |ü<ë\T.
Prefixes and Suffixes
Prefixes : ø=ìï words ≈£î yê{Ï eTT+<äT nq>± word ˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£åsêìøÏ eTT+<äT ø=ìï nø£åsê\qT #˚s¡Ã&É+
e\q Ä words jÓTTø£ÿ nsêú\T e÷] ø=‘·Ô nsêúìï#˚Ã ø=‘·Ô ‘words’ @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT. á $<Ûä+>± word øÏ eTT+<äTuÛ≤>∑+˝À
#˚πsÃ á nø£ås¡düeTT<ëj·÷\qT ‘Prefixes’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. chamber (>∑~) → antechamber (eTT+<äT>∑~)
2. sleep (ìÁ<ä) → asleep (ìÁ<ä˝À)
3. social (kÕe÷õø£) → antisocial (nkÕe÷õø£)
4. moralize (˙‹H˚]Œ+#·&É+) → demoralize (˙‹ ‘=\–b˛e&É+)
5. paradise (dü«s¡Z+) → demiparadise (ns¡Δdü«s¡Z+)
6. press (H=ø£ÿ&É+) → express (‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&É+)
7. sensitive (düTìï‘·yÓTÆq) → hypersensitive (n‹düTìï‘·yÓTÆq)
8. visible (ø£ìŒ+#˚) → invisible (ø£ìŒ+#·ì)
9. rule (bÕ*+#·&É+) → misrule (<äTsêàs¡Z+>± bÕ*+#·&É+)
10. caution (C≤Á>∑‘·Ô) → precaution (eTT+<äT C≤Á>∑‘·Ô)
11. doctor (yÓ’<äT´&ÉT) → pseudodoctor (‘·|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓ’<äT´&ÉT)
12. inspector (ÇqôdŒø£ºs¡T) → sub-Inspector (ÇHéôdŒø£ºsY ÁøÏ+<äyê&ÉT)
13. natural (kÕ<Ûës¡D) → supernatural (nkÕ<Ûës¡D)
14. able (kÕeTs¡ú´+>∑\) → unable (kÕeTs¡ú´+˝Òì)
15. president (Hêj·T≈£î&ÉT) → vicepresident (Hêj·T≈£îì kÕúq+˝Àìyê&ÉT)
>∑eTìø£ : ‘Prefix’ nH˚~ ˇø£ nø£så +¡ qT+∫ Hê\T>∑T ˝Ò<ë ◊<äT nø£så ê\ jÓTTø£ÿ düeTT<ëj·T+>± ñ+&Ée#·TÃ. kÕ<Ûës¡D+>±
Prefixes >± á øÏ+~ nø£ås¡düeTT<ëj·÷\qT m≈£îÿe>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
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1. a (˝À, MT<ä) 26. mono (ˇ+≥]>±)
2. ambi (¬s+&ÉTyÓ’|ü⁄˝≤) 27. non (ø±q{Ïº)
3. ante (eTT+<äT>±) 28. omni (yÓTT‘·Ô+>±)
4. anti (e´‹πsø£+>±) 29. over (m≈£îÿe>±)
5. arch (eTTKýÓTÆq) 30. pan (yÓTT‘·Ô+>±)
6. auto (dü«j·T+>±) 31. poly (#ê˝≤)
7. bene (u≤>±) 32. post (‘·s¡Tyê‘·)
8. bi (¬s+&ç+‘·\T ˝Ò<ë eT÷&ç+‘·\T) 33. pre (eTT+<äT>±)
9. circum (#·T≥÷º) 34. pseudo (ndü‘·ýÓTÆq)
10. co (‘√, bÕ≥T>±) 35. re (‹]–)
11. counter (e´‹πsø£+>±) 36. semi (dü>∑+)
12. de (‘·–Z+#·T) 37. sub (ÁøÏ+<ä{Ï)
13. demi (dü>∑+) 38. super (m≈£îÿe>±)
14. dis (‘=\–+#·T) 39. trans (n&É¶+>±)
15. en, Em (˝À, MT<ä) 40. tra (n&É¶+>±)
16. equi (düe÷q+>±) 41. philo (Áù|eT>±)
17. extra (m≈£îÿe>±) 42. phil (Áù|eTuÛÑ]‘·yÓTÆq)
18. hetero ($_Ûqï+>±) 43. mail (#Ó&É¶<Ó’q)
19. hexa (Äs¡T) 44. im (ø±q{Ïº)
20. hyper (n~Ûø£yÓTÆq) 45. tri (eT÷&ÉT)
21. in (e´‹πsø±s¡úeTT) 46. ultra (Äô|’q)
22. inter (eT<Ûä´˝À) 47. un (ø±q{Ïº)
23. mal (<äTwüºyÓTÆq) 48. un (yÓqTø£, e´‹πsø£)
24. mis (#Ó&ÉT nsTTq) 49. vice (kÕúH˚)
25. mis (‘·|ü⁄Œ<Ó’q) 50. ultra (Äô|’q)
Suffixes : ø=ìï words ≈£î ∫es¡q ø=ìï nø£åsê\qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q Áø=‘·Ô |ü<ë\T @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT. Ç$ ns¡ú+˝À
‘˚&ÜqT ø£qãs¡TkÕÔsTT. á $<Ûä+>± word øÏ ∫es¡q #˚πsÃ nø£ås¡ düeTT<ëj·÷\qT ‘Suffixes’ nì n+{≤s¡T. Ç$
≈£L&Ü ˇø£{Ï qT+∫ Hê\T¬>’<äT nø£åsê\ düeTT<ëj·÷\T ø±e#·TÃ.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. observe (|ü]o*+#·&É+) + ance → observance (|ü]o\q)
2. innocent (ne÷j·Tø£) + ence → innocence (ne÷j·Tø£‘·«+)
3. free (ùd«#êÃ¤j·TT‘·) + dom → freedom (ùd«#·Ã¤)
4. neighbour (Çs¡T>∑Tbıs¡T>∑Tyê&ÉT) + hood → neighbourhood (bıs¡T>∑T)
5. read (#·<äe&É+) + ing → reading (#·<äTe⁄)
6. punish (•øÏå+#·&É+) + ment → punishment (•ø£å)
7. hate (<˚«wæ+#·&É+) + red → hatred (<˚«wü+)
8. friend (ùdïVæ≤‘·T&ÉT) + ship → friendship (ùdïVü≤+)
9. fool (eT÷s¡Tâ&ÉT) + ish → foolish (eT÷s¡âyÓTÆq)

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ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
10. meaning (ns¡ú+) + less → meaningless (ns¡ú+˝Òì)
11. equal (düe÷qyÓTÆq) + ise → equalise (düe÷q+#˚j·T&É+)
12. beautiful (n+<äyÓTÆq) + ly → beautifully (n+<ä+>±)
13. calm (HÓeTà~) + ness → calmness (HÓeTà~‘·q+)
14. king (sêE) + dom → kingdom (sê»´+)
15. express (‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&É+) + ion → expression (uÛ≤e+)
>∑eTìø£ : ‘Suffixes’ #˚]Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT uÛ≤wü jÓTTø£ÿ uÛ≤>∑+ e÷]b˛‘·T+~. eT]j·TT suffix #˚]Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT word ˝Àì nq>±
∫es¡q ñqï nø£åsê\T ø=ìï ˝À|æ+#·e#·TÃ. kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± ‘suffixes’ >± á ÁøÏ+~ nø£ås¡düeTT<ëj·÷*ï ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
1. age 2. ance 3. ence 4. sy 5. cy
6. dom 7. ion 8. ism 9. ment 10. mony
11. ness 12. red 13. ship 14. th 15. tude
16. ty 17. ure 18. y 19. al 20. ary
21. able 22. en 23. esque 24. ish 25. lent
26. ine 27. ed 28. ant 29. sh 30. ive
31. some 32. ward 33. ate 34. fy 35. ise
36. ize 37. ly 38. ce 39. st 40. ward
41. ther 42. ique 43. ory 44. hood 45. ing
46. ice 47. ism 48. ant 49. ar 50. ent
á $<Ûä+>± á prefixes eT]j·TT suffixes \T ø=‘·Ô ‘words’ qT @s¡Œs¡#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT.
Types of words : (According to syllable)
English ˝À words ì yê{Ïj·T+<äTqï syllables Ä<Ûës¡+>± Hê\T>∑T s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Monosyllabic words (word ˝À ˇπø syllable ñ+≥T+~)
2. Disyllabic words (word ˝À ¬s+&ÉT syllables ñ+{≤sTT)
3. Trisyllabic words (word ˝À eT÷&ÉT syllables ñ+{≤sTT)
4. Polysyllabic words (word ˝À Hê\T>∑T ˝Ò<ë n+‘·ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe syllables ñ+{≤sTT)
3. American
1. Monosyllabic 2. Disyllabic words : 3. Trisyllabic words :
1. sincere (ìC≤sTTr>∑\)
(nyÓT]ø± e´øÏÔ)
words :
1. sugar (|ü+#·<ës¡) 4. superior
1. sing (bÕ&É&É+) 2. yesterday (ìqï)
3. honesty (ìC≤sTTr)
(ñqï‘· e´øÏÔ)
2. create (düèwæ+
º #·&+É )
2. war (j·TT<äΔ+) 5. extraordinary
4. tomorrow (πs|ü⁄)
3. dear (Á|æj·TyÓTÆq) (nkÕ<Ûës¡D)
3. see (#·÷&É&É+) 5. tamarind (∫+‘·)
6. melodious
4. speed (y˚>∑+) 4. silence (ìX¯Ùã›+) 6. buffallo (π><Ó)
($qkı+ô|’q)
7. beautiful (n+<äyTÓ q Æ)
5. there (nø£ÿ&É) 5. profit (˝≤uÛÑ+) 7. punctuation
8. scenery (<äèX¯éTT)
6. ox (m<äT›) 6. mango (e÷$T&ç|ü+&ÉT)
($sêeT∫Vü‰ï\T
9. wonderful (n<äT“¤‘y· TÓ qÆ )
ñ+#·T$<Ûëq+)
7. crowd (>∑T+|ü⁄) 7. freedom (ùd«#·Ã¤) 10. genius (y˚T<Ûë$ nsTTq)
8. generator
8. gun (‘·TbÕøÏ) 4. Polysyllabic words : (ñ‘êŒ<äøe£ TT)
8. here (Çø£ÿ&É)
1. velocity (y˚>∑+) 9. inferior (ìeTï)
9. source (»qø£+) 9. letter (ñ‘·Ôs¡+) 2. pronunciation 10. suspicious
10. watch (#·÷&É&É+) (ñ#êÃs¡D) (nqTe÷HêdüŒ<äyÓTÆq)
10. window (øÏ{Ïø°)
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Silent letters in words (|ü<ë\˝Àì |ü\ø£ì nø£åsê\T)
ìs¡«#·q+ : ø=ìï words ˝À ø=ìï letters |ü\Tø£ã&Ée⁄. n{Ïº letters ì Silent letters nì n+{≤s¡T.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. write (¬s’{Ÿ) (Áyêj·T&É+) → ‘w’ - silent letter
2. hour (nesY) (>∑+≥) → ‘h’ - silent letter
3. fight (ô|ò’{Ÿ) (b˛{≤¢≥) → ‘g’ - silent letter
4. palm (bÕyéT) (ns¡#˚sTT) → ‘l’ - silent letter
5. yellow (m˝À¢) (|üdüT|ü⁄s¡+>∑T) → ‘w’ - silent letter
$es¡D : kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± @ uÛ≤wü˝Àq÷ ‘silent letters’ ñ+&Ée⁄. πøe\+ Ç+^¢wüßuÛ≤wü˝À e÷Á‘·y˚T Ç$ ø£ìŒkÕÔsTT.
|ü<äìsêàD≤ìøÏ nedüs¡eTsTT´, |ü<ä nsêúìøÏ nedüs¡eTsTT´, |ü<ä ñ#êÃs¡D≈£î nedüs¡+ ˝Òì<˚ ‘silent letter.’ ô|’
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ Á|ü‹ |ü<ä+˝Àq÷ ≈£L&Ü ˇø=ÿø£ÿ |ü\ø£ì nø£ås¡+ (silent letter) ñ+~. á $<Ûä+>±
Ä+>∑¢uÛ≤wü˝À nH˚ø£ |ü<ë\˝À nH˚ø£ silent letters ñHêïsTT.
Silent letters ì >∑T]Ô+#·&ÜìøÏ ø=ìï >∑Ts¡TÔ\THêïsTT. nq>± @j˚T #√≥¢ Äj·÷ letters ì ñ#·Ã]+#·≈£L&É<√ ‘Ó*ù|
ìj·Te÷\T ñHêïsTT. n$ :
@<ÓH ’ ê word ˝À ‘B’ nø£så +¡ ‘T’ nø£så êìøÏ eTT+<äT eùdÔ Ä ‘B’ nø£så êìï ñ#·Ã]+#·≈L£ &É<Tä . nq>± ‘B’ øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q
ªuŸμ nH˚ X¯u≤›ìï |ü\Tø£≈£L&É<äT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. debt (&Ó{Ÿ) (n|ü⁄Œ)
2. doubt (&Í{Ÿ) (dü+<˚Vü≤+)
3. subtle (dü{Ï˝Ÿ) (düqïì)
4. debtor (&Ó{≤sY) (n|ü⁄Œ rdüT≈£îqïyê&ÉT)
@<Ó’Hê word ˝À ‘B’ nø£ås¡+ ‘m’ nø£ås¡+ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· yÓ+≥H˚ eùdÔ á ‘B’ nø£åsêìï ñ#·Ã]+#·≈£L&É<äT. nq>± ‘B’ øÏ
dü+ã+~Û‘· ªuŸμ X¯u≤›ìï |ü\Tø£sê<äT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. bomb (u≤yéT) (u≤+ãT)
2. climb (¬ø¢ÌyéT) (mø£ÿ&É+)
3. comb (ø√yéT) (<äTyÓ«q)
4. dumb (&ÉyéT) (eT÷>∑)
5. lamb (˝≤yéT) (>=Á¬s|æ\¢)
6. tomb (≥÷yéT) (düe÷~Û)
7. thumb (<∏äyéT) (u§≥qÁy˚\T)
8. womb (ePyéT) (>∑s¡“¤ø√X¯eTT)
9. crumb (Áø£yéT) (‘·Tqø£)
10. numb (qyéT) (düŒs¡Ù˝Òì)
11. limb (*yéT) (nej·Te+)

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@<Ó’Hê word ˝À ‘D’ nH˚ nø£ås¡+ ‘n’ øÏ, eTs=ø£ vowel øÏ ˝Ò<ë consonant øÏ eT<Ûä´˝À ñqï|ü⁄&ÉT Ä ‘D’ ì
ñ#·Ã]+#·≈£L&É<äT. nq>± D øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q X¯ã›yÓTÆq ª&éμ qT |ü\Tø£≈£L&É<äT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. handful (Vü‰Hé|òü⁄˝Ÿ)
(|æ&ç¬ø&ÉT) 2. handsome (Vü‰HédüyéT) (n+<äyÓTÆq)
3. sandstone (XÊHék˛ºHé) (ÇdüTø£u…&É¶) 4. sandwitch (XÊHé$#Y) (ˇø£ s¡ø£yÓTÆq ÄVü‰s¡+)
5. Wednesday (yÓHé®&˚) (ãT<Ûäyês¡+)
@<Ó’Hê word ˝À ‘e’ nH˚ nø£ås¡+ |ü<ëìøÏ ∫es¡q ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä word ˝À ‘e’ ì ñ#·Ã]+#·sê<äT. nq>± ‘e’ øÏ
dü+ã+~Û‘· n#·TÃ X¯ã›yÓTÆq ªmμ ì |ü\Tø£≈£L&É<äT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. settle (ôd{Ï˝Ÿ) (dæús¡|ü|ü&É+) 2. make (y˚Tø˘) (‘·j·÷s¡T#˚j·T&É+)
3. move (eT÷yé) (ø£<ä\&É+) 4. axe (j·÷ø˘‡) (>=&É¶*)
5. divide (&çyÓ’&é) ($uÛÑõ+#·&É+) 6. place (ù|¢dt) (ô|≥º&É+)
7. people (|”|ü⁄˝Ÿ) (Á|ü»\T) 8. sentence (ôd+f…Hé‡ (yêø£éTT)
9. here (Væ≤j·TsY) (Çø£ÿ&É) 10. little (*{Ï˝Ÿ) (∫qï)
ø=ìï |ü<ë\ yÓTT<ä{À¢ ‘H’ ñ+fÒ <ëìì |ü\Tø£≈£L&É<äT. nq>± ‘H’ øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q ªVt≤μ X¯ã›+ ñ#·Ã]+#·sê<äT. ø±˙
á ìj·TeT+ nìï words øÏ bÕ{Ï+#·&ÜìøÏ M\T|ü&É<äT. ø=ìï+{ÏøÏ e÷Á‘·y˚T Ç~ kÕ<Ûä´+.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. hour (nesY) (>∑+≥) 2. honest (Äìdtº) (ìC≤sTTr>∑\)
3. heir (@sY) (yês¡düT&ÉT) 4. honorary (Äqs¡Ø) (eTsê´<ä>± Ç∫Ãq)
5. honour (ÄqsY) (eTsê´<ä) 6. honourable (Äqs¡ãT˝Ÿ) (eTsê´<ä>∑\)
7. honesty (Äqd”º) (ìC≤sTTr)
@<Ó’Hê |ü<ä+˝À ‘D’ nø£ås¡+ ‘J’ nH˚ nø£åsêìøÏ eTT+<äT eùdÔ Ä ‘D’ ì ñ#·Ã]+#·≈£L&É<äT. nq>± ‘D’ øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q
ª&éμ nH˚ X¯u≤›ìï |ü\Tø£sê<äT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. adjoin (mC≤sTTHé) (#˚]ñqï)
2. adjourn (mC≤sYï) (yêsTT<ëy˚j·T&É+)
3. adjacent (mC…ôd+{Ÿ) (Ädüqï)
4. adjective (mC…øÏºyé) ($X‚wüD+)
5. adjudge (m»&é®) (rsêàì+#·&É+)
6. adjournment (mC≤sYïyÓT+{Ÿ) (yêsTT<ë)
7. adjust (m»dtº) (düs¡T›ø√e&É+)

13
Ç+^¢wüßuÛ≤wü˝Àì words ˝À ∫e] ¬s+&Éø£åsê\÷ ‘g’ eT]j·TT ‘n’ \T nsTT ñ+&ç ‘n’ øÏ eTT+<äT ‘g’ ñ+fÒ n{Ïº
|ü<ë˝À¢ ‘g’ ì ñ#·Ã]+#·sê<äT. nq>± ‘g’ X¯ã›yÓTÆq ª>¥μì |ü\Tø£≈£L&É<äT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. design (&çC…’Hé) (dü÷#·q) 2. reign (ØHé) (Á|üuÛ≤e+)
3. align (m˝…’Hé) (Áø£eT|üs¡#·&É+) 4. foreign (bòÕ]Hé) ($<˚oj·TyÓTÆq)
5. sign (ôd’Hé) (>∑Ts¡TÔ) 6. foreigner (bòÕ]qsY) ($<˚oj·TT&ÉT)
7. sovereign (k˛yÓØHé) (sêE)
@<Ó’Hê |ü<ä+˝À Gh, Kh, Exh, rh, gh e+{Ï |ü<ë\ düeTT<ëj·T+ ñ+fÒ <ëì˝À ‘h’ qT ñ#·Ã]+#·≈£L&É<äT. nq>± Bì
dü+ã+~Û‘· ªVt≤μ nH˚ X¯u≤›ìï |ü\ø£sê<äT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. rhyme (¬s’yéT) (|ü<äéTT) 2. ghost (>√dtº) (<äj·TéTT)
3. khan (ø±Hé) (qyêãT) 4. rhythm (]<∏äyéT) (‘êfi¯eTT)
5. rhinoceros (¬s’H√dæs√dt) (K&ÉZeTè>∑eTT) 6. rhombus (sê+ãdt) (>∑DÏ‘·+˝Àì sê+ãdt)
7. exhibit (m–®_{Ÿ) (Á|ü<ä]Ù+#·&É+) 8. exhibition (m–®_wüHé) (Á|ü<äs¡Ùq)
9. exhort (m>√®sYº) (ãT~Δ#Ó|üŒ&É+) 10. exhaust (m>±®dtº) (U≤∞#˚j·T&É+)
11. exhilarate (m–®\πs{Ÿ) (ñ‘ê‡Vü≤+ ø£*Z+#·&É+) 12. exhume (m>∑÷y ® Té ) (Á‘·$« |üP&çÃq<ëìï rj·T&É+)
13. through (Á‘·÷) (>∑T+&Ü)
@<Ó’Hê word ˝À ‘l’ nø£ås¡+ f, v, k, m e+{Ï nø£åsê\≈£î eTT+<äT e∫Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT ‘l’ øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q ª˝Ÿμ nH˚ X¯u≤›ìï
ñ#·Ã]+#·≈L£ &É<Tä .
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. half (Vü‰|òt) (dü>∑+)
2. chalk (#êø˘) (düT<ä›)
3. walK (yêø˘) (q&Ée&É+)
4. calm (ø±yéT) (ìX¯Ùã›+>± ñ+&É&É+)
5. palm (bÕyéT) (ns¡#˚sTT)
6. balm (u≤yéT) (H=|æŒ ‘·–Z+#·T eT+<äT)
7. folk (bò˛ø˘) (»qT\T)
8. calf (ø±|òt) Äe⁄ <ä÷&É)
9. alms (ÄyéT‡) (_ø£åeTT)
10. almond (ÄeT+&é) (u≤<ä+ø±j·T)
11. calves (ø±yé‡) (Äe⁄<ä÷&É\T)
12. halve (Vü‰yé) (¬s+&ÉT düe÷\T>± #˚j·T&É+)

14
Ç+^¢wüß˝À @<˚ì word ˝À ‘n’ nø£ås¡+ ‘m’ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· eùdÔ Ä nø£åsêìøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q ªHéμ X¯u≤›ìï ñ#·Ã]+#·≈£L&É<äT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. autumn (Ä≥yéT) (Ä≈£îsê\Tø±\+)
2. column (ø±\yéT) (ì\Te⁄es¡Tdü)
3. condemn (ø£+&ÓyéT) (ì+~+#·&É+)
4. damn (&ÜyéT) (#Ós¡#·&É+)
5. hymn (Væ≤yéT) (ø°s¡Ôq)
6. solemn (k˛˝…yéT) (>∑+;Ûs¡yÓTÆq)
Ç+^¢wüß˝À @<Ó’Hê word ˝À ‘p’ nH˚ nø£ås¡+ s, t, n e+{Ï letters øÏ eTT+<äT eùdÔ Ä ‘p’ øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q ª|tμ nH˚
X¯u≤›ìï ñ#·Ã]+#·≈£L&É<äT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. pneumonia (ìyÓ÷ìj·÷) (ø£|òüyê‘·eTT)
2. psalm (kÕyéT) (uÛÑøÏÔ^‘·eTT)
3. psamist (kÕ$Tdtº) (k˛ÔÁ‘· s¡#·sTT‘·)
4. psalter (kÕ\ºsY) (uÛÑøÏÔbÕ≥\ |ü⁄düÔø£+)
5. pseudonym (dü÷&√ìyéT) (e÷s¡Tù|s¡T)
6. pshaw (cÕ) ($s¡ø£Ô<Ûä«ì)
7. psychologist (ôd’ø±\õdtº) (eTqdüÔ‘·« yÓ’<äT´&ÉT)
8. psychology (ôd’ø±\J) (eTqdüÔ‘·«XÊgeTT)
Ä+>∑¢uÛ≤wü˝À @ word ∫e]HÓ’Hê ‘R’ eùdÔ Ä ‘R’ øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q ªsYμ nH˚ X¯u≤›ìï ñ#·Ã]+#·≈£L&É<äT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. answer (Äq‡) (»yêãT) 2. cancer (ø±q‡) (ø±´q‡s¡T yê´~Û)
3. flower (|òü¢e) (|ü⁄wüŒeTT) 4. bear (_j·T) (m\T>∑Tã+{Ï)
5. hear (Væ≤j·T) ($q&É+) 6. shelter (ôw\º) (ÄÁX¯j·T+)
7. filter (|òæ\º) (e&Éb˛j·T&É+) 8. murmer (eTs¡à) (>=D>∑&É+)
9. fear (|òæj·T) (uÛÑj·T+) 10. near (ìj·T) (<ä>∑Zs¡)
11. colour (ø£\) s¡+>∑T) 12. lover (\e) (Á|æj·TT&ÉT)
Note : ‘r’ ‘·sê«‘· n#·TÃ <Ûä«ì ˝Òì |ü<ä+ ñqï|ü&˚ á ìj·TeT+ e]ÔdüTÔ+~.
Eg : My father is in America.
(yÓTÆ bòÕ<ä]CŸ ÇqyÓT]ø±)
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@<Ó’Hê word ˝À consonant eTT+<äT ‘R’ e∫Ãq≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä ‘R’ ≈£î #Ó+~q ªsYμ nH˚ X¯u≤›ìï ñ#·Ã]+#·≈£L&É<äT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. army (Ä$T) (ôd’q´+) 2. card (ø±&é) (ø±s¡T¶)
3. part (bÕ{Ÿ) (uÛ≤>∑eTT) 4. cart (ø±{Ÿ) (ã+&ç)
5. hard (Vü‰&é) (>∑{Ïº<Ó’q) 6. word (yê&é) (|ü<äeTT)
7. curd (ø±&é) (ô|s¡T>∑T) 8. bird (u≤&é) (|üøÏå)
9. guard (>±&é) (s¡ø£å≈£î&ÉT) 10. murder (eT(sY)&É(sY)) (Vü≤‘·´)
Ç+^¢wüß˝À ø=ìï words ˝À consonant øÏ eTT+<äT ‘k’ e∫Ã n~ word øÏ yÓTT<ä{À¢ ñ+fÒ <ëìøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q ªø˘μ
nH˚ X¯u≤›ìï |ü\Tø£≈£L&É<äT. #ê˝≤ words ˝À ‘k’ nH˚~ ‘n’ eTT+<äT ñ+≥T+~.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. know (H√) (‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+) 2. knee (˙) (yÓ÷ø±\T)
3. knock (Hêø˘) (‘·≥º&É+) 4. knowledge (Hê˝…&é®) (C≤„q+)
5. knack (H˚ø˘) (H˚s¡Œ&É+) 6. knave (H˚yé) (˙#·T&ÉT)
7. knavery (H˚eØ) (<=+>∑‘·q+) 8. knead (˙&é) (˙s¡Tb˛dæ |æ+&çì |ædüø£&É+)
9. kneel (˙˝Ÿ) (yÓ÷ø±fi¯flô|’ |ü&ç ÁbÕ]ú+#·&É+) 10. knell (HÓ˝Ÿ) (#êe⁄≈£î dü÷#·q>± >∑+≥<Ûä«ì)
11. knicker (ìø£ÿsY) (#Ó&û¶) 12. knife (HÓ’|òt) (ø£‹Ô)
13. knit (ì{Ÿ) (n\¢&É+) 14. knoll (Hê˝Ÿ) (ø=+&É•Ks¡+)
15. knot (Hê{Ÿ) (eTT&ç)
ø=ìï nø£åsê\ düeTT<ëj·T+˝À nq>± ‘sten’ eT]j·TT ‘stle’ e+{Ï nø£åsê\ düeTT<ëj·÷\˝À ‘t’ nø£åsêìï <ëì
dü+ã+~Û‘· ª{Ÿμ >± |ü\T≈£≈£L&É<äT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. castle (ø±dü˝Ÿ) (ø√≥) 2. listen (*düHé) ($q&É+)
3. whistle ($dü˝Ÿ) (á\) 4. fasten (bòÕôdHé) (y˚>∑e+‘·+ #˚j·T&É+)
5. hasten (ùV≤ôdHé) (‘·«s¡|üs¡#·&É+)
Ä+>∑¢uÛ≤wü˝Àì ø=ìï |ü<ë\T Áô|ò+∫ uÛ≤wü qT+∫ rdüTø√ã&çq$. n{Ïº |ü<ë\˝À ∫es¡q ‘t’ ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä ‘t’ <ëìøÏ
#Ó+~q ª{Ÿμ nH˚ X¯u≤›ìï Çe«<äT. ø±e⁄q n≥Te+{Ï yê{Ï˝À ‘t’ ì |ü\Tø£≈£L&É<äT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. ballet (u≤˝…) (Hê≥´ø£fi¯) 2. bouquet (u§¬ø) (|üP\>∑T‹Ô)
3. cabaret (ø±´ã¬s) (ns¡q
Δ >∑ï+>± Hê≥´+ #˚ùd #√≥T) 4. depot (&çb˛) (&çb˛)

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Ç+^¢wüß˝À ø=ìï words ˝À ‘g’ nø£ås¡+ ñqï|üŒ{Ïø°, <ëìøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q ª>¥μ nH˚ X¯ã›+ sê<äT.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. eight (msTT{Ÿ) (mì$T~)
2. fight (ô|ò’{Ÿ) (b˛{≤¢≥)
3. reign (πsHé) (Á|üuÛ≤e+)

4. sight (ôd’{Ÿ) (#·÷|ü⁄)
5. night (HÓ’{Ÿ) (sêÁ‹)

6. neighbour (HÓ’ãsY) (bıs¡T>∑Tyê&ÉT)
7. foreign (bòÕ]Hé) ($<˚o)

8. bright (Åu…’{Ÿ) (yÓ\T>∑T>∑\)
9. might (yÓTÆ{Ÿ) (nsTT ñ+&Ée#·TÃ)

10. light (˝…’{Ÿ) (B|ü+)
á $<Û+ä >± á ìj·Te÷\ìï+{Ï˙ >∑Ts¡T+Ô #·Tø=ì Ä#·]+#·&+É <ë«sê Ä+>∑u¢ ≤Û wüqT K∫Ã‘·+>± @ e÷Á‘·+ ‘·|⁄ü Œ˝Ò≈¢ î£ +&Ü
ñ#·Ã]+#·e#·TÃ.

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3. Phrase
(dü+|üPs¡í ÁøÏj·÷s¡Væ≤‘· |ü<ädüeTT<ëj·T+)
ìs¡«#·q+ : ‘Verb’ ì ø£*–˝Òì ø=ìï words jÓTTø£ÿ düeTT<ëj·÷ìï ‘phrase’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The group of words which has no finite verb and has a little meaning is called a ‘Phrase’.
Phrase nH˚~ ø=+‘· nsêúìï ø£*– ñqï words jÓTTø£ÿ düeTT<ëj·T+. Phrase q+<äT to-inf. verb ñ+&Ée#·TÃ.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. water in sea (düeTTÁ<ä+˝Àì ˙s¡T) 2. on Monday (k˛eTyês¡+ Hê&ÉT) etc.
$es¡D : Phrase nH˚~ kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± $&ç>±q÷ eT]j·TT m≈£îÿe>± yêø£´+˝Àq÷ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ÉT‘·T+~. Phrase
kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± ‘simple sentences’ ˝À m≈£îÿe>± ø£ìŒdüT+Ô ~. Phrase ˝À noun \q÷, verb \q÷ m≈£îÿe>± ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ .
yêø±´\˝À Phrases jÓTTø£ÿ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+ á ÁøÏ+~ $<Ûä+>± ñ+≥T+~.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
On hearing the news, he felt very happy.
(Ä yês¡Ô $q&É+‘√H˚, n‘·&ÉT #ê˝≤ Äq+<ä|ü&Ü¶&ÉT.)
á yêø±´ìï >∑eTìùdÔ Bì˝À “On hearing the news” nH˚~ ‘Phrase’ ne⁄‘·T+~.
Kinds of Phrase
‘Phrase’ nH˚~ ‘Parts of Speech’ Á|üø±s¡+ eT÷&ÉT s¡ø±\T. n$ :
1. Adjective phrase 2. Adverb phrase 3. Noun phrase
Note : Noun nq>± ù|s¡TqT >∑T]+∫, Adjective nq>± Noun ˝Ò<ë Pronoun \ >∑T]+∫ eT]j·TT Adverb
nq>± Verb jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï >∑T]+∫, düeTj·÷ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒkÕÔsTT. ‘Parts of Speech’ ˝À M{Ïì >∑T]+∫ ≈£åîDí+>±
H˚sT¡ Ãø√>∑\s¡T.
1. Adjective Phrase : ‘Adjective’ >± ñ+&˚ |ü<ë\ düeTT<ëj·÷ìï ‘Phrase’ >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ <ëìì
‘Adjective phrase’ n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : If a group of words which is an adjective is used as phrase, it is called an ‘Adjective
phrase’.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
Take the books in the perfect state.
(K∫Ã‘· dæú‹˝À ñqï Ä |ü⁄düÔø±\T rdüTø√.)
$es¡D : á yêø£´+˝À ‘in the perfect state’ nH˚~ adjective phrase m+<äTø£q>± á phrase |ü⁄düÔø±\ jÓTTø£ÿ
dæú‹ì nq>± >∑TD≤ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. ø±e⁄q Bìì ‘Adjective phrase’ n+{≤s¡T. Ç˝≤+{Ï$ eT]ø=ìï yêø±´\qT
>∑eTì+#·+&ç.
1. The girl in white dress is my friend.
(‘Ó\¢ <äTdüTÔ\˝Àì u≤*ø£ Hê ùdïVæ≤‘·Tsê\T.)
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2. Buy a new bike of Honda company.
(¨+&Ü ø£+ô|˙ jÓTTø£ÿ Áø=‘·Ô u…’ø˘ ø=qTø√ÿ.)
3. He bought a house of low cost.
(n‘·&ÉT ‘·≈£îÿe <Ûäs¡ >∑\ ˇø£ Ç\T¢ ø=Hêï&ÉT.)
4. The boy is beating the dog in abnormal condition.
(Ä u≤\T&ÉT nkÕ<Ûës¡D dæú‹˝À ñqï Ä ≈£îø£ÿì ø=&ÉT‘·THêï&ÉT.)
5. I like girls with long hair.
(bı&Éyê{Ï yÓ+Á≥Tø£\T>∑\ ne÷àsTT\qT H˚qT Çwüº|ü&É‘êqT.)
á yêø±´\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q phrases n˙ï ≈£L&Ü adjective \T >±H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT. n+<äTe\q M{Ïì
‘Adjective phrases’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
2. Adverb Phrase : ‘Adverb’ >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ |ü<ë\ düeTT<ëj·÷ìï ‘Adverb phrase’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The phrase which is used as Adverb is called an ‘Adverb phrase’.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
Swapna used to sing well in her college days.
(dü«|üï ÄyÓT ø±˝ÒJ s√E˝À¢ u≤>± bÕ&ÉT‘·T+&˚~.)
$es¡D : á yêø£´+˝À ‘in her college days’ nH˚~ adverb phrase ne⁄‘·T+~. Ç~ á yêø£´+˝À düeTj·÷ìï
‘Ó*j·TCÒdæ+~. ø±e⁄q Bìì ‘adverb phrase’ n+{≤s¡T. Ç≥Te+{Ï eT]ø=ìï yêø±´\T >∑eTì<ë›+.
1. Ramesh can run 5 kms with a great speed.
(s¡y˚Twt n~Ûø£y˚>∑+‘√ 5 øÏ.MT.\T |ü]¬>‘·Ô>∑\&ÉT.)
2. He sat beside her.
(n‘·&ÉT ÄyÓT Á|üø£ÿq ≈£Ls¡TÃHêï&ÉT.)
3. She has been sleeping since morning.
(ÄyÓT ñ<äj·T+ qT+∫ ìÁ<äb˛‘·÷ ñ+~.)
4. His father is bringing him up with a great care.
(n‘·ì ‘·+Á&ç n‘·ìï #ê˝≤ C≤Á>∑‘·Ô>± ô|+#·T‘·THêï&ÉT.)
5. We enjoyed the tour with a lot of joy.
(y˚TeTT Ä j·÷Á‘·qT #ê˝≤ Äq+<ä+>±, ñ‘ê‡Vü≤+>± nqTuÛÑ$+#êeTT.)
á yêø±´\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q phrases n˙ï ‘Adverb’ \T>± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT. ø±e⁄q M{Ïì ‘Adverb
phrases’ nì n+{≤s¡T.

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3. Noun Phrase :
Definition : The noun phrase is a phrase which is used as a noun in a sentence.
ìs¡«#·q+ : Noun >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ |ü<ë\ düeTT<ëj·÷ìï ‘Noun phrase’ nì n+{≤s¡T.

ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
I like teaching English.
(Hê≈£î Ç+^¢wüß uÀ<Ûäq Çwüº+.)
$es¡D : á yêø£´+˝À ‘teaching English’ nH˚~ ‘Noun phrase’ ne⁄‘·T+~. Ç~ yêø£´+˝À ‘noun’ qT dü÷∫düT+Ô ~.
ø±e⁄q Bìì ‘noun phrase’ nì n+{≤s¡T. Ç˝≤+{Ï eT]ø=ìï yêø±´*ï >∑eTì+#·+&ç.
1. He does collecting stamps.
(n‘·&ÉT kÕº+|ü⁄\ ùdø£s¡DqT #˚kÕÔ&ÉT.)
2. I like doing exercise daily.
(Hê≈£î Á|ü‹s√p yê´j·÷eT+ #Ój·T´&É+ Çwüº+.)
3. Lalitha trys to get good rank.
(\*‘· eT+∫ sê´+≈£î bı+<ë\ì Á|üj·T‹ïdüTÔ+~.)
4. He loves helping poor people.
(n‘·&ÉT ù|<äÁ|ü»\≈£î düVü‰j·T+ #Ój·T´&Üìï Áù|$TkÕÔ&ÉT.)
5. We have to reduce the destroying forests.
(n&Ée⁄\qT HêX¯q+ #˚j·T&Üìï eTq+ ‘·–Z+#ê*.)
á yêø±´\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q nìï phrases ≈£L&Ü ‘Noun’ qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q M{Ïì ‘Noun
phrases’ nì n+{≤s¡T.

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4. Clause
(dü+|üPs¡í ÁøÏj·÷düVæ≤‘· |ü<ä düeTT<ëj·T+)
ìs¡«#·q+ : ‘Verb’ words ‘Clause’
Definition : A clause is a group of words which has a finite verb and has a full or a little meaning.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
1. The police caught the thief (b˛©düT\T Ä <=+>∑ì |ü≥Tº≈£îHêïs¡T.)
verb
who stole the bag. (me¬s’‘˚ Ä u≤´>¥ì <=+–*+#ês√)
verb
$es¡D : ô|’ yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ M{Ï˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï~ |üP]Ô nsêúìï ÇdüTÔ+~. ¬s+&Ée~ ø=+#Ó+ nsêúìï
ÇdüTÔ+~. ¬s+&ÉT clause \÷ ≈£L&Ü ‘Verb’ qT ø£*– ñHêïsTT. á $<Ûä+>± ‘Verb’ ì ø£*– ñ+&ç |üP]Ô ˝Ò<ë ø=+#Ó+
nsêúìï#˚Ã |ü<ë\ düeT÷Vü‰ìï ‘Clause’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Kinds of clause
Clause qT n~ Ç#˚Ã nsêúìï Ä<Ûës¡+>± ¬s+&ÉT s¡ø±\T>± eØZø£]+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Main clause or principal clause or Independent clause
2. Sub-ordinate clause or Dependent clause
1. Main clause :
ìs¡«#·q+ : eTs=ø£ clause MT<ä Ä<Ûës¡|ü&É≈£î+&Ü ‘·q+‘·≥ ‘êqT>± yêø±´ìøÏ |üP]Ô nsêúìï#˚Ã ‘clause’ qT ‘main
clause’ nì n+{≤s¡T. BìH˚ ‘Independent clause’ nì, ‘Principal clause’ nì ≈£L&Ü n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : A Main clause is a clause which is independent and gives complete meaning to a
sentence independently.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
You got first rank. (˙e⁄ yÓTT<ä{ÏkÕúq+ bı+<ëe⁄.)
$es¡D : á yêø£´+ eTπs Ç‘·s¡ clause MT<ä Ä<Ûës¡|ü&É≈£î+&Ü dü«‘·+Á‘·+>± |üP]Ô nsêúìï Ç∫Ã+~. n+<äTe\q á
clause ì ‘main clause’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
2. Sub-ordinate clause :
‘·q+‘·≥ ‘êqT>± yêø±´ìøÏ |üP]Ô nsêúìï Çe«˝Òø£ Ä yêø±´ìøÏ |üP]Ô nsêúìï Çe«&É+ ø√dü+ eTs=ø£ clause
MT<ä Ä<Ûës¡|ü&˚ ‘clause’ ì ‘Sub-ordinate clause’ nì n+{≤s¡T. BìH˚ ‘Dependent clause’ nì ≈£L&Ü n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : A Sub-ordinate clause is a clause which is dependent and gives complete meaning by
depending on a main clause.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
Because you read hard, you got first rank. (˙e⁄ ø£wüº|ü&ç #·~$q+<äTq, ˙e⁄ yÓTT<ä{Ï kÕúq+ bı+<ëe⁄.)
$es¡D : á yêø£´+ ¬s+&ÉT clause \ jÓTTø£ÿ ø£\sTTø£ e\q @s¡Œ&ç+~. M{Ï˝À ªª˙e⁄ yÓTT<ä{Ï kÕúq+ bı+<ëe⁄μμ nH˚
|üP]Ô nsêúìï#˚Ã ‘You got first rank’ nH˚~ ‘main clause’ ø±>± á clause MT<ä Ä<Ûës¡|ü&ç yêø±´ìøÏ |üP]Ô nsêúìïdü÷Ô,
‘·q+‘·≥ ‘êqT>± ªª˙e⁄ ø£wüº|ü&ç #·~$q+<äTqμμ nH˚ dü>∑+ nsêúìï#˚Ã ‘Because you read hard’ nH˚~ sub-ordinate
clause ne⁄‘·T+~. á $<Û+ ä >± á sub-ordinate clause y˚s=ø£ clause ô|’ Ä<Ûës¡|&ü ç yêø±´ìøÏ |üP]Ô nsêúìï n+~düT+Ô ~.
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Some examples :
1. Sita said that she would go to Rajahmundry the next day.

M.C S.C
(d”‘· #Ó|æŒ+~ @+≥+fÒ ÄyÓT Ä eTs¡Tdü{Ï s√E sê»eT+Á&ç yÓfiÀÔ+~.)
(ÄyÓT Ä eTs¡THê&ÉT sê»eT+Á&ç yÓfiÀÔ+<äì d”‘· #Ó|æŒ+~.)
2. The people who are honest are respected.
S.C M.C
(Ä Á|ü»\T >ös¡$+|üã&É‘ês¡T me¬s’‘˚ ìC≤sTTr|üs¡T˝À)
(me¬s’‘˚ ìC≤sTTr|üs¡T˝À Ä Á|ü»\T >ös¡$+|üã&É‘ês¡T.)
3. He came here when I called him.
M.C S.C
(n‘·&ÉT Çø£ÿ&çøÏ e#êÃ&ÉT H˚qT n‘·ìï |æ*∫q|ü⁄Œ&ÉT)
(H˚qT n‘·ìï |æ*∫q|ü⁄&ÉT n‘·&ÉT Çø£ÿ&çøÏ e#êÃ&ÉT.)
4. Suma felt happy when she got good marks.
M.C S.C
(düTeT Äq+<ä|ü&ç+~ ÄyÓT≈£î eT+∫ e÷s¡Tÿ\T e∫Ãq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT)
(‘·q≈£î eT+∫ e÷s¡Tÿ\T e∫Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT düTeT Äq+<ä|ü&ç+~.)
5. I want to know how you played the game.
M.C S.C
(H˚qT ‘Ó\TdüTø√yê\qT≈£î+≥THêïqT ˙e⁄ Ä Ä≥ m˝≤ Ä&Üy√qì)
(˙e⁄ Ä Ä≥qT m˝≤ Ä&Üy√qì H˚qT ‘Ó\TdüTø√yê\qT≈£î+≥THêïqT.)
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ Á|ü‹yêø£´+˝Àq÷ ˇø£ main clause eT]j·TT ˇø£ subordinate
clause \T ñHêïsTT. yê{Ïì dü÷∫+∫&É+ »]–+~. yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï~ main clause ø±>± <ëìô|’ Ä<Ûës¡|ü&ç
yêø±´ìøÏ |üP]Ô nsêúìï∫Ã+~ ¬s+&Ée~. n~ Sub-ordinate clause ne⁄‘·T+~. n<˚ $<Ûä+>± $T–*q yêø±´\˝À ¬s+&Ée
clause \T yÓTT<ä{Ï clause \ MT<ä Ä<Ûës¡|ü&ç yêø±´ìøÏ |üP]Ô nsêúìï#êÃsTT. ø±e⁄q yÓTT<ä{Ï yê{Ïì main clause \˙,
¬s+&Ée yê{Ïì subordinate clause \˙ n+{≤s¡T.
Kinds of sub-ordinate clause :
Sub-ordinate clause ì <ëì jÓTTø£ÿ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+ Ä<Ûës¡+>± ª3μ s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Noun clause 2. Adjective clause 3. Adverb clause
1. Noun clause :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ‘Noun’ >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ ‘clause’ ì ‘noun clause’ n+{≤s¡T. nq>± yêø£´+˝À subject >± ˝Ò<ë
object >± act #˚ùd S.C. ì ‘Noun clause’ n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The clause which is used as noun is called a ‘noun clause’.
ñ<ë : The police identified that he was a thief.
b˛©düT\T n‘·&ÉT <=+>∑ nì >∑Ts¡TÔ|üfÒºXÊs¡T.
$es¡D : á yêø±´ìï |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ Bì˝À |üìì dü÷∫+#˚ ‘Identified’ nH˚ ‘Verb’ ≈£î ‘Object’ >± á
clause ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç+~. á clause á yêø£´+˝À Noun >± |üì#˚düTÔqï+<äTq á clause qT ‘Noun clause’ nì
n+{≤s¡T. Ç˝≤+{Ï$ eT]ø=ìï #·÷<ë›+.
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1. That she fell in love was known to her friends.
ÄyÓT Áù|eT˝À |ü&É&É+ ÄyÓT ùdïVæ≤‘·T\≈£î ‘Ó*dæ+~.
2. His father declared that he was useless person.
n‘·ì ‘·+Á&ç n‘·&ÉT |üìøÏsêìyê&Éì Á|üø£{Ï+#ê&ÉT.
3. That he went to Hyderabad is an open secret.
n‘·&ÉT ôV’≤<äsêu≤<é≈£î yÓfi¯¢&É+ nH˚~ n+<ä]ø° ‘Ó*dæq s¡Vü≤dü´+.
4. That the man got one crore was a surprising matter.
Ä eTìwæ ø√{Ïs¡÷bÕj·T\T bı+<ä&É+ nH˚~ ˇø£ ÄX¯Ãs¡´ø£s¡yÓTÆq $wüj·T+.
5. That Ravi tortured his wife is unbearable.
s¡$ n‘·ì uÛ≤s¡´qT u≤~Û+#·&É+ düVæ≤+#·˝Òì~.
á yêø±´\qT >∑eTìùdÔ Á|ü‹ yêø£´+˝Àq÷ Çe«ã&çq clauses ‘Nouns’ >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|üã&Ü¶sTT. n+<äTe\q á
clause \qT ‘Noun clause’ \ì n+{≤s¡T.
2. Adjective clause :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ‘Adjective’ >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ ‘clause’ ì ‘Adjective clause’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The clause which is used as an adjective is called an ‘adjective clause’.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
Buy the bike that I told you about. H˚qT ˙≈£î #Ó|æŒq u…’ø˘ ø=qT.
á yêø£´+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq clause ˇø£ adjective >± |üì#˚dæ+~. nq>± á yêø£´+˝À ªu…’ø˘μ nH˚
noun qT >∑T]+∫ á clause ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. n+<äTe\q Bìì ‘Adjective clause’ n+{≤s¡T. Ç˝≤+{Ï$ eT]ø=ìï
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D*ï >∑eTì<ë›+ ...
1. The movie which we watched yesterday is wonderful.
eTq+ ìqï #·÷dæq dæìe÷ n<äT“¤‘·yÓTÆq~.
2. I will tell you the matter what you want to know.
˙e⁄ ‘Ó\TdüTø√yê\qT≈£î+≥Tqï $wüj·T+ ˙≈£î H˚qT #ÓbÕÔqT.
3. Can you give me the thing which I wanted.
H˚qT ø√]q edüTÔe⁄qT Hê≈£î Çe«>∑\yê ?
4. This is the gift that you gave me yesterday.
˙e⁄ ìqï HêøÏ∫Ãq ãVüQeT‹ Ç<˚.
5. She is the lady who scolded you.
ìqTï ‹{Ïºq Åd”Ô áy˚T.
á yêø±´\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq clause \T ‘Adjectives’ >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&Ü¶sTT. m+<äTø£q>± Ç$ Äj·÷
yêø±´\˝Àì noun \qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. n+<äT#˚‘· á clause \qT ‘Adjective clauses’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
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3. Adverb clause :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ‘Adverb’ >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ ‘clause’ qT ‘Adverb clause’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The clause which is used as an adverb is called an ‘adverb clause’.
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D :
I was sleeping when you came.
qTe⁄« e∫Ãq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT H˚qT ìÁ<äb˛‘·THêïqT.
á yêø£´+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq clause düeTj·÷ìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. n+<äTe\q Ç~ ‘Adverb’ ne⁄‘·T+~.
Clause qT Adverb >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q+<äTe\q Bìì ‘Adverb clause’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Ç≥Te+{Ï ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT eT]ø=ìï #·÷<ë›+.

1. I will come when you call.
˙e⁄ |æ*∫q|ü⁄&ÉT H˚qT ekÕÔqT.
2. Please tell me where you are.
<äj·T#˚dæ ˙yÓø£ÿ&ÉTHêïy√ #Ó|ü⁄Œ.
3. She will wait there till you come back.
˙e⁄ yÓqøÏÿ e#˚Ães¡≈£L ÄyÓT nø£ÿ&É m<äTs¡T#·÷düTÔ+~.
4. She asked me where I was.
ÄyÓT qqTï H˚qT mø£ÿ&É ñHêïH√ nì n&ç–+~.
5. If you work, you will get result.
˙e⁄ |üì#˚ùdÔ, |òü*‘êìï bı+<äT‘êe⁄.
á yêø±´\˝À Äj·÷ clause \T düeTj·÷ìï ˝Ò<ë Á|ü<˚XÊìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. eT]j·TT ∫e] ¬s+&ÉT
yêø±´\˝Àì clause \T yÓTT<ä{Ï~ |ü]e÷D≤ìï, ¬s+&Ée~ ìj·Te÷ìï ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·THêïsTT. Ç$ n˙ï ≈£L&Ü ‘adverbs’ >±
yêø±´\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&çq+<äTq M{Ïì ‘Adverb clauses’ nì n+{≤s¡T.

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5. Sentence (yêø£éTT)
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ ì]›wüº ìsêàD≤ìï, ì]›wüº nsêúìï ø£*– ñqï ø=ìï words jÓTTø£ÿ düeTT<ëj·÷ìï ‘Sentence’ nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : A Sentence is a group of words which has proper structure and proper meaning.
$es¡D : ø=ìï |ü<ë\qT ˇø£ ì]›wüºyÓTÆq neT]ø£˝À neT]Ã, Ä neT]ø£˝À ‘·|üŒ≈£î+&Ü |üìì dü÷∫+#˚ word ì
ñ+∫, Ä neT]ø£≈£î Á|ü‘˚´ø£yÓTÆq nq>± düŒwüºyÓTÆq nsêúìïùdÔ Ä neT]ø£H˚ ‘Sentence’ >± |æ\TkÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. Swathi wrote a letter. 4. We went to Chennai.
(kÕ«‹ ˇø£ ñ‘·Ôsêìï Áyêdæ+~.) (y˚TeTT #ÓHÓÌïøÏ yÓfi≤¢eTT.)
2. She watched a movie. 5. Praneeth is reading a book.
(ÄyÓT ˇø£ dæìe÷ #·÷dæ+~.) (Á|üD°‘Y |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äTe⁄‘·THêï&ÉT.)
3. They sang songs.
(yês¡T bÕ≥\T bÕ&Üs¡T.)
$es¡D : á neT]ø£\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ nìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ nH˚ø£ words ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq$. eT]j·TT Á|ü‹
neT]ø£≈L£ ˇø£ düŒwüyº TÓ qÆ ns¡+ú eT]j·TT ìsêàDÁø£eT+ ñHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á neT]ø£\qT ‘Sentences’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Parts of a sentence (Sentence q+<ä* uÛ≤>±\T)
‘Sentence’ qT ª4μ $&çuÛ≤>±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#·e#·TÃ. n$ :
1. Subject (ø£s¡Ô)
2. Object (ø£s¡à)
3. Verb (ÁøÏj·T)
4. Complement ($T–*q uÛ≤>∑+)
á uÛ≤>±\ n<Ûä´j·THêìøÏ eT÷\yÓTÆq~ ‘Verb’. n+<äTe\q ‘Verb’ qT+∫ es¡Tdü>± ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~.
Verb :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À ª|üììμ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*ù| |ü<ëH˚ï ‘Verb’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : A verb is a word which states the doing (action) or being (position) or having (Possession)
of the subject.
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À eTq+ #˚ùd |üìì >±˙, eTq+ <˚ìHÓ’Hê ø£*– ñqï dæú‹ì >±˙, eTq jÓTTø£ÿ e´øÏÔ>∑‘· dæú‹ì
>±˙ ‘Ó*ù| ‘word’ H˚ ‘verb’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
Verb
1. Priya | met | me.
Á|æj·T qqTï ø£*dæ+~.
Verb
á yêø£´+˝À eT÷&ÉT |ü<ë\THêïsTT. ø±˙ M{Ï˝À ªø£\e&É+μ nH˚~ ˇø£ |üìì ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. á |ü<ëìï á Ä+>∑¢
yêø£´+˝À ‘met’ nH˚ word ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. n+<äTe\q Bìì ‘Verb’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
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Examples :
2. They asked her a question.
yês¡T ÄyÓTì ˇø£ Á|üX¯ï n&ç>±s¡T.
3. We spoke to them.
y˚TeTT yê]‘√ e÷{≤¢&ÜeTT.
4. Praveen killed a snake.
Á|üMDY ˇø£ bÕeTTì #·+bÕ&ÉT.
5. Pooja drew a diagram.
|üP» ˇø£ u§eTàqT ^dæ+~.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\˝À (Hê*Z+{Ï˝À) yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ‘asked’ nH˚~ ªn&É>∑&É+μ nH˚ |üìì, ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À ‘spoke’
nH˚~ ªe÷{≤¢&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì, eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À ‘killed’ nH˚~ ª#·+|ü&É+μ nH˚ |üìì eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ‘drew’ nH˚~
ª^j·T&É+μ nH˚ |üìì dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á words nìï+{Ï˙ ‘verbs’ nì n+{≤s¡T. á $<Ûä+>± eTq+ #˚ùd
|üìì dü÷∫+#˚ yê{Ïì ‘verbs’ n+{≤s¡T.
Subject :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À |üìì #˚ùd<ëìì ‘Subject’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The doer of an action in a sentence is called the ‘Subject’. (or) The part of a sentence
about which something is said is called the subject.
$es¡D : yêø£´+˝À #Ó|üŒã&çq |üìì me¬s’‘˚ #˚düTÔHêïs√ yê]ì Ä yêø±´ìøÏ ‘Subject’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
Subject
1. | Sneha | came here yesterday.
Subject
| ùdïVü≤ | Çø£ÿ&çøÏ ìqï e∫Ã+~.
á yêø£´+˝À ªsêe&É+μ nH˚~ Verb. á Verb qT á yêø£´+˝À ùdïVü≤ nH˚ Word #˚düTÔ+~. nq>± ªsêe&É+μ nH˚
|üìì ùdïVü≤ #˚dæ+~. n+<äTe\q ªùdïVü≤μ qT á yêø£´+˝À ‘Subject’ n+{≤s¡T.
2. Prem saw a snake.
Áù|yéT ˇø£ bÕeTTì #·÷XÊ&ÉT.
3. Ram rang the bell.
sêyéT Ä >∑+≥qT ÁyÓ÷–+#ê&ÉT.
4. She ran 5 kms.
ÄyÓT ◊<äT øÏ˝ÀMT≥s¡T¢ |ü]¬>‹Ô+~.
5. You talk loud.
˙e⁄ _>∑Zs¡>± e÷{≤¢&É‘êe⁄.
á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ á Hê*Z+{Ï˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï yêø£´+˝À ª#·÷&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì Áù|yéT #˚XÊ&ÉT. ¬s+&Ée
yêø£´+˝À ªÁyÓ÷–+#·&É+μ nH˚ |üìì sêyéT #˚XÊ&ÉT. eT÷&Ée yêø£´+˝À ª|ü]¬>‘·Ô&É+μ nH˚ |üìì ªÄyÓTμ #˚dæ+~. ∫e] yêø£´+˝À
ªe÷{≤¢&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì ‘You (˙e⁄)’ #˚kÕÔe⁄. n+<äTe\q á |üqT\qT #˚dæq Ä Words nìï+{Ï˙ ‘Subjects’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
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2
F
Object :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À |üì jÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘êìï nqTuÛÑ$+#˚ <ëìH˚ ‘Object’ n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The object is the word which bears the result of an action in sentence.
$es¡D : yêø£´+˝À ˇø£ |üìjÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘êìï nqTuÛÑ$+#˚<ëìì nq>± Subject #˚ #˚j·Tã&˚<ëìì ‘Object’ nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. I ate | a mango. |
Object
H˚qT | ˇø£ e÷$T&ç|ü+&ÉT | ‹HêïqT.
á yêø£´+˝À ª‹q&É+μ nH˚ |üìì ªH˚qTμ nH˚ Subject #˚dæ+~. ø±>± ‹qã&ç+~ ’mango’. n+fÒ |üìjÓTTø£ÿ
|òü*‘·yÓTÆq ‹qã&É&Üìï mango nqTuÛÑ$+∫+~. n+<äTe\q á ‘mango’ nH˚ word ì ‘Object’ n+<äTs¡T.
2. She scolded him.
ÄyÓT n‘·ìï ‹{Ïº+~.
3. They bought a car.
yês¡T ˇø£ ø±s¡T ø=Hêïs¡T.
4. He played cricket.
n‘·&ÉT ÁøÏ¬ø{Ÿ Ä&Ü&ÉT.
5. We helped the orphan.
y˚TeTT Ä nHê<∏ä≈£î düVü‰j·T+ #˚XÊeTT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚, ¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À ª‹≥º&É+μ nH˚ |üìì ªÄyÓT (she)μ nH˚ subject
#˚j·T>± á |üì jÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘·yÓTÆq ‹≥ºã&É&Üìï ‘him’ nH˚ word nqTuÛ$Ñ +∫+~. nq>± ªn‘·&TÉ μ ‹≥ºã&Ü¶&TÉ . n+<äTe\q
á ‘him’ nH˚~ object ne⁄‘·T+~. n˝≤π> eT÷&Ée yêø£´+˝À ªø=q&É+μ nH˚ |üì |òü*‘êìï ‘car’ nqTuÛÑ$+∫+~. nq>±
ø±s¡T ø=qã&ç+~. n+<äTe\q ‘a car’ nH˚~ ‘Object’ ne⁄‘·T+~. Ç<˚$<Ûä+>± Hê\T>∑e yêø£´+˝À ªÄ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üì
|òü*‘êìï ‘Cricket’ nH˚ word nqTuÛÑ$+∫ ªÁøÏ¬ø{Ÿμ Ä&Éã&ç+~. n+<äTe\q ‘Cricket’ qT object nì n+{≤s¡T.
∫e]yêø£´+˝À ªdüVü‰j·T+ #˚j·T&É+μ nH˚ |üì jÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘êìï ‘the orphan’ nH˚ word nqTuÛÑ$+∫ düVü‰j·T+ bı+~+~.
n+<äTe\q Bìì ≈£L&Ü ‘object’ nì n+{≤s¡T. á words Äj·÷ yêø±´\˝À Äj·÷ |üqT\ |ò*ü ‘ê*ï nqTuÛ$Ñ +∫q+<äTq
Ç$ ‘objects’ nj·÷´sTT.
Complement :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À subject, object eT]j·TT verb \ $TqVü‰ $T–*q yêø±´ìï ‘complement’ nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The rest of the subject, object and verb in a sentence is called the ‘Complement’.
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À ‘verb’ MT<ä Ä<Ûës¡|ü&É≈£î+&Ü nq>± |üì#Ój·T´≈£î+&Ü, |üì |òü*‘êìï nqTuÛÑ$+#·≈£î+&Ü
eT]j·TT |üìì ≈£L&Ü dü÷∫+#·≈£î+&Ü ñ+&˚ words ì ‘complements’ n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Ramesh played chess | well. |

Complement
s¡y˚Twt #Ódt | u≤>± | Ä&Ü&ÉT.
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á yêø£´+˝À ªÄ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì dü÷∫+∫ ‘played’ nH˚~ verb >±q÷, Ä |üìì #˚dæ ‘Ramesh’ nH˚~ Subject
>±q÷, Ä |üì jÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘êìï nqTuÛÑ$+∫ ‘chess’ nH˚~ object >±q÷ ñ+&É>± $T–*q ‘well’ nH˚ word H˚
‘complement’ n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
2. Reshma cut vegetables with knife.
πswüà ≈£Ls¡>±j·T*ï ø£‹Ô‘√ ø√dæ+~.
3. Satya tortured his servant cruelly.
dü‘·´ n‘·ì |üìyêDÏí Á≈£Ls¡+>± Væ≤+dæ+#ê&ÉT.
4. Shanthi wept loudly.
XÊ+‹ _>∑Zs¡>± @&çÃ+~.
5. Prabha won the game cleverly.
Á|üuÛÑ Ä Ä≥qT ‘Ó*$>± ¬>*∫+~.
á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ s¬ +&Ée<ëì˝À ‘with knife’ nH˚~ complement nsTT´+~. eT÷&Ée yêø£´+˝À
‘cruelly’ nH˚~ complement nsTT´+~. Hê\T>∑e yêø£´+˝À @&Éeã&˚~ ñ+&É<äT ø±e⁄q object ˝Ò<äT. á yêø£´+˝À
‘loudly’ nH˚~ ‘complement’ nsTT´+~. ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ‘cleverly’ nH˚~ ‘complement’ ne⁄‘·T+~. á $<Ûä+>±
yêø£´+˝À $T–*q uÛ≤>±H˚ï ‘Complement’ n+{≤s¡T.
Predicate
ìs¡«#·q+ : yêø£´+˝À Subject $TqVü‰ $T–*q uÛ≤>±ìï ‘Predicate’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The rest of the subject in a sentence is called the ‘Predicate’.
$es¡D : yêø£´+˝À verb, object eT]j·TT complement \ ñeTà&ç uÛ≤>±ìï ‘Predicate’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Keerthi went to Vizag yesterday.
ø°]Ô ìqï yÓ’C≤>¥øÏ yÓ[¢+~.
2. Priyanka watched a movie.
Á|æj·÷+ø£ dæìe÷ #·÷dæ+~.
3. Prasanna called her friend.
Á|üdüqï ÄyÓT jÓTTø£ÿ ùdïVæ≤‘·Tsê*ì |æ*∫+~.
4. She is sleeping in her room.
ÄyÓT ÄyÓT jÓTTø£ÿ >∑~˝À ìÁ~dü÷Ô ñ+~.
5. The cow ate grass in the meadow.
Ä Äe⁄ Ä yÓTÆ<ëq+˝À >∑&ç¶ì ‹qï~.
á $<Ûä+>± yêø£´+˝À ‘Subject’ ì rdæy˚j·T>± $T–*q uÛ≤>±H˚ï ‘Predicate’ n+{≤s¡T.
Kinds of verb
Verb qT ª2μ s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Transitive verb (ø£s¡àdüVæ≤‘· ÁøÏj·T ˝Ò<ë düø£s¡àø£ ÁøÏj·T)
2. Intransitive verb (ø£s¡às¡Væ≤‘· ÁøÏj·T ˝Ò<ë nø£s¡àø£ ÁøÏj·T)
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1. Transitive verb :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ‘Object’ qT ø√s¡Tø=H˚ ‘Verb’ qT ‘Transitive verb’ n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The verb which needs an object is called the ‘Transitive Verb’.
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À ‘Verb’, ‘Object’ jÓTTø£ÿ düVü‰j·T+ ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT e÷Á‘·y˚T Ä yêø±´ìøÏ düŒwüºyÓTÆq nsêúìï∫Ã Ä
yêø£´+˝À ‘Object’ ˝Òq|ü&ÉT Ä yêø±´ìøÏ düŒwüºyÓTÆq nsêúìïe«˝Òø£b˛‘˚ Ä ‘verb’ ì ‘transitive verb’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. I wrote a book.
H˚qT ˇø£ |ü⁄düÔø£+ ÁyêXÊqT.
2. Karuna beat the dog.
ø£s¡TD Ä ≈£îø£ÿqT ø={Ïº+~.
3. Sowmya prepared food.
kÂeT´ ÄVü‰s¡+ ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚dæ+~.
4. Gowtham started the game.
>ö‘·yéT Ä≥ yÓTT<ä\Tô|{≤º&ÉT.
5. Rakesh made a machine.
sêπøwt ˇø£ j·T+Á‘·+ ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚XÊ&ÉT.
á yêø±´\ìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ Äj·÷ Verb \T Äj·÷ Object \ jÓTTø£ÿ düVü‰j·T+ ñ+&É≥+ e\q e÷Á‘·y˚T á yêø±´\≈£î
düŒwüºyÓTÆq nsêúìï Çe«>∑*>±sTT. ˇø£y˚fi¯ á object \qT ‘=\–ùdÔ á yêø±´\T düŒwüºyÓTÆq nsêúìï Çe«˝Òe⁄. n+<äTe\q
á verb \ qìï+{Ï˙ ≈£L&Ü ‘transitive verbs’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
2. Intransitive verb :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ‘Object’ ì ø√s¡ì Verb qT ‘Intransitive verb’ n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The verb which does not need an object is called the ‘Intransitive verb’.
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À ‘Verb’ ‘Object’ ˝Ò≈£î+&ÜH˚ Ä yêø±´ìøÏ düŒwüºyÓTÆq nsêúìïùdÔ Ä verb ì ‘Intransitive
verb’ nì n+{≤s¡T. nq>± á verb \≈£î m˝≤+{Ï object \÷ ñ+&Ée⁄.
Examples :
1. The baby cried.
Ä bÕbÕsTT n]∫+~./ @&ç∫+~.
2. The dog barked.
Ä ≈£îø£ÿ yÓTT]–+~.
3. The lion is roaring.
Ä dæ+Vü≤+ >∑]®düTÔ+~.
4. Kiran slept.
øÏs¡DY ìÁ<äb˛j·÷&ÉT.
5. She is walking.
ÄyÓT q&ÉTk˛Ô+~.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\ìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ ‘Object’ \T ˝Òe⁄. nq>± á yêø±´\˝Àì verb \T object \ düVü‰j·T+
bı+<ä≈£î+&ÜH˚ á yêø±´\≈£î düŒwüºyÓTÆq nsêúìï Çe«>∑*>±sTT. n+<äTe\q á verb \qT ‘Intransitive verbs’ nì
n+{≤s¡T. á Verb \≈£î ‘Object’ \qT Áyêj·T&ÜìøÏ Á|üjT· ‹ï+∫Hê Çe«&É+ M\T|ü&<É Tä . Ç˝≤+{Ï verb \qT ‘Intransitive
verbs’ n+{≤s¡T.
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Kinds of subject
‘Subject’ qT ª2μ s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Singular subject (@ø£e#·q ø£s¡Ô) 2. Plural subject (ãVüQe#·q ø£s¡Ô)
1. Singular subject :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ‘Singular number’ ˝Àì Subject ì ‘Singular subejct’ n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The subject in the singular number form is called the ‘Singular subject’.
$es¡D : ‘Subject’ nH˚~ @ø£e#·Hêìï nq>± ˇø£<ëìì dü÷∫ùdÔ Ä subject qT ‘singular number’ ˝À ñ+<äì
n+{≤s¡T. n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä ‘subject’ ì ‘singular subject’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. The child is playing.
Ä bÕbÕsTT Ä&ÉT≈£î+≥÷ ñ+~.
2. He went to Mumbai.
n‘·&ÉT eTT+u≤sTTøÏ yÓfi≤¢&ÉT.
3. Swathi watched the movie.
kÕ«‹ Ä dæìe÷ #·÷dæ+~.
4. You played cricket.
˙e⁄ ÁøÏ¬ø{Ÿ Ä&Üe⁄.
5. Mahesh won the game.
eTùV≤wt Ä Ä≥qT ¬>*#ê&ÉT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\˝Àì subject \qT |ü]o*ùdÔ n˙ï ≈£L&Ü ˇø=ÿø£ÿ <ëìH˚ dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT. nq>± Çe˙ï
@ø£e#·Hêìï dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT. ø±e⁄q á subjects n˙ï ≈£L&Ü ‘singular number’ øÏ #Ó+~qeì ns¡úeTe⁄‘·T+~.
n+<äTe\q á subject \qT ‘Singular subjects’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
2. Plural subject :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ‘Plural number’ ˝Àì subject ì ‘Plural subject’ n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The subject in the plural number from is called the ‘Plural Subject’.
$es¡D : ‘Subject’ nH˚~ ãVüQe#·Hêìï nq>± ˇø£{Ï ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe yê{Ïì dü÷∫+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä subject ì
‘plural number’ ˝À ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T. n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä ‘subject’ ì ‘plural subject’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. The children are playing.
Ä |æ\¢\T Ä&ÉT‘·THêïs¡T.
2. They went to Mumbai.
yês¡T eTT+u≤sTTøÏ yÓfi≤¢s¡T.
3. Swathi and Preethi watched the movie.
kÕ«‹ eT]j·TT Á|”‹\T Ä dæìe÷ #·÷XÊs¡T.
4. You played cricket.
MTs¡T ÁøÏ¬ø{Ÿ Ä&Üs¡T.
5. Mahesh and Ramesh won the game together.
eTùV≤wt eT]j·TT s¡y˚Twt\T ø£*dæ Ä Ä≥qT ¬>*#ês¡T.
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$es¡D : á yêø±´\˝À subject \qT |ü]o*ùdÔ n˙ï ≈£L&Ü ˇø£{Ï ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe yê{ÏH˚ dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT. nq>±
Çe˙ï ãVüQe#·Hêìï dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT. ø±e⁄q Çe˙ï ‘plural number’ øÏ #Ó+~qeì n+{≤s¡T. n+<äTe\q á subject
\qT ‘plural subjects’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Kinds of object
Object qT ª2μ s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Direct object (Á|ü‘·´ø£å ø£s¡à) 2. Indirect object (|üs√ø£å ø£s¡à)
1. Direct object :
ìs¡«#·q+ : |üì jÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘êìï H˚s¡T>± nqTuÛÑ$+#˚<ëìì ‘Direct object’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The object which bears the result of an action directly is called the ‘Direct Object’.
$es¡D : dü«j·T+>± #˚j·Tã&˚<ëìì ‘Direct object’ nì n+{≤s¡T. kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± Ç~ edüTÔe⁄\≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q<Ó’
ñ+≥T+~. Ç~ verb øÏ @ s¡ø£+>± ÁyêdæHê eTπs Ç‘·s¡ word jÓTTø£ÿ düVü‰j·T+ ˝Ò≈£î+&ÜH˚ ø£\T|üã&ç ñ+≥T+~. Ç≥Te+{Ï
yê{ÏH˚ ‘Direct objects’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. She gave a pen to me.
ÄyÓT ˇø£ ô|qTï Hê≈£î Ç∫Ã+~.
2. Latha lent a car to him.
\‘· ˇø£ ø±s¡T n‘·ìøÏ ã<äT*∫Ã+~.
3. Geetha presented a watch to you.
^‘· ˙≈£î ˇø£ yê#Yì ãVüAø£]+∫+~.
4. Sagar gave a pencil to her.
kÕ>∑sY ÄyÓT≈£î ˇø£ ô|ì‡˝ŸqT Ç#êÃ&ÉT.
5. Subhash presented a gift to us.
düTuÛ≤wt e÷≈£î ˇø£ ãVüQeT‹ì ãVüAø£]+#ê&ÉT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\˝À Á|ü‹<ëì˝Àq÷ ¬s+&ÉT object \T >∑\e⁄. ø±˙ verb \≈£î yÓ+≥H˚ e∫Ãq object \T
verb \ jÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘êìï H˚s¡T>± nqTuÛÑ$+#êsTT. n+<äTe\q M{Ïì ‘Direct objects’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
2. Indirect object :
ìs¡«#·q+ : |üìjÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘êìï |üs√ø£å+>± nqTuÛÑ$+#˚<ëìì ‘Indirect object’ n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The object which bears the result of an action indirectly is called the ‘Indirect object’.
$es¡D : Indirect object |üì jÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘êìï H˚s¡T>± nqTuÛÑ$+#·<äT. Ç~ verb ≈£î ø=ìï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À yÓ+≥H˚
Áyêj·Te#·TÃ ˝Ò<ë eTT+<äT>± direct object Áyêdæ, Bìì verb ≈£î y˚s=ø£ word düVü‰j·T+‘√ ø£\T|üe#·TÃ. @<˚yÓTÆHê Ç~
|üìjÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘êìï |üs√ø£å+>± nqTuÛÑ$düTÔ+~. kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± Ç~ e´≈£îÔ\≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q<Ó’ ñ+≥T+~.
Examples :
1. She gave me a pen.
ÄyÓT Hê≈£î ˇø£ ô|qTï Ç∫Ã+~.
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Examples :
2. Latha lent him a car.
\‘· n‘·ìøÏ ˇø£ ø±s¡TqT ã<äT*∫Ã+~.
3. Gita presented you a watch.
^‘· ˙≈£î yê#YqT ãVüAø£]+∫+~.
4. Sagar gave her a pencil.
kÕ>∑sY ÄyÓT≈£î ô|ì‡˝ŸqT Ç#êÃ&ÉT.
5. Subhash presented us a gift.
düTuÛ≤wt e÷≈£î ˇø£ ãVüQeT‹ì ãVüAø£]+#ê&ÉT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\˝À nìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ ¬s+&ÉT object \T >∑\e⁄. ø±˙ verb ≈£î yÓ+≥H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq
object \T Ä verbs jÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘êìï H˚s¡T>± nqTuÛÑ$+#·˝Ò<äT. n+<äTe\q M{Ïì ‘Indirect objects’ n+{≤s¡T.
Kinds of complement :
Complement qT ª2μ s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Subjective complement 2. Objective complement
1. Subjective complement :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Subject qT dü÷∫+#˚ complement qT ‘Subjective complement’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The complement which states about the subject in a sentence is called the ‘Subjective
complement’.
$es¡D : subject subject, object verb
subject ‘Subjective complement’
Examples :
1. Swapna became beautiful.
dü«|üï n+<ä+>± nsTT+~.
2. A richman lives luxuriously.
<Ûäì≈£î&ÉT $˝≤düe+‘·+>± J$kÕÔ&ÉT.
3. Kiran went to school in white dress.
øÏs¡DY ‘Ó\¢ì <äTdüTÔ˝À¢ ã&çøÏ yÓfi≤¢&ÉT.
4. They decorated the room with knowledge.
yês¡T Ä >∑~ì C≤„q+‘√ n\+ø£]+#ês¡T.
5. Pooja is graceful.
|üP» <äj·T>∑\~.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\˝À Çe«ã&çq complements n˙ï ≈£L&Ü Äj·÷ yêø±´˝˝Àì subject \qT dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT.
n+<äTe\q á complements nìï+{Ï˙ ≈£L&Ü ‘Subjective complements’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
2. Objective complement :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Object qT dü÷∫+#˚ complement ì ‘Objective complement’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The complement which states about the object in a sentence is called ‘Objective
complement’.

32
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À subject, object eT]j·TT verb \T ø±ø£ $T–*q uÛ≤>∑+ Ä yêø£´+˝Àì ‘object’ ì
dü÷∫+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä ‘complement’ ì ‘Obejctive complement’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. They elected him leader.
yês¡T n‘·ìï Hêj·T≈£îì>± mqTï≈£îHêïs¡T.
2. I will get my hair cut.
H˚qT Hê E≥Tºì øåös¡+ #˚sTT+#·T≈£î+{≤qT.
3. He found her sleeping.
n‘·&ÉT ÄyÓT ìÁ~+#·&É+ #·÷XÊ&ÉT.
4. She made me a fool.
ÄyÓT qqTï ‘Ó*$‘·≈£îÿeyêì>± #˚dæ+~.
5. She got her dress mended.
ÄyÓT ‘·qjÓTTø£ÿ <äTdüTÔ*ï u≤>∑T #˚sTT+#·T≈£î+~.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\˝À nìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ Çe«ã&çq complements n˙ï ≈£L&Ü Äj·÷ yêø±´\˝Àì object \qT
dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á complements ì ‘Objective complements’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Structure of sentence (yêø£´ ìsêàD+)
Ä+>∑¢yêø£´+ ìsêàD+˝À ‘Ó\T>∑T yêø±´ìøÏ _Ûqï+>± ñ+≥T+~. á ¬s+&ÉT s¡ø±\ yêø±´\ jÓTTø£ÿ ìsêàD+˝À e÷s¡TŒ\T
ñ+{≤sTT.
1. Structure of Telugu Sentence : (‘Ó\T>∑T yêø£´ ìsêàD+)
Subject + Object + Verb
‘Ó\T>∑T yêø£´+˝À m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ ‘subject’ ì eTT+<äTuÛ≤>∑+˝Àq÷, ‘verb’ ì ∫e]uÛ≤>∑+˝Àq÷ Áyêj·÷*. Object
qT eT<ÛäúÛ≤>∑+˝À Áyêj·÷*. yêø£´+˝À complement ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ dü+<äsê“¤qTkÕs¡+>± n~ object øÏ eTT+<äTq >±˙
˝Ò<ë object øÏ yÓqTø£q >±˙ ≈£L&Ü sêe#·TÃ. ø±˙ subject e÷Á‘·+ yêø£´+ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝Àq÷, verb e÷Á‘·+ yêø£´+
n+‘·+˝Àq÷ ñ+&çrsê*.
Examples :
1. H˚qT |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·~yêqT.

S O V
2. yês¡T dæìe÷qT #ê˝≤ ÄdüøÏÔ‘√ #·÷XÊs¡T.
S O C V
3. n‘·&ÉT ás√E ø£fi≤XÊ\≈£î ‘=+<äs¡>± e#êÃ&ÉT.
S C V
4. d”‘· ¬s+&ÉT Áø=‘·Ô |ü⁄düÔø±\qT ø=qï~.
S O V
5. Ä »+‘·Te⁄\T yê{Ï˝À n$ b˛{≤¢&ÉT≈£î+≥THêïsTT.
S C V

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á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ Á|ür yêø£´+˝Àq÷ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝À subject eT]j·TT ∫es¡q verb \T ñHêïsTT. Object
eT]j·TT complement \T eT<ÛäúÛ≤>∑+˝À ñHêïsTT. ‘Ó\T>∑T yêø±´\ ìsêàD+ á $<Ûä+>± ñ+≥T+~.
2. Structure of English Sentence : (Ä+>∑¢ yêø£´ ìsêàD+)
Subject + Verb + Object
Ç+^¢wüß yêø£´+˝À yêø£´+ yÓTT<ä{ÏuÛ≤>∑+˝À subject eT]j·TT <ëì yÓ+≥H˚ ‘verb’ \qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*. Ä ‘·s¡Tyê‘·
object eT]j·TT complement \qT dü+<äsê“¤qTkÕs¡+>± ˇø£<ëì yÓqTø£ eTs=ø£{Ï ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*. ø±˙ kÕ<Ûës¡D+>±
yêø£´+˝À complement H˚ ∫e]uÛ≤>∑+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔ+.
Examples :
1. We reached Chennai yesterday.
S V O C
y˚TeTT ìqï #ÓHÓÌï #˚s¡T≈£îHêïeTT.
2. They beat him severely.
S V O C
yês¡T n‘·ìï rÁe+>± ø={≤ºs¡T.
3. She will come to your house tomorrow.
S V C C
ÄyÓT πs|ü⁄ MT Ç+{ÏøÏ edüTÔ+~.
4. I want to meet my friend today.
S V O C
H˚qT á s√E Hê ùdïVæ≤‘·Tìï ø£\yê\qT≈£î+≥THêïqT.
5. Rahul played the game well.
S V O C
sêVüQ˝Ÿ Ä Ä≥qT u≤>± Ä&Ü&ÉT.
á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ Á|ü‹ yêø£´+˝Àq÷ ≈£L&Ü ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝À Subject Verb
Object complement
Kinds of sentence (yêø£´+˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
Sentence qT ª4μ s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Assertive sentence (Á|üø£≥Hê‘·àø£ yêø£´+) 2. Interrogative sentence (Á|üXÊïs¡úø£ yêø£´+)
3. Imperative sentence (Ä»„, ÁbÕs¡úHês¡úø£ yêø£´+) 4. Exclamatory sentence (ÄX¯Ãsê´s¡úø£ yêø£´+)
1. Assertive sentence :
kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± $wüj÷· \qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒjT· &ÜìøÏ ñ|üj÷Ó –+#˚ yêø±´\qT ‘Assertive sentences’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The ordinary sentence which is used to assert something is called an ‘Assertive sentence’.
$es¡D : @<Ó’Hê ˇø£ $wüj·÷ìï >∑T]+∫ m<äT{Ï e´øÏÔøÏ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ nq>± ˇø£<ëìì Ç‘·s¡T\≈£î ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ á
‘Assertive sentence’ qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Bì˝À ªdüe÷#ês¡+μ Ç‘·s¡T\≈£î ‘Ó\T|ü&É+ »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. She will write a letter to you.
ÄyÓT ˙≈£î ˇø£ ñ‘·Ôs¡+ ÁyêdüTÔ+~.
2. Ravi and I will go there.
s¡$ eT]j·TT H˚qT nø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓfi≤ÔeTT.

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Examples :
3. The cows are eating grass.
Ä Äe⁄\T >∑&ç¶ ‹+≥THêïsTT.
4. Hari and Giri are good friends.
Vü≤] eT]j·TT –]\T eT+∫ ùdïVæ≤‘·T\T.
5. They like you very much.
yês¡T ìqTï #ê˝≤ Çwüº|ü&É‘ês¡T.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTìùdÔ M{Ï˝À ˇø£ $wüj·÷ìï >∑T]+∫q düe÷#êsêìï Ç‘·s¡T\≈£î n+~+#·&É+ »]–+~.
Á|ü‹ yêø£´+˝Àq÷ @<√ ˇø£ $wüj·÷ìï e÷{≤¢&˚ e´øÏÔ m<äT{Ï e´øÏÔøÏ #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. n+<äTe\q á yêø±´\qT
‘Assertive sentences’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Note : Assertive Sentence |üPs¡ÔsTTq yÓ+≥H˚ (.) qT ñ+#ê*.
2. Interrogative sentence :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Á|üX¯ï\qT n&É>∑&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ yêø±´\qT ‘Interrogative sentences’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The sentence which is used to interrogate somebody about somebody or something
is called an ‘Interrogative sentence’.
$es¡D : @<Ó’Hê düe÷#êsêìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&ÜìøÏ m<äT{Ïe´øÏÔì n&É>∑&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ yêø±´\qT
‘Interrogative sentences’ nì n+{≤s¡T. Bì˝À düe÷#êsêìï ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Who went to do the work ?
Ä |üì #Ój·T´&ÜìøÏ mes¡T yÓfi≤¢s¡T ?
2. Will you come to college tomorrow ?
˙e⁄ πs|ü⁄ ø±˝ÒõøÏ ekÕÔyê ?
3. Why are you weeping ?
˙e⁄ m+<äT≈£î @&ÉTdüTÔHêïe⁄ ?
4. What is the name of the dog ?
Ä ≈£îø£ÿ ù|s¡T @$T{Ï ?
5. Are you a doctor ?
MTs¡T ˇø£ &Üø£ºsê ?
á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ Á|ü‹yêø£´+˝Àq÷ ˇø£ $wüj÷· ìï >∑T]+∫ ø=+‘· düe÷#êsêìï ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&Üì¬ø’
M{Ïì ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·&+É »]–+~. á s¡ø+£ >± Ç$ Á|üXï¯ ˝…q’ +<äTq M{Ïì ‘Interrogative sentences’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Note : Interrogative sentence |üPs¡ÔsTTq yÓ+≥H˚ (‘?’) qT ñ+#ê*.
3. Imperative sentence :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Ä»„\qT ˝Ò<ë nuÛÑ´s¡úq\qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd yêø±´\qT ‘Imperative sentences’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The sentence which is used to state orders or requests is called an ‘Imperative sentence’.
$es¡D : @<Ó’Hê |üìì #Ój·TéTì m<äT{Ïe´øÏÔì nC≤„|æ+#·&ÜìøÏ ˝Ò<ë nuÛÑ´]ú+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ yêø±´\H˚
‘Imperative sentences’ nì n+{≤s¡T. Bì˝À |üìjÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘êìï ø√s¡&É+ »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Take care of your health.
˙ Äs√>∑´+ |ü≥¢ C≤Á>∑‘·Ô rdüTø√.
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Examples :
2. Please give me your pen.
<äj·T#˚dæ ˙ ô|qTï Hê≈£î Çe⁄«.
3. Please keep it here.
<äj·T#˚dæ Bìï Çø£ÿ&É ñ+#·T.
4. Complete your work.
˙ |üì |üP]Ô#ÓsTT´.
5. Watch and enjoy the movie.
á dæìe÷ #·÷dæ Äq+~+#·+&ç.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ M{Ï˝À ˇø£≥e, Hê\Ze eT]j·TT nsTT<äe yêø±´\˝À Äj·÷ |üqT\qT #Ój·TéTì
ÄC≤„|+æ #·&+É eT]j·TT $T–*q yêø±´\˝À Äj·÷ |üqT\qT #ÓjT· éTì nuÛ´Ñ ]ú+#·&+É »]–+~. n+<äTe\q M{Ïì ‘Imperative
sentences’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Note : Imperative sentence |üPs¡ÔsTTq yÓ+≥H˚ ≈£L&Ü full stop (.) H˚ ñ+#ê*.
4. Exclamatory sentence :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ÄX¯Ãs¡´+ ˝Ò<ë u≤<Ûä e+{Ï eTH√uÛ≤yê\qT e´ø£Ô+ #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ yêø±´\qT ‘Exclamatory
sentences’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The sentence which is used to express strong and sudden feelings is called an
‘Exclamatory sentence’.
$es¡D : eTqdüT˝À ø£*π> ÄX¯Ãs¡´+, u≤<Ûä, Á|üXÊ+‘·‘·, ì≥÷ºs¡TŒ e+{Ï eTH√uÛ≤yê\qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&˚ yêø±´\ì ‘Exclamatory sentences’ nì n+{≤s¡T. M{Ï˝À ≈£L&Ü Assertive e˝Ò düe÷#êsêìï
n+~+#·&Éy˚T »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. ø±˙ Ä düe÷#ês¡+ eTH√uÛ≤e+‘√ ≈£L&ç ñ+≥T+~.
Examples :
1. Wow, what a beautiful flower it is !
yêyé, Ä |ü⁄wüŒ+ m+‘· n+<äyÓTÆq<√ !
2. Ah, how cool it is !
ÄVü‰, m+‘· #·\¢>± ñ+<√ !
3. Alas, what a sorrowful incident it is !
njÓ÷´, m+‘·{Ï u≤<Ûëø£s¡yÓTÆq dü+|òüT≥q n~ !
4. Hurrah, what a great journey !
Vü≤Áπs, m+‘·{Ï >=|üŒ Á|üj·÷D+ !
5. Hello Ravi, how long time passed after I met you !
Vü≤˝À s¡M, ìqTï ø£*dæ m+‘·ø±\yÓTÆ+B !
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ñ‘ê‡Vü‰ìï, ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À ñ|üX¯eTHêìï, eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À u≤<Ûä˙,
Hê\Ze<ëì˝À ñ˝≤¢kÕìï eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ÄX¯Ãs¡´+‘√ ≈£L&çq Äq+<ë˙ï e´ø£Ô+ #˚j·T&É+ »]–+~. nq>± á
yêø±´\T eTH√uÛ≤yê\qT e´ø£|Ô sü #¡ T· ≥≈£î ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·ã&Ü¶sTT. n+<äT#˚‘· M{Ïì ‘Exclamatory sentences’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Note : Exclamatory sentence ∫es¡q m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ Exclamatory mark (!) qT ñ+#ê*.
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Kinds of Interrogative sentence
Interrogative sentence qT ‹]– ª2μ s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. ‘Wh’ type Questions 2. Yes / No Questions (or) Helping verb Questions
1. ‘Wh’ type Questions :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ‘Wh’ word ‘√ yÓTT<ä\j˚T´ Á|üX¯ï\qT ‘Wh’ type Questions nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The question which starts with ‘wh’ word is called a ‘wh’ type Question.
$es¡D : What, when, where, which, whose, who, whom, How \qT ‘wh’ words nì n+{≤s¡T. M{Ï‘√
yÓTT<ä\j˚T´ Á|üX¯ï\≈£î ì]›wüºyÓTÆq düe÷<ÛëHêìï #Ó|üŒe\dæ ñ+≥T+~. nq>± á ‘Wh’ Questions m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ düŒwüºyÓTÆq
düe÷<ÛëHêìï ø£*– ñ+{≤sTT.
Examples :
1. When did you come here ?
˙e⁄ Çø£ÿ&çøÏ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT e#êÃe⁄ ?
2. Who went to the market ?
dü+‘·≈£î mes¡T yÓfi≤¢s¡T ?
3. How will you play the game ?
Ä Ä≥qT ˙e⁄ m˝≤ Ä&É‘êe⁄ ?
4. What do you want ?
˙≈£î @+ ø±yê* ?
5. Why are you talking loudly ?
˙e⁄ >∑{Ïº>± m+<äT≈£î e÷{≤¢&ÉT‘·THêïe⁄ ?
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ nìï yêø±´\÷ ≈£L&Ü ‘wh’ words ‘√H˚ yÓTT<ä\j·÷´sTT. eT]j·TT Á|ü‹
Á|üXï¯ ≈£L ≈£L&Ü düe÷<ÛëHêìï düŒwü+º >± ‘Ó*j·TCÒj÷· *‡ ñ+~. yÓTT<ä{<Ï ëì˝À düeTj·÷ìï, s¬ +&Ée<ëì˝À e´øÏ˙Ô , eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À
rs¡Tì, Hê\Ze<ëì˝À edüTÔe⁄ì eT]j·TT ◊<äe <ëì˝À ø±s¡D≤ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·÷*‡ ñ+~. n+<äTe\q á yêø±´\ìï+{Ï˙
≈£L&Ü ‘wh’ type Questions nì n+{≤s¡T.
Note : ‘wh’ nH˚ nø£åsê\‘√ yÓTT<ä\eø£ b˛sTTq|üŒ{ÏøÏ˙ ‘How’ nH˚~ Á|üX¯ïqT n&É>∑&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉT‘·T+~.
ø±e⁄q Bìì ≈£L&Ü ‘wh’ word nH˚ n+{≤s¡T.
2. Yes / No Questions :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Helping verb ‘√ yÓTT<ä\sTT, düe÷<Ûëq+>± ‘yes’ ˝Ò<ë ‘No’ nH˚ |ü<ëìï e÷Á‘·y˚T ÇùdÔ dü+‘·è|æÔ#Ó+<˚
Á|üX¯ï\qT ‘Yes / No Questions’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The question which starts with a helping verb and takes ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer is called
an ‘Yes / No’ Question.
$es¡D : Á|üX¯ï\T Helping verb ‘√ yÓTT<ä\e&É+ e\q M{Ïì ‘Helping verb Questions’ nì n+{≤s¡T. á
Á|üX¯ï\≈£î düe÷<Ûëq+>± Yes ˝Ò<ë No nH˚ |ü<ë\˝À @<˚ì <ëìì #Ó|üŒ&É+ <ë«sê >±˙ ˝Ò<ë á nsêú\T e#˚Ã≥≥T¢
‘·˝≤&ç+#·&É+ <ë«sê >±˙ »yêãT\T edüTÔqï+<äTq á Á|üX¯ï\qT ‘Yes / No Questions’ nì ≈£L&Ü n+{≤s¡T. Is, am,
are, was were, Do, Does, Did e+{Ï yê{Ïì ‘Helping verbs’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Will you play with me ?
˙e⁄ Hê‘√ Ä&É‘êyê ?
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Examples :
2. Did you go to school yesterday ?
ìqï ˙e⁄ ã&çøÏ yÓfi≤¢yê ?
3. Does she eat mangoes ?
ÄyÓT e÷$T&ç|ü+&ÉT¢ ‹+≥T+<ë ?
4. Do they know English ?
yê]øÏ Ç+^¢wüß ‘Ó\TkÕ ?
5. Is she reading the newspaper ?
ÄyÓT yêsêÔ|üÁ‹ø£qT #·<äTe⁄‘√+<ë ?
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ Çe˙ï ≈£L&Ü Helping verb \‘√ yÓTT<ä\j·÷´sTT. eT]j·TT M≥ìï+{Ïø°
≈£L&Ü ‘Yes’ nì >±˙ ‘No’ nì >±˙ düe÷<ÛëHêìï #Ó|üŒ&É+ e\q Á|üX¯ï≈£î düe÷<Ûëq+ \_ÛdüTÔ+~. n+<äTe\q á Á|üX¯ï\T
‘Yes / No Questions’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Note : á Yes / No Questions ≈£î yÓTT<ä{ÏuÛ≤>∑+˝À ‘wh’ word qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q á Á|üX¯ï\T ‘wh’ Questions >±
e÷s¡TŒ #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
Kinds of sentence (yêø£´+˝Àì s¡ø±\T) [II Classification]
‘Sentence’ \ qT ª2μ s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Positive Sentence (or) Affirmative Sentence (<ÛäHê‘·àø£ ˝Ò<ë kÕ<Ûës¡D yêø£´+)
2. Negative Sentence (ãTTD≤‘·àø£ ˝Ò<ë qø±sê‘·àø£ yêø£´+)
1. Positive Sentence :
Verb ‘Positive Sentence’
Definition : The sentence which has the ordinary form of a verb i.e., positive meaning is called a
‘Positive Sentence’.
$es¡D : yêø£´+ e´‹πsø±sêúìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T≈£î+&Ü ñ+&ç yêø£´+˝À no, never, not e+{Ï |ü<ë\T ˝Òì kÕ<Ûës¡D
yêø£ý˚T ‘Positive sentence’. á yêø£´+˝À verb ≈£î not >±˙, n’t >±˙ #˚s¡Ãã&ç ñ+&Ée⁄.
Examples :
1. The singer is singing songs. (Positive Assertive Sentence)
Ä >±j·T≈£î&ÉT bÕ≥*ï bÕ&ÉT‘·THêï&ÉT.
2. Why are you looking at me ? (Positive ‘wh’ question)
˙e⁄ qqTï m+<äT≈£î #·÷düTÔHêïe⁄ ?
3. Do you know, Telugu ? (Positive ‘yes / No’ question)
˙≈£î ‘Ó\T>∑T ‘Ó\TkÕ ?
4. Leave me alone. (Positive order)
qqTï ˇ+≥]>± $&ç∫ô|≥Tº.
5. Please give her money. (Positive request)
<äj·T#˚dæ ÄyÓT≈£î &ÉãT“qT Çe⁄«.
á yêø±´\qT >∑eTìùdÔ nìï yêø±´\÷ ≈£L&Ü kÕ<Ûës¡DyÓTqÆ nsêúHï˚ ø£*– ñHêïsTT. @ yêø£´+˝À ≈£L&Ü e´‹πsø±s¡øú £
|ü<ë˝…’q not, no e+{Ï$ ˝Òe⁄. n+<äTe\q á yêø±´\qT ‘Positive sentences’ ˝Ò<ë ‘Affirmative Sentences’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
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2. Negative Sentence :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Verb jÓTTø£ÿ e´‹πsø±s¡úø£ s¡÷bÕìï ø£*– ñqï yêø±´ìï ‘Negative sentence’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The sentence which has the negative form of a verb is called a ‘Negative Sentence’.
$es¡D : e´‹πsø±sêúìï nq>± qø±sê‘·àø£ nsêúìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd yêø£ý˚T Negative sentence. á e´‹πsø±s¡+ú
nH˚~ verb jÓTTø£ÿ ns¡ú+˝À ñ+≥T+~. á yêø£éTT\˝À No, never, not, n’t e+{Ï |ü<ë\T ñ+{≤sTT. eT]j·TT verb
≈£î ‘not’ ˝Ò<ë n’t \T #˚s¡Ãã&ç ñ+{≤sTT.
Examples :
1. The singer is not singing songs. (Negative Assertive Sentence)

Ä >±j·T≈£î&ÉT bÕ≥ bÕ&É&É+ ˝Ò<äT.
2. Why aren’t you looking at me ? (Negative ‘Wh’ question)
˙e⁄ qqTï m+<äT≈£î #·÷&É&É+ ˝Ò<äT ?
3. Don’t you know Telugu ? (Negative ‘Yes/No’ question)
˙≈£î ‘Ó\T>∑T ‘Ó*j·T<ë ?
4. Don’t leave me alone. (Negative order)
qqTï ˇ+≥]>± $&ç∫ô|≥ºe<äT›.
5. Please don’t give her any money. (Negative request)
<äj·T#˚dæ ÄyÓT≈£î &ÉãT“qT Çe«e<äT›.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTìùdÔ nìï yêø±´\÷ ≈£L&Ü e´‹πsø±sêúìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. yÓTT<ä{Ï yêø£´+˝À not,
¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À n’t, eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À n’t, Hê\Ze<ëì˝À n’t eT]j·TT ∫e] yêø£´+˝Àq÷ n’t nH˚ qø±sê‘·àø£ nsêúìï Ç#˚Ã
|ü<ë\T ñHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á yêø±´\qT ‘Negative Sentences’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Kinds of sentence (yêø£´+˝Àì s¡ø±\T) [III classification]
Sentence qT ‘clause’ Ä<Ûës¡+>± ª3μ s¡ø±\T>± eØZø£]+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Simple sentence (kÕ<Ûës¡D yêø£´+)
2. Complex sentence (dü+•¢wüº yêø£´+)
3. Compound sentence (dü+j·TTø£Ô yêø£´+)
1. Simple sentence :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇπø ˇø£ÿ Main clause qT ø£*– ñqï yêø±´ìï ‘Simple sentence’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The Simple sentence is a sentence which has only one main clause.
$es¡D : Simple sentence nH˚~ ˇπø ˇø£ÿ ‘main clause’ ì ø£*– ñ+&ç <ëì‘√bÕ≥T>± eTs=ø£ phrase qT ø£*–
ñ+&Ée#·TÃ ˝Ò<ë ˝Òø£b˛e#·TÃ. nq>± Simple sentence q+<äT ˇø£ subject eT]j·TT ˇø£ predicate ñ+{≤sTT. Simple
sentence ˝À πøe\+ ˇø£ÿ verb e÷Á‘·y˚T ñ+≥T+~.
Examples :
1. The children are playing with toys.
Ä |æ\¢\T u§eTà\‘√ Ä&ÉT‘·THêïs¡T.
2. Sumathi drew a diagram.
düTeT‹ ˇø£ u§eTàì ^dæ+~.
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Examples :
3. Archana watched the movie.
ns¡Ãq Ä dæìe÷ì #·÷dæ+~.
4. They danced well.
yês¡T u≤>± Hê≥´+#˚XÊs¡T.
5. Being sick, she didn’t come to school.
»ãT“|ü&çq+<äTq ÄyÓT ã&çøÏ sê˝Ò<äT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï Hê\T>∑T yêø±´\˝Àq÷ yêø±´ìø=ø£ verb e÷Á‘·y˚T ñHêïsTT.
eT]j·TT á yêø±´\˝À ˇø=ÿø£ÿ{Ï #=|ü⁄Œq Main clause \T ñHêïsTT. ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ˇø£ verb eT]j·TT ˇø£ Main
caluse eT]j·TT ˇø£ phrase \T ñHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á yêø±´\ìï+{Ï˙ ≈£L&Ü ‘Simple sentences’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
2. Complex sentence :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ Main clause qT, ˇø£{Ï ˝Ò<ë n+‘·ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe Sub-ordinate clause \qT ø£*– ñqï yêø±´ìï
‘Complex sentence’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The complex sentence is a sentence which has one main clause and one or more sub-
ordinate clauses.
$es¡D : Complex senence ˝À verb \T ¬s+&ÉT ˝Ò<ë n+‘·ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe ñ+{≤sTT. ˇø£ verb Main clause
˝Àq÷ $T–*q$ Sub-ordinate clauses ˝Àq÷ ñ+{≤sTT. Ç≥Te+{Ï yêø±´\qT ‘Complex sentences’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. If you are sincere, you will get good life.

˙e⁄ ìC≤sTTr|üs¡T&çyÓ’‘˚, ˙e⁄ eT+∫ J$‘êìï bı+<äT‘êe⁄.
2. She said that she would go to London.
ÄyÓT #Ó|æŒ+~ @+≥+fÒ ÄyÓT \+&ÉHé yÓfiÀÔ+<äì.
3. Rajesh bought a car because he was rich.
sêCÒwt <Ûäqe+‘·T&Ó’q+<äTq (n‘·&ÉT) ø±s¡Tø=Hêï&ÉT.
4. The stranger asked me where I was working.
Ä n|ü]∫‘·T&ÉT qqTï n&ç>±&ÉT H˚qT mø£ÿ&É |üì#˚düTÔHêïH√qì.
5. If our team had played well, we would have won the match.
eTq {°eTT u≤>± Ä&ç ñ+fÒ, eTq+ Ä e÷´#YqT ¬>*∫ ñ+&˚yêfi¯fl+.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ ˇø£≥e, nsTT<äe yêø±´\˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï$>± Sub-ordinate clause
\q÷ ¬s+&Ée$>± Main clause \q÷ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT. ¬s+&Ée, eT÷&Ée eT]j·TT Hê\Ze yêø±´\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï$>± Main
clause \q÷ ¬s+&Ée$>± Subordinate clause \q÷ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~. nq>± Á|ür yêø£´+˝Àq÷ ˇø£ Main
clause eT]j·TT ˇø£ Subordinate clause \T ñ+&É&+
É >∑eTì+#·e#·TÃ. n+<äTe\q á yêø±´\qT ‘Complex Sentences’
nì n+{≤s¡T.
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3. Compound sentence :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ¬s+&ÉT ˝Ò<ë n+‘·ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe Main clause \qT ø£*– ñqï yêø±´ìï ‘Compound sentence’ nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The Compound sentence is a sentence which has two or more main clauses.
$es¡D : Compound sentence ˝À Verb \T ¬s+&ÉT ˝Ò<ë n+‘·ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe ñ+{≤sTT. Bì˝À ñqï clause \T
n˙ï ≈£L&Ü ‘Main clause’ ˝Ò nsTT ñ+{≤sTT. á yêø£´+˝À phrases >±˙ ˝Ò<ë subordinate clauses >±˙ ñ+&Ée⁄.
Examples :
1. Ravi is a rich person so he could buy two cars.

s¡$ <Ûäìø£yÓTÆq e´øÏÔ ø±e⁄q n‘·&ÉT ¬s+&ÉT ø±s¡¢qT ø=q>∑*>±&ÉT.
2. Sushma read well but she didn’t get good marks.
düTwüà u≤>± #·~$+~ ø±˙ ÄyÓT eT+∫e÷s¡Tÿ\T bı+<ä˝Ò<äT.
3. She went to Lucknow and met her friend.
ÄyÓT \ø√ï yÓ[¢ ‘·q jÓTTø£ÿ ùdïVæ≤‘·Tsê*ï ø£*dæ+~.
4. Do your work otherwise you will be punished.
˙e⁄ ˙ |üì #˚düTø√ n≥T¢ø±q≥¢sTT‘˚ ˙e⁄ •øÏå+|üã&É‘êe⁄.
5. Go fast or you will miss the bus.
y˚>∑+>± yÓfi¯ófl ˝Ò<ë ˙e⁄ ãdüT‡qT ø√˝ÀŒ‘êe⁄.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ nìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ ¬s+&˚dæ Main clauses #=|ü⁄Œq ñHêïsTT. á ¬s+&˚dæ
Main clause \÷ ˇø=ÿø£ÿ word ‘√ ø£\T|üã&ç ñHêïsTT. Clause øÏ ˇø£ verb #=|ü⁄Œq yêø±´ìøÏ ¬s+&ÉT verbs ñHêïsTT.
n+<äTe\q á yêø±´\qT ‘Compound Sentences’ nì n+{≤s¡T.

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6. Punctuation Marks ($sêeT ∫Vü‰ï\T)
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø±´ìøÏ düŒwüºyÓTÆq nsêúìï n+~+#·&É+ ø√dü+ yêø£´+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ >∑Ts¡TÔ\H˚ ‘Punctuation
marks’ nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The mark which is used to give perfect meaning to sentence is called a 'punctuation
mark'.
$es¡D : yêø£éTTqT e÷{≤¢&TÉ ‘·Tqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT mø£ÿ&É ÄbÕ˝À mø£ÿ&É |üP]Ô>± eTT–+#ê˝À yÓTT<ä˝q’… $wüj÷· \qT e÷{≤¢&r˚ s¡Tì
ã{Ïº nq>± ñ#êÃs¡D˝À bÂq'|ü⁄qéTT e÷s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·Te#·TÃ. ø±ì Ä düŒwüºyÓTÆq nsêúìï Áyêùd≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT
n+~+#·&É+ ø√dü+ 'Punctuation marks' ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉTqT.
Examples :
1. No one can stop him.

n‘·ìï @ ˇø£ÿs¡÷ Ä|ü˝Òs¡T.
No, one can stop him.
˝Ò<äT, n‘·ìï ˇø£ÿπs Ä|ü>∑\s¡T.
2. No man should be poor.
@ eTìwæ ≈£L&Ü ù|<äyêì>± ñ+&É≈£L&É<äT.
No, man should be poor.
˝Ò<äT, eTìwæ ù|<äyêì>±H˚ ñ+&Ü*.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï ñ<ëVü≤s¡D˝À ',' nH˚ >∑Ts¡TÔqT yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À
ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·øb£ ˛e&É+ e\q bı+~q nsêúìøÏ e´‹πsø±sêúìï s¬ +&Ée yêø£´+˝À ',' qT ñ+#·&+É e\q bı+<ëeTT. n<˚$<Û+ä >±
¬s+&Ée ñ<ëVü≤s¡D˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø±´ìøÏ |üP]Ô e´‹πsø±sêúìï ¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À ',' qT ñ+#·&É+ <ë«sê bı+<ëeTT. nq>±
πøe\+ ',' nH˚ >∑Ts¡TÔ <ë«sêH˚ ns¡ú+˝Àì e´‘ê´kÕìï bı+<ä>∑*>±eTT.
F Kinds of punctuation marks
Punctuation marks ˝À eTTK´+>± ª12μ s¡ø±\T >∑\e⁄.
n$ :
1. Full stop (.) 2. Comma (,) 3. Question mark (?)
4. Exclamation mark (!) 5. Interrogation and Exclamation mark (?!)
6. Inverted commas or Quotation marks ( " ") 7. Apostrophe (')
8. Colon (:) 9. Semicolon (;) 10. Dash (–)
11. Hyphern (-) 12. Brackets ( )
Ç$ ø±≈£î+&Ü slash (/), Double slash (//) e+{Ï yê{Ïì ≈£L&Ü yêø±´\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–düTÔ+{≤s¡T.
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F Usage of Punctuation marks
1. Full stop (.) :
F Sentence |üPs¡ÔsTTq ‘·s¡Tyê‘· full stop (.) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
Suma didn't come to school yesterday. düTeT ìqï ã&çøÏ sê˝Ò<äT.
F Ç+{Ïù|s¡TqT dü÷∫+#˚ ˇø£ÿ nø£åsêH˚ï Áyêdæq|ü⁄&ÉT <ëì yÓ+≥H˚ full stop (.) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
N . Taraka Rama Rao mHé. ‘ês¡ø£ sêe÷sêe⁄.
F Abbreviations nq>± dü+øÏå|üÔ s¡÷bÕ\qT Áyêdæq|ü⁄&ÉT yê{Ï dü+ã+~Û‘· nø£åsê\≈£î eT<Ûä´q full stop (.) ì
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
I.P.S ◊.|æ.j·Tdt
F es¡Tdü>± e#˚Ã Numbers, letters qT dü÷∫düTÔqï|ü⁄&ÉT yê{Ï eT<Ûä´q full stop (.) qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
A.B.C.D.E. ..... 1.2.3.4.5. .....
F düeTj·÷ìï dü÷∫+#˚≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT >∑+≥\≈£î, ì$TcÕ\≈£î eT<Ûä´ e´‘ê´kÕìï #·÷|ü&ÜìøÏ fullstop (.) qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
8.20 pm
2. Comma (,) :
F ˇø£ sentence ˝À |ü<ë\qT y˚s¡T#˚j·T&ÜìøÏ comma (,) qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
Swathi is beautiful, clever and obedient.
kÕ«‹ n+<äyÓTÆq~, ‘Ó*yÓ’q~ eT]j·TT nD≈£îe>∑\~.
F Subject qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*ù| phrase qT Ä subject ≈£î Á|üø£ÿH˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT yê{Ï eT<Ûä´q comma (,) qT
Example :
Y.S.R , the C.M. of A.P died. yÓ’.j·Tdt.ÄsY , Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ eTTKéT+Á‹ #·ìb˛j·÷s¡T.
F ˇø£] e<ä› $qï yêø±´ìï n<˚$<Ûä+>± n‘·ì e÷≥˝À¢H˚ #Ó|æŒq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä yêø£´+˝À Comma (,) qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
Rahul said, "I am an engineer".
sêVüQ˝Ÿ #ÓbÕŒ&ÉT, ªªH˚qT ˇø£ Ç+»˙s¡Tìμμ.
F ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À Subordinate clause ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT Ä clause øÏ ∫es¡q Comma (,) qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
If you work hard , you will succeed. ˙e⁄ ø£wüº|ü&ç |üì#˚ùdÔ , ˙e⁄ $»j·T+ bı+<äT‘êe⁄.
F dü+e‘·‡s¡+ qT+∫ ‘˚B ˝Ò<ë HÓ\qT $&ÉBdæ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ Comma (,) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
Aug 15 , 1947.
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F Verb qT e<ä*ô|{Ïº n<˚ verb ns¡ú+ e#˚Ã≥≥T¢ <ëìøÏã<äT\T>± Comma (,) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
He is Intelligent , his brother ignorant. n‘·&ÉT ‘Ó*yÓ’qyê&ÉT , n‘·ì k˛<äs¡T&ÉT ne÷j·T≈£î&ÉT.
F Subject qT yêø£´+˝À nH˚ø£kÕs¡T¢ Áyêj·Tqø£ÿπs¢≈£î+&Ü Comma (,) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
Swetha went to school , learnt a lesson and came back.
X‚«‘· ã&çøÏ yÓ[¢ , bÕsƒ¡+ H˚s¡TÃ≈£îì eT]j·TT yÓqøÏÿ e∫Ã+~.
F ˇø£ e´øÏÔ ù|s¡Tì n‘·ì $<ë´s¡Ω‘· qT+&ç y˚s¡T#˚j·T&ÜìøÏ Comma (,) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. eT]j·TT Ä &çÁ^\qT yê{Ï˝À
yê{Ïì y˚s¡T|üs¡#·&ÜìøÏ ≈£L&Ü Comma (,) H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
Dr. Rajasekhar , M.B.B.S , F.R.C.S
F ∫s¡THêe÷qT ÁyêdüTÔqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT |ü<ë\qT y˚s¡T|üs¡#·&ÜìøÏ Comma (,) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.

Example :
Mr. RajaRao ,
(S/o) Krishna Rao ,
Gajuwaka , Vizag.
F ñ‘·Ôs¡+ eTT–düTÔqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT eTT–+|ü⁄˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ dü+ã+<Ûä|ü<ä+ ∫es¡q Comma (,) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.

Example :
Yours lovingly, (˙ jÓTTø£ÿ Á|æj·TyÓTÆq)
F dü+K´˝À kÕúHê\qT y˚s¡T|üs¡#·&ÜìøÏ 'Comma (,)' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
20,000
3. Question mark (?)

F Á|üX¯ï\qT dü÷∫+#˚ yêø±´\qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT Ä yêø±´ìøÏ ∫es¡q Question mark (?) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
Why are you looking ? ˙e⁄ m+<äT≈£î #·÷düTÔHêïe⁄ ?
4. Exclamation mark (!) :
F eTH√uÛ≤yê\qT e´ø£Ô+#˚ùd yêø±´\≈£î ∫es¡q Exclamation mark (!) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
What a genius he is ! n‘·&ÉT @$T ‘Ó*yÓ’q e´øÏÔ !
F Äosê«<ëìï ‘Ó*|æq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä |ü<ëìøÏ ∫es¡q Exclamation mark (!) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
May God bless you ! <˚e⁄&ÉT ìqTï B$+#·T>±ø£ !
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F ˇø£ word ì dü+uÀ~Ûdü÷Ô ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT nq>± |æ\TdüTÔqï|ü⁄&ÉT Ä word øÏ ∫es¡q Exclamation mark (!) ì
Example :
O my friend ! I don't leave you. z Hê ùdïVæ≤‘·T&Ü ! H˚qT ìqTï e<ä*ô|≥ºqT.
5. Interrogation and Exclamation mark (?!)
F ÄX¯Ãs¡´+‘√ ≈£L&çq Á|üX¯ïqT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*ù| yêø±´ìï ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT Ä yêø£´+ ∫es¡q Interrogation and
Exclamation mark (?!) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
What kind of mad is this ?! Ç<˚+ s¡ø£+ |æ∫Ã ?!
6. Inverted Commas (" ") :
F ˇø£ e´øÏÔ e÷≥*ï j·T<Ûë$~Û>± #Ó|æŒq|ü⁄&ÉT nq>± Á|ü‘·´ø£å ø£<∏äq+˝À Ä yêø±´ìï Inverted commas (" ") ˝À ñ+#·T‘ês¡T.
Example :
Praveen said "Please close the book." Á|üMDY #ÓbÕŒ&ÉT ªª<äj·T#˚dæ Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ eTTsTT´.μμ
F >∑eTì+#·e\dæq yêø±´ìï Inverted commas ˝À ñ+#·T‘ês¡T.
Example :
"Life is not a bed of roses." ªªJ$‘·+ nH˚~ |üP\bÕqTŒ ø±<äT.μμ
F >∑eTì+#·<ä–q yêø±´\T ˇø£<ëì˝À ˇø£{Ï nq>± ¬s+&ÉT ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yê{Ï˝À ˇø£{Ï Double inverted
commas (" ") ˝Àq÷, ¬s+&Ée~ single inverted commas (' ') ˝Àq÷ ñ+#·T‘ês¡T.
Example :
Sumathi said to her brother "Chintu !' Hard work makes man great'."
düTeT‹ ÄyÓT k˛<äs¡TìøÏ #Ó|æŒ+~ ªª∫+≥÷ !μ ÁX¯eT eTìwæì >=|üŒyêDÏí #˚düTÔ+~μ.μμ
7. Apostrophe (') :
F ˇø£ |ü<ä+˝À qT+∫ nø£åsê\qT ‘=\–+∫ yê{ÏkÕúH˚ Apostrophe (') ì ñ+#·T‘ês¡T.
Example :
not = n't
F ˇø£ edüTÔe⁄ ˇø£]øÏ #Ó+~q<äì dü÷∫+#˚≥|ü⁄&ÉT Apostrophe (') ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
Suma's book. düTeT jÓTTø£ÿ |ü⁄düÔø£+.
F n+¬ø\ jÓTTø£ÿ ãVüQe#·qeTTqT ‘Ó*ù|≥|ü⁄&ÉT nq>± mø£ÿeTT\ j·T+<äT Apostrophe (') ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
Two 5's are 10.
8. Colon ( : ) :
Ex : ˇø£<ëìì >∑T]+∫ $e]+#·&ÜìøÏ Ä |ü<ëìï Áyêdæ <ëì Á|üø£ÿq colon (:) qT ñ+∫ ÁøÏ+~ uÛ≤>∑+˝À <ëìï
>∑T]+∫ $e]kÕÔs¡T. Example :
Subject : ø£s¡Ô :
F ¬s+&ÉT Á|üø£≥q\qT y˚s¡T|üs¡#·&ÜìøÏ colon (:) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
She likes him : He is a great one. ÄyÓT n‘·ìï Çwüº|ü&ÉT‘·T+~ : n‘·&ÉT >=|üŒyê&ÉT.
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9. Semi colon (;) :
F ˇø£ $wüj·÷ìï #ÓãT‘·Tqï|ü⁄&ÉT <ëìøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫ ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´\qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø±´ìï ø±düÔ Ä|æ
¬s+&Ée yêø±´ìï #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ semi colon (;) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
He felt thirsty then ; and bought a water bottle.
n‘·&ÉT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT <ëVü≤+ bı+<ë&ÉT ; eT]j·TT ˇø£ ˙fi¯fl d”kÕ ø=Hêï&ÉT.
10. Dash (–) :
F Ä˝À#·q nø£kÕà‘·TÔ>± e÷]q|ü⁄&ÉT Ä $wüj·÷ìï e÷≥\˝À e´ø£Ô|üs¡∫q|ü⁄&ÉT <ëìì Áyêj·Te\dæq dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À Dash
(–) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
If I am C.M – but it is waste to think. H˚qT eTTKéT+Á‹ nsTT‘˚ ` nsTTHê Ç~ Ä˝À∫+#·&É+ nqedüs¡+.
F dü>∑+˝ÀH˚ e<ä*ô|{Ïºq≥T¢ nì|æ+#˚ yêø£éTTqT ‹]– ø=qkÕ–+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT Dash (–) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
Teachers, students and parents – all attended there.
ñbÕ<Ûë´j·TT\T, $<ë´s¡Tú\T eT]j·TT ‘·*¢<ä+Á&ÉT\T ` n+<äs¡÷ nø£ÿ&çøÏ Vü‰»s¡j·÷´s¡T.
F ˇø£ >=|üŒ $wüj·÷ìï #Ó|æŒ, n~ #Ó|æŒq e´øÏÔ ù|s¡Tì #Ó|æŒq|ü⁄&ÉT Dash (–) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
"All the world is a stage" – Shakespheare. ªªá Á|ü|ü+#·eT+‘ê Hê≥ø£s¡+>∑+μμ – ùwø˘dæŒj·TsY
F ˇø£ ø±\eé~Ûì nq>± ˇø£ ì]›wüºø±\+ qT+∫ eTs=ø£ ì]›wüºø±\+ es¡≈£L nH˚<ëìì >∑Ts¡TÔ‘√ dü÷∫+#·&ÜìøÏ Dash (–) ì yê&É‘ês¡T.
Example :
1947 – 2010
11. Hyphen (-) :
F Compound words ˝À |ü<ë\qT ˇø£ |ü<ä+>± #˚s¡Ã&ÜìøÏ Hyphen (-) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Ç~ Dash e˝ÒH˚
ñ+&ÉTqT. ø±˙ bı&Ée⁄˝À <ëìø£+fÒ ‘·≈£îÿyÓ’q~.
Example :
Son-in-law
(n\T¢&ÉT)
F <äXÊu≤›\qT e÷{\˝À ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ |ü<ë\ eT<Ûä´q Hyphen (–) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
The fifteen-seventies. |ü~ùV≤qT e+<ä\ ` &Óã“j·Té <äXÊã›+.
F uÛ≤>±ìï ‘Ó\T|ü⁄q|ü⁄&ÉT Ä |ü<ë\ eT<Ûä´q Hyphen (-) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
1
one-third part. e uÛ≤>∑+.
3
F |ü<ë\qT Äj·÷ ‘·s¡Vü‰qT ã{Ïº es¡Tdü>± Áyêdæq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä »+≥|ü<ë\ eT<Ûä´q Hyphen (-) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
Student-learning; teacher-teaching. $<ë´]ú`nuÛ≤´düq— ñbÕ<Ûë´j·TT&ÉTùÀ<Ûäq.
12. Brackets ( ) :
F ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À Ä yêø£´ ìsêàD≤ìøÏ nqedüs¡eTsTT Ä yêø£´ nsêúìï eT]+‘· $|ü⁄©ø£]+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ |ü<ë\ì
ñ+#·&ÜìøÏ Brackets ( ) ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
We went to Singapore in 2000. (I was fifteen then) y˚TeTT 2000 ˝À dæ+>∑|Pü sY yÓfi≤¢eTT. (n|ü⁄&ÉT Hê ej·TdüT‡ 15)
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7. Parts of Speech (uÛ≤cÕuÛ≤>±\T)
ìs¡«#·q+ : Ç+^¢wüß uÛ≤wü˝À >∑\ $$<Ûä uÛ≤>±\qT 'Parts of Speech' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The parts of English language are called the 'Parts of Speech'.
$es¡D : Á|ür uÛ≤wü˝Àq÷ ≈£L&Ü ªuÛ≤cÕuÛ≤>±\Tμ nH˚$ ñ+{≤sTT. nq>± yÓTT‘·+Ô uÛ≤wüqT ø=ìï uÛ≤>±\T>± $uÛõÑ +#·T‘ês¡T.
á uÛ≤cÕuÛ≤>±\H˚ Ç+^¢wüß˝À 'Parts of speech' nì n+<äTs¡T. Bì Á|üø±s¡+ uÛ≤wü˝Àì @ ∫qï word ì rdüT≈£îHêï düπs
n~ á Parts of speech ˝Àì @<√ <ëìøÏ #Ó+~q<Ó’ ñ+≥T+~. yê´ø£s¡D≤ìï (Grammar) ≈£åîDí+>± n<Ûä´j·Tq+
#˚j·T&ÜìøÏ á 'Parts of speech' m+‘√ nedüs¡+.
PARTS OF SPEECH IN ENGLISH
Ç+^¢wüß uÛ≤wü˝À 'Parts of speech' yÓTT‘·Ô+ ª8μ ñ+{≤sTT.
n$ : 1. Noun (HêeTyê#·ø£+) 2. Pronoun (düs¡«HêeT+)
3. Adjective ($X‚wüD+) 4. Verb (ÁøÏj·T)
5. Adverb (ÁøÏj·÷$X‚wüD+) 6. Preposition ($uÛÑøÏÔ Á|ü‘·´j·TeTT)
7. Conjunction (düeTT#·Ã¤j·TeTT) 8. Interjection (ÄX¯Ãsê´s¡ú≈£eTT)
>∑eTìø£ : á 'Parts of Speech' mì$T~+{Ï˝Àq÷ eT]ø=ìï s¡ø±\T >∑\e⁄. M≥ìï+{Ï˙ ≈£åîDí+>± n<Ûä´j·Tq+
#˚j·T&É+ e\q á 'topic' ì |üP]Ô>± H˚s¡TÃø√e#·TÃ.
1. Noun
F ªù|s¡Tμì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT word ì 'Noun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
F ˇø£ e´øÏÔ ù|s¡Tì >±˙, »+‘·Te⁄ ù|s¡Tì >±˙, eèø£åeTT\ ù|s¡¢ì >±˙, ø°≥ø±\ ù|s¡¢qT >±˙, Á|ü<˚X¯eTT\ ù|s¡¢qT >±˙,
edüTÔe⁄\ ù|s¡¢qT >±˙, eè‘·TÔ\ ù|s¡¢qT >±˙, eTH√uÛ≤yê\ ù|s¡¢qT >±˙ á $<Ûä+>± @<Ó’Hê ù|s¡TqT ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT
'word' H˚ 'Noun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Praveen (Á|üMDY) 14. snake (bÕeTT)

2. Aruna (ns¡TD) 15. Singapore (dæ+>∑|üPsY)
3. man (eTìwæ) 16. India (Ç+&çj·÷)
4. person (e´øÏÔ) 17. book (|ü⁄düÔø£+)
5. animal (»+‘·Te⁄) 18. axe (>=&É¶*)
6. brute (eTè>∑eTT) 19. temple (>∑T&ç)
7. cow (Äe⁄) 20. farmer (¬s’‘·T)
8. lion (dæ+Vü≤eTT)
21. student ($<ë´]ú)
9. peacock (HÓeT*)
22. washerman (#êø£*)
10. hen (ø√&çô|≥º)
23. love (Áù|eT)
11. bird (|üøÏå)
24. anger (ø√|ü+)
12. tree (#Ó≥Tº)
25. boyhood (u≤\´+) etc.
13. fly (á>∑)

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2. Pronoun
F ù|s¡TøÏ nq>± 'Noun' øÏ ã<äT\T>± yê&˚<ëìì 'Pronoun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
F ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À ˇø£ e´øÏÔì >∑T]+∫ nH˚ø£kÕs¡T¢ #ÓbÕŒ*‡e∫Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT ù|s¡TH˚ |ü<˚|ü<˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ ø£+fÒ Ä ù|s¡T≈£î
ã<äT\T>± ns¡+ú e÷s¡≈î£ +&Ü ˇø£ |ü<ëìï ñ|üj÷Ó –ùdÔ u≤>∑T+≥T+~. Ä $<Û+ä >± ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·ã&˚ 'word' H˚ 'pronoun'
nì n+{≤s¡T. 'Pro' nq>± ªã<äT\T>±μ n˙, 'Noun' nq>± ªHêeTyê#·ø£+μ n˙ ns¡ú+.
Examples :
1. sêeTT ˇø£ eT+∫ u≤\T&ÉT. sêeTT u≤>± #·<äTe⁄‘ê&ÉT. sêeTT Á|ü‹s√p ã&çøÏ yÓfi≤Ô&ÉT.
Ramu is a good boy. Ramu studies well. Ramu goes to school daily.
á yêø£éTT\qT >∑eTìùdÔ ªsêeTTμ nH˚ u≤\Tì >∑T]+∫ #Ó|Œü &É+ ø√dü+ Á|ü‹ yêø£´+˝Àq÷ n‘·ì ù|s¡TH˚ ñ|üj÷Ó –+#êeTT.
ø±˙ @ uÛ≤wü˝Àq÷ á $<Ûä+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·s¡T. á ÁøÏ+~ yêø£´+ >∑eTì+#·+&ç.
2. sêeTT ˇø£ eT+∫ u≤\T&ÉT. n‘·&ÉT u≤>± #·<äTe⁄‘ê&ÉT. n‘·&ÉT Á|ü‹s√p ã&çøÏ yÓfi≤Ô&ÉT.
Ramu is a good boy. He studies well. He goes to school daily.
á yêø±´*ï >∑eTìùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ªsêeTTμ jÓTTø£ÿ ù|s¡Tì ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫ $T–*q ¬s+&ç+{Ï˝Àq÷ 'He (n‘·&ÉT)' nH˚
'word' ì ù|s¡TøÏ ã<äT\T>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT. n+<äTe\q á word ì 'pronoun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
List of All pronouns : 19. it (Bìï, BìøÏ / <ëìï, <ëìøÏ)

1. I (H˚qT) 20. that (<ëìï / <ëìøÏ)
2. we (y˚TeTT / eTqeTT) 21. this (Bìï / BìøÏ)

22. them (yê]ì, yê]øÏ / yê{Ïì, yê{ÏøÏ / M{Ïì, M{ÏøÏ)
3. you (˙e⁄)
23. those (yê{Ïì / yê{ÏøÏ)
4. you (MTs¡T)
24. these (M{Ïì / M{ÏøÏ)
5. he (n‘·&ÉT)
25. mine (Hê~)
6. she (ÄyÓT)
26. ours (eTq~ / e÷~)
7. it (n~ / Ç~) 27. yours (˙~)
8. that (n~) 28. yours (MT~)
9. this (Ç~) 29. his (n‘·ì~)
10. they (yês¡T / n$ / Ç$) 30. hers (ÄyÓT~)
11. those (n$) 31. theirs (yê]~ / yê{Ï~ / M{Ï~)
12. these (Ç$) 32. myself (Hê≈£î H˚qT>±, qqTï H˚qT)
33. ourselves (e÷≈£î y˚TeTT>±, eTeTà*ï y˚TeTT)
13. me (qqTï / Hê≈£î)
34. yourself (ìqTï ˙e⁄, ˙≈£î ˙e⁄>±)
14. us (eTeTà*ï, e÷≈£î / eTq*ï, eTq≈£î)
35. yourselves ($TeTà*ï MTs¡T, MT≈£î MTs¡T>±)
15. you (ìqTï / ˙≈£î)
36. himself (n‘·ìøÏ n‘·qT>±, n‘·ìï n‘·qT)
16. you ($TeTTà / MT≈£î)
37. herself (ÄyÓTøÏ ÄyÓT>±, ÄyÓTqT ÄyÓT)
17. him (n‘·ìï / n‘·ìøÏ) 38. itself (<ëìøÏ n~>±, <ëìì n~)
18. her (ÄyÓTì / ÄyÓTøÏ) 39. themselves (yê]øÏ yês¡T>±, yê]ì yês¡T)
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English uÛ≤wü˝Àì kÕ<Ûës¡D 'Pronouns yÓTT‘·Ô+ Çy˚. á '39' words H˚ kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± Pronouns >± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Ç$
ø±≈£î+&Ü eT]ø=ìï nkÕ<Ûës¡D Pronouns ñ+{≤sTT. Ç$ yêø£´+˝À Pronouns >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq kÕ<Ûës¡D düTHê$T.
>∑eTìø£ : My, our, your, his, her, Its eT]j·TT Their \T Pronoun \ qT+∫ @s¡Œ&çq words nsTTq|üŒ{ÏøÏ˙ Ç$
pronouns ø±e⁄. M{Ïì 'Adjectives' n+{≤s¡T.
3. Adjective
F 'Noun' ˝Ò<ë 'Pronoun' \qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT 'word' ì 'Adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T.
F Noun ˝Ò<ë Pronoun \ >∑TD≤ìï >∑T]+∫ >±˙, s¡+>∑Tì >∑T]+∫ >±˙, dü+K´qT >∑T]+∫ >±˙, |ü]e÷D≤ìï >∑T]+∫
>±˙ yÓTT<ä˝…’q $wüj·÷\ìï+{Ïì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd 'word' H˚ 'Adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T. nq>± 'Noun' ˝Ò<ë
Pronoun \≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q m˝≤+{Ï düe÷#êsêìï ‘Ó*ù| |ü<ëqïsTTHê düπs 'Adjective' nH˚ n+{≤s¡T.
Example :
1. Keerthi is a good girl. ø°]Ô eT+∫ u≤*ø£.
2. She is beautiful. ÄyÓT n+<äyÓTÆq~.
á s¬ +&ÉT ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ yÓTT<ä{<Ï ëì˝À 'good' nH˚ word 'Girl' nH˚ Noun jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdTü +Ô ~.
n˝≤π> ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À 'Beautiful' nH˚~ 'she' nH˚ pronoun jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. n+<äTe\q á words
¬s+&ç+{Ï˙ 'Adjectives' nì n+{≤s¡T. Adjective kÕúq+˝À kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± 'Noun' eTT+<äT m≈£îÿe>± ø£ìŒdüTÔ+~.
Example :
1. good (eT+∫) 10. few (ø=~›) 19. a (ˇø£)

2. bad (#Ó&É¶) 11. some (ø=ìï) 20. the (Ä / á)
3. nice (#·ø£ÿì) 12. large (ô|<ä›<Ó’q) 21. that (Ä)
4. ugly (n+<ä$ø±s¡yÓTÆq) 13. tall (bı&ÉyÓ’q) 22. this (á)
5. brave (<ÛÓ’s¡´+>∑\) 14. thin (|ü\T#·ì) 23. those (Ä)
6. foolish (eT÷s¡â‘·«+ >∑\) 15. my (HêjÓTTø£ÿ) 24. these (á)
7. red (mÁs¡ì) 16. her (ÄyÓTjÓTTø£ÿ) 25. their (yê]jÓTTø£ÿ, yê{ÏjÓTTø£ÿ,
8. greenish (|ü#·Ãì) 17. your (˙ jÓTTø£ÿ) M{ÏjÓTTø£ÿ) etc.
9. two (¬s+&ÉT) 18. an (ˇø£)
>∑eTìø£ : Pronoun \ qT+∫ @s¡Œ&çq My (Hê jÓTTø£ÿ), Our (e÷ jÓTTø£ÿ, eTq jÓTTø£ÿ), Your (˙ jÓTTø£ÿ, MT
jÓTTø£ÿ), His (n‘·ì jÓTTø£ÿ), Her (ÄyÓT jÓTTø£ÿ), Its (BìjÓTTø£ÿ, <ëìjÓTTø£ÿ), Their (yê]jÓTTø£ÿ, yê{ÏjÓTTø£ÿ, M{ÏjÓTTø£ÿ)
nqT words n˙ï ≈£L&Ü yê{Ïì nqTdü]+∫ e#˚Ã Noun \qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·Tqï+<äTq M{Ïì 'Adjectives' nH˚
n+{≤s¡T. n<˚ $<Ûä+>± 'Articles' nqã&˚ An, A, The \T ≈£L&Ü 'Adjectives' j˚T ne⁄‘êsTT.
4. Verb
F ª|üìμ ì ˝Ò<ë ªdæú‹μì ˝Ò<ë ªø£*– ñqï dæú‹μì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT 'word' H˚ 'verb' nì n+{≤s¡T.
F eTq+ #˚ùd @<Ó’Hê |üìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd word ì 'verb' n+{≤s¡T. nq>± ‹q&É+, Ä&É&É+, #·<äe&É+ e+{Ï
nìïs¡ø±\ |üqT\qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd words ˙ ˝Ò<ë ªø£*–j·TT+&É&É+μ nH˚ dæú‹ì ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd word ˙ ˝Ò<ë
ªñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì dæú‹ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd word ˙ ≈£L&Ü 'verb' nH˚ n+{≤s¡T.
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Examples :
1. We watched a new movie.
y˚TeTT ˇø£ Áø=‘·Ô dæìe÷ì #·÷XÊeTT.
2. I have a car.
H˚qT ˇø£ ø±s¡Tì ø£*– ñHêïqT.
3. She is a singer.
ÄyÓT ˇø£ >±j·Tì nsTTñqï~.
á eT÷&ÉT yêø±´\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'watched' nH˚~ ª#·÷&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì, ¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À 'have' nH˚~ ªø£*–
ñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì, eT÷&Ée yêø£´+˝À 'is' nH˚~ ªñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á 'words' ì
'verbs' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. write (Áyêj·T&É+) 11. fly (m>∑s¡&É+)
2. go (yÓfi¯¢&É+) 12. drink (Á‘ê>∑&É+)
3. play (Ä&É&É+) 13. weep (@&Ée&É+)
4. do (#Ój·T´&É+) 14. run (|ü]¬>‘·Ô&É+)
5. see (#·÷&É&É+) 15. speak (e÷{≤¢&É&É+)
6. move (ø£<ä\&É+) 16. bring (‘˚e&É+)
7. sing (bÕ&É&É+) 17. buy (ø=q&É+)
8. read (#·<äe&É+) 18. tell (#Ó|üŒ&É+)
9. eat (‹q&É+) 19. is (ñ+&É&É+)
10. wear (<Ûä]+#·&É+) 20. has (ø£*– ñ+&É&É+) etc.
>∑eTìø£ : Á|ü‹ uÛ≤wü˝Àq÷ Verb \T ø=ìï ø√≥T¢ ñ+{≤sTT. Verb nH˚~ yêø±´ìøÏ n‹eTTKýÓTÆq uÛ≤>∑+. Verb ˝Òì<˚
yêø±´ìøÏ ns¡+ú eT]j·TT ìsêàD+ s¬ +&É÷ ≈£L&Ü ñ+&Ée⁄. ø±e⁄q Verb nH˚~ yêø£´+˝À ø°\ø£bÕÁ‘· eVæ≤düT+Ô <äì ns¡eú Te⁄‘·T+~.
5. Adverb
F Verb qT >∑T]+∫ >±˙, Adjective qT >∑T]+∫ >±˙ eTs=ø£ Adverb qT >∑T]+∫ >±˙ düe÷#êsêìï ‘Ó*ù| <ëìH˚
'Adverb' nì n+{≤s¡T.
F Verb ˝Ò<ë Adjective ˝Ò<ë Adverb \ jÓTTø£ÿ rs¡Tì, kÕúsTTì eT]j·TT düeTj·÷ìï yÓTT<ä˝…’q yê{Ïì >∑T]+∫
$e]+#˚ <ëìH˚ 'Adverb' nì n+<äTs¡T. nq>± á eT÷&ç+{ÏøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q m˝≤+{Ï düe÷#êsêìï ‘Ó*ù|<ëìHÓH’ ê
'Adverb' nH˚ n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. That horse runs slowly. Ä >∑TÁs¡+ HÓeTà~>± |ü]¬>&ÉT‘·T+~.
2. She is a very clever girl. ÄyÓT #ê˝≤ ‘Ó*yÓ’q u≤*ø£ nsTTñqï~.
3. They talked very slowly. yês¡T #ê˝≤ HÓeTà~>± e÷{≤¢&Üs¡T.

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á eT÷&ÉT ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT >∑eTìùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'slowly' nH˚~ ª|ü]¬>‘·Ô&É+μ nH˚ verb jÓTTø£ÿ y˚>±ìï nq>±
rs¡Tì ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. n˝≤π> ¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À 'Very' nH˚~ 'clever' nH˚ Adjective jÓTTø£ÿ kÕúsTTì ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~.
eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'Very' nH˚~ 'slowly' nH˚ Adverb jÓTTø£ÿ kÕúsTTì ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. n+<äTe\q á words ì
'Adverbs' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. very (#ê˝≤) 11. secondly (¬s+&ÉekÕ]>±)

2. slowly (HÓeTà~>±) 12. often (‘·s¡#·T>±)
3. quickly (y˚>∑+>±) 13. completely (|üP]Ô>±)
4. too (#ê˝≤) 14. permanently (XÊX¯«‘·+>±)
5. fast (y˚>∑+>±) 15. early (‘=+<äs¡>±)
6. immediately (yÓ+≥H˚) 16. soon (‘=+<äs¡˝À)
7. yesterday (ìqï) 17. now (Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT)
8. foolishly (eT÷s¡â+>±) 18. then (n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT)
9. much (m≈£îÿe>±) 19. clearly (düŒwüº+>±)
10. firstly (yÓTT<ä{Ï>±) 20. really (ì»+>±) etc.
>∑eTìø£ : Adverb \˝À n‘·´~Ûø£+>± nìï words ≈£L&Ü ∫es¡q 'ly' ‘√ eTT>∑TkÕÔsTT. ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À düeTj·÷ìï,
rs¡Tì, Á|ü<˚XÊìï >∑T]+∫ dü÷∫+#˚ yê{Ïì ≈£L&Ü 'Adverbs' nì n+{≤s¡T.
6. Preposition
F Noun ˝Ò<ë Pronoun øÏ eTT+<äT ñ+&ç Ç‘·s¡ words ‘√ <ëìøÏ >∑\ dü+ã+<Ûëìï ‘Ó*ù| word H˚ 'Preposition'
nì n+{≤s¡T.
F Preposition nq>± 'Pre' n+fÒ 'eTT+<äT' n˙ eT]j·TT 'Position' n+fÒ 'kÕúq+'˝À nì ns¡+
ú . nq>± Preposition
n+fÒ kÕúq+˝À eTT+<äT ñ+&ÉTq<äì ns¡ú+. Ç~ ¬s+&ÉT |ü<ë\ eT<Ûä´ >∑\ dü+ã+<Ûëìï ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. Ç≥Te+{Ï
words H˚ 'Prepositions' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. He stood on the bench.
n‘·&ÉT Ä ã\¢ MT<ä ì\ã&Ü¶&ÉT.
2. The baby went into the kitchen.
Ä bÕbÕsTT e+≥>∑~ ˝ÀìøÏ yÓ[¢+~.
3. The tiger jumped upon the deer.
Ä |ü⁄* Ä ˝Ò&ç MT~øÏ <ä÷øÏ+~.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D˝˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'on' nH˚~ 'bench' nH˚ noun øÏ eTT+<äTuÛ≤>∑+˝À ñ+&ç 'He' nH˚ pronoun
ø°, á noun ø° eT<Ûä´ >∑\ dü+ã+<Ûëìï ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. n˝≤π> ¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À 'into' nH˚~ 'baby' eT]j·TT 'kitchen'
nH˚ noun \ eT<Ûä´ dü+ã+<Ûëìï ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. n<˚$<Ûä+>± ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'upon' nH˚ word 'tiger' eT]j·TT 'deer'
nH˚ noun \ eT<Ûä´ dü+ã+<Ûëìï ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. n+<äTe\q á words ì 'Prepositions' nì n+{≤s¡T.
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Examples :
1. in (˝Àq) 11. since (qT+&ç)
2. on (MT<ä) 12. for (ø=s¡≈£î)
3. by (#˚‘·) 13. before (eTT+<äT)
4. near (<ä>∑Zs¡) 14. after (‘·s¡Tyê‘·)
5. with (‘√) 15. under (ÁøÏ+<ä)
6. into (˝À|ü*øÏ) 16. below (n&ÉT>∑q)
7. upon (MT~øÏ) 17. over (MT<äT>±)
8. of (jÓTTø£ÿ) 18. from (qT+∫)
9. about (>∑T]+∫) 19. at (e<ä›)
10. beyond (Äô|’q) 20. against (e´‹πsø£+>±) etc.
>∑eTìø£ : Preposition \T yê{ÏøÏ >∑\ ns¡úeTTq≈£î nqT>∑TD+>±H˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü |üP]Ô e´‹πsø£ ns¡úeTT\T>± ≈£L&Ü ø=ìï
dü+<äsê“¤\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT. á Preposition \ jÓTTø£ÿ Á|ü‘˚´ø£ dü+<äsê“¤\qT ≈£åîDí+>± H˚s¡TÃø√yê*.
7. Conjunction
F ¬s+&ÉT |ü<ë\qT >±˙, ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´\qT >±˙ ˝Ò<ë ¬s+&ÉT clause \qT >±˙ ø£*ù| words H˚ 'conjunctions' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
F Conjunction nqTq~ ¬s+&ÉT |ü<ë\qT ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ ˝Ò<ë ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´\qT ø£*|æ yê{ÏøÏ yês¡~Û>± ì\Tdü÷Ô nsêúìï
n+~+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉT‘·T+~. 'Junction' nq>± ªdü+~Ûμ nì ns¡+ú . Conjunction nqTq~ dü+~Û˝À yês¡~Û>±
ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉT‘·T+~. nq>± ø£\T|ü⁄qì ns¡ú+.
Examples :
1. Prabhu and I watched the movie.
Á|üuÛÑT eT]j·TT H˚qT Ä dæìe÷qT #·÷XÊeTT.
2. If you give me the amount, I will give it.
˙e⁄ Hê≈£î Ä &ÉãT“qT ÇùdÔ H˚qT n~ ÇkÕÔqT.
3. Ramesh is a good boy and studying 10th class.
s¡y˚Twt eT+∫ u≤\T&ÉT eT]j·TT |ü<äe‘·s¡>∑‹ #·<äTe⁄#·THêï&ÉT.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À 'and' nH˚ word Prabhu eT]j·TT I nH˚ ¬s+&ÉT words ì ø£\T|ü&ÜìøÏ,
¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À 'If' nH˚ word ¬s+&ÉT clause \ qT ø£\T|ü&ÜìøÏ eT]j·TT eT÷&Ée yêø£´+˝À 'and' nH˚~ ¬s+&ÉT
yêø±´\qT ø£\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&Ü¶sTT. n+<äTe\q á words ì 'Conjunctions' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. and (eT]j·TT) 8. therefore (ø±ã{Ïº) 15. as well as (n<˚$<Ûä+>±)
2. or (˝Ò<ë) 9. because (m+<äTø£q>±) 16. so that (ø±ã{Ïº)
3. if (nsTT‘˚) 10. hence (ø£qTø£) 17. who (me¬s’‘˚)
4. but (ø±˙) 11. as well as (n<˚$<Ûä+>±) 18. whom (me]HÓ’‘˚)
5. yet (ø±˙) 12. in spite of (nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø°) 19. why (m+<äT¬ø’‘˚)
6. so (ø±ã{Ïº) 13. even (nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø°) 20. where (mø£ÿ&Ó’‘˚) etc.
7. otherwise (ø±ìjÓT&É\) 14. though (nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø°)

52
>∑eTìø£ : who, when, where, which e+{Ï words ì 'wh' words n+{≤s¡T. ø=ìï+{Ïì Pronouns >±q÷,
eT]ø=ìï+{Ïì Adjectives >±q÷, Ç+ø=ìï+{Ïì 'Adverbs' >±q÷ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·>± nìï+{Ï˙ ≈£L&Ü Conjunctions >±
≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
8. Interjection
F eTH√uÛ≤yê\qT e´ø£Ô|üs¡#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ word H˚ 'Interjection' nì n+<äTs¡T.
F eTqdüT˝À ø£*π> ÄX¯Ãs¡´+, Äq+<ä+, ñ˝≤¢dü+ e+{Ï uÛ≤yê\qT eT]j·TT u≤<Ûä, H=|æŒ e+{Ï yê{Ïì e´ø°Ôø£]+#·&Üì¬ø’
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ |ü<ë\H˚ 'Interjections' >± ù|s=ÿ+{≤s¡T. M{ÏH˚ 'Exclamatory words' nì ≈£L&Ü n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Alas ! His daughter has died !
njÓ÷´ ! n‘·ì ≈£L‘·Ts¡T #·ìb˛sTT+<˚ !
2. Wow ! What a wonderful story !
yêyé ! m+‘·{Ï n<äT“¤‘·yÓTÆq ø£<∏√ !
3. Oh ! I forgot my textbook.
z ! H˚qT Hê |ü⁄düÔø±ìï eT]Ãb˛j·÷qT.
á yêø±´\˝À yÓTT<ä{<Ï ëì˝À 'Alas' nqT |ü<+ä u≤<Ûqä T ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ, s¬ +&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'Wow' nqT |ü<+ä dü+‘√cÕìï
‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'Oh' nqT |ü<ä+ uÛÑj·÷ìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&Ü¶sTT. n+<äTe\q á words ì
'Interjections' nì n+<äTs¡T.
Examples :
1. Hurrah ! (X¯uÛ≤wt) 7. Wow ! (yêVt≤yê)

2. Hooray ! (uÛÑfi‚) 8. Oops ! (n¬sπs)
3. Alas ! (njÓ÷´) 9. Phew ! (yêyÓ÷à)
4. Ha ! (Ä ...) 10. Tut tut ! (#Û· ... #Û·)
5. What ! (@+{°)
6. Bravo ! (uÛÑ∞)
>∑eTìø£ : Interjections ≈£î ‘Ó\T>∑T ns¡ú+ Çe«&ÜìøÏ M\e<äT. nq>± Çe˙ï πøe\+ Äj·÷ eTH√uÛ≤yê\qT
e´ø£Ô|üs¡#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êj˚T ø±˙ Á|ü‘˚´ø£yÓTÆq nsêúìï ø£*– ñ+&Ée⁄. ô|’q Çe«ã&çq nsêú\T Ä |ü<ë\ jÓTTø£ÿ
uÛ≤yêìï e÷Á‘·y˚T dü÷∫kÕÔsTT.

53
8. Noun (HêeTyê#·ø£+)
ìs¡«#·q+ : ªù|s¡Tμì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìì 'Noun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : Noun is a naming word.
$es¡D :
'Noun'
Examples :
1. Names of human beings (eTqTwüß\ ù|s¡T¢) :
6. Suma (düTeT)
1. Ravi (s¡$)
7. Satya (dü‘·´)
2. Raju (sêE)
8. Kavya (ø±e´)
3. Swapna (dü«|üï)
9. Aruna (ns¡TD)
4. Swathi (kÕ«‹)
10. Sandhya (dü+<Ûä´) etc.
5. Sudha (düT<Ûä)
2. Names of trees & Animals (yÓTTø£ÿ\ eT]j·TT »+‘·Te⁄\ ù|s¡T¢) :
1. cat (|æ*¢) 6. tamarind Tree (∫+‘·#Ó≥Tº)
2. bull (m<äT›) 7. banyan tree (eTÁ]#Ó≥Tº)
3. rat (m\Tø£) 8. coconut tree (ø=ã“]#Ó≥Tº)
4. dog (≈£îø£ÿ) 9. lemon tree (ìeTà#Ó≥Tº)
5. cow (Äe⁄) 10. neem tree (y˚|ü#Ó≥Tº) etc.
3. Names of things and rivers (edüTÔe⁄\ eT]j·TT q<äT\ ù|s¡T¢) :
1. table (ã\¢) 6. Gange (>∑+>±q~)
2. road (s¡Vü≤<ë]) 7. Yamuna (j·TeTTHê q~)
3. car (ø±s¡T) 8. Godavari (>√<ëe] q~)
4. pen (ô|qTï) 9. Kaveri (ø±y˚] q~)
5. scissors (ø£‘ÓÔs¡) 10. Krishna (ø£ècÕíq~) etc.
4. Names of places (Á|ü<˚XÊ\ ù|s¡T¢) :

1. Vizag ($XÊK|ü≥ï+) 6. museum (Á|ü<äs¡ÙqXÊ\)
2. Rajahmundry (sê»eT+Á&ç) 7. zoo (»+‘·TÁ|ü<äs¡ÙqXÊ\)
3. playground (Ä≥düú\+) 8. hospital (yÓ’<ä´XÊ\)
4. Mumbai (eTT+u≤sTT) 9. college (ø£fi≤XÊ\)
5. Delhi (&Ûç©¢) 10. park (ñ<ë´qeq+) etc.

54
Examples :
5. Names of occupations & constructions (eè‘·TÔ\ eT]j·TT ø£≥º&Ü\ ù|s¡T¢) :
1. student ($<ë´]ú) 6. Taj Mahal (‘êCŸeTVü≤˝Ÿ)
2. driver (Å&Ó’es¡T) 7. Charminar (#ê]àHêsY)
3. police (b˛©düT) 8. pyramid (|æs¡$T&é)
4. singer (>±j·T≈£î&ÉT) 9. China wall (#Ó’Hê>√&É)
5. player (Ä≥>±&ÉT) 10. Durga temple (<äTs¡Z>∑T&ç)
6. Names of books and subjects (|ü⁄düÔø±\ eT]j·TT XÊÅkÕÔ\ ù|s¡T¢) :
1. The Bible (u…’_\T) 6. Psychology (e÷qdæø£ ‘·‘·Ô«XÊg+)
2. The Gita (uÛÑ>∑eBZ‘·) 7. Philosophy (y˚<ë+‘·+)
3. Botany (eèø£åXÊg+) 8. Geology (sêfi¯flqT >∑÷]Ã n<Ûä´j·Tq+ #˚j·TT XÊg+)
4. Physics (uÛÖ‹ø£XÊg+) 9. Geography (uÛÑ÷>√fi¯ XÊg+)
5. Hypnotism (Væ≤bÕï{Ï»+) 10. Archaeology (|ü⁄sê‘·‘·« XÊg+) etc.
7. Names of feelings & languages (uÛ≤yê\ eT]j·TT uÛ≤wü\ ù|s¡T¢) :
1. love (Áù|eT) 6. English (Ä+>∑¢+)

2. liking (Çwüº+) 7. Tamil (‘·$Tfi¯+)
3. hatred (<˚«wü+) 8. Telugu (‘Ó\T>∑T)
4. anger (ø√|ü+) 9. Sanskrit (dü+düÿ è‘·+)
5. pain (H=|æŒ) 10. Hindi (Væ≤+B) etc.
8. Names of races & substances (C≤‘·T\ eT]j·TT |ü<ësêú\ ù|s¡T¢) :

1. animal (»+‘·Te⁄) 6. sugar (|ü+#·<ës¡)
2. plant (yÓTTø£ÿ) 7. iron (ÇqTeTT)
3. virus (yÓ’s¡dt) 8. water (˙s¡T)
4. female (Ä&É) 9. liquid (Á<äe+)
5. black race (q\¢C≤‹) 10. gas (yêj·TTe⁄) etc.
á $<Ûä+>± ù|s¡TqT ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT |ü<ë\qT 'Nouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.

F Kinds of Noun (Noun ˝Àì s¡ø±\T) :
'Noun' qT eTs¡\ Äj·÷ ñ|üjÓ÷>±\qT ã{Ïº ª9μ s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T.
n$ : 1. Proper noun (K∫Ã‘· HêeTyê#·ø£+)
2. Common noun (C≤‹ HêeTyê#·ø£+)
3. Collective noun (düeTT<ëj·Tø£ HêeTyê#·ø£+)
4. Material noun (|ü<ës¡ú HêeTyê#·ø£+)
5. Abstract noun (>∑TD ˝Ò<ë uÛ≤e HêeTyê#·ø£+)
6. Concrete noun (düŒs¡Ùj·TT‘· HêeTyê#·ø£+)
55
7. Unconcrete noun (düŒs¡Ùs¡Væ≤‘·
HêeTyê#·ø£+)
8. Countable noun (˝…øÏÿ+#·>∑*–q HêeTyê#·ø£+)
9. Uncountable noun (˝…øÏÿ+#·˝Òì HêeTyê#·ø£+)
á $<Ûä+>± 'noun' qT <ëì jÓTTø£ÿ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+ Ä<Ûës¡+>± á ‘=$Tà~ s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T.
1. Proper noun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ Á|ü‘˚´ø£‘·qT ø£*–ñqï 'noun' qT 'Proper noun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : Proper noun is the noun which has proper identity.
$es¡D : ˇø£ 'noun' jÓTTø£ÿ ù|s¡TqT #Ó|üŒ>±H˚ nq>± 'noun' ì |ü\Tø£>±H˚ ª|ü˝≤Hêμ nì nq>± ªì]›wüºyÓTÆq~μ nì
>∑Ts¡TÔ eùdÔ Ä 'noun' qT 'proper noun' nì n+{≤s¡T. Proper noun ≈£î ˇø£ Á|ü‘˚´ø£‘· ñ+≥T+~. á Noun e+{Ï~
eTs=ø£{Ï düèwæº˝À ñ+&É<äT. á $<ÛäyÓTÆq 'Noun' qT 'Proper noun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Rajesh (sêCÒwt)
2. The Sun (dü÷s¡T´&ÉT)
3. Taj Mahal (‘êCŸeTVü≤˝Ÿ)
4. India (Ç+&çj·÷)
5. The Quran (KTsêHé Á>∑+<∏ä+) etc.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ ªsêCÒwtμ nH˚ e´øÏÔ düèwæº˝À ˇø£&˚ ñ+{≤&ÉT. nq>± Ä ù|s¡T‘√
nH˚ø£eT+~ ñ+&Ée#·TÃ. ø±˙ Ä e´øÏÔ e÷Á‘·+ ˇø£ÿ&˚. dü÷s¡T´&ÉT á Á|ü|ü+#êìøÏ ˇø£ÿ&˚. dü÷s¡T´&ÉT ˇø£ qø£åÁ‘·+. n˝≤+{Ï
qø£åÁ‘ê\T $X¯«+˝À nH˚ø£+ ñHêïsTT. ø±˙ ªdü÷s¡T´&ÉTμ nH˚ ù|s¡T‘√ ñqï qø£åÁ‘·+ e÷Á‘·+ ˇø£ÿfÒ. ‘êCŸeTVü≤˝Ÿ Á|ü|ü+#·+˝À
ÄÁ>±˝À e÷Á‘·y˚T ñ+~. n˝≤+{Ï u§eTà\T nH˚ø£+ ñ+{≤sTT. ø±˙ ì»yÓTÆq ‘êCŸeTVü≤˝Ÿ jÓTTø£ÿ Á|ü‘˚´ø£‘· y˚s¡T. n<˚$<Ûä+>±
ªÇ+&çj·÷μ <˚X¯+ eT]j·TT ÇkÕ¢+ eT‘· Á>∑+<∏ä+ nsTTq ªKTsêHéμ Çe˙ï düèwæº˝À ˇø=ÿø£ÿfÒ ñ+{≤sTT. ^‘·, u…’_\T, KTsêHé
e+{Ï Á>∑+<∏ë\ ø±|”\T ñ+{≤sTT ø±˙ eT÷\Á>∑+<∏ä+ ˇø£ÿfÒ. nq>± nìï+{Ï˝Àì düe÷#ês¡+ ˇø£ÿfÒ. πøe\+ |ü⁄düÔø±\T
e÷Á‘·y˚T y˚s¡T>± ñ+{≤sTT.
á $<Ûä+>± Á|ü|ü+#·+˝À ˇø£ Á|ü‘˚´ø£‘·qT dü+‘·]+#·Tø=ì yê{Ï ù|s¡¢qT #Ó|üŒ>±H˚ >∑Ts¡TÔe#˚Ã edüTÔe⁄\qT nq>± Ä
edüTÔe⁄\qT ‘Ó*ù| 'noun' \qT 'Proper nouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Proper noun' mø£ÿ&É Áyêj·Te\dæ e∫ÃHê düπs <ëì ù|s¡T eTT+<äT yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£åsêìï 'Capital letter'
Áyêj·÷*. eTqTwüß\ ù|s¡T,¢ q<äT\ ù|s¡T,¢ <˚XÊ\ù|s¡T,¢ düeTTÁ<ë\ù|s¡T,¢ Á>∑+<∏ë\ù|s¡T¢ e+{Ï$ 'Proper noun' ≈£î #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
2. Common Noun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ C≤‹ì ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd 'Noun' ì 'Common noun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : Common noun is the noun which identifies a race.
$es¡D : á 'Noun' ≈£î ˇø£ Á|ü‘˚´ø£‘· n+≥÷ ñ+&É<äT. Ç~ #ê˝≤ eT+~ e´≈£îÔ\qT ˝Ò<ë »+‘·Te⁄\qT ˝Ò<ë
edüTÔe⁄\qT e+{Ï yê{Ïì ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. Ç~ |üP]Ô C≤‹ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. á 'Noun' qT #Ó|üŒ>±H˚ ˇø£ |üP]Ô
ªs¡ø£+μ >∑Ts=ÔdüTÔ+~. Ä C≤‹˝À @<˚ì ˇø£{Ï nì ns¡ú+ ne⁄‘·T+~. á $<ÛäyÓTÆq 'Noun' qT 'Common Noun' nì
n+{≤s¡T. Examples :
1. tree (#Ó≥Tº) 2. horse (>∑TÁs¡+)
3. man (eTìwæ) 4. job (ñ<√´>∑+)
5. singer (>±j·T≈£î&ÉT) etc.

56
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT >∑eTìùdÔ Çe˙ï 'Common nouns' nì ns¡úeTe⁄‘·T+~. ª#Ó≥Tºμ nqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT n+fÒ
@$T{À ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. eT]j·TT Ä C≤‹ >∑Ts=ÔdüTÔ+~. ø±˙ Ä C≤‹˝À nH˚ø£ #Ó≥T¢ ñ+{≤sTT. yê{Ï˝À @ #Ó{Àº ‘Ó*j·T<äT.
ø±e⁄q 'tree' nH˚~ 'Common noun' ne⁄‘·T+~. n<˚$<Ûä+>± ª>∑TÁs¡+μ nq>± C≤‹ ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. ø±˙ @ >∑TÁs¡yÓ÷
‘Ó*j·T<äT. ªeTìwæμ nq>± Ä C≤‹˝Àì mes√ ˇø£ eTìwæ n˙, ªñ<√´>∑+μ nqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT @<√ ˇø£ ñ<√´>∑+ n˙, ª>±j·T≈£î&ÉTμ
nqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT n+<ä]˝À mes√ ˇø£]ì ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. ø±˙ düŒwüº+>± |ü˝≤Hê >±j·T≈£î&Éì ‘Ó*j·T<äT. á $<Ûä+>± ˇø£ s¡ø±ìï
nq>± ˇø£ C≤‹ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*ù| 'noun' ì 'Common noun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : C≤‘·T\ ù|s¡T¢, eè‘·TÔ\ ù|s¡T¢ e+{Ï 'nouns n˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'Common noun' øÏ #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
3. Collective noun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ªø=+‘·eT+~ e´≈£îÔ\μ ˝Ò<ë ªø=ìï+{Ïμ jÓTTø£ÿ düeT÷Vü‰ìï 'Collective noun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The collection of some persons or some objects is called a 'Collective noun'.
$es¡D : ø=+‘·eT+~ e´≈£î\Ô qT ø£*|æ ˇø£ ù|s¡T‘√ |æ\TdüT+Ô {≤s¡T. n<˚$<Û+ä >± ø=ìï edüTeÔ ⁄\ e+{Ï yê{Ï düeTT<ëj·÷ìï
n+‘·{Ï˙ ø£*|æ ˇø£ ù|s¡T‘√ |æ\TkÕÔs¡T. á $<Ûä+>± Ä düeT÷Vü≤+ ˝Ò<ë düeTT<ëj·÷ìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚
'noun' ì 'Collective noun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. crowd (eTqTwüß\ >∑T+|ü⁄) 2. army (ôd’q´+)
3. flock (|ü≈£åî\ düeT÷Vü≤+) 4. family (≈£î≥T+ã+)
5. bunch (|üP\>∑T‹Ô) etc.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\T>± ù|s=ÿqã&çqe˙ï 'Collective noun' øÏ #Ó+~q |ü<ë\T. m+<äTø£q>± 'Crowd' nq>±
nH˚ø£eT+~ eTqTwüß\T ˇø£#√≥ #˚]‘˚ ª>∑T+|ü⁄μ nì ns¡ú+. nq>± 'Crowd' nH˚~ @ ˇø£ÿ]˙ ø±ø£ ˇø£ düeT÷Vü‰ìï
‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. n<˚$<Ûä+>± 'Army' nq>± ªôd’q´+μ nì ns¡ú+. nq>± ø=+‘·eT+~ ôd’ì≈£î\qT düeT÷Vü≤+>± ªôd’q´+μ nì
n+{≤s¡T. 'Flock' nq>± ø=ìï |ü≈£åî\˙ï düeTT<ëj·T+>± ñ+fÒ Ä düeT÷Vü‰ìï 'flock' >± ù|s=ÿ+{≤s¡T. n˝≤π> 'Family'
nq>± ª≈£î≥T+ã+μ nì ns¡ú+. ≈£î≥T+ã+ n+fÒ @ ˇø£ÿs√ ø±<äT. ø=+‘·eT+~ düuÛÑT´\T ø£*dæ J$düTÔqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yê] jÓTTø£ÿ
düeT÷Vü‰ìï 'family' nì n+{≤s¡T. Ç<˚$<Ûä+>± ø=ìï $&ç$&ç|üP\qT >∑T‹Ô>± ø£&ç‘˚ Ä >∑T‹Ôì 'Bunch' nì n+{≤s¡T.
á $<Ûä+>± πøe\+ ˇø£ÿ]ì ˝Ò<ë ˇø£ÿ<ëìì ø±≈£î+&Ü ˇø£ düeT÷Vü‰ìï n+‘·{Ï˙ ø£*|æ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd 'noun' ì
'Collective noun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : ø=+<ä] düeTT<ëj·÷\T ˝Ò<ë ø=ìï+{Ï jÓTTø£ÿ düeT÷Vü‰\T e+{Ï$ á 'Collective noun' ≈£î #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
4. Material noun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : @<˚ì |ü<ës¡ú+ jÓTTø£ÿ ù|s¡Tì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìì 'material noun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : Material noun is the noun which states materials.
$es¡D : |ü<ësêú\T eT÷&ÉT s¡ø±\T>± nq>± |òüTq, Á<äe eT]j·TT yêj·TT dæú‘·T\˝À ñ+{≤sTT. á nìïs¡ø±\
|ü<ësêú\ jÓTTø£ÿ ù|s¡¢qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒdü÷Ô ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ 'noun' \qT 'material nouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. water (˙s¡T)
2. sugar (|ü+#·<ës¡)
3. wood (#Óø£ÿ)
4. milk (bÕ\T)
5. oil (q÷HÓ) etc.

57
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ ª˙s¡Tμ nH˚~ ˇø£ Á<äes¡÷|ü |ü<ës¡ú+, ª|ü+#·<ës¡μ nH˚~ ˇø£ düŒ¤{Ïø£
s¡÷|ü |òüTq|ü<ës¡ú+, ª#Óø£ÿμ nH˚~ ˇø£ |òüTq|ü<ës¡ú+, ªbÕ\Tμ nH˚~ ˇø£ Á<äe|ü<ës¡ú+ eT]j·TT ªq÷HÓμ ≈£L&Ü ˇø£ Á<äes¡÷|ü
|ü<ës¡ú+ nì ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. Çe˙ï |ü<ësêú˝Ò. ø±e⁄q Ç$ 'material noun' ≈£î #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
á $<Ûä+>± |ü<ës¡ú+ @<Ó’q|üŒ{ÏøÏ˙ <ëì jÓTTø£ÿ ù|s¡TqT ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd 'noun' qT 'material noun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : |òüTq, Á<äe, eT]j·TT yêj·TT |ü<ësêú\˙ï ≈£L&Ü á 'material noun' πø #Ó+<äT‘êsTT. nìï |ü<ësêú\
jÓTTø£ÿ ù|s¡T¢ ≈£L&Ü Material nouns >±H˚ ù|s=ÿqã&É‘êsTT.
5. Abstract noun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : 'Abstract noun'
Definition : Abstract noun is the noun which states the qualities, feelings and positions.
$es¡D : >∑TD≤\qT, dæú‘·T\qT eT]j·TT eTqdüT˝À ø£*π> uÛ≤yê\qT e+{Ï yê{Ïì ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd 'noun' ì 'abstract
noun' nì n+{≤s¡T. Ç~ nqTuÛÑe+˝À ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~.
Examples :
1. goodness (eT+∫‘·q+)
2. childhood (|üdæ‘·q+)
3. hardness (>∑{Ïº‘·q+)
4. love (Áù|eT)
5. fear (uÛÑj·T+) etc.
ô|’ ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT n<Û´ä j·Tq+ #˚dqæ ≥¢sTT‘˚ 'Goodness' nq>± ªeT+∫‘·q+μ nì ns¡+ú . Ç~ >∑TD≤ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdTü +Ô ~.
'Childhood' nq>± ª|üdæ‘·q+μ nì ns¡ú+. Ç~ dæú‹ì ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. 'Hardness' nq>± ª>∑{Ïº‘·q+μ nì ns¡ú+. Ç~ ≈£L&Ü >∑TD≤ìï
‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. 'Love' eT]j·TT 'Fear' nq>± ªÁù|eTμ eT]j·TT ªuÛÑj·T+μ nì ns¡ú+. Ç$ eTqdüT˝À ø£*π> y˚s¡T y˚s¡T uÛ≤yê\T. nq>±
Ç$ uÛ≤yê\qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. ø±e⁄q Çe˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'Abstract noun' øÏ #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
á $<Ûä+>± eTqdüT˝Àì Vü‰euÛ≤yê\qT, dæú‘·T\qT, ej·TdüT‡\qT eT]j·TT >∑TD>∑D≤\qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT 'nouns' n˙ï
≈£L&Ü 'Abstract nouns' >± ù|s=ÿqã&É‘êsTT.
>∑eTìø£ : uÛ≤yê\ ù|s¡T¢ nq>± Äq+<ä+, u≤<Ûä $#ês¡+ e+{Ï$, dæú‘·T\ ù|s¡T¢ nq>± |üdæ‘·q+, u≤\´+, j·Te«q+,
u≤ìdü‘·«+, ùd«#·Ã¤ e+{Ï$ eT]j·TT >∑TD≤\ ù|s¡T¢ nq>± eT+∫‘·q+, #Ó&É¶‘·q+ e+{Ï$, s¡+>∑TqT ‘Ó\T|ü⁄q$ nq>±
mÁs¡<äq+, ‘Ó\¢<äq+ e+{Ï$ n˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'Abstract noun' øÏ #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
6. Concrete noun :
düŒs¡Ù≈£î kÕ<ÛäýÓTÆq nouns qT nq>± eTT≥Tºø√e&ÜìøÏ M\sTTq nouns qT 'Concrete nouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : Concrete noun is the noun which can be touched.
$es¡D : #˚‹‘√ ‘êø£&ÜìøÏ nqTyÓ’q nouns qT 'Concrete nouns' nì n+{≤s¡T. M{Ïì eTT≥Tºø√>∑\eTT. á
$<ÛäyÓTÆq yê{Ïì Concrete nouns >± ù|s=ÿ+<äTs¡T. nq>± #·÷&É>∑*–q nouns nì ≈£L&Ü ns¡ú+.
Examples :
1. Swami (kÕ«$T)
2. dog (≈£îø£ÿ)
3. bouquet (u§πø)
4. silver (yÓ+&ç)
5. diamond (eÁ»+) etc.

58
3
F
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\T>± ù|s=ÿqï{Ïº nouns n˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'Concrete nouns' >± ù|s=ÿqã&É‘êsTT. m+<äT#˚‘q· q>± ªkÕ«$Tμ
nH˚ e´øÏÔ #·÷&É&ÜìøÏ ø£ìŒkÕÔ&TÉ eT]j·TT düŒ]Ù+#·&ÜìøÏ M\e⁄‘ê&ÉT. n˝≤π> 'Dog' nq>± ª≈£îø£ÿμ nqTq~ ≈£L&Ü. 'Boquet' nq>±
ªu§πøμ nì nq>± ªª|üP\>∑T‹Ôμμ nì ns¡+ú . Ç~ ≈£L&Ü ø£+{ÏøÏ ø£ìŒdü÷Ô ‘ê≈£î≥≈£î M\e⁄‘·T+~. n<˚$<Û+ä >± 'Silver (yÓ+&ç)' eT]j·TT
'Diamond (eÁ»+)' nH˚ |ü<ësêú\T ø£+{ÏøÏ ø£ìŒdü÷Ô ‘ê≈£î≥≈£î M\e⁄‘êsTT. ø±e⁄q M{Ïì 'Concrete nouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
á $<Ûä+>± #·÷&É&ÜìøÏ ø£ìŒdü÷Ô, ‘êø£&ÜìøÏ M\Tø£*– ˇø£ uÛÖ‹ø£s¡÷|ü+ ñqï{Ïº nouns ì 'Concrete nouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Proper noun, Common noun, Collective noun eT]j·TT material \T n˙ï ≈£L&Ü ‘êø£&ÜìøÏ
M\e⁄‘·÷ #·÷&É&ÜìøÏ ø£ìŒkÕÔsTT. ø±e⁄q á s¡ø±\≈£î #Ó+~q nouns n˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'Concrete noun' ≈£î #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
7. Unconcrete noun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : düŒ]Ù+#·&ÜìøÏ M\T˝Òì eT]j·TT ø£+{ÏøÏ ø£ìŒ+#·q{Ïº 'nouns' qT 'unconcrete nouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : Unconcrete noun is the noun which can't be touched.
$es¡D : #˚‹‘√ ‘êø£&ÜìøÏ n+<äTu≤≥T˝À ˝Òì$ eT]j·TT #·÷&É&ÜìøÏ ø£ìŒ+#·q{ÏºM nsTTq }Vü≤\qT, dæú‘·T\qT,
>∑TD≤\qT e+{Ï yê{Ïì 'Unconcrete nouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. honesty (ìC≤sTTr)
2. courage (<ÛÓ’s¡´+)
3. smile (∫s¡Tqe⁄«)
4. sorrow ($#ês¡+)
5. purity (dü«#·Ã¤‘·)
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\T>± ù|s=ÿqï nìïs¡ø±\ nouns ≈£L&Ü unconcrete nouns >±H˚ #Ó|üŒã&É‘êsTT.
m+<äT#˚‘·qq>± 'Honesty' nq>± ªìC≤sTTrμ nì ns¡ú+. Ç~ ˇø£ uÛ≤eq e÷Á‘·y˚T. Ç~ |üqT\qT ã{Ïº ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. ø±˙
#·÷&É&ÜìøÏ Á|ü‘·´ø£å+>± ø£ìŒ+#·<äT eT]j·TT ‘êø£&ÜìøÏ Äø±sêìï ø£*– ñ+&É<äT. n<˚$<Ûä+>± 'Courage' nq>± ª<ÛÓ’s¡´+μ.
Ç~ #˚ùd |üqT\qT ã{Ïº ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. ø±˙ ‘êø£&ÜìøÏ M\e<äT eT]j·TT #·÷&É&ÜìøÏ ø£ìŒ+#·<äT. 'Smile (∫s¡Tqe⁄«)'
eT]j·TT 'Sorrow ($#ês¡+)' nH˚$ eTìwæ eTTK+˝À ø£ìŒkÕÔsTT. ø±˙ yê{ÏøÏ Á|ü‘·´ø£å s¡÷|ü+ ñ+&É<äT. n˝≤π> ‘êø£&ÜìøÏ
M\ee⁄. eT]j·TT Ç˝≤π> 'Purity (dü«#·Ã¤‘·)' nH˚~ |ü]o\q˝À ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. ø±˙ ‘êø£&ÜìøÏ M\Tø±<äT n<˚ $<Ûä+>±
#·÷&É&ÜìøÏ Á|ü‘·´ø£å+>± ø£ìŒ+#·<äT. ø±e⁄q Ç˝≤+{Ï nouns ì 'Unconcrete nouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
á $<Ûä+>± #·÷&É˝Òì eT]j·TT ‘êø£˝Òì nouns 'Unconcrete nouns' >± ù|s=ÿqã&É‘êsTT.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Abstract nouns' n˙ï ≈£L&Ü #·÷&É&ÜìøÏ M\ee⁄ eT]j·TT n˝≤π> ‘êø£&ÜìøÏ ≈£î<äs¡e⁄. ø±e⁄q á
nouns n˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'Unconcrete nouns' >± ù|s=ÿqã&É‘êsTT.
8. Countable noun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˝…ø£ÿô|≥º&ÜìøÏ M\sTTq{Ïº 'nouns' ì 'Countable nouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : A countable noun is the noun which can be counted.
$es¡D : dü+K´\ Ä<Ûës¡+>± ˇø£{Ï, ¬s+&ÉT, eT÷&ÉT nH˚ $<Ûä+>± ˝…ø£ÿô|≥º>∑*π> 'nouns' ì 'Countable nouns'
nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. paper (ø±–‘·+)
2. knife (ø£‹Ô)
3. window (øÏ{Ïø°)
4. army (ôd’q´+)
5. book (|ü⁄düÔø£+) etc.
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$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À ù|s=ÿqï nouns ì nìï+{Ï˙ n+¬ø\yêØ>± ˝…øÏÿ+#·>∑\eTT. m≥¢q>± ø±–‘ê\qT,
ø£‘·TÔ\qT, øÏ{Ïø°\qT, ôd’Hê´\qT ($$<Ûä sê»´|ü⁄ ôd’Hê´\qT) eT]j·TT |ü⁄düÔø±\qT M≥ìï+{Ï˙ ≈£L&Ü ˇø£<ëì ‘·s¡Tyê‘·
ˇø£{Ï>± ˝…øÏÿ+#·e#·TÃ. ø£qTø£ á $<ÛäyÓTÆq yê{Ïqìï+{Ï˙ 'Countable nouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Ç˝≤ ˝…ø£ÿô|≥º&ÜìøÏ M\sTTq nouns ì nìï+{Ï˙ ≈£L&Ü 'Countable nouns' >± |ü]>∑DÏkÕÔs¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Common nouns eT]j·TT Collective nouns nìï+{Ï˙ ≈£L&Ü ˝…øÿÏ +#·>\∑ eTT. ø±e⁄q Çe˙ï 'Countable
noun' øÏ #Ó+<äT‘êsTT. 'Proper noun' nH˚~ düèwæº˝À ˇø£ÿfÒ ø±ã{Ïº <ëì Á|üdüøÏÔ ñ+&É<äT.
9. Uncountable noun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˝…øÏÿ+#·&ÜìøÏ kÕ<Ûä´+ø±ì 'nouns' ì 'Uncountable nouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : An uncountable noun is the noun which can't be counted.
$es¡D : ø=ìï 'nouns' ì n+¬ø\yêØ>± eTq+ ˝…øÏÿ+#·˝ÒeTT. n{Ïº 'nouns' ì nìï+{Ï˙ ≈£L&Ü 'Uncountable
nouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. water (˙s¡T) 2. news (yês¡Ô) 3. rice (_j·T´+)
4. milk (bÕ\T) 5. sand (ÇdüTø£) etc.
$es¡D : ô|’q ù|s=ÿqï{Ïº ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À ˙s¡Tì, yês¡Ôì, _j·÷´ìï, bÕ\qT eT]j·TT ÇdüTø£˙ ≈£L&Ü ˇø£ ˙s¡T, ˇø£
_j·T´+, s¬ +&ÉT bÕ\T, eT÷&ÉT ÇdüTø£\T nì ˝…øÿÏ +#·≈L£ &É<Tä . ˙s¡Tì ©≥s¡˝¢ Àq÷, _j·÷´ìï øÏ˝À\˝Àq÷, bÕ\qT ©≥s¡˝¢ Àq÷,
ÇdüTø£qT sπ DTe⁄\T>±q÷ #ÓãT‘ês¡T. ø±˙ n+¬ø\ Á|üø±s¡+ #Ó|Œü ≈£L<äT. n<˚$<Û+ä >± yês¡ìÔ ≈£L&Ü s¬ +&ÉTyês¡\Ô T, eT÷&ÉTyês¡\Ô T
nì nq≈£L&É<äT. $wüj·÷\T mìï ‘Ó*|æq|üŒ{ÏøÏ˙ n+‘ê ˇø£fÒ yês¡Ô>± Ç+^¢wüß˝À |ü]>∑DÏ+#·ã&ÉT‘·T+~.
>∑eTìø£ : nìï 'Material nouns' eT]j·TT ø=ìïs¡ø±\ abstract nouns n˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'Uncountable nouns' >±
ù|s=ÿqe#·TÃ. ø=ìïs¡ø±\ 'abstract nouns' e÷Á‘·+ 'Countable nouns' >± #ÓãT‘ês¡T. 'Proper noun' e÷Á‘·+ @
s¡ø±ìø° ≈£L&Ü #Ó+<ä<äT.
>∑eTìø£ : ø=ìïs¡ø±\ 'nouns' ¬s+&ÉT ˝Ò<ë eT÷&ÉT s¡ø±\ nouns øÏ #Ó+~qyÓ’ ñ+&Ée#·TÃ.
Examples :
Rice :
1. We eat rice
(eTq+ nqï+ ‹+{≤eTT.) (Rice → Material noun)
2. The rice is a plant. (Rice → Common noun)
(e] ˇø£ yÓTTø£ÿ.) (nH˚ø£ e]yÓTTø£ÿ\˝À ˇø£{Ï>±)
3. Rice is a plant. (Rice → Proper noun)
(e] ˇø£ yÓTTø£ÿ.) (nH˚ø£ yÓTTø£ÿ\ qT+&ç ªe]μ Á|ü‘˚´ø£yÓTÆq~.)
F Gender of Noun (HêeTyê#·ø£ *+>∑eTT)
ìs¡«#·q+ : 'Noun' jÓTTø£ÿ *+>∑eTTqT ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìì 'Gender of Noun' nì n+<äTs¡T.
Definition : The gender of a noun is the topic which describes about the sex of the noun.
$es¡D : 'Noun' qT ù|s¡TqT ‘Ó*j·TCÒdü÷Ô ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. á ù|s¡T¢ eT>∑C≤‹øÏ #Ó+~qy√ ˝Òø£ Ä&ÉC≤‹øÏ #Ó+~qy√
˝Òø£ ‘·≥düú+>± ñqïy√ #Óù|Œ<ëìH˚ 'gender of noun' nì n+<äTs¡T.
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'Gender' Hê\T>∑T s¡ø±\T. n$ :
1. Masculine gender (|ü⁄s¡Twü*+>∑eTT)
2. Feminine gender (Åd”Ô*+>∑eTT)
3. Neuter gender (‘·≥düú*+>∑eTT)
4. Common gender (ñuÛÑj·T*+>∑eTT)
1. Masculine gender :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ª|ü⁄s¡TwüC≤‹ìμ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìì 'masculine gender' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : Masculine gender is the gender which states male race.
$es¡D : á düèwæº˝Àì Je⁄\qT ªdüJe⁄\Tμ eT]j·TT ªìØ®e⁄\Tμ nì ¬s+&ÉT ‘·s¡>∑‘·T\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. yÓTT<ä{Ï
‘·s¡>∑‹øÏ #Ó+~q düJe⁄\qT ‹]– ªÄ&ÉC≤‹ Je⁄\Tμ eT]j·TT ªeT>∑C≤‹ Je⁄\Tμ nì ¬s+&ÉT esêZ\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. Mì˝À
ªeT>∑C≤‹ Je⁄\qTμ >∑T]+∫ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ 'nouns' ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd<˚ 'masculine gender' ne⁄‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Ramesh (s¡y˚Twt)
2. boy (u≤\T&ÉT)
3. lion (dæ+Vü≤+)
4. cock (ø√&ç|ü⁄+E)
5. ox (m<äT›) etc.
$es¡D : ô|’q Çe«ã&çq ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À ªs¡y˚Twtμ nqT ù|s¡T eT>∑e´øÏÔì dü÷∫düTÔ+~. n˝≤π> 'boy' nq>± u≤\T&ÉT
nì ns¡ú+. u≤\´+˝À ñqï eT>∑|æ\¢yê&çì u≤\T&Éì n+{≤s¡T. n<˚$<Ûä+>± lion (dæ+Vü≤+), cock (ø√&ç|ü⁄+E) eT]j·TT
ox (m<äT›) nqTyêì˝À 'cock' nH˚~ eT>∑|üøÏå ø±>± $T–*q$ eT>∑»+‘·Te⁄\qT >∑÷]Ã ‘Ó*ù| nouns. ø±e⁄q Çe˙ï
'masculine gender' øÏ #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
>∑eTìø£ : á Gender ˝ÀìøÏ |üP]Ô>± Proper noun eT]j·TT Common noun \≈£î #Ó+~ eT>∑C≤‹ì >∑T]+∫
dü÷∫+#˚ names e÷Á‘·y˚T ekÕÔsTT.
2. Feminine gender :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Ä&ÉC≤‹ì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìì 'Feminine gender' nì n+<äTs¡T.
Definition : Feminine gender is the gender which states female race.
$es¡D : düJe⁄\qT ¬s+&ÉT s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#·>± yê{Ï˝À ˇø£s¡ø£yÓTÆq Ä&ÉC≤‹ Je⁄\ìï+{Ïì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT
<ëìì 'feminine gender' nì n+{≤s¡T. Bì˝ÀìøÏ Ä&ÉC≤‹øÏ #Ó+~q nìïJe⁄\÷ nq>± Ä&É e÷qe⁄\T, Ä&É |ü≈£åî\T,
Ä&É »+‘·Te⁄\T eT]j·TT Ä&É ø°≥ø±\T e+{Ï$ n˙ï ekÕÔsTT.
Examples :
1. Kamala (ø£eT\)
2. girl (u≤*ø£)
3. lioness (Ä&Édæ+Vü≤+)
4. hen (ø√&çô|≥º)
5. cow (Äe⁄) etc.

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$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT >∑eTìùdÔ ªø£eT\μ nH˚ ù|s¡T ne÷àsTTì dü÷∫+#·>± 'girl' nq>± ªu≤*ø£μ nH˚ ù|s¡T
Ä&ÉC≤‹H˚ dü÷∫düTÔ+~. n<˚$<Ûä+>± lioness (Ä&Édæ+Vü≤+) nqTqB eT]j·TT cow (Äe⁄) nqTqB ¬s+&ÉT ≈£L&Ü Ä&É
»+‘·Te⁄\H˚ dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT. n˝≤π> hen (ø√&çô|≥º) nH˚~ Ä&É|üøÏåì dü÷∫düTÔ+~. ø±e⁄q á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˙ï ≈£L&Ü
|üP]Ô>± Ä&ÉC≤‹H˚ dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q Çe˙ï 'Feminine gender' ≈£î #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
>∑eTìø£ : Proper noun eT]j·TT Common noun \≈£î #Ó+~qyÓ’ eT]j·TT Ä&ÉC≤‹ì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT nìï nouns
≈£L&Ü 'Feminine gender' ≈£î #Ó+<äTqT.
3. Neuter gender :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ÁbÕD+ ˝Òì yê{Ïì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìì 'neuter gender' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : Neuter gender is the gender which states non-living beings.
$es¡D : Je⁄\qT ¬s+&ÉT>± $uÛÑõ+#·>± yê{Ï˝À ÁbÕD+˝Òì yê{Ïì ìØ®e⁄\ì ù|s=ÿ+{≤s¡T. n{Ïº ìØ®e⁄\qT >∑T]+∫
‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìì 'neuter gender' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. book (|ü⁄düÔø£+)
2. Himalayas (Væ≤e÷\j·÷\T)
3. house (Ç\T¢)
4. summer (y˚dü$ø±\+)
5. death (eTs¡D+) etc.
$es¡D : Ç#·≥ Çe«ã&çq ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àì book (|ü⁄düøÔ +£ ), Himalayas (Væ≤e÷\j·÷\T), house (Ç\T¢), summer
(y˚dü$ø±\+), death (eTs¡D+) n˙ï ≈£L&Ü ÁbÕD+˝Òìy˚ nq>± n˙ï ìØ®e⁄˝Ò. n+<äTe\q Çe˙ï 'neuter gender' øÏ
#Ó+~q$.
>∑eTìø£ : Material noun eT]j·TT Abstract noun \≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q nìï ù|s¡÷¢ ≈£L&Ü 'neuter gender' øπ
#Ó+<äT‘êsTT. n<˚$<Ûä+>± Proper noun eT]j·TT Common noun \ ˝Àì ø=ìï names ≈£L&Ü 'neuter gender' ≈£î
#Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
4. Common gender :
ìs¡«#·q+ : düJ$ nsTT ñ+&ç *+>∑düŒwüº‘· ˝Òìyê{Ï ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìì 'Common gender' n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : Common gender is the gender which states living beings whose gender is not clear.
$es¡D : düJe⁄\˝À Ä&ÉC≤‹ eT]j·TT eT>∑C≤‹ Je⁄\T ñ+{≤sTT. Noun á ¬s+&ÉT C≤‘·T\˝À <˚ìøÏ #Ó+~q<√
düŒwüº+>± ‘Ó*j·T≈£î+&Ü ÁbÕD≤ìï ø£*– ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ n{Ïº Je⁄\ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT <ëìì 'Common gender' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. student ($<ë´]ú ˝Ò<ë $<ë´]úì)

2. parent (‘·*¢ ˝Òø£ ‘·+Á&ç)
3. teacher (ñbÕ<Ûë´j·TT&ÉT ˝Ò<ë ñbÕ<Ûë´j·TTsê\T)
4. singer (>±j·T≈£î&ÉT ˝Ò<ë >±j·Tì)
5. children (|æ\¢\T) etc.

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$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À nouns nìï+{Ïø° ÁbÕD+ ñ+~. m≥¢q>± 'Student' n+fÒ ª#·<äTe⁄ø=H˚ e´øÏÔμ nì
ns¡ú+. ÁbÕD+ ñqïyês¡T e÷Á‘·y˚T #·<äe>∑\s¡T. n˝≤π> 'Parent nq>± ª»qàì∫Ãq e´øÏÔμ nì ns¡ú+. πøe\+ düJ$ e÷Á‘·y˚T
eTs=ø£ düJ$øÏ »qàìe«>∑\<äT. 'Teacher' nq>± ªuÀ~Û+#˚ e´øÏÔμ nì ns¡ú+. ªuÀ~Û+#·&É+μ nH˚~ ˇø£ |üì. πøe\+ düJe⁄˝Ò
|üqT\qT #Ój·T´>∑\e⁄. n<˚$<Ûä+>± ªbÕ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì #˚düTÔqï+<äTq 'singer' ≈£î ÁbÕD+ ñ+<äì ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. ª|æ\¢\Tμ nì
düJe⁄\qT e÷Á‘·y˚T n+<äTs¡T. ø±e⁄q 'children' ≈£î ÁbÕD+ ñ+<äì ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. ø±˙ á á |üqT\qT #˚j·TTyês¡T
Ä&Éyê¬s’Hê ø±e#·TÃ ˝Ò<ë eT>∑yê¬s’Hê ø±e#·TÃ. Ç#·≥ yê¬ses¡H˚~ düŒwüº+>± ‘Ó*j·T&É+ ˝Ò<äT. n+<äTe\q á nouns n˙ï
'Common gender' øÏ #Ó+<ësTT.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Collective noun' øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q nìï nouns ≈£L&Ü á 'Common gender' øÏ #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
n<˚$<Ûä+>± 'Proper noun' eT]j·TT 'Common noun' \≈£î #Ó+~q ÁbÕD+ ø£*– ñ+&ç *+>∑+ düŒwüº+>± ‘Ó*j·Tì nìï
nouns ≈£L&Ü á 'Common gender' πø #Ó+<äT‘êsTT. Çø£ $T–*q Material, Abstract nouns ˝Àì nouns øÏ ÁbÕD+
ñ+&É<äT ø±ã{Ïº 'Common gender' øÏ #Ó+<˚ neø±X¯y˚T ˝Ò<äT.
Masculine & Feminine gender forms of some words : (ø=ìï |ü<ë\ jÓTTø£ÿ |ü⁄s¡Twü eT]j·TT Åd* Ô” +>∑ s¡÷|üeTT\T)
kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± masculine eT]j·TT feminine gender s¡÷bÕ\T y˚s¡T>± ñ+{≤sTT. ø±˙ Ç$ ø=ìï 'words'
$wüj·T+˝À Ä words ì ø=+‘·e÷s¡TŒ #˚j·T&É+ e\q masculine form qT+∫ feminine form ì bı+<äe#·TÃ.
1. By placing some letters before or after the word :
|ü<ëìøÏ eTT+<äT ˝Ò<ë yÓqTø£ ø=ìï nø£åsê\qT ñ+#·&É+ <ë«sê masculine gender qT+∫ feminine gender
form qT bı+<äe#·TÃ.
Examples :
Masculine form Feminine form
1. Author (Á>∑+<∏äø£s¡Ô) – Authoress (Á>∑+<∏äø±]DÏ)
2. Baron (uÛÑ÷kÕ«$T) – Baroness (uÛÑ÷kÕ«$Tì)
3. Count (Á|üuÛÑTe⁄) – Countess (Á|üuÛÑTe⁄ uÛ≤s¡´)
4. Czar (s¡cÕ´ Á|üuÛÑTe⁄) – Czarina (s¡cÕ´ Á|üuÛÑTe⁄ uÛ≤s¡´)
5. Heir (yês¡düT&ÉT) – Heiress (yês¡düTsê\T)
6. Host (>∑èVü≤düTú&ÉT) – Hostess (>∑èVæ≤DÏ)
7. Hero (ø£<∏ëHêj·T≈£î&ÉT) – Heroine (ø£<∏ëHêj·TøÏ)
8. Jew (j·T÷<äT&ÉT) – Jewess (j·T÷<äTC≤‹ Åd”Ô)
9. Lion (dæ+Vü≤eTT) – Lioness (Ä&Édæ+Vü≤+)
10. Man (eT>∑yê&ÉT) – Woman (Ä&É~)
11. God (<˚e⁄&ÉT) – Goddess (<˚e‘·)
12. Manager (ø±s¡´ìsê«Vü≤≈£î&ÉT) – Manageress (ø±s¡´ìsê«Vü≤≈£îsê\T)
13. Peer (düeTej·TdüTÿ&ÉT) – Peeress (düeTej·TdüTÿsê\T)
14. Patron (b˛wü≈£î&ÉT) – Patroness (b˛wü≈£îsê\T)
15. Poet (ø£$) – Poetess (ø£esTTÁ‹)
16. Priest (ns¡Ã≈£î&ÉT) – Priestess (ns¡Ã≈£îsê\T)
17. Prophet (eT‘·Á|üeø£Ô) – Prophetess (eTVæ≤fi≤ Á|üeø£Ô)
18. Prince (sê≈£îe÷s¡T&ÉT) – Princess (sê≈£îe÷¬sÔ)
19. Steward (ø±s¡´<ä]Ù) – Stewardess (ø±s¡´<ä]Ùì)
20. Sultan (düT˝≤ÔHé #·Áø£e]Ô) – Sultana (düT˝≤ÔHé #·Áø£e]Ô uÛ≤s¡´)
21. Viscount (Á|üuÛÑTe⁄) – Viscountess (Á|üuÛÑTe⁄ uÛ≤s¡´)

63
2. By placing a word before or after the word :
|ü<ëìøÏ eTT+<äT eTs=ø£ |ü<ëìï #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q ˝Ò<ë yÓqTø£ eTs=ø£ |ü<ëìï #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q masculine form
qT+∫ Feminine form edüTÔ+~. ˝Ò<ë word ˝Àì ø=ìï nø£åsê\qT e÷s¡Ã&É+ e\q >±˙ femine form edüTÔ+~.
Examples :
1. Administrator (ø±s¡´ìsê«Vü≤≈£î&ÉT) – Administratrix (ø±s¡´ìsê«Vü≤≈£îsê\T)
2. Cock-sparrow (eT>∑|æ#·TÃø£) – Hen-sparrow (Ä&É|æ#·TÃø£)
3. Duke (Á|üuÛÑTe⁄) – Duchess (Á|üuÛÑTe⁄ uÛ≤s¡´)
4. Emperor (#·Áø£e]Ô) – Empress (#·Áø£e]Ôì)
5. Executor (ìsê«Vü≤≈£î&ÉT) – Executrix (ìsê«Vü≤≈£îsê\T)
6. Father (‘·+Á&ç) – Mother (‘·*¢)
7. Founder (kÕú|ü≈£î&ÉT) – Foundress (kÕú|ü≈£îsê\T)
8. Grandfather (‘ê‘·) – Grandmother (Hêj·TqeTà ˝Òø£ neTàeTà)
9. Hunter (y˚≥>±&ÉT) – Huntress (y˚≥ø£‘ÓÔ)
10. He-goat (eT>∑y˚Tø£) – She-goat (Ä&Éy˚Tø£)
11. He-bear (eT>∑ m\T>∑Tã+{Ï) – She-bear (Ä&É m\T>∑Tã+{Ï)
12. Jack-ass (eT>∑ >±&ç<ä) – Jenny-ass (Ä&É>±&ç<ä)
13. Murderer (Vü≤+‘·≈£î&ÉT) – Murderess (Vü≤+‘·≈£îsê\T)
14. Preceptor (ñbÕ<Ûë´j·TT&ÉT) – Preceptress (ñbÕ<Ûë´sTTì)
15. Songster (>±j·T≈£î&ÉT) – Songstress (>±j·T≈£îsê\T)
16. Seamster (≈£î≥Tº|üìyê&ÉT) – Seamstress (≈£î≥Tº|üì #˚j·TT Åd”Ô)
17. He-buffalo (<äTqïb˛‘·T) – She-buffalo (π><Ó)
18. Peacock (eT>∑HÓeT*) – Peahen (Ä&ÉHÓeT*)
19. Man servant (eT>∑|üìyê&ÉT) – Maid-servant (Ä&É |üìeTìwæ)
20. Tiger (eT>∑|ü⁄*) – Tigress (Ä&É|ü⁄*)
3. Using different words for masculine & feminine forms :

#ê˝≤ words øÏ masculine ≈£î eT]j·TT feminine ≈£î y˚πs«s¡T words ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. Bachelor (ÁãVü≤à#ê]) – Spinster (ÁãVü≤à#ê]DÏ)
2. Buck (eT>∑bÕe⁄s¡+) – Dove (Ä&ÉbÕe⁄s¡+)
3. Bull / ox (m<äT›) – Cow (Äe⁄)
4. Cock (ø√&ç|ü⁄+E) – Hen (ø√&çô|≥º)
5. Colt (eT>∑>∑TÁs¡+ |æ\¢) – Filly (Ä&É>∑TÁs¡+ |æ\¢)
6. Dog (eT>∑ ≈£îø£ÿ) – Bitch (Ä&É≈£îø£ÿ)

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Examples :
7. Drake (eT>∑ u≤‘·T) – Duck (Ä&Éu≤‘·T)
8. Drone (eT>∑ ‘˚HÓ{°>∑) – Bee (Ä&É ‘˚HÓ{°>∑)
9. Earl (#·Áø£e]Ô) – Countess (#·Áø£e]Ô uÛ≤s¡´)
10. Fox (eT>∑ qø£ÿ) – Vixen (Ä&Éqø£ÿ)
11. Gandar (eT>∑ u≤‘·T) – Goose (Ä&Éu≤‘·T)
12. Gentleman (ô|<ä› eTìwæ) – Lady (>=|æŒ+{Ï Åd”Ô)
13. Hart (eT>∑ <äT|æŒ) – Roe (Ä&É<äT|æŒ)
14. Horse (eT>∑ >∑TÁs¡+) – Mare (Ä&É>∑TÁs¡+)
15. Husband (uÛÑs¡Ô) – Wife (uÛ≤s¡´)
16. Monk (düHê´dæ) – Nun (düHê´dæì)
17. Nephew (y˚Tq\T¢&ÉT) – Niece (y˚Tqø√&É\T)
18. Ram (>=Á¬s bıfÒº\T) – Ewe (Ä&É>=Á¬s)
19. Sir (nj·÷´) – Madam (ne÷à)
20. Son (ø=&ÉT≈£î) – Daughter (≈£L‘·Ts¡T)
21. Stag (eT>∑ ø£DTE) – Hind (Ä&É ø£DTE)
22. Uncle (|æq‘·+Á&ç / y˚Tqe÷eT) – Aunt (|æq‘·*¢ / y˚Tq‘·Ô)
23. Wizard (e÷+Á‹≈£î&ÉT) – Witch (eT+Á‘·>∑‘ÓÔ)
F Number of Noun (HêeTyê#·ø£+ jÓTTø£ÿ e#·q+)

ìs¡«#·q+ : 'Noun' jÓTTø£ÿ e#·qeTTqT nq>± dü+K´qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìì 'number of noun' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : 'Number of noun' is the topic which states about the number of noun.
$es¡D : Noun ˇø£<ëìì >∑T]+∫ dü÷∫+#·T#·Tqï<√ ˝Òø£ ˇø£{Ïø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe yê{Ïì >∑T]+∫ dü÷∫+#·T#·Tqï<√ nH˚
$wüj·÷ìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìì 'number' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Ç+^¢wüß˝À 'number' ¬s+&ÉT s¡ø±\T. n$ :
1. Singular number (@ø£e#·q+) 2. Plural number (ãVüQe#·q+)
1. Singular number :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£<ëìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìì 'singular number' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : Singular number states one.
$es¡D : me¬s’Hê ˇø£ eTìwæì >±ì, ˇø£ »+‘·Te⁄ì >±˙, @<Ó’Hê düπs ˇø£ düJ$ì >∑T]+∫ >±˙ ˝Ò<ë ˇø£ ìØ®$ì
>∑T]+∫ >±˙ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd <ëìì 'singular number' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. cow (Äe⁄) 2. river (q~)

3. map (|ü≥+) 4. vehicle (yêVü≤q+)
5. soldier (ôd’ì≈£î&ÉT) etc.

65
$es¡D : Ç#·≥ Çe«ã&çq ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À n˙ï ≈£L&Ü ˇø=ÿø£ÿ{Ï e÷Á‘·y˚T ñHêïsTT. Ç#·≥ Äe⁄ ˇø£ÿ{Ï, q~ ˇø£ÿ{Ï,
|ü≥+ ˇø£ÿ{Ï, yêVü≤q+ ˇø£ÿ{Ï eT]j·TT ôd’ì≈£î&ÉT ˇø£ÿ&ÉT e÷Á‘·y˚T ñHêïs¡T. Bììã{Ïº Çe˙ï ˇø=ÿø£ÿ<ëì >∑T]+#˚
dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT nì ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. ø±e⁄q Çe˙ï 'singular number' øÏ #Ó+~q$.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Proper noun' \T n˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'singular number' πø #Ó+<äTqT. n<˚$<Ûä+>± 'material noun' \T ø=ìï
≈£L&Ü 'singular number' øÏ #Ó+<äTqT.
2. Plural number :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ <ëìø£+f… m≈£îÿe yê{Ïì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT <ëìì 'plural number' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : Plural number states more than one.
$es¡D : @yÓ’Hê ˇø£]ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe eTqTwüß\ >∑T]+∫ >±˙ »+‘·Te⁄\ >∑T]+∫>±˙ nq>± ¬s+&ÉT ˝Ò<ë n+‘·ø£+fÒ
m≈£îÿe Je⁄\qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd <ëìì 'plural number' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. cows (Äe⁄\T)
2. children (|æ\¢\T)
3. leaves (Ä≈£î\T)
4. girls (u≤*ø£\T)
5. movies (dæìe÷\T)
$es¡D : Çø£ÿ&É Çe«ã&çq ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À n˙ï ≈£L&Ü ˇø£{Ï ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe yê{Ïì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*ù|y˚. m≥¢q>± ªÄe⁄\Tμ
nìq ¬s+&ÉT ˝Ò<ë n+‘·ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe Äe⁄\ì ns¡ú+. n<˚$<Ûä+>± ª|æ\¢\Tμ nìq, ªÄ≈£î\Tμ nìq, ªu≤*ø£\Tμ nìq eT]j·TT
ªdæìe÷\Tμ nìq ne˙ï ˇø£{Ï ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿeH˚ ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. nq>± Çe˙ï ãVüQe#·HêH˚ï dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á
nouns n˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'Plural number' πø #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
>∑eTìø£ : Common noun, collective noun eT]j·TT abstract noun \˝À ˇø£{Ïø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe yê{Ïì dü÷∫+#˚
nouns n˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'plural number' øÏ #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
Singular & Plural forms of Nouns :

kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± ‘Ó\T>∑T˝À @ø£e#·q+ qT+∫ ãVüQe#·Hêìï bı+<ä&ÜìøÏ Ä |ü<ä+ ∫es¡q ª\Tμ qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q
ãVüQe#·q+ bı+<äe#·TÃqT. n<˚$<Ûä+>± Ç+^¢wüß˝À ≈£L&Ü singular number s¡÷bÕìøÏ ∫es¡q 's' ˝Ò<ë 'es' qT #˚sÃ¡ &É+
e\q plural number s¡÷bÕìï bı+<äe#·TÃqT. ø±˙ á ìj·TeT+ nìï nouns ≈£L e]Ô+#·<äT. ø±e⁄q 'singular
number' qT+∫ 'plural number' qT m˝≤ bı+<ë˝À ‘Ó\TdüTø√e˝…qT. BìøÏ ø=ìï ìj·Te÷\T ñHêïsTT. yê{Ï
Á|üø±s¡+ ...
1. By adding 's' at the end of the word :
'Word' jÓTTø£ÿ 'singular form' øÏ ∫es¡q 's' qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q <ëìøÏ dü+ã+~Û‘· 'plural form' ì bı+<äe#·TÃqT.
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Examples :
Singular number Plural number
1. goat (y˚Tø£) – goats (y˚Tø£\T)
2. computer (ø£+|üP´≥s¡T) – computers (ø£+|üP´≥s¡T¢)
3. book (|ü⁄düÔø£+) – books (|ü⁄düÔø±\T)
4. girl (u≤*ø£) – girls (u≤*ø£\T)
5. flower (|ü⁄e⁄«) – flowers (|üP\T) etc.
2. By adding 'es' at the end of the word :

'Word' ∫e]uÛ≤>∑+˝À 'o' nH˚ nø£ås¡+‘√ eTT–dæq≥¢sTT‘˚ <ëì jÓTTø£ÿ 'singular form' ≈£î ∫es¡q 'es' qT #˚s¡Ã&É+
e\q 'plural form' edüTÔ+~.
Examples :
1. mango (e÷$T&ç|ü+&ÉT) – mangoes (e÷$T&ç|ü+&ÉT¢)
2. potato (ã+>±fi≤<äT+|ü) – potatoes (ã+>±fi≤<äT+|ü\T)
3. Negro (˙Á>√C≤‹yê&ÉT) – Negroes (˙Á>√C≤‹ Á|ü»\T)
4. hero (ø£<∏ëHêj·T≈£î&ÉT) – heroes (ø£<∏ëHêj·T≈£î\T)
5. buffalo (π><Ó) – buffaloes (π><Ó\T) etc.
3. By adding 's' at the end even it has 'o' at the end :

ø=ìï 'words' øÏ e÷Á‘·+ ∫es¡q 'o' ñqï|üŒ{Ïø° n{Ïº words øÏ 's' qT #˚]Ãq 'plural form' edüTÔ+~.
Examples :
1. piano (|æj·÷H√ nHÓ&ç dü+^‘· yêsTT<ä´+) – pianos (|æj·÷H√\T)
2. photo (bò˛{À) – photos (bò˛{À\T)
3. ratio (ìwüŒ‹Ô) – ratios (ìwüŒ‘·TÔ\T)
4. bamboo (yÓ<äTs¡T ø£Ás¡) – bamboos (yÓ<äTs¡Tø£Ás¡\T)
5. auto (Ä{À]øå±) – autos (Ä{À]øå±\T) etc.
4. By adding 'es' when the word has 'sh', 'ch', 'x', 's' at the end of the word :
ˇø£ 'word' øÏ ∫es¡q 'sh' ø±˙, 'ch' ø±˙, 'x' ø±˙, 's' ø±˙ yÓTT<ä˝…’q nø£åsê\T ñ+fÒ <ëìøÏ singular form qT+∫
plural form ì bı+<ä&ÜìøÏ ∫es¡q 'es' qT #˚s¡Ãe˝…qT.
Examples :
1. ass (>±&ç<ä) – asses (>±&ç<ä\T)
2. class (‘·s¡>∑‹) – classes (‘·s¡>∑‘·T\T)
3. bush (bı<ä) – bushes (bı<ä\T)
4. box (ô|f…º) – boxes (ô|f…º\T)
5. bench (ã\¢) – benches (ã\¢\T) etc.

67
5. By adding 'ves' at the end of the word :
ø=ìï nouns øÏ ∫es¡q 'f' >±˙ 'fe' >±˙ ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ yê{Ï jÓTTø£ÿ plural forms 'singular form' øÏ <ëì˝Àì 'f'
˝Ò<ë 'fe' ì rdæy˚dæ 'ves' qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT.
Examples :
1. leaf (Ä≈£î) – leaves (Ä≈£î\T)
2. life (J$‘·+) – lives (J$‘ê\T)
3. wife (uÛ≤s¡´) – wives (uÛ≤s¡´\T)
4. knife (ø£‹Ô) – knives (ø£‘·TÔ\T)
5. wolf (‘√&˚\T) – wolves (‘√&˚fi¯ófl) etc.
6. By adding 'ies' at the end of the word :

nH˚ nø£ås¡+‘√ eTT–dæ Ä 'y' eTT+<äTq word ˝À 'Consonant' ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ <ëìqT+∫
Nouns 'y' 'Plural
number' qT bı+<ä&ÜìøÏ singular form ˝Àì 'y' ì ‘=\–+∫ <ëìøÏ 'ies' qT #˚s¡Ãe˝…qT.
Examples :
1. army (ôd’q´+) – armies (ôd’Hê´\T)
2. lady (Åd”Ô) – ladies (Åd”Ô\T)
3. city (q>∑s¡+) – cities (q>∑sê\T)
4. pony (>∑TÁs¡+ |æ\¢) – ponies (>∑TÁs¡+|æ\¢\T)
5. story (ø£<∏ä) – stories (ø£<∏ä\T) etc.
7. By adding 's' even it has 'y' at the end :

Nouns 'y' nH˚nø£ås¡+‘√ eTT–dæq|üŒ{Ïø° word ˝À Ä 'y' øÏ eTT+<äT 'vowel' ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ <ëìøÏ ∫es¡q 's' qT
#˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q singular form qT+&ç plural form ì bı+<äe#·TÃ.
Examples :
1. day (s√E) – days (s√E\T)
2. toy (Ä≥ edüTÔe⁄) – toys (Ä≥edüTÔe⁄\T)
3. play (Hê≥ø£+) – plays (Hê≥ø±\T)
4. key (‘êfi¯+#Ó$) – keys (‘êfi¯+#Óe⁄\T)
5. monkey (ø√‹) – monkeys (ø√‘·T\T) etc.
8. By adding 's' even it has 'f' or 'fe' at the end :

ø=ìï nouns
$wüj·T+˝À ∫es¡q 'f' ˝Ò<ë 'fe' \T ñqï|üŒ{ÏøÏ˙ yê{ÏøÏ πøe\+ ∫es¡q 's' qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sêH˚
'plural form' qT bı+<äe#·TÃqT.
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Examples :
1. roof (Ç+{Ï ô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ) – roofs (Ç+{Ïô|’ø£|ü⁄Œ\T)
2. proof (s¡TEe⁄) – proofs (s¡TEe⁄\T)
3. chief (eTTKýÓTÆq~) – chiefs (eTTKýÓTÆq$)
4. belief (qeTàø£+) – beliefs (qeTàø±\T)
5. grief ($#ês¡+) – griefs ($#êsê\T) etc.
9. By changing of vowels in the word :
'Word' ˝Àì ñqï≥Te+{Ï vowels ˝À ø=ìï e÷s¡TŒ\T #˚j·T&É+ e\q 'singular form' qT+∫ 'plural form' ì
bı+<äe#·TÃqT.
Examples :
1. man (eTìwæ) – men (eTqTwüß\T)
2. mouse (#·T+#·T) – mice (#·T+#·T\T)
3. tooth (|üqTï) – teeth (|üqTï\T)
4. toot (n&ÉT>∑T) – feet (n&ÉT>∑T\T)
5. woman (Åd”Ô) – women (Åd”Ô\T) etc.
10. By adding some letters to the word :
Singular form ˝Àì 'word' øÏ ∫es¡q ø=ìï $&ç nø£åsê\qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q <ëì dü+ã+~Û‘· 'plural form'
\_ÛdTü +Ô ~.
Examples :
1. ox (m<äT›) – oxen (m<äT›\T)
2. child (•X¯óe⁄) – children (•X¯óe⁄\T)
á $<ÛäyÓTÆq ìj·Te÷\qT nqTdü]dü÷Ô noun jÓTTø£ÿ singular form qT+∫ plural form ì bı+<äe#·TÃqT.
Special cases of Number of Noun (HêeTyê#·ø£ e#·q+ jÓTTø£ÿ Á|ü‘˚´ø£ ìj·Te÷\T) :
ø=ìï Nouns m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ singular number ˝ÀH˚ ñ+{≤sTT. M{ÏøÏ plural form ñ+&É<äT. n<˚$<Ûä+>± ø=ìï
nouns m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ plural number ˝ÀH˚ ñ+{≤sTT. M{ÏøÏ singular form ñ+&É<äT. eT]ø=ìï nouns m\¢|ü⁄Œ&ÉT
singular eT]j·TT plural s¡÷bÕ\˝À ˇπø $<Ûä+>± ñ+{≤sTT.
Nouns always in singular form (m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ @ø£e#·q+˝ÀH˚ ñ+&˚ Nouns) :
Examples :
1. wood (#Óø£ÿ) – No plural form
2. water (˙s¡T) – No plural form
3. sugar (|ü+#·<ës¡) – No plural form
4. iron (ÇqTeTT) – No plural form
5. the east (‘·÷s¡TŒ) – No plural form etc.

69
Nouns always in plural form (m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ ãVüQe#·q+˝ÀH˚ ñ+&˚ Nouns) :
Examples :
1. No singular form – scissors (ø£‘ÓÔs¡)
2. No singular form – spectacles (ø£fi¯flCÀ&ÉT)
3. No singular form – trousers (ÇC≤s¡T)
4. No singular form – measles (eTX¯S∫)
5. No singular form – pincers (ÁXÊeDeTT) etc.
Nouns identical in both two forms (¬s+&ÉT s¡÷bÕ\˝Àq÷ ˇπø˝≤ ñ+&˚ Nouns) :
Examples :
1. deer (˝Ò&ç) – deer (˝Òfi¯ófl)
2. fish (#˚|ü) – fish (#˚|ü\T)
3. swine (|ü+~) – swine (|ü+<äT\T)
4. news (yês¡Ô) – news (yês¡Ô\T)
5. rice (_j·T´+ –+») – rice (_j·T´+)
á $<Ûä+>± Noun jÓTTø£ÿ number s¡÷bÕ\≈£î Á|ü‘˚´ø£ dü+<äsê“¤\T ñ+{≤sTT.

>∑eTìø£ : kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± Material noun m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ singular form ˝ÀH˚ ñ+≥T+~. ø±˙ ø=ìï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À
'wheat (>√<ÛäTeT\T)' e+{Ï nouns e÷Á‘·+ plural form ˝À ≈£L&Ü ñ+&É&É+ >∑eTìkÕÔeTT. ~≈£îÿ\T, uÛÑ÷$T, Äø±X¯+,
Á>∑+<∏ë\ ù|s¡T¢ e+{Ï proper nouns n˙ï ≈£L&Ü singular form ˝ÀH˚ ñ+{≤sTT. »‘·\qT ˇø£{Ï>± #Ó|üŒã&˚ ªø£fi¯fl<ë›\Tμ,
¬s+&ÉT ø£‘·TÔ\ düeT÷Vü≤yÓTÆq ªø£‘ÓÔs¡μ e+{Ïe˙ï m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ plural form ˝ÀH˚ ñ+{≤sTT.
F The Noun-case (HêeTyê#·ø£+`$uÛÑøÏÔ)
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À Noun jÓTTø£ÿ s¡÷bÕìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒd÷ü Ô <ëìøÏ Ç‘·s¡ |ü<ë\‘√ >∑\ dü+ã+<Ûëìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒjT· Tq<˚
'Case of the noun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À Noun ˇø£ |üìì #˚düTÔqï<ë ˝Òø£ |üì |òü*‘êìï nqTuÛÑ$düTÔqï<ë yÓTT<ä˝…’q $wüj·÷\ìï+{Ïì
>∑T]+N 'case' ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~.
Ç+^¢wüß uÛ≤wü˝À Noun case \T 5 ñ+{≤sTT. n$ :
1. Nominative case (Á|ü<∏äe÷ $uÛÑøÏÔ)
2. Objective case (~«rj·÷ $uÛÑøÏÔ)
3. Dative case (#·‘·TØ› $uÛÑøÏÔ)
4. Possessive case (wüw”˜ $uÛÑøÏÔ)
5. Vocative case (dü+uÀ<ÛäHê Á|ü<∏äe÷ $uÛÑøÏÔ)
1. Nominative case :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À Noun, 'subject' >± ñ+fÒ Ä Noun 'Nominative case' ˝À ñqï<äì n+<äTs¡T.
Definition : If the Noun in a sentence is the subject, it is in the 'Nominative case.'

70
ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À Noun, 'Subject' kÕúq+˝À ñ+fÒ nq>± Ä yêø£´+˝À Noun j˚T Ä yêø£´+˝Àì |üìì #˚dü÷Ô ñ+fÒ
Ä Noun ì 'Nominative case' ˝À ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T. BìH˚ Ä Noun jÓTTø£ÿ 'Subjective case' nì ≈£L&Ü n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
Rajesh watched a movie. (Rajesh → Nominative case)
(sêCÒwt ˇø£ dæìe÷ #·÷XÊ&ÉT.)
á yêø±´ìï >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ Ç+<äT˝À ªsêCÒwtμ eT]j·TT 'Movie' nqTq$ nouns. ø±˙ Ç+<äT˝Àì ª#·÷&É&É+μ
nH˚ |üìì ªsêCÒwtμ nH˚ noun #˚dæ+~. nq>± 'Rajesh' nH˚ noun á yêø£´+ ˝À 'Subject' >± eéVü≤]+∫+~.
n+<äTe\q á 'Rajesh' nH˚ noun ì 'Nominative case' ˝À ñ+<äì n+<äTs¡T.
1. Sobha sang a song. (Sobha → Nominative case)
(XÀuÛÑ ˇø£ bÕ≥qT bÕ&ç+~.)
2. The dog barked. (The dog → Nominative case)
(Ä ≈£îø£ÿ yÓTT]–+~.)
3. Love is precious. (Love → Nominative case)
(Áù|eT ns¡T<Ó’q~.)
4. The earth has four directions. (The earth → Nominative case)
(uÛÑ÷$T Hê\T>∑T ~≈£îÿ\qT ø£*Z ñ+~.)
$es¡D : á Hê\T>∑T yêø±´\q÷ |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ªbÕ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì ªXÀuÛÑμ, ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À
ªyÓTTs¡>&∑ +É μ nH˚ |üìì ªÄ ≈£îø£ÿμ, eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À ªns¡T<äT>± ñ+&É&+É μ nH˚ |üìì ªÁù|eTμ eT]j·TT ∫e]<ëì˝À Hê\T>∑T~≈£îÿ\qT
ªø£*Z ñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì ªuÛÑ÷$Tμ #˚düTÔHêïsTT. ø±e⁄q Çe˙ï Äj·÷ yêø±´\≈£î 'Subjects' >± eéVü≤]+∫HêsTT.
n+<äT#˚‘· á nouns n˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'Nominative case' ≈£î #Ó+~q$.
2. Objective case :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À noun, 'Object' >± ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ n~ 'Objective Case' ˝À ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : If the noun in a sentence is the object, it is in the 'objective case'.
$es¡D : @<˚ì ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À Noun ˇø£ |üì jÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘êìï nqTuÛÑ$düTÔ+fÒ nq>± á noun ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫
@<Ó’Hê subject ˇø£ |üìì #˚dæq≥¢sTT‘˚ á noun Ä yêø£´+˝À object >± eéVü≤]+#·TqT. n˝≤+{Ï dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À Ä
noun ì 'Objective case' ˝À ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T. BìH˚ 'Accusative case' nì ≈£L&Ü n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
Swathi ate food. (food → objective case)
(kÕ«‹ uÛÀ»q+ ‹qï~.)
á yêø£´+˝À 'Swathi' eT]j·TT 'food' nH˚$ ¬s+&É÷ nouns. ø±˙ kÕ«‹ ª‹q&É+μ nH˚ |üìì #˚dæ+~. eT]j·TT
ªuÛÀ»q+μ kÕ«‹ #˚‘· ‹qã&ç+~. nq>± ª‹q&É+μ nH˚ |üì |òü*‘êìï 'food' nqTuÛÑ$+∫+~. ø±ã{Ïº 'food' á yêø£´+˝À
'object' >± eéVü≤]+∫+~. n+<äTe\q 'food' nH˚ noun qT 'objective case' ˝À ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T.

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1. The bird is picking rice. (Rice → objective case)
(Ä |üøÏå _j·÷´ìï @s¡T≈£î+≥T+~.)
2. Roja killed an ant. (An ant → objective case)
(s√C≤ ˇø£ NeTqT #·+|æ+~.)
3. The captain sent the army to the war. (The army → objective case)
(Ä Hêj·T≈£î&ÉT Ä ôd’Hê´ìï j·TT<ëΔìøÏ |ü+bÕ&ÉT.)
4. Vasu will play cricket. (Cricket → objective case)
(yêdüT ÁøÏ¬ø{Ÿ Ä&ÉT‘ê&ÉT.)
$es¡D : á Hê\T>∑T yêø±´\q÷ >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À ª_j·T´+μ ‹qã&ÉT‘·THêïsTT nq>± ª‹q&É+μ
nH˚ |üì |ò*ü ‘êìï nqTuÛ$Ñ düTHÔ êïsTT. n<˚$<Û+ä >± ªˇø£NeTμ ª#·+|ü&+É μ nH˚ |üì |ò*ü ‘êìï nqTuÛ$Ñ +∫+~ nq>± #·+|üã&ç+~.
n<˚$<Ûä+>± ªÄ ôd’q´+μ ª|ü+|æ+#·&É+μ nH˚ |üì |òü*‘êìï, ªÁøÏ¬ø{Ÿμ ªÄ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üì |òü*‘êìï nqTuÛÑ$+#êsTT. nq>±
Çe˙ï Äj·÷ yêø±´\˝À objects >± eéVü≤]+#êsTT. ø±e⁄q á nouns n˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'Objective case' ˝À ñqï≥T¢>±
|ü]>∑DÏ+#·ã&Ü¶sTT.
3. Dative case :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À 'noun' 'indirect object' >± ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ n~ 'Dative case' ˝À ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : If the noun in a sentence is the indirect obect, it is in the 'Dative case'.
$es¡D : @<Ó’Hê yêø£´+˝À object 'verb' øÏ yÓ+≥H˚ eùdÔ <ëìì 'Direct object' n˙, 'verb' øÏ object øÏ eT<Ûä´
@<Ó’Hê 'word' ñ+fÒ <ëìì 'indirect object' n˙ n+{≤s¡T. eT]j·TT düŒwü+º >± ‘Ó*j·÷\+fÒ eTqTwüß\≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q
nouns ì 'Indirect objects' n˙ edüTÔe⁄\≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q nouns ì 'Direct objects' n˙ n+{≤s¡T. yêø£´+˝À
'noun' indirect object >± ñ+fÒ n~ 'dative case' ˝Àq÷ eT]j·TT 'noun' 'direct object' >± ñ+fÒ n~ 'objective
case' ˝Àq÷ ñ+{≤sTT.
Examples :
Swathi gave a pen to Ravi. (Ravi → Dative case)
(kÕ«‹ s¡$øÏ ˇø£ ô|qTïì Ç∫Ã+~.)
á yêø£´+˝À 'Swathi', 'pen' eT]j·TT 'Ravi' nqTq$ nouns. 'Swathi' nH˚~ Subject >± ñ+&É>± 'Pen'
eT]j·TT 'Ravi' nqTq$ 'Objects' >± ñHêïsTT. M{Ï˝À 'Ravi' nqTq~ ªe´øÏÔμ ù|s¡T ø±ã{Ïº eT]j·TT verb nsTTq 'gave'
≈£î 'Ravi' øÏ eT<Ûä´ a pen, to nqT |ü<ë\T ñqï+<äTq 'Ravi' nqTq~ 'indirect object' >± eT]j·TT 'a pen' nH˚~
edüTÔe⁄≈£î #Ó+~q<Ó’q+<äTq eT]j·TT 'gave' nH˚ verb ≈£î yÓ+≥H˚ e∫Ãq+<äTe\q Ç~ 'direct object' >±
|ü]>∑DÏ+#·ã&ÉT‘·THêïsTT. M{Ï˝À 'Ravi' nqTq~ 'indirect object' >± ñqï+<äTe\q Bìì 'dative case' ˝À ñ+<äì
n+{≤eTT.
1. Bobby presented a gift to Latha. (Latha → Dative case)
(u≤; \‘·≈£î ˇø£ ãVüQeT‹ì ãVüAø£]+#ê&ÉT.)
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2. Swapna gave a piece of paper to Mahesh. (Mahesh → Dative case)
(dü«|üï eTùV≤wt≈£î ˇø£ ø±–‘·+ eTTø£ÿqT Ç∫Ã+~.)
3. Sudha wrote a letter to Sadha. (Sadha → Dative case)
düT<Ûä dü<≈ä £î ˇø£ ñ‘·Ôs¡+ Áyêdæ+~.
4. Vasu said the matter to Bosu. (Bosu → Dative case)
(yêdüT uÀdüTøÏ Ä $wüj·T+ #ÓbÕŒ&ÉT.)
$es¡D : á Hê\T>∑T yêø±´\q÷ >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À ª\‘·,μ ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À ªeTùV≤wtμ, eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À
ªdü<äμ eT]j·TT Hê\Ze <ëì˝À ªuÀdüTμ nH˚ nouns n˙ï indirect objects >± ñHêïsTT. ø±e⁄q Çe˙ï 'Dative case'
˝ÀìøÏ #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.)
4. Possessive case :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À Noun 'Possessive form' >± ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ n~ 'Possessive case' ˝À ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : If the noun in a sentence is a possessive form, it is in the 'Possessive case.'
$es¡D : ª@<Ó’Hê ˇø£] nBÛq+˝À ñ+fÒμ nq>± ˇø£s¡T <˚ìHÓ’Hê düπs ø£*– ñ+fÒ Ä edüTÔe⁄ yê] 'Possession' ˝À
ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T. nq>± 'Possession' nH˚~ ˇø£<ëìì ªø£*– ñ+&É&É+μ nH˚<ëìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. Ç~ ªjÓTTø£ÿμ nH˚
nsêúìï ÇdüTÔ+~. á 'Possessive case' H˚ 'genetive case' nì ≈£L&Ü n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
Surekha went to Reshma's house. (Reshma's → Possessive case)
(düTπsK πswüàjÓTTø£ÿ Ç+{ÏøÏ yÓ[¢+~.)
á yêø£´+˝À Ç\T¢ sπ wüà≈£î #Ó+~q<äì ‘Ó*j·TCÒjT· ã&ç+~. Ç~ 'Reshma's' nH˚ Possessive form ‘Ó*j·TCÒdTü +Ô ~.
á yêø£´+˝À Reshma eT]j·TT, Surekha eT]j·TT house nH˚$ Nouns. M{Ï˝À 'Reshma' nH˚ noun 'Possessive
form' >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+~. ø±e⁄q á noun qT 'Possessive case' ˝À ñ+<ä+{≤eTT.
1. Nani took Vani's book. (Vani's → Possessive case)

(Hêì yêDÏjÓTTø£ÿ |ü⁄düÔø£+ rdüT≈£îHêï&ÉT.)
2. Gita is driving Sita's scooty. (Sita's → Possessive case)
(^‘· d”‘·jÓTTø£ÿ dü÷ÿ{°ì q&ÉT|ü⁄‘·T+~.)
3. Rakesh used Rajesh's car. (Rajesh's → Possessive case)
(sêπøwt sêCÒwtjÓTTø£ÿ ø±s¡Tì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê&ÉT.)
4. Amala scolded Kamala's brother. (Kamala's → Possessive case)
(neT\ ø£eT\jÓTTø£ÿ k˛<äs¡Tì ì+~+∫+~.)
$es¡D : á Hê\T>∑T yêø±´\q÷ |ü]o*ùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À |ü⁄düÔø£+ yêDÏøÏ #Ó+~q<äì 'Vani's' nH˚ Possessive
form e\q, dü÷ÿ{° d”‘·≈£î #Ó+~q<äì 'Sita's nH˚ Possessive form e\q, ø±s¡T sêCÒwt≈£î #Ó+~q<äì 'Rajesh's' nH˚

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Possessive form e\q eT]j·TT k˛<äs¡T&ÉT ø£eT\ k˛<äs¡T&Éì 'Kamala's' nH˚ Possessive form e\q ns¡úeTe⁄‘·T+~.
á nouns n˙ï ≈£L&Ü á yêø±´\˝À 'Possessive forms' >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq+<äTq Çe˙ï 'Possessive case' øÏ
#Ó+~q$>± ù|s=ÿqã&Ü¶sTT.
5. Vocative case :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À Noun qT dü+uÀ<ÛäHê|ü<ä+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT n~ 'Vocative Case' ˝À ñ+<äì
n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : If the noun in a sentence is in the vocative form, it is in the 'Vocative case.'
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À me]HÓ’Hê |æ\Tdü÷Ô |ü*øÏq ù|s¡TqT (noun) 'Vocative case' >± |ü]>∑DÏkÕÔs¡T. |æ\e&ÜìøÏ
ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT 'Noun' qT |ü\T≈£î≥˝À e÷s¡TŒ ñ+≥T+~. á e÷s¡TŒ Áyêj·T&É+ ø£+fÒ ñ#êÃs¡D˝ÀH˚ düŒwüº+>±
‘Ó\TdüT+Ô ~.
Examples :
Ramu, stop there. (Ramu → Vocative case)
(sêeTT, nø£ÿ&˚ Ä–b˛).
á yêø±´ìï |ü]o*ùdÔ Ç+<äT˝À 'Ramu' nH˚ 'noun' ñ+~. á noun ªsêeTTμ nH˚ e´øÏÔì |æ*#˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+~. á $<Ûä+>± á noun qT |æ\T#·T≥≈£î nq>± dü+uÀ<Ûäq≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q+<äTq Ç~ vocative case
>± #Ó|üŒã&ç+~.
1. Shanthi, run slowly. (Shanthi → Vocative case)
(XÊ+r, HÓeTà~>± |ü]¬>‘·TÔ.)
2. Supriya, wait for two minutes. (Supriya → Vocative case)
(düTÁ|æj·÷, ¬s+&ÉT ì$TcÕ\T y˚∫ñ+&ÉT.)
3. Watch the movie, Prabhakar. (Prabhakar → Vocative case)
(Á|üuÛ≤ø£sY, Ä dæìe÷ #·÷&ÉT.)
4. Keep smiling, Susheela. (Susheela → Vocative case)
(qe⁄«‘·÷ ñ+&ÉT, düTo˝≤.)
$es¡D : á Hê\T>∑T yêø±´©ï >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï yêø£´+˝À ªXÊ+‹μ, s¬ +&Ée<ëì˝À ªdüTÁ|æjT· μ, eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À
ªÁ|üuÛ≤ø£sYμ eT]j·TT Hê\Ze<ëì˝À ªdüTo\μ nH˚ nouns Äj·÷ |üqT\qT #˚j·TeTì #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ |æ\eã&Ü¶sTT. nq>± Çe˙ï
dü+uÛÀ<äq˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&Ü¶sTT. n+<äTe\q Çe˙ï 'Vocative case' ˝ÀìøÏ #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
>∑eTìø£ : 1. Vocative case ˝À Noun >± ÁbÕD+ ñqï yê{Ï˙, ÁbÕD+˝Ò≈£îqï n\+ø±s¡+ ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫
b˛\Ãã&çqyê{Ï˙, Collective nouns ˙, dü+düú\q÷, Á|ü<˚XÊ\q÷ ‘Ó*ù| nouns ˙, ø=ìï >∑+;Ûs¡yÓTÆq
|ü<ë\qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
2. Possessive case ˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq noun qT+∫ @s¡Œ&çq |ü<ä+ noun ne<äT. Ç˝≤ @s¡Œ&çq
|ü<ë\T Adjectives ne⁄‘êsTT. nq>± Vani's, Sita's, Kamala's e+{Ï$ Adjectives ne⁄‘êsTT.
Q
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9. Pronoun (düs¡«HêeT+)
ìs¡«#·q+ : Noun øÏ (HêeTyê#·ø±ìøÏ) ã<äT\T>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ <ëìì (düs¡«HêeT+) 'Pronoun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : A pronoun is the word which is used instead of a noun.
$es¡D : @<Ó’Hê e´øÏÔì ˝Ò<ë edüTÔe⁄ì >∑T]+∫ m<äT{Ïyê]øÏ #Ó|ü⁄Ôqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä dü+uÛ≤wüD˝À ˇø£kÕ] Ä e´øÏÔ ù|s¡Tì
ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫ Ä ‘·s¡Tyê‘· Ä e´øÏÔøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q ªn‘·&ÉT, ÄyÓT, n~μ e+{Ï |ü<ë\qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. á $<ÛäyÓTÆq
|ü<ë\H˚ 'pronouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Rajesh is my brother. He is a talented person.

sêCÒwt Hê jÓTTø£ÿ k˛<äs¡T&ÉT. n‘·&ÉT ˇø£ ‘Ó*yÓ’q e´øÏÔ.
á yêø£´+˝À ªsêCÒwtμ nH˚~ ˇø£ noun m+<äTø£q>± Ç~ ˇø£ e´øÏÔ jÓTTø£ÿ ù|s¡Tì ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. Çø£ÿ&É ù|s=ÿqã&çq
¬s+&ÉT yêø±´\˝Àq÷ ªsêCÒwtμ nH˚ e´øÏÔì >∑T]+#˚ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·Tã&ç+~. ø±˙ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À ªsêCÒwtμ nì n‘·ì ù|s¡Tì
ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫, ¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À e÷Á‘·+ eTs=ø£kÕ] ù|s¡Tì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·≈£î+&Ü ªsêCÒwtμ nH˚ noun 'masculine gender'
≈£î #Ó+~q~ ø±e⁄q nq>± eT>∑C≤‹ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·Tqï+<äTq Ä noun øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q 'n‘·&TÉ (He)' nH˚ pronoun ì
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~.
á $<Ûä+>± ªù|s¡Tμ H˚ |ü<˚ |ü<˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·≈£î+&Ü yêø±´ìøÏ ns¡ú+ e÷s¡≈£î+&Ü 'Noun' øÏ ã<äT\T>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚
|ü<ë\qT 'Pronouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
1. The chair is a red one. It is beautiful.
Ä ≈£îØÃ ˇø£ mÁs¡ì ≈£îØÃ. n~ n+<äyÓTÆq~.
2. Sita is a singer. She sings well.
d”‘· ˇø£ >±j·Tì. ÄyÓT u≤>± bÕ&ÉT‘·T+~.
3. My name is Rakesh. I am an engineer.
Hê ù|s¡T sêπøwt. H˚qT ˇø£ Ç+»˙s¡Tì.
4. Ramesh and Suresh are friends. They are good friends.
s¡y˚Twt eT]j·TT düTπswt\T ùdïVæ≤‘·T\T. yês¡T eT+∫ ùdïVæ≤‘·T\T.
$es¡D : á Hê\T>∑T ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\q÷ |ü]o*ùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À Chair (≈£îØÃ) nH˚ noun øÏ ã<äT\T>± 'It' nH˚
<ëìì, ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À 'Sita' nH˚ noun øÏ ã<äT\T>± 'She' nH˚ <ëìì, eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À 'Rakesh' nH˚ noun øÏ
ã<äT\T>± 'I' nH˚ <ëìì eT]j·TT ∫e] yêø£´+˝À 'Ramesh eT]j·TT Suresh' nH˚ ¬s+&ÉT noun \≈£L ø£*|æ ñeTà&ç>±
'They' nH˚ <ëìì 'Pronoun' \T>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~.
* KINDS OF PRONOUN (PRONOUN ˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
Pronoun ì ‹]– 11 s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Personal pronoun (|ü⁄s¡TwüuÀ<Ûäø£ düs¡«HêeT+)
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2. Impersonal pronoun (|ü⁄s¡TwüuÀ<Ûäø£ edüTÔ düs¡«HêeT+)
3. Possessive pronoun (kÕ«eTúÀ<Ûäø£ düs¡«HêeT+)
4. Demonstrative pronoun (ìπs›XÊ‘·àø£ düs¡«HêeT+)
5. Reflexive pronoun (Á|ü‹|òü˝≤‘·àø£ düs¡«HêeT+)
6. Emphatic pronoun (ìX¯Ãj·÷‘·àø£ düs¡«HêeT+)
7. Interrogative pronoun (Á|üXÊïs¡úø£ düs¡«HêeT+)
8. Relative pronoun (dü+ã+<ÛäuÀ<Ûäø£ düs¡«HêeT+)
9. Indefinite pronoun (nìπs›XÊ‘·àø£ düs¡«HêeT+)
10. Distributive pronoun ($uÛÑCHê‘·àø£ düs¡«HêeT+)
11. Reciprocal pronoun (|üs¡düŒs¡ düs¡«HêeT+)
á $<Ûä+>± pronoun qT ‹]– á 11 s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T.
1. Personal pronoun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : eTqTwüß´\ ù|s¡¢≈£î ã<äT\T>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ pronoun \qT 'Personal pronouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The pronoun which is used instead of human names is called 'Personal pronoun'.
$es¡D : eTqTwüß\ ù|s¡≈¢ î£ nq>± e÷qeC≤‹˝Àì Ä&É eT]j·TT eT>∑C≤‘·T\≈£î #Ó+~q ù|s¡≈¢ î£ ã<äT\T>± ñ|üj÷Ó –+#˚
'Pronouns' ì 'Personal Pronouns' nì #ÓãT‘ês¡T.
Examples :
1. Rahul painted this picture. He is a nice painter.
sêVüQ˝Ÿ á u§eTàqT ∫Á‹+#ê&ÉT. n‘·&ÉT ˇø£ eT+∫ ∫Á‘·ø±s¡T&ÉT.
2. Sowmya is a student. She is a good student.
kÂeT´ ˇø£ $<ë´]úì. ÄyÓT ˇø£ eT+∫ $<ë´]úì.
3. The children played game. So they tired.
Ä |æ\¢\T Ä≥ Ä&Üs¡T. ø±e⁄q yês¡T n\dæb˛j·÷s¡T.
4. Look here Rajesh, you have to take rest.
sêCÒwt Ç≥T #·÷&ÉT, ˙e⁄ $ÁXÊ+‹ rdüTø√yê*.
5. Ramu and I will come. We will come tomorrow.
sêeTT eT]j·TT H˚qT ekÕÔeTT. y˚TeTT πs|ü⁄ ekÕÔeTT.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'Rahul' øÏ ã<äT\T>± 'He' nH˚ pronoun ˙, ¬s+&Ée
yêø£´+˝À 'Sowmya' øÏ ã<äT\T>± 'She' nH˚ pronoun ˙, eT÷&Ée yêø£´+˝À 'Children' øÏ ã<äT\T>± 'they' nH˚
pronoun ˙, Hê\Ze yêø£´+˝À 'Rajesh' øÏ ã<äT\T>± 'You' nH˚ pronoun ˙ eT]j·TT ∫e] yêø£´+˝À 'Ramu eT]j·TT
I' nH˚ noun eT]j·TT pronoun \ ¬s+&ç+{Ïø° ø£*|æ 'We' nH˚ ñeTà&ç pronoun ˙ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~. á nìï
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àq÷ ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·ã&çq 'nouns' n˙ï ≈£L&Ü e÷qeC≤‹ì >∑T]+∫ e÷Á‘·yT˚ ‘Ó*j·TCÒdTü HÔ êïsTT. n+<äTe\q
M{ÏøÏ ã<äT\T>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q pronoun \qT 'personal pronouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : á personal pronouns ì pronoun jÓTTø£ÿ gender, number eT]j·TT persons Ä<Ûës¡+>± Äj·÷
noun \≈£î nq«sTT+#·Tø=ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*. á topics ì ‘·s¡Tyê‘· H˚s¡TÃø√>∑\s¡T. I, we, you, he, she, they nqTq$
n˙ï ≈£L&Ü personal pronouns. eT]j·TT M{ÏøÏ dü+ã+~Û‘· pronouns n˙ï ≈£L&Ü personal pronouns H˚ n>∑TqT.
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2. Impersonal pronoun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : edüTeÔ ⁄\ ù|s¡≈¢ î£ nq>± ìØ®e⁄\ ù|s¡≈¢ î£ ã<äT\T>± ñ|üj÷Ó –+#˚ pronoun \qT 'impersonal pronouns'
nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The pronoun which is used instead of the names of the non-living beings is called the
'Impersonal pronoun'.
$es¡D : ìØ®e⁄\ ù|s¡¢≈£î ã<äT\T>± nq>± edüTÔe⁄\, Á|ü<˚XÊ\ eT]j·TT nìïs¡ø±\ uÛ≤eeTT\ yÓTT<ä˝…’q yê{Ïù|s¡¢≈£î
ã<äT\T>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ pronoun \qT 'impersonal pronouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Ooty is his favourite city. It is a cool place.

}{° n‘·ì jÓTTø£ÿ ÇwüºyÓTÆq q>∑s¡+. n~ ˇø£ #·\¢ì Á|ü<˚X¯+.
2. The car is beautiful. It is red one.
Ä ø±s¡T n+<äyÓTÆq~. n~ mÁs¡ì~.
3. This is summer. It is hot now.
Ç~ y˚dü$ø±\+. Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ç~ y˚&Ó’q~.
4. It is raining now.
Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ç~ es¡¸+ |ü&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+~.
5. It is 5 o' clock.
Ç~ düeTj·T+ ◊<äT.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'Ooty' nH˚ noun øÏ ã<äT\T>± 'It' nH˚ <ëì˙, ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À 'Car'
øÏ ã<äT\T>± 'It' nH˚<ëì˙, eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À 'Summer' øÏ ã<äT\T>± 'It' nH˚<ëì˙ eT]j·TT ∫e] ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´\˝Àq÷
düeTj·÷ìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'It' nH˚ <ëì˙ pronoun \T>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~. á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq nouns n˙ï ≈£L&Ü ìØ®e⁄\≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫qy˚. n+<äTe\q M{ÏøÏ ã<äT\T>± 'It' nH˚ 'impersonal
pronoun' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT.
>∑eTìø£ : Impersonal pronoun >± It H˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü edüTÔe⁄\qT dü÷∫+#˚ That, this nH˚$ eT]j·TT Those,
these nH˚$ ≈£L&Ü #Ó+<äT‘êsTT. 'They' nH˚<ëìøÏ ªyês¡Tμ eT]j·TT ªn$μ nH˚ ¬s+&ÉT nsêú\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+ ñqï+<äTq
Bìì Personal pronoun >±H˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü 'impersonal pronoun' >± ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. n<˚$<Ûä+>± »+‘·Te⁄\≈£î
dü+ã+~Û+∫q noun \≈£î ã<äT\T>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ |ü<ë\qT ø=ìï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À personal pronoun \T>±q÷, eT]ø=ìï
dü+<äsê“¤\˝À impersonal pronoun \T >±q÷ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. He, She, They nH˚$ ≈£L&Ü ø=ìï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À
impersonal pronouns >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&É‘êsTT.
3. Possessive pronoun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ edüTÔe⁄ ˇø£]øÏ #Ó+~q<äì ‘Ó*j·TCÒdü÷Ô ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q pronoun ì 'Possessive pronoun' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The pronoun which is used as second possessive form is called 'Possessive pronoun'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ noun ˇø£ Pronoun øÏ #Ó+~q<äH˚ $wüj·÷ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdü÷Ô ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ pronoun ì 'Possessive
pronoun' nì |æ\TkÕÔs¡T.

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Examples :
1. He is Mr. Ravi. The pen is his.
n‘·&ÉT s¡$. Ä ô|qTï n‘·ì~.
2. Veena is a singer. This song is hers.
MD ˇø£ >±j·Tì. á bÕ≥ ÄyÓT~.
3. I am a doctor. The patient is mine.
H˚qT ˇø£ yÓ’<äT´ìï. Ä s√– Hêyê&ÉT.
4. We are students. The school is ours.
y˚TeTT $<ë´s¡Tú\+. á ã&ç e÷~.
5. They are writers. This story is theirs.
yês¡T s¡#·sTT‘·\T. á ø£<∏ä yê]~.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'his' nH˚~ ªô|qTïμ s¡$øÏ #Ó+~q<ä˙ ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À, 'hers' nH˚~ ªbÕ≥μ
MD≈£î #Ó+~q<ä˙, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'mine' nH˚~ ªs√–μ Hê≈£î #Ó+~qyê&É˙, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'ours' nH˚~ ªã&çμ e÷≈£î
#Ó+~q<ä˙ eT]j·TT ∫e] yêø£´+˝À 'theirs' nH˚~ ªø£<∏äμ yê]øÏ #Ó+~q<ä˙ ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. nq>± Çe˙ï 'Possessive
forms' n˙ ø±e⁄q 'Possessive pronoun' øÏ #Ó+~qe˙ ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~.
>∑eTìø£ : Possessive forms n˙ï ≈£L&Ü Possessive pronouns ø±e⁄. Possessive forms ˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ïs¡ø±ìøÏ
'my, her, their' e+{Ï$ pronouns ø±e⁄. 'Mine, hers, theirs' e+{Ï$ e÷Á‘·y˚T 'Possessive Pronouns' ne⁄‘êsTT.
4. Demonstrative Pronoun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ noun qT ì]›wüº+>± dü÷∫+#˚ pronoun ì 'demonstrative pronoun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The pronoun which denotes a 'noun' clearly is called the 'Demonstrative pronoun'.
$es¡D : ˇπø yêø£´+˝À noun eT]j·TT <ëìøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q pronoun \T ñ+&ç n$ Á|üø£ÿÁ|üø£ÿq ñ+&É≈£î+&Ü Ä
noun <ëì dü+ã+~Û‘· pronoun #˚‘· düŒwüº+>± dü÷∫+#·ã&çq≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä pronoun ì 'demonstrative pronoun' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. She is Kum. Swetha.
ÄyÓT ≈£îe÷] X‚«‘·.
2. They are soldiers.
yês¡T ôd’ì≈£î\T.
3. That is a cat.
n~ ˇø£ |æ*¢.
4. We are students.
y˚TeTT $<ë´s¡Tú\+.
5. These are bananas.
Ç$ ns¡{Ï|ü+&ÉT¢.
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$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\ìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ 'noun' eT]j·TT <ëìøÏ dü+ã+~Û‘· 'pronoun' \T ¬s+&É÷ ≈£L&Ü ˇπø
yêø£´+˝À ñHêïsTT. eT]j·TT @ s¬ +&É÷ ≈£L&Ü Á|üøÿ£ Á|üøÿ£ H˚ ˝Òe⁄. n˝≤π> yÓTT<ä{yÏ êø£´+˝À 'she' nH˚~ X‚«‘·q÷, s¬ +&Ée<ëì˝À
'They' nH˚~ ôd’ì≈£î\q÷, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'That' nH˚~ |æ*¢˙, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'We' nH˚~ $<ë´s¡Tú\˙ eT]j·TT
∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'These' nH˚~ ns¡{Ï|ü+&É¢q÷ düŒwüº+>± dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á pronouns nìï+{Ï˙ ≈£L&Ü
'demonstrative pronouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Demonstrative pronoun m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ <ëì dü+ã+~Û‘· noun øÏ Á|üø£ÿq ñ+&É<äT. That, this, these
e+{Ï words 'Noun' øÏ eTT+<äT ñ+fÒ n$ Pronouns ø±e⁄. eT]j·TT Çy˚ |ü<ë\T noun øÏ <ä÷s¡+>± ñ+&ç ô|’
yêø±´\˝À e˝Ò noun ì düŒwüº+>± dü÷∫ùdÔ Ç$ 'demonstrative pronouns' ne⁄‘êsTT. 'Demonstrative Pronoun'
yêø£´+˝À ñ+fÒ n~ K∫Ã‘·+>± noun ø£+fÒ eTT+<äT>±q÷ noun øÏ <ä÷s¡+>±q÷ ñ+&Ü*. eT]j·TT yêø£´+˝À 'noun'
K∫Ã‘·+>± ñ+&Ü*.
5. Reflexive Pronoun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À ˇø£ |üìì #˚ùdB eT]j·TT <ëì |òü*‘êìï nqTuÛÑ$+#˚B ≈£L&Ü Pronoun j˚T nsTT‘˚ Ä
Pronoun ì 'Reflexive Pronoun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : In a sentence, if the pronoun is both the doer and the receiver of an action, it is called
as 'Reflexive pronoun'.
$es¡D : yêø£´+˝À pronoun 'subject' >± eT]j·TT 'object' >± ≈£L&Ü eéVü≤]+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä pronoun ì
'Reflexive Pronoun' nì n+{≤s¡T. Personal ˝Ò<ë impersonal pronoun øÏ <ëì number Ä<Ûës¡+>± ∫es¡q
'self' ˝Ò<ë 'selves' qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê 'reflexive pronoun' @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Prema beat herself.
Áù|eT ‘·qqT ‘êH˚ (ÄyÓTqT Äy˚T) ø=≥Tº≈£î+~.
2. He praised himself.
n‘·ìï n‘·H˚ bı>∑T&ÉT≈£îHêï&ÉT.
3. They invited themselves.
yê]ì yêπs ÄVü‰«ì+#·T≈£îHêïs¡T.
4. The thief shot himself.
Ä <=+>∑ n‘·ìï n‘·H˚ ù|\TÃ≈£îHêï&ÉT.
5. I hit myself.
qqTï H˚H˚ ø=≥Tº≈£îHêïqT.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ nìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ |üì#˚dæq e´ø°Ô eT]j·TT <ëì |òü*‘êìï nqTuÛÑ$+∫q e´ø°Ô
≈£L&Ü ˇø£πs. yÓTT<ä{Ï yêø£´+˝À ªÁù|eTμ, ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'He', eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'They', Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'the thief'
eT]j·TT nsTT<äe yêø£´+˝À 'I' nH˚ nìï pronouns ≈£L&Ü Äj·÷ |üqT\qT #˚dæ yê{Ï jÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘êìï nqTuÛÑ$+#·&É+
»]–+~. ø£qTø£ M{Ï qT+∫ @s¡Œ&çq herself, himself, themselves eT]j·TT 'myself' nqTq$ n˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'Reflexive
pronoun' ≈£î #Ó+<äTqT.
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>∑eTìø£ : Reflexive pronoun m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ verb ‘·s¡Tyê‘· nq>± yêø£´+ jÓTTø£ÿ object kÕúq+˝À ñ+≥T+~.
eT]j·TT Reflexive pronoun yêø£´+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä yêø£´+˝À y˚s=ø£ object ñ+&É<äT. nq>± 'direct
object' ñ+&É<äT. ø=ìï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À indirect object ñ+&Ée#·TÃ ˝Ò<ë ñ+&Éø£b˛e#·TÃ.
6. Emphatic pronoun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Reflexive pronoun qT ìX¯Ãj·÷ìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒjT· &ÜìøÏ ñ|üj÷Ó –ùdÔ <ëìì 'emphatic pronoun'
nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : If the reflexive pronoun is used to emphasize, it is called 'Emphatic pronoun'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ |üìì subject dü«j·T+>± #˚düTÔ+<äì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ nq>± ˇø£ e´øÏÔ ˇø£|üìì ‘·q≈£î‘êqT>±
(dü«‘·+Á‘·+>± @ ˇø£ÿ] Á|üy˚Tj·T+ ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü) #˚düTÔHêï&ÉH˚ nsêúìï Çe«&É+ ø√dü+ 'reflexive pronoun' qT object ‘√
bÕ≥T>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. á $<Ûä+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq pronoun ì 'emphatic pronoun' n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. She sang the song herself.

ÄyÓT Ä bÕ≥qT ÄyÓT≈£î ÄyÓT>± bÕ&ç+~.
2. He himself did the work.
n‘·&ÉT n‘·ìøÏ n‘·qT>± Ä |üì #˚XÊ&ÉT.
3. The cat itself jumped into the well.
Ä |æ*¢ <ëìø£~>± Ä q÷‹˝ÀìøÏ <ä÷øÏ+~.
4. They themselves donated their blood.
yês¡T yê]øÏyês¡T>± yê] s¡ø±Ôìï <ëq+#˚XÊs¡T.
5. You yourself commited the sin.
˙e⁄ ˙≈£î ˙e⁄>± Ä bÕ|ü+ #˚XÊe⁄.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\ìï+{Ï˝À object ñ+~. <ëì‘√bÕ≥T>± herself, himself, itself, themselves eT]j·TT
yourself nH˚ pronouns ≈£L&Ü ñHêïsTT. Ç$ yêø£´+˝À Äj·÷ subject \T Äj·÷ |üqT\qT dü«‘·Vü‰>± @ ˇø£ÿ]
Áb˛‘ê‡Vü≤+ ˝Ò≈î£ +&Ü #˚kÕj·Tì ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·ã&Ü¶sTT. n+<äTe\q á pronouns nìï+{Ï˙ ≈£L&Ü 'emphatic
pronouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Emphatic pronoun qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± object ñ+&Ée#·TÃ ˝Òø£ ñ+&Éø£b˛e#·TÃ. ø±˙
K∫Ã‘·+>± Reflexive prounoun eT]j·TT emphatic pronoun \≈£î ‘˚&Ü >∑eTì+#·e#·TÃ. Emphatic pronounqT
object ‘·s¡Tyê‘· ø±˙ subject ≈£î yÓ+≥H˚ ø±ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ø±˙ Reflexive pronoun ì verb ‘·s¡Tyê‘· yÓ+≥H˚ ñ
|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
7. Interrogative pronoun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Á|üXÊïs¡úø£|ü<ä+>± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ pronoun ì 'interrogative pronoun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The pronoun which is used as interrogative word is called 'Interrogative pronoun'.
$es¡D : Á|üX¯ï˝À ˇø£ e´øÏÔì >∑T]+∫ ˝Ò<ë ˇø£ »+‘·Te⁄qT >∑T]+∫ Á|ü•ï+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ pronoun ì
'interrogative pronoun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
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Examples :
1. Who went to market ?
dü+‘·≈£î mes¡T yÓfi≤¢s¡T ?
2. Whom do you want ?
˙e⁄ me]ì ø√s¡T‘·THêïe⁄ ?
3. What did he take ?
n‘·&ÉT @$T rdüT≈£îHêï&ÉT ?
4. Which is your mother tongue ?
MT e÷‘·èuÛ≤wü @~ ?
5. Who is Mr. Sekhar ?
X‚KsY >±s¡T mes¡T ?
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ M{Ï˝À who, whom, what eT]j·TT which nH˚ words ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·ã&Ü¶sTT.
Çe˙ï Á|üX¯ïqT n&É>∑&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&Ü¶sTT. 'who' nH˚~ e´øÏÔì, 'whom' nH˚~ ≈£L&Ü e´øÏÔì, 'what' eT]j·TT
'which' nH˚$ edüTÔe⁄\qT >∑T]+∫ Á|ü•ï+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&Ü¶sTT. n+<äTe\q á |ü<ë\qT 'interrogative
>∑eTìø£ : Interrogative pronoun m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ noun ‘√ ø£*dæ ñ+&É<äT. Ç~ noun qT >∑T]+∫ Á|ü•ï+#·&ÜìøÏ
ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉT‘·T+~. Whose nqTq~ noun ‘√H˚ ø£*düT+≥Tqï+<äTq, How, when eT]j·TT where nqTq$ noun qT
‘Ó*j·TCÒjT· q+<äTe\q Çe˙ï pronouns ø±e⁄. n<˚$<Û+ä >± 'which' nqTq~ 'noun' øÏ eTT+<äT ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·ã&çq|ü⁄&ÉT
n~ 'pronoun' ø±<äT.
8. Relative pronoun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ¬s+&ÉT clause \qT ø£*ù| pronoun ì 'relative pronoun' nì n+<äTs¡T.
Definition : The pronoun which is used to combine two clauses is called the 'Relative pronoun'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À ¬s+&ÉT clause \ eT<Ûä´ dü+ã+<Ûëìï ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·÷ Ä ¬s+&ÉT clause \q÷ ø£\T|ü⁄‘·÷ ñ+&˚
pronoun ì relative pronoun nì n+{≤s¡T. Ç~ yêø£´+˝À kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± noun ≈£î yÓ+≥H˚ edüTÔ+~.
Examples :
1. I met Prabhas who is a famous actor.
me¬s’‘˚ ù|s=+~q q≥T&ÉsTT ñHêïs√ Ä Á|üuÛ≤dtì H˚qT ø£*XÊqT.
2. Your dad brought that you requested him.
MT Hêqï>±s¡T ˙e⁄ Äj·Tìï nuÛÑ´]ú+∫q <ëìï ‘Ó#êÃs¡T.
3. She will give you which you want.
˙e⁄ @<Ó’‘˚ ø√s¡T≈£î+≥THêïy√ <ëìï ÄyÓT ˙≈£î Çk˛Ô+~.
4. Tell me the matter what you have known.
˙e⁄ @$Tf…Æ‘˚ ‘Ó\TdüT≈£îHêïy√ Ä $wüj·÷ìï Hê≈£î #Ó|ü⁄Œ.
5. The person whom you called came.
˙e⁄ me]HÓ’‘˚ |æ*#êy√ Ä e´øÏÔ e#êÃs¡T.
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$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ M{Ï˝À who, that, which, what eT]j·TT whom nH˚ words
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&Ü¶sTT. Çe˙ï ¬s+&ÉT clause \qT ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&Ü¶sTT. eT]j·TT yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À 'who'
nH˚~ prabhas nH˚ noun q÷, ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'that' nH˚~ ˇø£ edüTÔe⁄qT, eT÷&Ée yêø£´+˝À 'which' nH˚~ ˙e⁄
ø√s¡T≈£îqï<ëì˙, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'what' nH˚~ matter q÷ eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'whom' nH˚~ ªÄ e´øÏÔìμ nH˚
noun \qT dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á pronoun \ìï+{Ï˙ 'Relative pronouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Relative pronoun >± interrogative pronoun \H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ø±˙ yê{Ï ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+˝À yÓ’$<Ûä´+
ø£ìŒdüT+Ô ~. ø±˙ that, this e+{Ï eT]ø=ìï pronoun \qT Relative pronouns >±H˚ ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ . Ç$ Interrogative
pronouns >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&Ée⁄.
9. Indefinite pronoun:
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ ì]›wüºyÓTÆq noun qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T≈£î+&Ü ndüŒwüº+>± noun \qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*ù|<ëìì
'indefinite pronoun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The pronoun which states noun indefinitely is called the 'Indefinite pronoun'.
$es¡D : á pronoun ˇø£ düŒwüºyÓTÆq edüTÔe⁄qT ˝Ò<ë e´øÏÔì n+≥÷ ì]›wüº+>± ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T<äT. Ç~ ªmes√ ˇø£s¡Tμ
˝Ò<ë ª@<√ ˇø£{Ïμ n+≥÷ noun ≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q nì]›wüº‘·qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. á $<ÛäyÓTÆq pronoun ì 'indefinite
pronoun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. One should respect one's elders.

ˇø£s¡T ‘·eTjÓTTø£ÿ ô|<ä›*ï >ös¡$+#ê*.
2. One must not praise oneself.
ˇø£s¡T ‘·eTì‘êeTT bı>∑&ÉTø=qsê<äT.
3. None of the students came.
$<ë´s¡Tú\T mes¡÷ ≈£L&Ü sê˝Ò<äT.
4. A few attended the class.
n‹ ø=~›eT+~ ‘·s¡>∑‹øÏ Vü‰»s¡j·÷´s¡T.
5. Everyone praised him.
Á|ü‹ˇø£ÿs¡÷ n‘·ìï ø=ìj·÷&Üs¡T.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝Àq÷ eT]j·TT ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝Àq÷ 'one' nH˚ pronoun qT
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT. Ç~ düŒwüº+>± ª|ü˝≤Hê e´øÏÔμ nì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T≈£î+&Ü mes√ ˇø£s¡ì ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. eT÷&Ée yêø£´+˝À
'none' nH˚~ mes¡÷ ø±s¡˙, Hê\Ze yêø£´+˝À 'few' nH˚~ ø=+<äs¡˙ eT]j·TT ∫e] yêø£´+˝À 'everyone' nH˚~
n+<äs¡÷ n˙, Ç$ ˇø£ÿ]ì düŒwüº+>± ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T≈£î+&Ü noun \qT >∑T]+∫ ndüŒwüº+>± ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·THêïsTT. n+<äTe\q
M{Ïì 'indefinite pronouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Indefinite pronoun >± one, all, nobody, none, everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody
eT]j·TT many e+{Ï words ì ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ . á $<Û+ä >± nì]›w+ºü >± noun \qT ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·Tqï+<äTq á pronoun \qT
indefinite pronouns n+{≤s¡T.

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10. Distributive Pronoun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : edüTÔe⁄\qT ˝Ò<ë e´≈£îÔ\qT $uÛÑõ+∫ ˇø=ÿø£ÿ{Ï>± dü÷∫dü÷Ô ñ+&˚ pronoun \qT 'distributive
pronouns' n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The pronoun which distributes persons or objects is called the 'Distributive pronoun'.
$es¡D : Ç~ ˇø£ düeT÷Vü≤+˝À+∫ ˇø=ÿø£ÿ]˙ y˚s¡T|ü]∫ yê]ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ pronoun. á
$<Ûä+>± $uÛÑõdü÷Ô ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔqï+<äTq á pronoun qT 'distributive pronoun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Each of the players is good.

Ä Ä≥>±fi¯fl˝À Á|ü‹ ˇø£ÿ Ä≥>±&ÉT eT+∫yê&ÉT.
2. Raju is one of the best singers in A.P.
sêE A.P. ˝Àì n‘·´+‘·eT+∫ >±j·T≈£î\˝À ˇø£&ÉT.
3. Either of the girls will participate.
Ä u≤*ø£\˝À @ ˇø£ÿ ¬s’Hê bÕ˝§Z+{≤s¡T.
4. Neither of these politicians is honest.
á sê»ø°j·T Hêj·T≈£î˝À¢ @ ˇø£ÿs¡÷ ≈£L&Ü ìC≤sTTr|üs¡T\T ø±s¡T.
5. Either Ravi or Rani will come.
s¡$ ˝Ò<ë sêDÏ\˝À @ ˇø£¬s’Hê ekÕÔs¡T.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'Each' nH˚~ Ä≥>±fi¯ófl n+<ä]˝Àq÷ ˇø=ÿø£ÿØï $uÛÑõ+∫ yê]ì
>∑T]+∫ #Ó|Œü &ÜìøÏ ñ|üj÷Ó >∑|&ü +ç ~. s¬ +&Ée<ëì˝À 'one' nH˚B, eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À 'Either' nH˚B, Hê\Ze<ëì˝À 'neither'
nH˚B eT]j·TT ∫e] yêø£´+˝À 'either' nH˚B noun \qT $uÛÑõ+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&Ü¶sTT. n+<äTe\q á
pronoun \qT nìï+{Ï˙ 'distributive pronouns' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Distributive pronoun \T>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ Each, either, neither e+{Ï$ subject \T>±
ñ|üjÓ÷–+|üã&çq jÓT&É\ yê{Ïì nqTdü]+#˚ verb qT 'singular number' ˝ÀH˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*. eT]j·TT á words
‘·s¡Tyê‘· plural form ˝Àì subject eùdÔ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· ñ|üjÓ÷–+|üã&˚ verb plural >± ñ+&Ü*.
11. Reciprocal pronoun :
ìs¡«#·q+ : |üs¡düŒs¡ ns¡ú+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&˚ pronoun qT 'Reciprocal pronoun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The pronoun which is used in mutual meaning is called the 'Reciprocal pronoun'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À personal ˝Ò<ë impersonal pronoun |üs¡düŒs¡eTH˚ ns¡ú+˝À verb Ä<Ûës¡+>±
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä pronoun ì 'reciprocal pronoun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. The two friends fought with each other.

Ä Ç<ä›s¡T ùdïVæ≤‘·T\T ˇø£]‘√ ˇø£s¡T b˛{≤¢&ÉT≈£îHêïs¡T.
2. The armies fought with one another.
Ä ôd’Hê´\T, ˇø£<ëì‘√ ˇø£{Ï b˛{≤¢&ÉT≈£îHêïsTT.
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Examples :
3. The people discussed the matter with one another.
Ä Á|ü»\T Ä $wüj·÷ìï ˇø£]‘√ ˇø£s¡T #·]Ã+#·T≈£îHêïs¡T.
4. The two children played with each other.
Ä Ç<ä›s¡T |æ\¢\T ˇø£]‘√ ˇø£s¡T Ä&ÉT≈£îHêïs¡T.
5. The four brothers quarrelled with one another.
Ä q\T>∑Ts¡T k˛<äs¡T\T ˇø£]‘√ ˇø£s¡T b˛{≤¢&ÉT≈£îHêïs¡T.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'each other' nH˚~ Ç<ä›s¡T ùdïVæ≤‘·T\T |üs¡düŒs¡+ b˛{≤¢&ÉT≈£îHêïs¡˙,
¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'one another' nH˚~ Ä ôd’Hê´\T |üs¡düŒs¡+ b˛{≤¢&ÉT≈£îHêïj·T˙ eT]j·TT eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'one
another' nH˚~ Ä Á|ü»\T |üs¡düŒs¡+ #·]Ã+#·T≈£îHêïs¡˙, Hê\Ze yêø£´+˝À each other nH˚~ Ä |æ\¢\T ˇø£]‘√ ˇø£s¡T
Ä&ÉT≈£îHêïs¡˙ eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'one another' nH˚~ Ä q\T>∑Ts¡T k˛<äsT¡ \T ˇø£]‘√ˇø£sT¡ |üsd¡ Œü s¡+ b˛{≤¢&TÉ ≈£îHêïs¡˙
‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q M{Ïì 'Reciprocal pronouns' >± ù|s=ÿ+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Reciprocal pronouns >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ each other qT Ç<ä›s¡T e´≈£îÔ\ ˝Ò<ë ¬s+&ÉT edüTÔe⁄\ |üs¡düŒs¡‘·qT
>∑T]+∫ eT]j·TT one another qT Ç<ä›]ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe e´≈£îÔ\ ˝Ò<ë »+‘·Te⁄\ ˝Ò<ë edüTÔe⁄\ yÓTT<ä˝…’q yê{Ï jÓTTø£ÿ
|üs¡düŒs¡‘·qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. nq>± 'each other' qT Ç<ä›]ì >∑T]+∫ ˝Ò<ë ¬s+&ç+{Ïì >∑T]+∫
'one another' qT m≈£îÿe yê{Ïì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
* GENDER OF PRONOUN (düs¡«HêeT *+>∑eTT)
ìs¡«#·q+ : Pronoun jÓTTø£ÿ gender qT nq>± *+>∑eTTqT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìì 'gender of pronoun'
nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The topic which describes about the sex of pronoun is called the 'gender of pronoun'.
$es¡D : Pronoun >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq word @ *+>±ìøÏ #Ó+~q<√ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìì 'gender of pronoun'
n+{≤s¡T.
Gender 4 s¡ø±\T. n$ :
1. Masculine gender (|ü⁄s¡Twü*+>∑eTT) 2. Feminine gender (Åd”Ô*+>∑eTT)
3. Neuter gender (‘·≥düú*+>∑eTT) 4. Common gender (ñuÛÑj·T*+>∑eTT)
1. Masculine gender :
Pronoun øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q |ü<ë\˝À |ü⁄s¡TwüC≤‹ì ‘Ó*j·TCÒjT· Tyê{Ïì 'Masculine gender' ≈£î #Ó+~qeì n+{≤s¡T.
n$ :
1. He (n‘·&ÉT) 2. Him (n‘·ìì)
Ç$ eT>∑C≤‹ì dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq 'Masculine gender' øÏ #Ó+<ësTT.
2. Feminine gender :
Pronoun 'Feminine gender'
1. She (ÄyÓT) 2. Her (ÄyÓTì)

Ç$ Ä&ÉC≤‹ì dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq 'Feminine gender' øÏ #Ó+<ësTT.
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3. Neuter gender :
Pronoun øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q |ü<ë\˝À ìØ®e⁄\qT dü÷∫+#˚ yê{Ïì 'neuter gender' øÏ #Ó+~qeì n+{≤s¡T.
n$ :
1. it (n~ / Ç~) 7. they (n$)
2. it (<ëìï / Bìï) 8. them (yê{Ïì)
3. that (n~) 9. those (n$)
4. that (<ëìï) 10. those (yê{Ïì)
5. this (Ç~) 11. these (Ç$)
6. this (Bìï) 12. these (M{Ïì)
Çe˙ï ÁbÕD+˝Òì yê{Ïì dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq 'neuter gender' øÏ #Ó+<ësTT.
4. Common gender :
Pronoun øÏ
dü+ã+~Û+∫q |ü<ë\˝À *+>∑düŒwüº‘·˝Òì yê{Ïì nq>± Ä&É ˝Ò<ë eT>∑ nH˚ düŒwüº‘·qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·Tì
|ü<ë\qT á 'gender' dü÷∫düTÔ+~. á |ü<ë\T dü÷∫+#˚ Je⁄\T düJe⁄˝…’ ñ+{≤sTT. n$ :
1. I (H˚qT) 6. you ($TeTà*ï)
2. me (qqTï) 7. we (y˚TeTT)
3. you (˙e⁄) 8. us (eTeTà*ï)
4. you (ìqTï) 9. they (yês¡T)
5. you (MTs¡T) 10. them (yê]ì)
Çe˙ï *+>∑eTTqT düŒwüº+>± ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·Tq+<äTq nq>± Ä&É ˝Ò<ë eT>∑ nH˚ $wüj·÷ìï ‘Ó\T|üq+<äTq eT]j·TT
ÁbÕD+ ø£*– ñqï Je⁄*ï dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq 'Common gender' ≈£î #Ó+<ësTT.
>∑eTìø£ : 'They' nH˚ word øÏ ªyês¡Tμ eT]j·TT ªn$μ nì ¬s+&Ésêú\T ñqï+<äTq Ç~ common eT]j·TT
neuter genders ¬s+&ç+{Ïø° #Ó+<äTqT.
F Number of Pronoun (düs¡«HêeT e#·q+)

ìs¡«#·q+ : 'Pronoun' jÓTTø£ÿ e#·qeTTqT nq>± dü+K´qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìì 'number of pronoun'
nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The topic which states the number of pronoun is called the 'number of pronoun'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ Pronoun ˇø£ÿ<ëìì >∑T]+∫ dü÷∫+#·T#·Tqï<√ ˝Òø£ n+‘·ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe yê{Ïì >∑T]+∫ dü÷∫düTÔqï<√
‘Ó*j·TCÒùd <ëìì 'number' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Number ¬s+&ÉT s¡ø±\T. n$ :
1. Singular number (@ø£e#·q+)
2. Plural number (ãVüQe#·q+)
>∑eTìø£ : ˇø£<ëìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìì @ø£e#·qeT˙ n+‘·ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿeyê{Ïì >∑T]+∫ dü÷∫+#˚<ëìì

ãVüQe#·qeT˙ n+{≤s¡T.
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1. Singular number :
Pronoun øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q words ˇø£<ëìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·T#˚dæq≥¢sTT‘˚ yê{Ïì 'singular number words'
nì n+{≤s¡T.
n$ :
1. I (H˚qT) / me (qqTï)
2. you (˙e⁄) / you (ìqTï)
3. he (n‘·&ÉT) / him (n‘·ìï)
4. she (ÄyÓT) / her (ÄyÓTì)
5. it (n~ / Ç~) / It (<ëìï, Bìï)
6. that (n~) / That (<ëìï)
7. this (Ç~) / This (Bìï)
á words n˙ï ≈£L&Ü ˇø=ÿø£ÿ<ëìï >∑T]+#˚ nq>± @ø£e#·q+ >∑T]+#˚ dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT. ø±e⁄q Ç$ 'singular
number' ≈£î #Ó+<ësTT.
2. Plural number :
Pronoun øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q words ˇø£<ëìø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe yê{Ïì ‘Ó*j·TCÒùdÔ yê{Ïì 'plural number words'
nì n+{≤s¡T.
n$ :
1. we (y˚TeTT) / us (eTeTà*ï)
2. you (MTs¡T) / you ($TeTà*ï)
3. they (yês¡T / n$) / them (yê]ì / yê{Ïì)
4. these (Ç$) / these (M{Ïì)
5. those (n$) / those (yê{Ïì)
á words n˙ï ≈£L&Ü ¬s+&ÉT ˝Ò<ë n+‘·ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe yê{Ïì >∑T]+#˚ dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT. nq>± Çe˙ï ãVüQe#·Hêìï
dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT. ø±e⁄q á words n˙ï 'plural number' øÏ #Ó+<ësTT.
>∑eTìø£ : Ä+>∑¢+˝À 'you' nH˚ pronoun øÏ ª˙e⁄μ eT]j·TT ªMTs¡Tμ nH˚ ¬s+&ÉT nsêú\T ñqï+<äTq á word singular
eT]j·TT plural numbers ¬s+&ç+{Ï˝ÀìøÏ #Ó+<äTqT.
Ç<˚$<Ûä+>± Reflexive eT]j·TT Emphatic pronoun \T>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ÉT 'self' eT]j·TT 'selves' #˚s¡Ãã&çq
pronouns $wüjT· +˝À 'self' nH˚~ singular meaning q÷ eT]j·TT 'selves' nH˚~ plural meaning q÷ dü÷∫+#·TqT.
ø±e⁄q Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself \T singular number øÏ #Ó+<ä>± ourselves, yourselves,
themselves \T plural number øÏ #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
* PERSONS OF PRONOUN (düs¡«HêeT |ü⁄s¡Twü\T)
ìs¡«#·q+ : Personal eT]j·TT impersonal pronoun \ |ü⁄s¡Twü\qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒjT· T<ëìì 'Persons of Pronoun'
nì n+<äTs¡T.
Definition : The topic which states about the persons of personal and impersonal pronouns is
called the 'Persons of Pronoun'.
$es¡D : Personal eT]j·TT impersonal pronoun \˝À dü+uÛ≤wüD Ä<Ûës¡+>± |ü⁄s¡Twü\qT $uÛÑõ+#·&É+ »]–+~.
yê{Ïì >∑T]+∫ dü÷∫+#˚ <ëìì 'Persons' nì n+{≤s¡T.
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Persons '3' ø£\e⁄. n$ :
1. First person (ñ‘·ÔeT|ü⁄s¡Twü) 2. Second person (eT<ÛäéT|ü⁄s¡Twü) 3. Third person (nq´|ü⁄s¡Twü)
1. First person :
ìs¡«#·q+ : e÷{≤¢&˚e´øÏÔì dü÷∫+#˚<ëìì 'first person' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The speaker of the conversation is the 'First person.'
$es¡D : ˇø£ dü+uÛ≤wüDqT }Væ≤+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ <ëì˝À e÷{≤¢&e˚ ´øÏÔ ‘·qqT >∑T]+∫ ‘êqT #Ó|⁄ü Œø√e&ÜìøÏ ñ|üj÷Ó –+#˚
pronoun ì 'first person pronoun' nì n+{≤s¡T.
ˇø£ e´øÏÔ dü+uÛ≤wüD˝À m<äT{Ïe´øÏÔ‘√ e÷{≤¢&˚≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ‘·qqT >∑T]+∫ ‘êqT (Ä e÷{≤¢&˚ e´øÏÔ) #Ó|ü⁄Œø√e&ÜìøÏ
'I (H˚qT)' nH˚ Pronoun qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔ&ÉT. n+<äTe\q Ç~ 'first person' ≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q pronoun ne⁄‘·T+~. á
dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À e÷{≤¢&˚ e´øÏÔ ˇø£ÿ&˚ ñqï+<äTq á 'I (H˚qT)' nH˚ pronoun 'singular number' ne⁄‘·T+~. ø±ã{Ïº ...
I person – singular number → I (H˚qT)
dü+uÛ≤wüD˝À e÷{≤¢&˚e´øÏÔ ˇø£ÿ&ÉT ø±≈£î+&Ü n+‘·ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿeeT+~ nsTTq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT nq>± m≈£îÿeeT+~
e÷{≤¢&ÉT‘·Tqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT, yês¡T n+<äs¡÷ yê]ì >∑T]+#˚ e÷{≤¢&ÉT≈£î+≥Tqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yês¡T yê]ì ñ<˚›•+∫ #Ó|ü⁄Œø√e&ÜìøÏ 'We
(y˚TeTT)' nH˚ pronoun ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. eT]j·TT n<˚ $<Ûä+>± e÷{≤¢&˚e´øÏÔ ˇø£ÿ&Ó’qq÷ n‘·&ÉT ‘·qyêfi¯fl+<ä] >∑T]+N
‘·q‘√ ø£\T|ü⁄ø=ì e÷{≤¢&çq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä e´øÏÔ 'We (y˚TeTT)' nH˚ pronoun H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔ&ÉT. ø±e⁄q Ç~ 'First person'
ne⁄‘·T+~. eT]j·TT á pronoun m≈£îÿeeT+~ì dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq á 'We (y˚TeTT)' nH˚ pronoun 'plural number'
ne⁄‘·T+~. ø±ã{Ïº ...
I person – Plural number → We (y˚TeTT)
Examples :
1. I will go to Rajahmundry. (I → I person; singular number)

H˚qT sê»eT+Á&çøÏ yÓfi≤ÔqT.
2. We went there yesterday. (We → I person; plural number)
y˚TeTT nø£ÿ&çøÏ ìqï yÓfi≤¢eTT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\˝À yÓTT<ä{<Ï ëì˝À e÷{≤¢&e˚ ´øÏÔ ‘êqT sê»eT+Á&çøÏ yÓfi≤Ô&ìÉ ‘·qqT >∑T]+∫ ‘êqT #Ó|⁄ü Œø√e&ÜìøÏ
'I' nH˚ pronoun ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê&ÉT. eT]j·TT n‘·&ÉT ˇø£ÿ&˚ nsTTq+<äTq eT]j·TT n‘·ì ˇø£ÿ&ç >∑T]+#˚ ‘êqT
‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·Tqï+<äTe\q á 'I' nH˚~ I person ˝Àì singular number øÏ #Ó+~q~.
¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À e÷{≤¢&˚e´øÏÔ ‘êqT ˇø£ÿ&ç >∑T]+#˚ ø±ø£ ‘·q‘√bÕ≥T eT]ø=+<ä] >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'We' nH˚
pronoun ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê&ÉT. ø±e⁄q á 'We' nH˚~ I person ˝Àì plural number øÏ #Ó+~q~.
2. Second person :
ìs¡«#·q+ : $H˚ e´øÏÔì dü÷∫+#˚<ëìì 'Second Person' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The Listener of the conversation is the 'Second person.'
$es¡D : dü+uÛ≤wüD˝À e÷{≤¢&˚e´øÏÔ ‘êqT #Óù|Œ~ $H˚ e´øÏÔ‘√ Ä ª$H˚ e´øÏÔμì, ñ<˚›•+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚
pronoun ì 'second person pronoun' nì n+<äTs¡T.

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dü+uÛ≤wüD˝À e÷{≤¢&˚e´øÏÔ $H˚e´øÏÔì ñ<˚›•+∫ n‘·ì‘√H˚ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'you (˙e⁄)' nH˚ pronoun ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔ&ÉT.
n+<äTe\q Ç~ 'second person' ≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q~. Ç~ @ø£e#·HêìøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q+<äTq nq>± ª˙e⁄μ nH˚~
ˇø£ÿ]ì dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq Ç~ 'singular number' øÏ #Ó+~q~. ø±ã{Ïº ...
II person – Singular number → You (˙e⁄)
dü+uÛ≤wüD˝À $H˚e´øÏÔ ˇø£ÿ&ÉT ø±≈£î+&Ü n+‘·ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿeeT+~ ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT e÷{≤¢&˚e´øÏÔ $H˚ e´≈£îÔ*ï n+<äØï
ñ<˚›•+∫ 'you (MTs¡T)' nH˚ pronoun ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔ&ÉT. n+<äTe\q á word 'second person' ≈£î #Ó+<äT‘·T+~.
eT]j·TT ªMTs¡Tμ nH˚~ ˇø£] ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿeeT+~ì dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq á word 'plural number' ≈£î #Ó+<äT‘·T+~.
ø±ã{Ïº ....
II person – Plural number → You (MTs¡T)
Examples :
1. You are playing chess. (You → II person; Singular number)
˙e⁄ #Ódt Ä&ÉT‘·THêïe⁄.
2. You are doctors. (You → II person; plural number)
MTs¡T yÓ’<äT´\T.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À e÷{≤¢&˚e´øÏÔ $H˚e´øÏÔì ñ<˚›•+∫ 'You' nH˚ pronoun ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê&ÉT.
nq>± á 'You' nH˚ word $H˚e´øÏÔì dü÷∫düTÔ+~. ø±e⁄q Ç~ second person øÏ #Ó+~+~. eT]j·TT ª˙e⁄μ nH˚~
ˇø£ÿπsï dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq Ç~ singular number øÏ #Ó+~q~.
¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À $H˚ e´≈£îÔ\T m≈£îÿeeT+~ ñqï+<äTq, ªMTs¡Tμ nH˚~ $H˚ e´≈£îÔ*ï dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq á 'you (MTs¡T)'
nH˚ |ü<ä+ second person ˝Àì plural number øÏ #Ó+~q~.
3. Third person :
ìs¡«#·q+ : dü+uÛ≤wüD‘√ dü+ã+<Ûä+ ˝Òì eT÷&Éee´øÏÔì dü÷∫+#˚<ëìì 'Third person' n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The unrelated person of the conversation is the third person.
$es¡D : dü+uÛ≤wüD˝À e÷{≤¢&˚e´øÏÔ $H˚e´øÏÔ‘√ yê]<ä›]ì >∑T]+N ø±≈£î+&Ü nq>± e÷{≤¢&˚e´øÏÔ˙ eT]j·TT $H˚e´øÏÔ˙
Ç<ä›]ì >∑T]+N ø±≈£î+&Ü mes√ eT÷&Éee´øÏÔì >∑T]+∫>±˙ ˝Ò<ë edüTÔe⁄qT >∑T]+∫ >±˙ #Ó|æŒq≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä eT÷&Éee´øÏÔ
nq>± Ä dü+uÛ≤wüD≈£î dü+ã+<Ûä+ ˝Òì e´øÏÔ 'Third person' n>∑TqT.
dü+uÛ≤wüD˝À e÷{≤¢&˚e´øÏÔ $H˚e´øÏÔ‘√ mes√ eT÷&Éee´øÏÔì >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ Ä eT÷&Éee´øÏÔ eT>∑yê&Ó’q|ü⁄Œ&ÉT
'He (n‘·&TÉ )' nH˚, Ä&É~ nsTTq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT 'She (ÄyÓT)' nH˚ pronoun \qT ñ|üj÷ Ó –kÕÔ&TÉ . n<˚$<Û+ä >± Ä eT÷&Ée~ edüTyÔ q’Ó |ü⁄Œ&ÉT
It (n~ / Ç~) ˝Ò<ë That (n~) ˝Ò<ë This (Ç~) nH˚ pronoun \qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔ&ÉT. Çe˙ï eT÷&Éee´øÏÔì dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq
eT]j·TT ˇø=ÿø£ÿ<ëìH˚ dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq 'Third person' ˝Àì 'Singular number' øÏ #Ó+<äTqT. ø±ã{Ïº ...
III person – Singular number → He (n‘·&ÉT)
She (ÄyÓT)
It (n~ / Ç~)
>∑eTìø£ : 'It' ≈£î That eT]j·TT This \ ns¡ú+ ñ+&É&É+ e\q yê{Ïì Á|ü‘˚´ø£+>± #Ó|üŒqø£ÿπs¢<äT.
dü+uÛ≤wüD˝À e÷{≤¢&e˚ ´øÏÔ $H˚e´øÏ‘Ô √ eT÷&Éee´øÏìÔ ˇø£]ì >∑T]+∫ ø±≈£î+&Ü m≈£îÿeeT+~ì >∑T]+∫ nq>± ø=+‘·eT+~
e´≈£îÔ*ï >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'They (yês¡T)' nH˚ pronoun ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔ&ÉT. Ç#·≥ e´≈£îÔ\T n+<äs¡÷ Ä&Éyê¬s’Hê ˝Ò<ë
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eT>∑yê¬s’Hê ˝Ò<ë Çs¡Te⁄s¡÷ ø£*düTHêï düπs 'They (yês¡T)' nH˚ pronoun H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. n<˚$<Ûä+>± Ä eT÷&Éee´øÏÔ>±
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq~ edüTÔe⁄\T >∑T]+∫ nsTTq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT e÷{≤¢&˚e´øÏÔ They (n$ / Ç$) ˝Ò<ë Those (n$) ˝Ò<ë These
(Ç$) nH˚ pronoun \qT ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔ&TÉ . Çe˙ï eT÷&Éee´≈£î*Ô ï nq>± dü+uÛ≤wüD‘√ dü+ã+<Û+ä ˝Òì e´≈£î*Ô ï dü÷∫düTqÔ ï+<äTq
eT]j·TT Çe˙ï ˇø£]ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿeqT dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq nq>± Çe˙ï ãVüQe#·Hêìï dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq á pronouns n˙ï
≈£L&Ü 'Third person' ˝Àì 'plural number' øÏ #Ó+<äT‘êsTT. ø±ã{Ïº ...
III person – Plural number → They (yês¡T / n$ / Ç$)
>∑eTìø£ : 'They' ≈£î 'These' eT]j·TT 'Those' \ ns¡ú+ ñ+&É&É+ e\q M{Ïì Á|ü‘˚´ø£+>± #Ó|üŒqø£ÿπs¢<äT.
Examples :
1. He is Mr. Rajesh. (He → III person; singular number)
n‘·&ÉT sêCÒwt.
2. She is a doctor. (She → III person; Singular number)
ÄyÓT ˇø£ &Üø£ºs¡T.
3. It is a cow. (It → III person; Singualar number)
Ç~ ˇø£ Äe⁄.
4. They are police. (They → III person; Plural number)
yês¡T b˛©düT\T.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À e÷{≤¢&˚e´øÏÔ $H˚e´øÏÔ‘√ ªsêCÒwtμ nH˚ eT÷&Éee´øÏÔì >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ
'He' nH˚ pronoun ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê&ÉT. ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À eT÷&Éee´øÏÔ nsTTq ˇø£ ªÄ&É &Üø£ºs¡TμqT >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ
'She' nH˚ pronoun ì ñ|üj÷ Ó –+#ê&ÉT. eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À e÷{≤¢&e˚ ´øÏÔ ªÄe⁄μì >∑T]+∫ #Ó|Œü &ÜìøÏ 'It' nH˚ pronoun ì
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê&ÉT. n+<äTe\q Çe˙ï eT÷&Éee´øÏÔì nq>± dü+uÛ≤wüD‘√ dü+ã+<Ûä+˝Òì e´øÏÔì >∑T]+∫ #Ó|ü⁄Ôqï+<äTq
eT]j·TT ˇø£ÿ]H˚ dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq Çe˙ï Third person ˝Àì Singular number øÏ #Ó+<ësTT.
Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À e÷{≤¢&˚e´øÏÔ b˛©düT\qT >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'They' nH˚ pronoun ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê&ÉT. Ç~
eT÷&Éee´≈£îÔ*ï nq>± dü+uÛ≤wüD˝À ˝Òì e´≈£îÔ*ï dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTe\q eT]j·TT m≈£îÿeeT+~ì dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTe\q Ç~
Thrid person ˝Àì Plural number øÏ #Ó+~+~.
I person I (H˚qT) We (y˚TeTT / eTqeTT)
II person You (˙e⁄) You (MTs¡T)
III person He (n‘·&ÉT)

She
(ÄyÓT) They (yês¡T / n$ / Ç$)
It (n~ / Ç~)
á |ü{Ïºø£ pronoun \ jÓTTø£ÿ persons eT]j·TT numbers ì düŒwüº+>± ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~.

F Pronoun & its Reflexive or Emphatic forms :
Pronoun qT+∫ <ëìøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q Reflexive ˝Ò<ë Emphatic s¡÷bÕ\qT singular pronoun øÏ ∫es¡q
'self' qT plural pronoun øÏ ∫es¡q 'selves' qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê bı+<äe#·TÃ.
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I person I → Myself We → Ourselves
(H˚qT) (qqTï H˚qT, Hê≈£î H˚qT>±) (y˚TeTT) (eTeTà*ï y˚TeTT, e÷≈£î y˚TeTT>±)
(eTqeTT) (eTq*ï eTqeTT, eTq≈£î eTqeTT>±)
II person You → Yourself You → Yourselves
(˙e⁄) (ìqTï ˙e⁄, ˙≈£î ˙e⁄>±) (MTs¡T) ($TeTà*ï MTs¡T, MT≈£î MTs¡T>±)
III person He → Himself They → Themselves
(n‘·&ÉT) (n‘·ìï n‘·qT, n‘·ìøÏ n‘·qT>±) (yês¡T, (yê]ì yês¡T, yê]øÏ yês¡T>±
She → Herself n$, Ç$) yê{Ïì n$, yê{ÏøÏ n$>±
(ÄyÓT) (ÄyÓTqT ÄyÓT, ÄyÓT≈£î ÄyÓT>±) M{Ïì Ç$, M{ÏøÏ Ç$>±)
It → Itself
(n~ / Ç~) (<ëìï n~, Bìï Ç~ /
<ëìø£~>±, BìøÏ~>±)
* THE PRONOUN - CASE (düs¡«HêeT+ ` $uÛÑøÏÔ)
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À Pronoun jÓTTø£ÿ dæú‹ì >∑÷]Ã ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìì 'The case of pronoun' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The topic which describes about the state of pronoun in a sentence is called the
'pronoun case'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À Pronoun ˇø£ |üìì #˚düTÔqï<ë ˝Òø£ Ä |üì |òü*‘êìï nqTuÛÑ$düTÔqï<ë yÓTT<ä˝…’q $wüj·÷\qT
>∑T]+∫ á case düŒwüº+>± ‘Ó*j·Tãs¡TdüTÔ+~.
Ç+^¢wüß uÛ≤wü˝À Pronoun jÓTTø£ÿ case \T 4. n$ :
1. Subjective case (Á|ü<∏äe÷ $uÛÑøÏÔ)
2. Objective case (~«rj·÷ $uÛÑøÏÔ)
3. Dative case (#·‘·TØú $uÛÑøÏÔ)
4. Possessive case (wüw”˜ $uÛÑøÏÔ)
1. Subjective case :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À Pronoun, 'Subject' >± ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä pronoun 'Subjective case' ˝À ñ+≥T+<äì
n+<äTs¡T.
Definition : If the pronoun in a sentence is the subject, it is in the 'subjective case.'
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À pronoun |üìì #˚dü÷Ô ñ+fÒ nq>± 'Subject' >± eéVü≤]+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ <ëìì Ä pronoun
jÓTTø£ÿ 'Subjective case' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
He watched a new movie. (He → Subjective case) (n‘·&ÉT ˇø£ Áø=‘·Ô dæìe÷ #·÷XÊ&ÉT.)
á yêø±´ìï |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ Bì˝À 'He' nH˚~ pronoun. á yêø£´+˝Àì ª#·÷&É&+É μ nH˚ |üìì á pronoun j˚T
#˚dæ+~. nq>± ªn‘·&ÉT #·÷XÊ&ÉTμ. ø±e⁄q Ç#·≥ 'He' nH˚~ 'Subject' >± eéVü≤]+∫q~. n+<äTe\q á 'He' nH˚
pronoun ì 'Subjective case' ˝À ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T.
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1. I played cricket yesterday. (I → Subjective case)
4 (H˚qT ìqï ÁøÏ¬ø{Ÿ Ä&ÜqT.)
F 2. They went to war. (They → Subjective case)
(yês¡T j·TT<ëΔìøÏ yÓfi≤¢s¡T.)
3. You sang a song. (You → Subjective case)
(˙e⁄ ˇø£ bÕ≥ bÕ&Üe⁄.)
4. We met Chiru. (We → Subjective case)
(y˚TeTT ∫s¡Tì ø£*XÊeTT.)
$es¡D : á Hê\T>∑T yêø±´\q÷ >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ªÄ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì 'I' nH˚ pronoun ,
¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À ªyÓfi¯¢&É+μ nH˚ |üìì 'They' nH˚ pronoun, eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À ªbÕ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì 'You' nH˚ pronoun
eT]j·TT ∫e] yêø£´+˝À ªø£\e&É+μ nH˚ |üìì 'We' nH˚ pronoun \T |üP]Ô#˚dæ 'subject' \T>± eéVü≤]+#êsTT.
n+<äTe\q á pronoun \T n˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'Subjective case' ˝À ñHêïj·Tì ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~.
Pronouns in Subjective case :
I person I (H˚qT) We (y˚TeTT / eTqeTT)
II person You (˙e⁄) You (MTs¡T)
III person He (n‘·&ÉT)
She
(ÄyÓT) They (yês¡T / n$ / Ç$)
It (n~ / Ç~)
á pronouns 'Subjective case' ˝À ô|’q ù|s=ÿqï $<Ûä+>± ñ+{≤sTT.
2. Objective case :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À pronoun 'object' >± eéVü≤]+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä pronoun 'Objective case' ˝À ñqï<äì
n+<äTs¡T.
Definition : If the pronoun in a sentence is the object, it is in the 'objective case.'
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À pronoun |üìjÓTTø£ÿ |ò*ü ‘êìï nqTuÛ$Ñ dü÷Ô ñ+fÒ nq>± 'Object' >± ñ+fÒ n~ 'Objective
case' ≈£î #Ó+<äT‘·T+~.
Examples :
The criminal killed her. (Her → objective case)
(Ä H˚s¡düTÔ&ÉT ÄyÓTqT #·+bÕ&ÉT.)
á yêø£´+˝À ª#·+|ü&É+μ nH˚ |üìì Ä H˚s¡düTÔ&ÉT #˚dæ 'Subject' >± ì\Te>± ª#êe&É+μ nH˚ |üì |òü*‘êìï nqTuÛÑ$+∫ 'her' nH˚
pronoun 'Object' >± ì*∫+~. n+<äTe\q á 'her' nH˚ pronoun 'Objective Case' ˝À ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T.
1. His father scolded him. (Him → objective case)
(n‘·ì ‘·+Á&ç n‘·ìï ‹{≤º&ÉT.)
2. The dog ate it. (It → objective case)
(Ä ≈£îø£ÿ <ëìï ‹H˚dæ+~.)
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3. The king punished them. (Them → objective case)
(sêE>±s¡T yê]ì •øÏå+#ês¡T.)
4. She called you. (You → objective case)
(ÄyÓT ìqTï |æ*∫+~.)
$es¡D : á Hê\T>∑T yêø±´\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï yêø£´+˝À 'him' nH˚~ ª‹≥º&É+μ nH˚ |üì |òü*‘êìï, ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'it'
nH˚~ ª‹q&É+μ nH˚ |üì |òü*‘êìï, eT÷&Ée yêø£´+˝À 'them' nH˚~ ª•øÏå+#·&É+μ nH˚ |üì |òü*‘êìï eT]j·TT ∫e]
yêø£´+˝À 'you' nH˚~ ª|æ\e&É+μ nH˚ |üì |òü*‘êìï nqTuÛÑ$+∫ 'object' \T>± eéVü≤]+∫q+<äTq Çe˙ï 'objective
case' ˝À ñHêïj·Tì n+{≤s¡T.
Pronouns in Objective case :

I person Me (qqTï) Us (eTeTà*ï / eTq*ï)
II person You (ìqTï) You ($TeTà*ï)
III person Him (n‘·ìï)

Her (ÄyÓTì) Them (yê]ì/yê{Ïì/M{Ïì)
It (<ëìï
/ Bìï)
á $<Ûä+>± pronouns 'Objective case' ˝À ô|’q ‘Ó*|æq $<Ûä+>± ñ+{≤sTT.
3. Dative case :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À Pronoun 'Indirect object' >± eéVü≤]+∫‘˚ Ä pronoun ì 'dative case' ˝À ñ+<äì
n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : If the pronoun in a sentence is the indirect object, it is in the 'Dative case.'
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À pronoun |üì jÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘êìï H˚s¡T>± nqTuÛÑ$+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ <ëìì 'Direct object'
n+{≤s¡T. eT]j·TT |üs√ø£å+>± nqTuÛÑ$+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ <ëìì 'Indirect object' n+{≤s¡T. á $<ÛäyÓTÆq 'Indirect object'
yêø£´+˝À ñ+&ç n~ pronoun nsTT‘˚ Ä 'indirect object' >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq 'pronoun' ì 'Dative case' ˝À
ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
Ramesh gave a pen to me. (Me → Dative case)
(s¡y˚Twt Hê≈£î ˇø£ ô|qTï Ç#êÃ&ÉT.)
á yêø±´ìï |ü]o*ùdÔ Bì˝À ¬s+&ÉT 'Objects' ñHêïsTT. yê{Ï˝À nq>± ¬s+&ÉT objects nsTTq 'Pen' eT]j·TT
'me' \˝À 'Pen' nH˚~ Çe«ã&ç+~. nq>± ªÇe«&É+μ nH˚ |üì jÓTTø£ÿ |ò*
ü ‘êìï 'Pen' nH˚ object Á|ü‘´· ø£+å >± nqTuÛ$Ñ +∫+~.
n+<äTe\q Ç~ Direct object ne⁄‘T· +~. eT]j·TT 'me' $wüjT· +˝À Ç~ ≈£L&Ü ªÇe«&É+μ nH˚ |üì |ò*ü ‘êìï nqTuÛ$Ñ +∫+~.
ø±˙ Ç~ |üs√ø£å+>± nqTuÛÑ$+∫+~ m≥¢q>± Ç~ ªÇe«&É+μ nH˚ |üì |üs√ø£å |òü*‘·yÓTÆq ªrdüTø√e&É+μ nH˚ |üìì 'me' nH˚
pronoun #˚d+æ ~. n+<äTe\q 'me' nH˚~ 'indirect object' nì ‘Ó\TdüT+Ô ~. ø±ã{Ïº 'me' nH˚~ pronoun nsTTq+<äTq,
Ç~ indirect object >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq+<äTq á pronouns ì 'Dative case' ˝À ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T.
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1. She wrote a letter to him. (him → Dative case)
(ÄyÓT n‘·ìøÏ ˇø£ ñ‘·Ôs¡+ Áyêdæ+~.)
2. Satish gave her a flower. (her → Dative case)
(dürwt ÄyÓT≈£î ˇø£ |ü⁄e⁄« Ç#êÃ&ÉT.)
3. We told them the truth. (them → Dative case)
(y˚TeTT yê]øÏ ì»+ #ÓbÕŒeTT.)
4. Sushma brought us a good news. (us → Dative case)
(düTwüà e÷≈£î ˇø£ X¯óuÛÑyês¡Ô ‘Ó∫Ã+~.)
$es¡D : á Hê\T>∑T yêø±´\q÷ |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ªÁyêj·T&É+μ nH˚ |üì jÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘êìï 'him'
nH˚ object |üs√ø£å+>±q÷ 'letter' nH˚ object Á|ü‘·´ø£å+>±q÷ nqTuÛÑ$+#êsTT. n<˚$<Ûä+>± ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'her' nH˚
pronoun ªÇe«&É+μ nH˚ |üì jÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘êìï, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'them' nH˚ pronoun ª#Ó|üŒ&É+μ nH˚ |üì |òü*‘êìï
eT]j·TT Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'us' nH˚ pronoun ª‘˚e&É+μ nH˚ |üì |òü*‘êìï |üs√ø£å+>± nqTuÛÑ$+#êsTT. n+<äT#˚‘· á 'him,
her, them eT]j·TT us nH˚$ n˙ï ≈£L&Ü Äj·÷ yêø±´\˝À 'Indirect objects' >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq$. ø±ã{Ïº M{Ïì
(á pronouns ì) 'Dative case' ˝À ñHêïj·Tì n+{≤s¡T.
Pronouns in Dative case :
I person Me (Hê≈£î) Us (e÷≈£î / eTq≈£î)
II person You (˙≈£î) You (MT≈£î)
III person Him (n‘·ìøÏ)

Her (ÄyÓTøÏ) Them (yê]øÏ, yê{ÏøÏ, M{ÏøÏ)
It (<ëìøÏ / BìøÏ)
>∑eTìø£ : Ç+^¢wüß˝À pronouns 'objective case' ˝Àq÷ eT]j·TT 'Dative case' ˝Àq÷ ˇπø˝≤ ñ+{≤sTT. ø±˙
yê{Ï ns¡úeTT\T y˚s¡T>± ñ+{≤sTT.
4. Possessive case :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ pronoun 'Possessive pronoun' >± ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·ã&çq dü+<äs“¡ +¤ ˝À Ä pronoun ì 'Possessive
case' ˝À ñqï<äì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : If the pronoun in a sentence is in the possessive form, it is in the 'Possessive case.'
$es¡D : ˇø£ edüTÔe⁄ ˇø£]øÏ #Ó+~q<äH˚ dü+<äsê“¤ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdü÷Ô ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq pronoun ì 'Possessive
pronoun' nì n+{≤s¡T. Pronoun á dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ <ëìì 'Possessive case' ˝À ñqï<äì n+{≤s¡T.
Possessive cases ¬s+&ÉT s¡ø±\T>± ñ+{≤sTT. yê{Ï˝À yÓTT<ä{Ïs¡ø£|ü⁄ case ˝À ñqï pronoun \ qT nq>±
pronoun jÓTTø£ÿ yÓTT<ä{Ï Possessive case ˝À ñ‘·ŒqïeTsTTq |ü<ë\qT 'Pronouns' nqsê<äT. n$ 'Adjectives'
ne⁄‘êsTT. ¬s+&Ées¡ø£+ Possessive s¡÷bÕ\˙ï ≈£L&Ü Pronouns j˚T ne⁄‘êsTT.
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Possessive case II;
Examples :
The book is mine. (Mine → Possessive case)
(Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ Hê~.)
á yêø±´ìï >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ Bì˝À Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ Hê≈£î #Ó+~q<äH˚ $wüj·÷ìï 'mine' nH˚ 'word' ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. nq>± á
pronoun 'possessive pronoun' >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+~. n+<äTe\q Bìì 'Possessive case' ˝À ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T.
1. The cat is hers. (Hers → Possessive case)
(á |æ*¢ ÄyÓT~.)
2. The bun is his. (His → Possessive case)
(á s=f…º n‘·ì~.)
3. The school is ours. (Ours → Possessive case)
(á bÕsƒ¡XÊ\ eTq~.)
4. This is yours. (Yours → Possessive case)
(Ç~ ˙~.)
$es¡D : á Hê\T>∑T yêø±´\q÷ >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À ªÄ |æ*¢μ ÄyÓT≈£î #Ó+~q<äì 'hers' nH˚
pronoun, ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À ªÄ s=f…ºμ n‘·ìøÏ #Ó+~q<äì 'his' nH˚ pronoun, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À ªá bÕsƒ¡XÊ\μ eTq≈£î
#Ó+~q<äì 'Ours' nH˚ Pronoun eT]j·TT ∫e] yêø£´+˝À ªÇ~μ ˙≈£î #Ó+~q<äì 'yours' nH˚ pronoun \T
‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. ø±e⁄q á yêø±´\˝À á pronouns n˙ï 'Possessive case' ˝À ñHêïj·Tì n+{≤s¡T.
Possessive case-I ;
Examples :
This is her bag. (Her → Possessive case)
(Ç~ ÄyÓT jÓTTø£ÿ dü+∫.)
á yêø£´+˝À ªdü+∫μ ÄyÓT≈£î #Ó+~q<äì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ 'her' nH˚ |ü<ëìï 'bag' nH˚ noun øÏ eTT+<äT
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT. nq>± 'she' nH˚ pronoun qT+∫ @s¡Œ&çq á 'her' nH˚ word á yêø£´+˝À 'Possessive case' ˝À
ñqï<äì n+{≤s¡T. ø±˙ á yêø£´+˝Àì 'her' nH˚~ pronoun ø±<äT. Ç~ 'bag' me]øÏ #Ó+~q<√ dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq
nq>± Ä 'bag' nH˚ noun øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫ ≈£åîDíyÓTÆq $es¡D ÇdüTÔqï+<äTq á 'her' nH˚ word ì 'Adjective' nì
|æ\TkÕÔs¡T.
1. It is his chair. (His → Possessive case)
(Ç~ n‘·ì jÓTTø£ÿ ≈£îØÃ.)
2. She is our friend. (Our → Possessive case)
(ÄyÓT e÷ jÓTTø£ÿ ùdïVæ≤‘·Tsê\T.)
3. He is my brother. (My → Possessive case)
(n‘·&ÉT Hê jÓTTø£ÿ k˛<äs¡T&ÉT.)
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4. We are their relatives. (Their → Possessive case)
(y˚TeTT yê] jÓTTø£ÿ ã+<ÛäTe⁄\+.)
$es¡D : á Hê\T>∑T ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\q÷ |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ M{Ï˝À yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À ª≈£îØÃμ n‘·ìøÏ #Ó+~q<äì 'his'
nH˚ word ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. ¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À Ä ªùdïVæ≤‘·Tsê\Tμ e÷≈£î #Ó+~q<äì 'our' nH˚ word ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~.
n˝≤π> eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À Ä ªk˛<äs¡T&ÉTμ Hê≈£î #Ó+~qyê&Éì 'my' nH˚ word ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ªy˚TeTTμ yê]
jÓTTø£ÿ ã+<ÛäTe⁄\eTì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ 'their' nH˚ word ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+~. nq>± á $es¡D\qT ã{Ïº á words
n˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'Possessive case' ˝À ñHêïj·Tì ns¡úeTe⁄‘·T+~.
Pronouns in Possessive case :
Pronoun Possessive form - I Possessive form-II
I(H˚qT) My (Hê jÓTTø£ÿ) Mine (Hê~) (Hê$)

We (y˚TeTT, eTqeTT) Our (e÷ jÓTTø£ÿ, eTq jÓTTø£ÿ) Ours (e÷~, eTq~) (e÷$, eTq$)
You (˙e⁄) Your (˙ jÓTTø£ÿ) Yours (˙~) (˙$)

You (MTs¡T) Your (MT jÓTTø£ÿ) Yours (MT~) (MT$)
He (n‘·&ÉT) His (n‘·ì

jÓTTø£ÿ) His (n‘·ì~) (n‘·ì$)
She (ÄyÓT) Her (ÄyÓT jÓTTø£ÿ) Hers (ÄyÓT~) (ÄyÓT$)
It (n~ / Ç~) Its (<ëì jÓTTø£ÿ / Bì jÓTTø£ÿ) –
They (yês¡T, n$, Ç$) Their (yê] jÓTTø£ÿ, yê{Ï jÓTTø£ÿ Theirs (yê]~, yê{Ï~, M{Ï~)
M{Ï jÓTTø£ÿ) (yê]$, yê{Ï$, M{Ï$)
>∑eTìø£ : á Possessive forms ˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ïs¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~qe˙ï Adjectives ne⁄‘êsTT. ¬s+&Ées¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~q$
Pronouns ne⁄‘êsTT. Ç+^¢wüß˝À 'It' nH˚ word øÏ ¬s+&Ées¡ø£+ 'Possessive form' ˝Ò<äT. Ç#·≥ yÓTT<ä{Ï 'Possessive
case-II qT, ‘·s¡Tyê‘· 'Possessive case-I' qT $e]+#·&É+ »]–+~. á 'Possessive case-I' ˝Àì Pronoun qT+∫
@s¡Œ&çq nìï Possessive forms ≈£L&Ü 'Adjectives' nì Á>∑Væ≤+#·>∑\s¡T.

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10. Adjective ($X‚wüD+)
ìs¡«#·q+ : Noun qT ˝Ò<ë Pronoun qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd<ëìì 'Adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : Adjective is the word which states about a 'noun' or 'pronoun'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À ˝Ò<ë ˇø£ clause ˝À ˝Ò<ë ˇø£ phrase ˝À Noun ˝Ò<ë Pronoun jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï >∑T]+∫
>±˙, s¡+>∑TqT >∑T]+∫ >±˙ ˝Ò<ë dü+K´qT >∑T]+∫ >±˙ yÓTT<ä˝…’q yê{Ïì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd<ëìì 'Adjective' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
Sanjay is a good boy.
dü+»jYT ˇø£ eT+∫ u≤\T&ÉT.
á yêø£´+˝À 'Boy' nH˚~ Noun. á Noun jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï 'Good' nH˚ 'Adjective' ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. m+<äTø£q>±
ªá u≤\T&ÉT m˝≤+{Ï u≤\T&ÉTμ nH˚ $wüj·÷ìï 'good' nH˚ word ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. n+<äTe\q á 'good' nH˚ <ëìì
'Adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T. á yêø£´+˝Àì 'Boy' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TDyÓTÆq eT+∫ì 'good' nH˚ word dü÷∫+∫+~.
á $<ÛäyÓTÆq words H˚ Adjectives nì n+{≤s¡T.
1. She wore white dress.
ÄyÓT ‘Ó\¢ì <äTdüTÔ\T <Ûä]+∫+~.
2. She is a tall girl.
ÄyÓT ˇø£ bı&ÉyÓ’q u≤*ø£.
3. Swathi ate two apples.
kÕ«‹ ¬s+&ÉT Ä|æ˝Ÿ‡qT ‹qï~.
4. Mahesh bought a beautiful car.
eTùV≤wt ˇø£ n+<äyÓTÆq ø±s¡Tì ø=Hêï&ÉT.
$es¡D : á Hê\T>∑T ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'dress' nH˚~ Noun. Ä Noun jÓTTø£ÿ s¡+>∑T nsTTq
‘Ó\T|ü⁄qT 'White' nH˚ |ü<ä+ ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔqï+<äTe\q á word 'Adjective' ne⁄‘·T+~. n˝≤π> ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'Girl'
nH˚~ Noun. á Noun jÓTTø£ÿ bı&ÉyÓ’q >∑TD≤ìï 'tall' nH˚ word ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. n+<äT#˚‘· á word ì 'Adjective'
nì n+{≤s¡T. ‘·s¡Tyê‘· yêø£´+˝À 'Apples' nH˚~ Noun. 'Two' nH˚~ á noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~.
n+<äTe\q á word ≈£L&Ü 'Adjective' ne⁄‘·T+~. Ç<˚$<Ûä+>± ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'Car' nH˚~ Noun. á yêø£´+˝À
'beautiful' nH˚~ ø±s¡T jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. n+<äTe\q Ç~ ≈£L&Ü 'Adjective' ne⁄‘·T+~.
>∑eTìø£ : Adjective nH˚~ Noun, Pronoun \ jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï, s¡+>∑Tì, |ü]e÷D≤ìï, dü+K´qT, yÓTT<ä˝…’q nìï
$wüj·÷\q÷ ≈£L&Ü ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. ˇø£ÿe÷≥˝À #ÓbÕŒ\+fÒ noun, pronoun \qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*ù| <˚HÓÌïHê Adjective
nH˚ n+<äTs¡T.
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KINDS OF ADJECTIVE (Adjective ˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
Adjective qT 11 s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Proper Adjective (kÕe÷q´ $X‚wüD+)
2. Adjective of Quality (or) Descriptive Adjective (>∑TD $X‚wüD+)
3. Quantitative Adjective (|ü]e÷D≤‘·àø£ $X‚wüD+)
4. Possessive Adjective (kÕ«eTúÛÀ<äø£ $X‚wüD+)
5. Demonstrative Adjective (ìπs›XÊ‘·àø£ $X‚wüD+)
6. Interrogative Adjective (Á|üX¯ïyê#·ø£ $X‚wüD+)
7. Definite numeral Adjective (K∫Ã‘·dü+U≤ýê#·ø£ $X‚wüD+)
8. Indefinite numeral Adjective (nì]›wüº dü+U≤ýê#·ø£ $X‚wüD+)
9. Distributive Adjective ($uÛÑ»Hê‘·àø£ $X‚wüD+)
10. Emphasizing Adjective (ìX¯Ãj·÷‘·àø£ $X‚wüD+)
11. Exclamatory Adjective (ÄX¯Ãsê´s¡úø£ $X‚wüD+)
á $<Ûä+>± Adjective qT á 11 s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T.

1. Proper Adjective :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Noun jÓTTø£ÿ ª<˚oj·T‘·, ÁbÕ+rj·T‘·μ e+{Ï >∑TD≤\qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd <ëìì 'Proper Adjective' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The adjective which states qualities like 'nationality' and 'locality' of a noun is called
the 'Proper adjective'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ Noun øÏ eTT+<äT Ä noun jÓTTø£ÿ <˚XÊìøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q nsêúìï >±˙, eT‘êìøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q
nsêúìï >±˙ yÓTT<ä˝…’q $wüj·÷\≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q nsêúìï#˚Ã |ü<ë\Tqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yê{ÏH˚ 'Proper Adjectives' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. The Indian people are traditional.
uÛ≤s¡rj·T Á|ü»\T kÕ+Á|ü<ëj·Tã<äΔyÓTÆqyês¡T.
2. Ramayana is an epic of Hindu religion.
sêe÷j·TD+ Væ≤+<ä÷ eT‘· ˇø£ Ç‹Vü‰dü+.
3. The Chinese dishes are not liked by us.
eTq+ #Ó’Hê e+≥ø±\qT Çwüº|ü&ÉeTT.
4. Priya met a tamil person in the train.
Á|æj·T Ä ¬s’\T˝À ˇø£ ‘·$Tfi¯ e´øÏÔì ø£*dæ+~.
5. Bandar laddu is a famous sweet.
ã+<äs¡T \&ÉT¶ ˇø£ ù|s=+~q d”«≥T.
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$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT >∑eTìùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À Á|ü»\T uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚XÊìøÏ #Ó+~qyês¡ì 'Indian' nH˚ |ü<ä+
e\q ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. nq>± 'People' nH˚ Noun jÓTTø£ÿ <˚oj·T‘·qT 'Indian' nH˚ word ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. n+<äTe\q Bìì
'Proper Adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T. n˝≤π> ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À nH˚ø£ eT‘ê\˝À |ü˝≤Hê eT‘·+ nì ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'Religion'
nH˚ Noun eTT+<äT 'Hindu' nH˚ word ñ+#·&+É »]–+~. nq>± á word 'Religion' nH˚ noun >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~.
n+<äTe\q á word 'Proper Adjective' nqã&ÉT‘·T+~. n<˚$<Û+ä >± eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À e+≥ø±\ <˚oj·T‘·qT 'Chinese'
nH˚ word, Hê\Ze yêø£´+˝À e´øÏÔ jÓTTø£ÿ ÁbÕ+rj·T‘·qT 'Tamil' nH˚ word n˝≤π> ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ª\&ÉT¶μ jÓTTø£ÿ
ÁbÕ+rj·T‘·qT ªã+<äsYμ nH˚ word ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. n+<äT#˚‘· M{Ïì 'Proper Adjectives' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Indian people, Hindu religion e+{Ï |ü<ë\qT ñeTà&ç>± uÛ≤$+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ M{Ïì Parts of Speech ˝À
'Proper nouns' >± uÛ≤$kÕÔs¡T. M{Ïì $&ç$&ç>± uÛ≤$+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT M{Ï˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï |ü<ë\qT Proper Adjectives >±q÷
eT]j·TT ¬s+&Ée|ü<ë\qT Common nouns >±q÷ uÛ≤$kÕÔs¡T.
2. Descriptive Adjective :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Noun ˝Ò<ë Pronoun jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd<ëìì 'Descriptive Adjective' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The adjective which states the qualities of a noun or pronoun is called the 'Descriptive
adjective'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ Noun >∑T]+∫ >±˙ ˝Ò<ë Pronoun >∑T]+∫ >±˙ <ëì jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï nq>± s¡+>∑TqT, s¡T∫ì e+{Ï
nìï \ø£åD≤\qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd<ëìì 'Descriptive Adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Suresh is a clever boy.
düTπswt ˇø£ ‘Ó*yÓ’q u≤\T&ÉT.
2. The tiger is a cruel animal.
|ü⁄* ˇø£ Á≈£Ls¡yÓTÆq »+‘·Te⁄.
3. Padmini is good.
|ü~àì eT+∫~.
4. Vasanthi is a great dancer.
yêdü+‹ ˇø£ >=|üŒ qs¡ÔøÏ.
5. Swathi is genius.
kÕ«‹ y˚T<Ûë$.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTìùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À 'Boy' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TDyÓTÆq ‘Ó*yÓ’q‘·Hêìï 'Clever' nH˚
word ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. n+<äT#˚‘· á word 'Descriptive adjective' ne⁄‘·T+~. n˝≤π> ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'Animal' nH˚
noun jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TDyÓTÆq Á≈£Ls¡‘ê«ìï 'Cruel' nH˚ word ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. ø±e⁄q á word 'Descriptive adjective'
nsTT´+~. n<˚$<Ûä+>± eT÷&Ée yêø£´+˝À 'Padmini' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TDyÓTÆq eT+∫‘·Hêìï 'good' nH˚ word
‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. ø±ã{Ïº Ç~ 'Descriptive adjective' nsTT´+~. Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'Dancer' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TDyÓTÆq
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>=|üŒ‘·Hêìï 'great' nH˚ word ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. ø±e⁄q á word ≈£L&Ü 'Descriptive adjective' nsTT´+~. Ç˝≤π>
∫e]yêø£´+˝À ªkÕ«‹μ nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TDyÓTÆq y˚T<Ûë$‘·Hêìï 'genius' nH˚ word ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. n+<äT#˚‘· á
word ≈£L&Ü 'Descriptive adjective' nsTT´+~. á $<Ûä+>± >∑TD≤ìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*ù|~ 'Descriptive adjective'
nqã&ÉT‘·T+~.
>∑eTìø£ : Adjective kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± m|ü⁄Œ&É÷ ≈£L&Ü noun øÏ eTT+<˚ ñ+≥T+~. ø±e⁄q Bìì düT\uÛ+Ñ >± >∑T]Ô+#·e#·TÃ.
ø±˙ ø=ìï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À Adjective yêø£´+˝À noun øÏ eTT+<äTq ø±≈£î+&Ü yêø£´+ ∫es¡q ñ+&Ée#·TÃ. nf…¢ÌHê n~ noun
˝Ò<ë pronoun jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~ ø±e⁄q n~ Adjective nqã&ÉT‘·T+~. á $<ÛäyÓTÆq yêø±´\≈£î ô|’
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àì 3, 5 \T ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\T.
3. Quantitative Adjective :
Noun ˝Ò<ë Pronoun jÓTTø£ÿ |ü]e÷D≤ìï >∑÷]Ã ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT |ü<ëìï 'Quantitative adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The adjective which states the quantity of a noun or pronoun is called the 'Quantitative
adjective'.
$es¡D : Noun ˝Ò<ë Pronoun |ü]e÷D+˝À m+‘· ñqïB nH˚ $wüj÷· ìï nq>± ø=+#Óe÷ m≈£îÿyê nH˚ $wüj÷· \qT
>∑T]+∫ ≈£åîDí+>± ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd |ü<ë\qT 'Quantitative adjectives' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. She wants some water.
ÄyÓT≈£î ø=+#Ó+ ˙s¡T ø±yê*.
2. He ate a little food.
n‘·&ÉT ø=+#Ó+ ÄVü‰s¡+ ‹Hêï&ÉT.
3. I have sufficient knowledge to face the exam.
Hê≈£î Ä |üØø£å m<äTs√ÿe&ÜìøÏ dü]|ü&ÉT C≤„q+ ø£\<äT.
4. You had much patience.
˙e⁄ m+‘√ düVü≤q+ ø£*– ñ+&˚yê&ç$.
5. You have to take great care of your son.
MTs¡T MT ø=&ÉT≈£î |ü≥¢ n~Ûø£ ÁX¯<äΔ eVæ≤+#ê*.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT >∑eTìùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À 'water' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ |ü]e÷D≤ìï ªø=+#Ó+ ˙s¡Tμ nì
'some' nH˚ word, ¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À 'Food' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ |ü]e÷D≤ìï, ªø=+#Ó+ ÄVü‰s¡+μ nì 'a little' nH˚
word, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'knowledge' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ |ü]e÷D≤ìï ªdü]|ü&ÉT C≤„q+μ nì 'sufficient' nH˚ word,
Hê\Ze<ëì˝À 'Patience' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ |ü]e÷D≤ìï ªm+‘√ düV≤ü q+μ nì 'much' nH˚ word eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À
'care' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ |ü]e÷D≤ìï ªn~Ûø£ÁX¯<äΔμ nì 'great' nH˚ word \T ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á words
nìï+{Ï˙ 'Quantitative adjectives' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Little eT]j·TT a little nH˚ words ì adjectives >± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔ+. M{Ï˝À 'little' nq>± ª‘·≈£îÿe ˝Ò<ë
∫qïμ n˙ nq>± n~Ûø£+ ø±<ä˙ eT]j·TT 'a little' nq>± ªø=+#Ó+μ n˙ ns¡ú+ edüTÔ+~. m≥¢q>± 'little food' n+fÒ
‘·≈î£ ÿe food nì nq>± m≈£îÿe ø±<ä˙, 'a little food' n+fÒ ø=+#Ó+ food n˙ ns¡+ú edüT+Ô ~. ø±e⁄q M{Ïì >∑eTì+#ê*.
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4. Possessive Adjective :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ Noun ˝Ò<ë Pronoun @<Ó’Hê <ëìì ø£*– ñ+<äH˚ nsêúìï#˚Ã 'Word' ì 'Possessive adjective'
nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : If the noun or pronoun is in the first possessive case, it is called the 'Possessive adjective'.
$es¡D : 'Possessive adjective nq>± pronoun jÓTTø£ÿ yÓTT<ä{Ïs¡ø£|ü⁄ Possessive forms eT]j·TT noun
jÓTTø£ÿ possessive forms. Noun ˝Ò<ë Pronoun jÓTTø£ÿ ÄBÛq+˝À @<Ó’Hê edüTÔe⁄ ñ+<äì ‘Ó*j·TCÒdü÷Ô ñqï words ì
'Possessive adjectives' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. I met Ravi's father.
H˚qT s¡$jÓTTø£ÿ ‘·+Á&çì ø£*XÊqT.
2. Sita is Rama's wife.
d”‘· sêeTTì jÓTTø£ÿ uÛ≤s¡´.
3. That is his book.
n~ n‘·ì jÓTTø£ÿ |ü⁄düÔø£+.
4. Sudha is your friend.
düT<Ûä ˙ jÓTTø£ÿ ùdïVæ≤‘·Tsê\T.
5. Raja is her brother.
sêC≤ ÄyÓT jÓTTø£ÿ k˛<äs¡T&ÉT.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À 'Father' nH˚ noun me]øÏ #Ó+~q<√ nq>± ªme]
fatherμ nH˚ <ëìì 'Ravi's' nH˚~ ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. n+<äTe\q á word 'Possessive adjective' nqã&ÉT‘·T+~.
n˝≤π> ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'Wife' nH˚ noun sêeTTìøÏ #Ó+~q<äì 'Rama's' nH˚ word, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'Book' nH˚
noun n‘·ìøÏ #Ó+~q<äì 'his' nH˚ word, 'friend' nH˚ noun ˙≈£î #Ó+~q<äì 'your' nH˚ word eT]j·TT ∫e]>±
'brother' nH˚ noun ÄyÓT≈£î #Ó+~q<äì 'her' nH˚ word \T ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·THêïsTT. n+<äTe\q Çe˙ï 'Possessive
adjectives' nj·÷´sTT.
>∑eTìø£ : kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± noun qT+∫ @s¡Œ&çq possessive adjectives ø£+fÒ pronoun qT+∫ @s¡Œ&çq possessive
adjectives jÓTTø£ÿ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+ Ç+^¢wüß˝À m≈£îÿe>± ñ+&ÉTqT.
5. Demonstrative Adjective :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Noun qT >∑T]+∫ ì]›w+ºü >± |ü˝≤Hê noun nì ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd Adjective qT 'Demonstrative adjective'
nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The adjective which denotes the clarity of a noun is called the 'demonstrative adjective'.
$es¡D : nH˚ø£ noun \ eT<Ûä´q ˇø£ noun ì ìπsΔ•+∫ dü÷∫+#˚ word ì 'demonstrative adjective' nì
n+{≤s¡T. Ç~ noun ì ª|ü˝≤Hê nounμ nì K∫Ã‘·+>± ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~.
Examples :
1. Give me that pen.
Hê≈£î Ä ô|qTï Çe«+&ç.
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Examples :
2. He will give those flowers to you.
n‘·&ÉT Ä |üP\qT ˙≈£î ÇkÕÔ&ÉT.
3. The cat drank half of this milk.
Ä |æ*¢ á bÕ\qT dü>∑+ Á‘êπ>dæ+~.
4. She took that book.
ÄyÓT Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ rdüT≈£î+~.
5. Phani broke the chair.
|òüDÏ Ä ≈£îØÃì $s¡>∑>={≤º&ÉT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'Pen' nH˚ noun qT K∫Ã‘·+>± |ü˝≤Hê Pen nì
‘Ó*j·TCÒdü÷Ô ñqï+<äTq 'that' nH˚ <ëìì 'demonstrative adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T. ¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À 'Flowers' nH˚
noun qT K∫Ã‘·+>± |ü˝≤Hê flowers nì ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·÷ 'those' nH˚ |ü<ä+ ñ+~. eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'milk' nH˚ noun qT
á milk nì ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·÷ 'this' nH˚ word ñ+~. n˝≤π> Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'book' nH˚ noun ì |ü˝≤Hê book nì
‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·÷ 'that' nH˚ word eT]j·TT Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'chair' nH˚ noun qT |ü˝≤Hê chair nì ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·÷ 'the' nH˚
word \T ñHêïsTT. á $<Ûä+>± á yêø±´\˝À á words n˙ï ≈£L&Ü Äj·÷ noun \qT >∑T]+∫ düŒwüº+>±
‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔqï+<äTq M{ìï+{Ï˙ 'Demonstrative adjectives' nì n+<äTs¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : This, That, These eT]j·TT Those e+{Ï |ü<ë\T ø=ìï#√≥¢ Desmonstrative adjectives >±q÷
eT]ø=ìï#√≥¢ demonstrative pronouns >±q÷ ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT. á words e∫Ãq yÓ+≥H˚ yêø£´+˝À Ç$
dü÷∫+#˚ nouns eùdÔ Ç$ demonstrative adjectives >±q÷ á words eT]j·TT Ç$ dü÷∫+#˚ nouns yêø£´+˝À
Á|üøÿ£ Á|üøÿ£ q ˝Ò≈î£ +&Ü ñ+fÒ Ç$ Ä yêø£´+˝À demonstrative pronouns >±q÷ ñ|üj÷Ó >∑|&ü ‘É êsTT. 'The' nH˚ Definite
article qT m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ demonstrative adjective >±H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Ç~ Bì‘√ ø£*dæ e∫Ãq noun ì ì]›wüº+>±
dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq Bìì 'demonstrative adjective' nì n+<äTs¡T.
6. Interrogative Adjective :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Noun ≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫ Á|ü•ï+#˚ word qT 'Interrogative adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The adjective which is used to interrogate about a noun is called the 'interrogative adjective'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À ˇø£ noun qT me]øÏ #Ó+~q<äì ø±˙, @~ nì ø±˙, m≥Te+{Ï~ nì ø±˙ Á|ü•ï+#˚
word ì 'interrogative adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Which pen do you want ?
˙≈£î @ ô|qTï ø±yê* ?
2. What matter will you say to me ?
˙e⁄ Hê≈£î @ $wüj·T+ #ÓãT‘êe⁄ ?
3. Whose book is this ?
Ç~ me]jÓTTø£ÿ |ü⁄düÔø£+ ?
4. What kind of model do you have ?
@ s¡ø£+ yÓ÷&É˝ŸqT ˙e⁄ ø£*– ñHêïe⁄ ?
5. Whose bike did he steal ?
n‘·&ÉT me] u…’ø˘qT <=+–*+#ê&ÉT ?
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$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTìùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'Pen' nH˚ noun øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫ n~ @ s¡ø±ì<äì Á|ü•ï+#·&ÜìøÏ
'which' nH˚ word ì, ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'matter' nH˚ noun øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫ n~ @ matter nì n&É>∑&ÜìøÏ 'what'
nH˚ word ˙, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'Book' nH˚ noun øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫ n~ me]øÏ #Ó+~q<äì Á|ü•ï+#·&ÜìøÏ 'whose' nH˚
word ˙, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'kind' nH˚ noun øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫ n~ m˝≤+{Ï kind nì Á|ü•ï+#·&ÜìøÏ 'what' nH˚ word ì
eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'Bike' nH˚ noun ì >∑T]+∫ n~ me]øÏ #Ó+~q<äì n&É>∑&ÜìøÏ 'whose' nH˚ word ì
ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·&+É »]–+~. Çe˙ï noun \qT >∑T]+∫ Á|ü•ï+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üj÷Ó >∑|&ü qç +<äTq M{Ïì 'Interrogative adjectives'
nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : What, which nH˚ words ì interrogative adjectives >±H˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü interrogative pronoun \T>±
≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ø±˙ á words noun øÏ eTT+<äTuÛ≤>∑+˝ÀH˚ ñ+fÒ M{Ïì 'interrogative adjectives' n˙
nouns y˚s¡T>± á words y˚s¡T>± ñ+&ç á words Ä nouns øÏ ã<äT\T>± yê&Éã&ç ñ+fÒ M{Ïì 'interrogative
7. Definite numeral adjective :

ìs¡«#·q+ : Noun øÏ eTT+<äT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç Ä noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT düŒwüº+>± ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd word ì 'Definite
numeral adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The adjective which clearly states the number of a Noun is called the 'Definite numeral
adjective'.
$es¡D : Noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT K∫Ã¤‘·+>± ‘Ó*j·TCÒdü÷Ô kÕúq+˝À Ä noun øÏ eTT+<äTuÛ≤>∑+˝À ñ+&˚ words ì
'definite numeral adjectives' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Sumanth has two cars.
düTeT+‘YøÏ ¬s+&ÉT ø±s¡T¢ ñHêïsTT.
2. She got a prize in the game.
Ä Ä≥˝À ÄyÓT ˇø£ ãVüQeT‹ bı+~+~.
3. Suresh is studying second class.
düTπswt ¬s+&Ée ‘·s¡>∑‹ #·<äTe⁄‘·THêï&ÉT.
4. Prema bought an umbrella.
Áù|eT ˇø£ >=&ÉT>∑T ø=qï~.
5. Latha came here second time.
\‘· Çø£ÿ&çøÏ ¬s+&ÉekÕ] e∫Ã+~.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'Cars' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT K∫Ã¤‘·+>± 'two' nH˚ word
‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. n˝≤π> ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'Prize' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT 'a' nH˚~, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'Class' nH˚
noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT 'second' nH˚ word, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'Umbrella' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT 'an' nH˚ word
eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'time' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT 'second' nH˚ word \T ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á
words nìï+{Ï˙ ≈£L&Ü 'definite numeral adjectives' nì n+{≤s¡T.
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>∑eTìø£ : Cardinals nq>± one, two, three ..... e+{Ï numbers eT]j·TT ordinals nq>± first, second, third
.... e+{Ï kÕúq+ ‘Ó*ù| numbers e+{Ï$ n˙ï á 'Definite numeral adjective' ≈£î #Ó+<äTqT. n<˚ $<Ûä+>± a, an
nH˚ indefinite articles ≈£L&Ü á 'definite numeral adjective' ≈£î #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
8. Indefinite numeral adjective :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Noun øÏ eTT+<äT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç Ä noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT ndüŒwüº+>± ‘Ó*j·TCÒdü÷Ô ñ+&˚ word ì
'indefinite numeral adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The adjective which states the number of a noun indefinitely is called the 'Indefinite
numeral adjective'.
$es¡D : á Adjective noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. nq>± ªø=~›, ø=ìïμ nH˚ nsêú\qT ÇdüTÔ+~. ø±˙
K∫Ã‘·+>± ˇø£{Ï, ¬s+&ÉT nì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T<äT. n+<äT#˚‘·H˚ Bìì 'indefinite numeral adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Many soldiers were killed in the war.
#ê˝≤eT+~ ôd’ì≈£î\T Ä j·TT<äΔ+˝À #·+|üã&Ü¶s¡T.
2. All people participated in the moment.
n+<äs¡T Á|ü»\÷ Ä ñ<äéT+˝À bÕ˝§ZHêïs¡T.
3. In those books, several books are good.
Ä |ü⁄düÔø±\˝À nH˚ø£ |ü⁄düÔø±\T eT+∫$.
4. The goat was killed by some dogs.
Ä y˚Tø£ ø=ìï ≈£îø£ÿ\ #˚‘· #·+|üã&ç+~.
5. She likes few songs in Telugu music.
ÄyÓT ‘Ó\T>∑T dü+^‘·+˝Àì ø=ìï bÕ≥*ï Çwüº|ü&ÉT‘·T+~.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT >∑eTìùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À 'soldiers' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT ndüŒwüº+>± 'many'
nH˚ word, ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'people' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT ndüŒwüº+>± 'all' nH˚ word, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À
'books' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT ndüŒwüº+>± 'several' nH˚ word, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'dogs' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ
dü+K´qT ndüŒwüº+>± 'some' nH˚ word, eT]j·TT ∫e] yêø£´+˝À 'songs' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT ndüŒwüº+>± 'few'
nH˚ word \T ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á words nìï+{Ï˙ 'indefinite numeral adjectives' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : All, some, few, a few, several, many e+{Ï |ü<ë\qT indefinite numeral adjectives >±
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. 'No' nH˚ <ëìì ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. á words ˝Àì few nH˚ <ëìì X¯Sq´+ nH˚ negative ns¡ú+˝À
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·>± 'a few' nH˚ <ëìì n‹ø=~›, #ê˝≤ ‘·≈£îÿe nH˚ nsêú\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. á words ì Indefinite
pronoun \T>± ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ø±˙ Ç$ Adjectives >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq|ü⁄&ÉT noun øÏ eTT+<äTH˚ ñ+{≤sTT.
9. Distributive Adjective :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Noun qT $uÛÑõ+∫ dü÷∫+#˚ Adjective ì 'distributive adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The adjective which distributes the noun is called the 'Distributive adjective'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À á adjective noun øÏ eTT+<äTuÛ≤>∑+˝À ñ+&ç Noun qT $uÛÑõ+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ
ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉT‘·T+~. Ç˝≤ $uÛÑõ+∫ noun qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔqï+<äTq Bìì 'Distributive Adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T.
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Examples :
1. Each student attended the class.
Á|ü‹ $<ë´]ú ‘·s¡>∑‹øÏ Vü‰»s¡j·÷´&ÉT.
2. Every soldier fought well in the war.
Á|ü‹ ôd’ì≈£î&ÉTq÷ Ä j·TT<äΔ+˝À u≤>± b˛{≤¢&Ü&ÉT.
3. Either boys or girls will come.
nsTT‘˚ u≤\Ts¡T ˝Ò<ë u≤*ø£\T ekÕÔs¡T.
4. Neither worker did well.
@ |üìyê&É÷ ≈£L&Ü u≤>± #Ój·T´˝Ò<äT.
5. Every player played hard in the game.
Ä Ä≥˝À Á|ür Ä≥>±&É÷ ø£wüº|ü&ç Ä&Üs¡T.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À 'student' nH˚ noun ì nH˚ø£eT+~˝À qT+∫
$uÛÑõ+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'each' nH˚ word ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç+~. n˝≤π> ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'soldier' nH˚ noun qT
nH˚ø£eT+~˝ÀqT+∫ $uÛÑõ+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'every' nH˚ 'word' ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç+~. Ç<˚$<Ûä+>± eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'Boys'
nH˚ noun ì u≤\Ts¡T eT]j·TT u≤*ø£\˝ÀqT+∫ $uÛÑõ+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'either' nH˚ word ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+~. Ç˝≤π>
Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'worker' nH˚ noun qT e´‹πsø±s¡ú+˝À $T–*q n+<ä]˙ ø£*|æ dü÷∫+#·&ÜìøÏ, $uÛÑõ+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ
'neither' nH˚ word ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+~. ÄK]yêø£´+˝À 'player' nH˚ noun qT n+<ä]˝ÀqT+N $uÛÑõ+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ
'every' nH˚ word ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+~. á $<Ûä+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq á words ì 'Distributive Adjectives' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : á each, every, either, neither e+{Ï words ì 'Distributive adjectives' >±H˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü M{Ïì
'Distributive pronouns' >± ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ø±˙ Distributive pronouns >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT á
words, noun ‘√ ˇø£ preposition düVü‰j·T+ ‘√ ø£\T|üã&ç ñ+{≤sTT. ø±˙ Distributive adjectives >±
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq|ü⁄&ÉT e÷Á‘·+ ô|’ ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À #·÷|æq $<Ûä+>± á words noun øÏ eTT+<äTH˚ ñ+&ç noun >∑T]+∫
‘Ó*j·TCÒkÕÔsTT.
10. Emphasizing Adjective :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ Adjective ì Noun qT >∑T]+∫ ìX¯Ãj·÷‘·àø£+>± #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ <ëìì
'Emphasizing adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The adjective which is used to emphasize the noun is called the 'Emphasizing adjective'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À ˇø£ Noun ì >∑T]+∫ ã\+>± H=øÏÿ #ÓbÕŒ*‡e∫Ãq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä noun qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd
adjective qT 'Emphasizing adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Mind your own business.
˙ jÓTTø£ÿ kı+‘· |üìì qTe⁄« #·÷düTø√.
2. I saw the murder with my own eyes.
H˚qT Ä Vü≤‘·´qT Hê kı+‘· ø£fi¯fl‘√ #·÷XÊqT.

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Examples :
3. I completed the work on the very day.
H˚qT Ä |üìì dü]>±Z Ä s√CÒ |üP]Ô#˚XÊqT.
4. She went there in the exact situation.
ÄyÓT nø£ÿ&çøÏ dü]>±Z Ä dü+<äs¡“¤+˝ÀH˚ yÓ[¢+~.
5. We bought the same mobile.
y˚TeTT n<˚ yÓTTu…’˝Ÿ bò˛Héì ø=HêïeTT.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'business' nH˚ noun ì H=øÏÿ#Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'own'
nH˚ word ì, ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À 'eyes' nH˚ noun ì H=øÏÿ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'own' nH˚ word ì, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'day' nH˚
noun ì K∫Ã‘·+>± #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'very' nH˚ word ì, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'situation' nH˚ noun ì H=øÏÿ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'exact'
nH˚ word ì eT]j· T T ∫e]yêø£ ´ +˝À 'mobile' nH˚ noun ì H=øÏ ÿ #Ó | ü Œ &ÜìøÏ 'same' nH˚ word ì
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~. n+<äTe\q á words nìï+{Ïì 'emphasizing Adjectives' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : á 'Emphasizing adjectives' Noun qT ã{Ï,º <ëì ñ|üj÷Ó >∑+ ã{Ïº ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·ã&É‘êsTT. kÕ<Ûës¡D+>±
á adjectives qT eTs=ø£ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·s¡T. Ç≥Te+{Ï dü+<äsê“¤\T #ê˝≤ ns¡T<Ó’q$. á $<Ûä+>± Noun qT
ìX¯ÃsTT+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ adjective qT 'Emphasizing adjective' nì n+{≤s¡T.
11. Exclamatory Adjective :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Noun øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫ Vü‰euÛ≤yê\qT e´ø£+Ô #˚jT· &ÜìøÏ ñ|üj÷Ó –+#˚ words ì 'Exclamatory Adjectives'
nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The adjective which is used to express feelings about a noun is called the 'Exclamatory
adjective'.
$es¡D : Noun \≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫ ÄX¯Ãsê´ìï ø±˙, u≤<Ûqä T ø±˙, ñ‘ê‡Vü‰ìï ø±˙, ìs¡T‘ê‡Vü‰ìï ø±˙ ‘Ó*j·TCÒjT· &ÜìøÏ
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ Adjective \qT 'Exclamatory adjectives' nì n+<äTs¡T.
Examples :
1. What girl she is !
@$T u≤*ø£ ÄyÓT !
2. What an Idea !
@$T Ä˝À#·q !
3. What a book you have !
@$T |ü⁄düÔø£+ ˙e⁄ ø£*Z ñHêïy√ !
4. What a car it is !
@$T ø±s¡T n~ !
5. What a knowledge !
@$T C≤„q+ !
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'girl' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï #·÷dæ ÄX¯Ãs¡´|ü&ç
'what' nH˚ word ì Ä >∑TD≤ìï >∑÷]Ã ÄX¯Ãsê´ìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~. n˝≤π> ¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À
'Idea' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï >∑÷]Ã ÄX¯Ãs¡´+ bı+~ 'what' nH˚ word ì Ä ÄX¯Ãsê´ìï >∑÷]Ã e´ø£Ô|üs¡#·&ÜìøÏ
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ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~. n<˚$<Ûä+>± eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'book' nH˚ noun ø=s¡≈£î 'what' nH˚ word ì, Hê\Ze
yêø£´+˝À 'car' nH˚ noun ø=s¡≈£î 'what' nH˚ word ì eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'knowledge' nH˚ noun ø=s¡≈£î
'what' nH˚ word ì Äj·÷ noun \≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q ÄX¯Ãs¡éTTqT e´ø£Ô|üs¡#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT. n+<äTe\q á
words nìï+{Ï˙ 'exclamatory adjectives' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : 'What'nH˚ word e÷Á‘·y˚T kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± 'Exclamatory adjective' >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ÉT‘·T+~.

Exclamatory adjective >± 'How' qT ñ|üj÷
Ó –+#·sê<äT. 'What' qT ø=ìï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À Adverb >± ≈£L&Ü ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ .
Ç~ yêø£´+˝À Bì yÓ+≥H˚ 'noun' ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT e÷Á‘·y˚T 'Exclamatory adjective' >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉT‘·T+~. Ç≥Te+{Ï
dü+<äsê“¤\qT ô|’q Çe«ã&çq ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\T dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT. á Adjective ‘·s¡Tyê‘· yÓ+≥H˚ e#˚Ã noun 'a' ˝Ò<ë 'an'
e+{Ï articles ì ø£*– ñ+&Ée#·TÃ.
FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES
ìs¡«#·q+ : Adjectives qT ø=ìï words qT+∫ @s¡Œs¡#·e#·TÃ. Ç$ 4 s¡ø±\T>± @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT. n$ :

1. Noun qT+∫ @s¡Œ&˚ Adjectives
2. Pronoun qT+∫ @s¡Œ&˚ Adjectives
3. Verb qT+∫ @s¡Œ&˚ Adjectives
4. eTs=ø£ Adjective qT+∫ @s¡Œ&˚ Adjectives
á $<Ûä+>± Adjectives, parts of speech ˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï eT÷&ÉTs¡ø±˝…’q Noun, Pronoun eT]j·TT Verb \
qT+#˚ @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT. eT]ø=ìï Adjectives Ç+ø=ìï Adjectives qT+#˚ @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT.
1. Formation of Adjectives from Nouns :
ø=ìï Adjectives qT Noun \ qT+∫ @s¡Œs¡#·e#·TÃ. Noun ≈£î ∫es¡q ø=ìï nø£åsê\qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\¢ ˝Ò<ë dü«\Œ
e÷s¡TŒ\qT #˚j·T&É+ e\q 'Adjectives' @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT.
Noun Adjective
1. anger (ø√|ü+) – angry (ø√|ü+>∑\)
2. boy (u≤\T&ÉT) – boyish (u≤\Tìe˝Ò)
3. brute (eTè>∑eTT) – brutish (eTè>∑+e˝Ò)
4. courage (<ÛÓ’s¡´+) – courageous (<ÛÓ’s¡´+>∑\)
5. care (C≤Á>∑‘·Ô) – careful (C≤Á>∑‘·Ô‘√)
6. dirt (eTT]øÏ) – dirty (eTT]¬ø’q)
7. envy (ndü÷j·T) – envious (ndü÷j·T>∑\)
8. fool (eT÷s¡Tâ&ÉT) – foolish (eT÷s¡Tâ&Ó’q)
9. gold (ã+>±s¡+) – golden (ã+>±s¡T)
10. gift (ãVüQe÷q+) – gifted (ãVüAø£]+#·ã&çq)
11. hope (ÄX¯) – hopeful (ÄX¯>∑\)

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12. king (sêE) – kingly (sê»dü+ >∑\)
13. laugh (qe⁄«) – laughable (q$«+#˚)
14. man (eTìwæ) – manly (<ÛÓ’s¡´+>∑\)
15. outrage (b˛øÏ]‘·q+) – outrageous (n‹ùV≤j·TyÓTÆq)
16. play (Ä&É&É+) – playful (ñ˝≤¢dü+>±)
17. pardon (ø£å$T+#·&É+) – pardonable (ø£å$T+#·<ä–q)
18. shame (nee÷q+) – shameless (dæ>∑TZ˝Òì)
19. shame (nee÷q+) – shameful (dæ>∑TZ|ü&˚)
20. silk (|ü≥Tº) – silken (|ü≥Tº‘√ #˚j·Tã&É¶)
21. silk (|ü≥Tº) – silky (|ü≥Tºe˝Ò)
22. storm (‘·TbòÕqT) – stormy (‘·TbòÕqT e˝Ò)
23. sense (C≤„q+) – senseless (C≤„q+˝Òì)
24. trouble (ø£wüº+) – troublesome (ø£wüºô|fÒº)
25. venture (kÕVü≤düø±s¡´+) – venturesome (kÕVü≤k˛ù|‘·yÓTÆq)
2. Formation of Adjectives from Pronouns :

Possessive adjectives n˙ï ≈£L&Ü Pronouns jÓTTø£ÿ yÓTT<ä{Ïs¡ø£|ü⁄ Possessive forms j˚T. nq>± Çe˙ï
Pronouns qT+∫ @s¡Œ&çqy˚. á $<Ûä+>± adjectives, pronouns qT+∫ @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT.
Pronoun Adjective
1. I (H˚qT) – my (Hê jÓTTø£ÿ)
2. we (y˚TeTT) – our (e÷ jÓTTø£ÿ)
3. you (˙e⁄) – your (˙ jÓTTø£ÿ)
4. you (MTs¡T) – your (MT jÓTTø£ÿ)
5. he (n‘·&ÉT) – his (n‘·ì jÓTTø£ÿ)
6. she (ÄyÓT) – her (ÄyÓT jÓTTø£ÿ)
7. it (n~ / Ç~) – its (<ëì jÓTTø£ÿ / Bì jÓTTø£ÿ)
8. they (yês¡T) – their (yê] jÓTTø£ÿ)
3. Formation of Adjectives from verb :

'Verbs' ≈£î ∫es¡q ø=ìï |ü<ë\qT >±ì ˝Òø£ ø=ìï nø£åsê\qT >±ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q 'Adjectives' @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT.
Verb Adjective
1. allow (nqTeT‹+#·&É+) – allowed (nqTeT‹+#·ã&çq)
2. attract (Äø£]¸+#·&É+) – attractive (Äø£s¡¸D°j·TyÓTÆq)
3. avoid (e~*y˚j·T&É+) – avoidable (e<ä*y˚j·÷*‡q)
4. awake (y˚T˝§ÿq&É+) – awoken (y˚T˝§ÿqï)
5. believe (qeTà&É+) – believable (qeTà<ä–q)

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6. break ($s¡e&É+) – broken ($]–q)
7. bend (e+#·&É+) – bent (e+–q)
8. cease (e<ä\&É+) – ceaseless (e<ä\ì)
9. move (ø£<ä\&É+) – movable (ø£~˝Ò)
10. get (bı+<ä&É+) – gotten (bı+~q)
11. interest (ÄdüøÏÔ#·÷|ü&É+) – interesting (ÄdüøÏÔ>∑\)
12. know (‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+) – known (‘Ó*dæq)
13. learn (H˚s¡TÃø√e&É+) – learnt (H˚s¡TÃ≈£îqï)
14. live (ìedæ+#·&É+) – living (ìedæ+#˚)
15. measure (ø=\e&É+) – measurable (ø=\e<ä–q)
16. miss (ø√˝ÀŒe&É+) – missed (ø√˝ÀŒsTTq)
17. mix (ø£\T|ü&É+) – mixed (ø£*dæq)
18. negotiate (uÒs¡e÷&É&É+) – negotiable (uÒs¡e÷&É<ä–q)
19. neglect (ìs¡¢ø£å ´+ #˚j·T&É+) – neglected (ìs¡¢ø£å ´)
20. rise (ñ<äsTT+#·&É+) – risen (ñ<äsTT+∫q)
21. speak (e÷{≤¢&É&É+) – spoken (e÷{≤¢&˚)
22. share (|ü+#·&É+) – shared (|ü+#·ã&çq)
23. talk (e÷{≤¢&É&É+) – talkative (n‹>± e÷{≤¢&˚)
24. take (rdüTø√e&É+) – taken (rdüTø√ã&çq)
25. tire (n\dæb˛e&É+) – tireless (n\T|ü⁄˝Òì)
4. Formation of Adjectives from Adjectives :

ø=ìï Adjectives y˚s=ø£ Adjectives qT+∫ @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT. ø=ìï Adjectives ≈£î ø=ìï nø£åsê\qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q
Áø=‘·Ô Adjectives @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT.
Adjective Adjective
1. black (q\Tô|’q) – blackish (q\¢HÓ’q)
2. white (‘Ó\¢ì) – whitish (‘Ó\¢HÓ’q)
3. sick (»ãT“>± ñqï) – sicken (»ãT“|ü&çq)
4. tragic (<äT'K|üP]‘·) – tragical (<äT'K|üP]‘·yÓTÆq)
5. three (eT÷&Ó’q) – threefold (eT÷&ÉT¬s≥T¢)
6. green (|ü#·Ãì) – greenish (|ü#·ÃHÓ’q)
7. whole (|üPs¡íyÓTÆq) – wholesome (|ü]|üPs¡íyÓTÆq)
8. red (mÁs¡ì) – reddish (mÁs¡<Ó’q)
9. blue (˙*) – bluish (˙*jÓÆTq)
10. yellow (|üdüT|ü⁄<Ó’q) – yellowish (|üdüT|ü⁄<Ó’q)
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ADJECTIVE - DEGREES OF COMPARISON
ìs¡«#·q+ : Adjective jÓTTø£ÿ ‘·s¡>∑‘·T\qT $e]+#˚ <ëìì 'Degrees of comparison' nì n+{≤s¡T.

Definition : The topic which describes about the degrees of adjective is called 'Degrees of
comparison'.
$es¡D : Adjective nH˚~ >∑TD≤ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. ø±e⁄q á >∑TD>∑D≤\qT $$<Ûä nouns eT<Ûä´ b˛\Ãe#·TÃ. á
$<ÛäyÓTÆq b˛*ø£qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìH˚ 'Degrees of comparison' nì n+<äTs¡T.
Bì Á|üø±s¡+ Adjective ≈£î eT÷&ÉT degrees of comparison ñ+{≤sTT. n$ :
1. Positive degree
2. Comparative degree
3. Superlative degree
1. Positive degree
ìs¡«#·q+ : >∑TD≤ìï >∑T]+∫ kÕe÷q´+>± #Óù|Œ<ëìì 'Positive degree' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The degree of the adjective which states about quality without comparison is called
the 'Positive degree'.
$es¡D : @<Ó’Hê Noun qT >∑T]+∫ nq>± <ëì jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï >∑T]+∫ kÕe÷q´+>± ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&Üìï nq>± @
ˇø£ÿ]‘√q÷ b˛*ø£˝Ò≈£î+&Ü ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&Üìï 'Positive degree' nì n+<äTs¡T.
Examples :
1. Ravi is a good boy.
s¡$ ˇø£ eT+∫ u≤\T&ÉT.
2. Swathi is clever girl.
kÕ«‹ ‘Ó*yÓ’q u≤*ø£.
3. Sriya is beautiful woman.
Á•j·T n+<äyÓTÆq Åd”Ô.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT >∑eTìùdÔ M{Ï˝À yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À s¡$ ªeT+∫μ u≤\T&Éì n‘·ì >∑TD≤ìï kÕe÷q´+>±
me]‘√q÷ b˛\Ã≈£î+&Ü #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. n<˚$<Ûä+>± ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À kÕ«‹ ª‘Ó*yÓ’qμ u≤*ø£ nì ÄyÓT >∑TDyÓTÆq
‘Ó*$‘˚≥\qT, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À Á•j·T ªn+<äyTÓ qÆ μ ÅdÔ” nì ÄyÓT >∑TDyÓTqÆ n+<ëìï kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± me]‘√q÷ b˛*ø£˝≈Ò î£ +&Ü
#Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. n+<äTe\q á yêø±´\˝Àì Adjectives jÓTTø£ÿ s¡÷bÕìï 'Positive degree' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Positive degree ˝À Adjective dü«‘·V‰ü >± <˚ì‘√q÷ b˛*ø£ ˝Ò≈î£ +&Ü ñ+≥T+~. Adjective ≈£î kÕ<Ûës¡D+>±
eT÷&ÉT s¡÷bÕ\T ñ+{≤sTT. yê{Ï˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï s¡÷bÕìï á Positive degree ˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
2. Comparative degree :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ >∑TD≤ìï ¬s+&ÉT noun \ eT<Ûä´ b˛*Ã #Ó|üŒ&Üìï 'Comparative degree' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The degree of the adjective which states the quality with comparison between two
persons or two objects is called the 'Comparitive degree'.
$es¡D : @<Ó’Hê >∑TD≤ìï nH˚ø£eT+~ ø£*– ñ+&Ée#·TÃ. n˝≤+{Ï yê]˝À Ç<ä›]ì y˚s¡T|ü]∫ Ä >∑TD+ <äècÕº ´ yê]ì
b˛*Ã #Óù|Œ <ëìì 'Comparative degree' nì n+{≤s¡T.
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Examples :
1. Ravi is better than Raju.
s¡$ sêE ø£+fÒ eT+∫yê&ÉT.
2. Swathi is cleverer than Sumathi.
kÕ«‹ düTeT‹ ø£+fÒ ‘Ó*yÓ’q~.
3. Sriya is more beautiful than Priya.
Á•j·T Á|æj·T ø£+fÒ n+<äyÓTÆq~.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ªeT+∫μ nH˚ >∑TD+ Á|üø±s¡+ s¡$, sêE\qT Ç<ä›]˙ b˛\Ã&É+
»]–+~. nq>± s¡$ì sêE‘√ b˛*Ã eT+∫yê&Éì #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. n˝≤π> ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À ª‘Ó*$‘˚≥\Tμ nH˚ >∑TD+
Á|üø±s¡+ kÕ«‹ì düTeT‹‘√ b˛*Ã kÕ«‹ ‘Ó*yÓ’q<äì #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. Ç<˚$<Ûä+>± eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À ªn+<ä+μ nH˚ >∑TD+
Á|üø±s¡+ Á•j·TqT Á|æj·T‘√ b˛*Ã ‘êqT n+<äyÓTÆq<äì #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. nq>± Ç#·≥ nìïyêø±´\˝Àq÷ b˛*ø£ Ç<ä›]
eT<Ûä´ #·÷|ü&É+ »]–+~. á $<Ûä+>± ¬s+&ÉT noun \ eT<Ûä´ b˛*ø£qT á eT÷&ÉT adjectives ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·Tqï+<äTq á
Adjective s¡÷bÕ\qT 'Comparative degree' s¡÷bÕ\T nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Comparative degree ˝À Adjective Ç<ä›] e´≈£îÔ\ eT<Ûä´ ˝Ò<ë ¬s+&ÉT @<˚ì noun \ eT<Ûä´ b˛*ø£qT
‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. Adjective jÓTTø£ÿ ¬s+&Ée s¡÷bÕìï á Comparative degree ˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
3. Superlative degree :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ >∑TD≤ìï ¬s+&ÉT ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe noun \ eT<Ûä´ b˛*Ã #Óù|Œ<ëìì 'Superlative degree' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The degree of the adjective which states the quality with comparison among persons
or objects is called the 'Superlative degree'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ >∑TD≤ìï nH˚ø£eT+~ ø£*–ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä >∑TD+ <äècÕº´ b˛*ø£ »]|æ n+<ä]˝ÀqT+∫ ˇø£]ì $Tqï nì
#Óù|Œ<ëìì 'Superlative degree' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Ravi is the best boy in his class.

s¡$ n‘·ì ‘·s¡>∑‹˝ÀH˚ eT+∫ u≤\T&ÉT. (‘·s¡>∑‹ yÓTT‘·Ô+˝ÀH˚)
2. Swathi is the cleverest girl in her village.
kÕ«‹ ÄyÓT }]˝ÀH˚ ‘Ó*yÓ’q u≤*ø£. (}] yÓTT‘·Ô+˝ÀH˚)
3. Sriya is the most beautiful woman in our state.
Á•j·T eTq sêh+˝ÀH˚ n+<äyÓTÆq Åd”Ô. (sêh+ yÓTT‘·Ô+˝ÀH˚)
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï yêø£´+˝À s¡$ì ªeT+∫μ nH˚ >∑TD+ <äècÕº ´ n‘·ì ‘·s¡>∑‹˝Àì n+<ä]‘√q÷
b˛*Ã n‘·&˚ eT+∫yê&Éì #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À kÕ«‹ì ª‘Ó*$‘˚≥\Tμ nH˚ >∑TD+ <äècÕº ´ ÄyÓT }]˝Àì
n+<ä]‘√q÷ b˛*Ã ÄyÓTj˚T m≈£îÿe ‘Ó*yÓ’q<äì #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. n<˚$<Ûä+>± ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ªn+<ä+μ nH˚ >∑TD+
Á|üø±s¡+ Á•j·TqT eTq sêh+˝Àì n+<ä]‘√q÷ b˛*Ã ÄyÓTj˚T m≈£îÿe n+<äyÓTÆq<äì #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. á $<Ûä+>± Á|ür
yêø£´+˝Àq÷ ˇø£]ì m≈£îÿeeT+~‘√ b˛*Ã yêπs $Tqï nì Äj·÷ >∑TD≤\ <äècÕº ´ #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. á $<ÛäyÓTÆq b˛*ø£qT
#Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ á adjective forms ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&Ü¶sTT. n+<äTe\q Çe˙ï 'Superlative degree' øÏ #Ó+<ësTT.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Superlative degree' ˝À Adjective nH˚ø£ nouns eT<Ûä´q b˛*ø£qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. Adjective jÓTTø£ÿ
eT÷&Ées¡÷bÕìï á 'Superlative degree' ˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
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á $<Ûä+>± Adjective ì <ëì jÓTTø£ÿ ‘·s¡>∑‘·T\T>± $uÛÑõ+#·&É+ »]–+~. á ‘·s¡>∑‘·T\yêØ>± Adjective ≈£î
eT÷&ÉTs¡÷bÕ\qT n+~+#·&É+ »]–+~.
Formation of Adjectives from first form to other forms :
Adjective jÓTTø£ÿ ¬s+&Ée eT]j·TT eT÷&Ée s¡÷bÕ\qT yÓTT<ä{Ïs¡÷|ü+ qT+∫ bı+<äe#·TÃ. Adjective jÓTTø£ÿ
yÓTT<ä{Ïs¡÷bÕìï 'Positive degree form' n˙, ¬s+&Ées¡÷bÕìï 'Comparative degree form' n˙, eT÷&Ées¡÷bÕìï
'Superlative degree form' n˙ |æ\TkÕÔs¡T.
F 'Syllable' Ä<Ûës¡+>± Positive degree qT+&ç $T–*q ¬s+&ÉT degree \ s¡÷bÕ\qT bı+<äe#·TÃ.
F Adjective 'monosyllabic word' nsTT‘˚ nq>± ˇø£ syllable (ˇø£ n#·TÃ X¯ã›+) ø£*–q~ nsTT‘˚ kÕ<Ûës¡D+>±
<ëìøÏ Comparative eT]j·TT Superlative degree forms, Positive degree form ‘√ dü+ã+<Ûä+˝ÒìyÓ’
ñ+{≤sTT.
F Adjective 'disyllabic word' nsTT‘˚ nq>± ¬s+&ÉT syllables (¬s+&ÉT n#·TÃ X¯u≤›\T) ø£*–q~ nsTT‘˚ kÕ<Ûës¡D+>±
Positive form ≈£î 'er' #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q Comparative form eT]j·TT 'est' #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê Superlative form \qT
bı+<äe#·TÃ.
F Adjective 'trisyllabic word' nsTT‘˚ nq>± eT÷&ÉT syllables (eT÷&ÉT n#·TÃ X¯u≤›\T) ø£*–q~ nsTT‘˚ kÕ<Ûës¡D+>±
Positive form ≈£î eTT+<äTs¡ 'more' qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q Comparative form q÷ eT]j·TT Positive form ≈£î
eTT+<äs¡ 'most' qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q Superlative form q÷ bı+<ä>∑\eTT.
á $<ÛäyÓTÆq ìj·Te÷\T ÁøÏ+~ ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À ø£ìŒkÕÔsTT. >∑eTì+#·>∑\s¡T.
1. Monosyllabic Adjectives :
Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree
1. bad (#Ó&É¶) – worse – worst
2. evil (<äTwüº) – worse – worst
3. far (<ä÷s¡+) – farther – farthest
4. fore (eTT+<äs¡) – former – formest
5. good (eT+∫) – better – best
6. in (˝À|ü\) – inner – inmost, innermost
7. ill (<äTs¡<äèwüºyÓTÆq) – worse – worst
8. late (Ä\dü´+>±) – later / latter – latest, last
9. little (∫qï) – less, lesser – least
10. much (m≈£îÿe) – more – most
11. many (m≈£îÿe) – more – most
12. nigh (<ä>∑Zs¡) – nigher – nighest, next
13. old (bÕ‘·, eTTdü*) – older, elder – oldest, eldest
14. out (yÓ\T|ü*) – outer (utter) – utmost, uttermost
15. well (dü¬s’q) – better – best
16. up (ô|’q) – upper – upmost, uppermost
>∑eTìø£ : á Adjectives ˝Àì Evil, little \T disyllabic words nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø° M{ÏqT+∫ @s¡Œ&˚ forms ô|q’
ù|s=ÿqïfÒ¢ ñ+{≤sTT. Ç˝≤+{Ï$ ns¡T<äT>± ø£ìŒkÕÔsTT.
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2. Disyllabic Adjectives :
1. able (düeTs¡ú‘· >∑\) – abler – ablest
2. big (ô|<ä›<Ó’q) – bigger – biggest
3. bold (ìs¡“¤j·TyÓTÆq) – bolder – oldest
4. brave (<ÛÓ’s¡´+ >∑\) – braver – bravest
5. clever (‘Ó*yÓ’q) – cleverer – cleverest
6. easy (düT\TyÓ’q) – easier – easiest
7. fat (˝≤yÓ’q) – fatter – fattest
8. fine (n+<äyÓTÆq) – finer – finest
9. few (ø=~› nsTTq) – fewer – fewest
10. great (>=|üŒ<Ó’q) – greater – greatest
11. happy (dü+‘√wüø£s¡yÓTÆq) – happier – happiest
12. high (n~Ûø£yÓTÆq) – higher – highest
13. hot (y˚&Ó’q) – hotter – hottest
14. heavy (ãs¡TyÓ’q) – heavier – heaviest
15. kind (<äj·T>∑\) – kinder – kindest
16. lazy (k˛eT¬s’q) – lazier – laziest
17. large (ô|<ä›<Ó’q) – larger – largest
18. merry (dü+‘√wüø£s¡yÓTÆq) – merrier – merriest
19. noble (ñqï‘·yÓTÆq) – nobler – noblest
20. red (mÁs¡ì) – redder – reddest
21. green (|ü#·Ãì) – greener – greenest
22. yellow (|üdüT|ü⁄|ü#·Ãì) – yellower – yellowest
23. white (‘Ó\¢ì) – whiter – whitest
24. black (q\¢ì) – blacker – blackest
25. blue (˙\+s¡+>∑T˝Àì) – bluer – bluest
26. sweet (‹j·T´ì) – sweeter – sweetest
27. short (bı{Ïº<Ó’q) – shorter – shortest
28. small (∫qï<Ó’q) – smaller – smallest
29. sad ($#ês¡yÓTÆq) – sadder – saddest
30. tall (bı&ÉyÓ’q) – taller – tallest
31. thick (eT+<äyÓTÆq) – thicker – thickest
32. thin (|ü\T#·ì) – thinner – thinnest
33. young (j·Te«q+˝À ñqï) – younger – youngest
34. old (eTTdü* nsTTq) – older – oldest
35. hard (ø£wüºyÓTÆq) – harder – hardest
36. low (‘·≈£îÿyÓ’q) – lower – lowest
37. cold (#·\¢ì) – colder – coldest
38. smart (#·ø£ÿHÓ’q) – smarter – smartest
39. sharp (#·Ts¡T¬ø’q) – sharper – sharpest
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40. long (bı&ÉyÓ’q) – longer – longest
41. warm (yÓ#·ÃHÓ’q) – warmer – warmest
42. clear (dü«#·Ã¤yÓTÆq) – clearer – clearest
43. wild (Á≈£Ls¡yÓTÆq) – wilder – wildest
44. cruel (Á≈£Ls¡yÓTÆq) – crucler – cruelest
45. soft (eTè<äTyÓ’q) – softer – softest
46. fair (‘Ó\¢ì #·s¡à+ >∑\) – fairer – fairest
>∑eTìø£ : á Adjective \˝À ø=ìï 'r' #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\H˚ Comparative form q÷, 'st' #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\H˚ 'Superlative
form q÷ Ç#êÃsTT. eT]ø=ìï Positive form ˝Àì ø=ìï nø£åsê\˝À e÷s¡TŒ\T »]– eT]ø=ìï nø£åsê\qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê
$T–*q s¡÷bÕ\T Ç#êÃsTT. á Adjectives jÓTTø£ÿ @sêŒ≥TqT nqTuÛÑe+ <ë«sê düT\uÛÑ+>± #Ój·Té#·TÃ.
3. Tri & Poly syllabic Adjectives :
1. beautiful (n+<äyÓTÆq) – more beautiful – most beautiful
2. handsome (n+<äyÓTÆq) – more handsome – most handsome
3. courageous (<ÛÓ’s¡´+>∑\) – more courageous – most courageous
4. fearful (uÛÑj·T+>∑\) – more fearful – most fearful
5. difficult (ø£wüº‘·s¡yÓTÆq) – more difficult – most difficult
6. industrious (|ü]ÁX¯eT>∑\) – more industrious – most industrious
7. learned (H˚s¡TÃ≈£îqï) – more learned – most learned
8. active (#·Ts¡T¬ø’q) – more active – most active
9. genius (‘Ó*yÓ’q) – more genius – most genius
10. intelligent (‘Ó*yÓ’q) – more intelligent – most intelligent
11. ferocious (uÛÑj·T+ø£s¡yÓTÆq) – more ferocious – most ferocious
12. admirable (Á|üX¯+dæ+#·<ä–q) – more admirable – most admirable
13. domestic (kÕ<ÛäT nsTTq) – more domestic – most domestic
14. proper (‘·–q) – more proper – most proper
15. splendid (>=|üŒ<Ó’q) – more splendid – most splendid
16. unjust (nHê´j·TyÓTÆq) – more unjust – most unjust
17. efficient (düeTs¡úyÓTÆq) – more efficient – most efficient
18. knowledged (‘Ó*yÓ’q) – more knowledged – most knowledged
19. memorable (>∑T]Ô+#·Tø√<ä–q) – more memorable – most memorable
20. forgettable (eTs¡Te<ä–q) – more forgettable – most forgettable
21. enough (dü]|ü&ÉTq+‘·) – more enough – most enough
22. sufficient (dü]|ü&ÉTq+‘·) – more sufficient – most sufficient
23. dangerous (Á|üe÷<äø£s¡yÓTÆq) – more dangerous – most dangerous
24. honest (ìC≤sTTr>∑\) – more honest – most honest
25. honourable (>ös¡$+#·<ä–q) – more honourable – most honourable
26. respectable (>ös¡$+|ü<ä–q) – more respectable – most respectable
27. painful (u≤<Ûëø£s¡yÓTÆq) – more painful – most painful
>∑eTìø£ : á Adjectives ˝À Active, proper, unjust, enough, Honest \T tri ˝Ò<ë poly syllabic words
ø±ø£b˛sTTq|üŒ{Ïø° M{Ï eT÷&ÉTs¡÷bÕ\÷ ô|’q ù|s=ÿqïfÒ¢ ñ+{≤sTT.
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11. Verb (ÁøÏj·T)
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À |üìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT<ëìì 'Verb' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The word which states the action in a sentence is called the 'Verb'.
$es¡D : |üìì >∑T]+∫ nq>± eTq+ #˚ùd ª|üqT\qTμ >∑T]+∫ >±˙ ˝Ò<ë ªdæú‹ìμ >∑T]+∫ >±˙ ˝Ò<ë @<Ó’Hê ˇø£ <ëìì
ªø£*– ñqï dæú‹ìμ >∑T]+∫ >±˙ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd<ëìì 'Verb' nì n+{≤s¡T. Á|ür uÛ≤wü˝Àq÷ 'Verb' ÁbÕeTTK´‘· n‘·´~Ûø£+>±
ñ+≥T+~.
Examples :
Swapna read the book.
dü«|üï Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·~$+~.
á yêø±´ìï |ü]o*ùdÔ Bì˝À 'read' nH˚~ ª#·<äe&É+μ nH˚ |üìì >∑T]+∫ dü÷∫düTÔqï~. Bì˝À ªdü«|üïμ nH˚
subject, 'the book' nH˚ object ì 'read (#·<äe&É+)' nH˚ |üìì #˚dæ+~. á $<Ûä+>± 'read' nH˚~ |üìì >∑T]+∫
dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq Bìì 'Verb' n+{≤s¡T.
1. He stood on the bench.
n‘·&ÉT Ä ã\¢ MT<ä ì\ã&Ü¶&ÉT.
2. She is a doctor.
ÄyÓT ˇø£ &Üø£ºs¡T nsTT ñqï~.
3. They have a car.
yês¡T ˇø£ ø±s¡Tì ø£*Z ñHêïs¡T.
4. We could win the game.
y˚TeTT Ä Ä≥qT ¬>\Te>∑*>±eTT.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\T Hê*Z+{Ï˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ªì\ã&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì n‘·&ÉT #˚XÊ&ÉT. á yêø£´+˝À á |üìì
'stood' nH˚ word ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. n+<äT#˚‘· Bìì 'verb' n+{≤s¡T. ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À ÄyÓT &Üø£ºs¡T nsTT ñqï<äì ÄyÓT
dæú‹ì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ 'is' nH˚ word ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+~. n+<äTe\q Bìì 'verb' nì n+{≤s¡T. n˝≤π> eT÷&Ée
yêø£´+˝À yês¡T ø±s¡Tì ø£*–ñHêïs¡ì ªø£*–ñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ ÁøÏj·Tì 'Have' nH˚ word ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. eT]j·TT ∫e]
yêø£´+˝À ª¬>\e>∑\>∑&É+μ nH˚ |üìì 'Could win' nH˚ 'Verb' ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. n+<äTe\q M≥ìï+{Ï˙ ≈£L&Ü 'Verbs' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± ‘Ó\T>∑Tyêø£´+˝Àì verb m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ yêø£´+ jÓTTø£ÿ ∫e]uÛ≤>∑+˝À ñ+≥T+~. ø±>± Ç+^¢wüß
uÛ≤wü˝Àì verb e÷Á‘·+ 'Subject' ‘·s¡Tyê‘· ñ+≥T+~. |üì>± #˚ùd|üìH˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü ñ+&˚dæú‹ì eT]j·TT ø£*–ñ+&˚ dæú‹ì
≈£L&Ü |ü]>∑DÏ+#ê*.
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KINDS OF VERB (Verb ˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
Verb qT <ëì jÓTTø£ÿ ñ|üjÓ÷>±ìï, n~ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd dæú‹ì Ä<Ûës¡+>± #˚düT≈£îì ª3μ s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Doing verb
2. Being verb
3. Having verb
1. Doing verb :
ìs¡«#·q+ : #˚ùd |üìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd 'Verb' ì 'Doing Verb' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The verb which states the 'physical action' is called as 'Doing Verb'.
$es¡D : nìïs¡ø±\ düJe⁄\÷ ≈£L&Ü ì‘·´+ nH˚ø£ |üqT\qT #˚dü÷Ô ñ+{≤sTT. á |üqT\qT Ç$ yê{ÏøÏ ñqï nH˚ø£
nej·Tyê\ düVü‰j·T+‘√ #˚kÕÔsTT. á $<Ûä+>± á Je⁄\T #˚ùd |üqT\qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd verb ì 'Doing verb' nì
n+{≤s¡T. Doing verbs ø√{≤¢~ ñ+{≤sTT.
Examples :
1. Subhash played cricket.
düTuÛ≤wt ÁøÏ¬ø{Ÿ Ä&Ü&ÉT.
2. Aravind watched movie.
ns¡$+<é dæìe÷ #·÷XÊ&ÉT.
3. Sumanth wrote a letter.
düTeT+‘Y ˇø£ ñ‘·Ôs¡+ ÁyêXÊ&ÉT.
4. Gita sang a song.
^‘· ˇø£ bÕ≥ bÕ&ç+~.
5. Amruta spoke in Hindi.
neTè‘· Væ≤+B˝À e÷{≤¢&ç+~.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ªdüTuÛ≤wtμ nH˚ e´øÏÔ ªÄ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üì˙, ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À ªns¡$+<éμ nH˚
e´øÏÔ ª#·÷&É&É+μ nH˚ |üì˙, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À ªdüTeT+‘Yμ nH˚ e´øÏÔ ªÁyêj·T&É+μ nH˚ |üì˙, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À ª^‘·μ nH˚ e´øÏÔ
ªbÕ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ªneTè‘·μ nH˚ e´øÏÔ ªe÷{≤¢&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì#˚XÊs¡T. á á |üqT\qT
Äj·÷yêø±´\˝À es¡Tdü>± 'played', watched, wrote, sang, eT]j·TT spoke nH˚ words ‘Ó*j·TCÒdTü HÔ êïsTT. n+<äTe\q
á words ì 'Verbs' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Doing verbs' m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ ø£+{ÏøÏ ø£ìŒkÕÔsTT. nq>± á |üqT\qT #Ój·T´&Üìï #·÷&Ée#·TÃ eT]j·TT
|òü*‘êìï H˚s¡T>± nqTuÛÑ$+#·e#·TÃ.
2. Being verb :
ìs¡«#·q+ : dæú‹ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd <ëìì 'Being verb' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The verb which states the 'state' is a 'Being Verb'.
$es¡D : ñ+&É&Üìï >∑T]+∫ nq>± dæú‹ì >∑T]+∫ á 'being verb' ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. e´≈£îÔ\ jÓTTø£ÿ ej·TdüT‡\qT,
eè‘·TÔ\qT yÓTT<ä˝…’q yê{Ïì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd <ëìH˚ 'Being verb' nì n+{≤s¡T. Being verbs øπ e\+ '6' e÷Á‘·y˚T
ñ+{≤sTT. n$ : 1. is 2. am 3. are 4. was 5. were 6. Be
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Examples :
1. Bobby was in his childhood then.
u≤; n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT n‘·ì XË’X¯e<äX¯˝À ñ+&˚yê&ÉT.
2. Gowthami is a famous dancer.
>ö‘·$T ˇø£ ù|sêZ+∫q qs¡ÔøÏ nsTT ñqï~.
3. Raju is a student.
sêE ˇø£ $<ë´]ú nsTT ñHêï&ÉT.
4. They are soldiers.
yês¡T ôd’ì≈£î\T nsTT ñHêïs¡T.
5. We have been here for two hours.
y˚TeTT Çø£ÿ&É ¬s+&ÉT>∑+≥\ùd|ü{ÏqT+∫ ñHêïeTT.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ï yêø£´+˝À u≤; nH˚ e´øÏÔ n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT n‘·ì ∫qï‘·q+˝À ñ+&˚yê&Éì
‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'was' nH˚ word q÷, ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À >ö‘·$T ù|sêZ+∫q qs¡ÔøÏ nsTTñqï<äì #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ is nH˚ word q÷,
eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À sêE $<ë´]ú nì #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'are' nH˚ word q÷, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À yês¡T ôd’ì≈£î\ì #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'are'
nH˚ word q÷ eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À y˚TeTT ñHêïeTì #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'have been' nH˚ word q÷ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT.
nq>± á yêø±´\˝À á words n˙ï Äj·÷ subject \ jÓTTø£ÿ dæú‘·T\qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á
words nìï+{Ï˙ ≈£L&Ü 'Being verbs' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Being verb' πøe\+ dæú‹ì e÷Á‘·y˚T ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔqï+<äTq á |üì #·÷&É&ÜìøÏ ø£ìŒ+#·e#·TÃ ˝Ò<ë
ø£ìŒ+#·ø£b˛e#·TÃ eT]j·TT á |üì |òü*‘·+ yÓ+≥H˚, H˚s¡T>± nqTuÛÑ$+#·&ÜìøÏ M\e<äT. ¬s+&Ée, eT÷&Ée eT]j·TT Hê\Ze
ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àì ªnsTT ñqï~, nsTT ñHêï&ÉT, nsTT ñHêïs¡Tμ nH˚ |ü<ë\qT ‘Ó\T>∑T yêø£´+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ø£b˛sTTHê
n<˚ ns¡ú+ edüTÔ+~. ø±e⁄q M{Ïì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê\ì ìj·TeT+ ˝Ò<äT. ø±˙ Ç+^¢wüß˝À e÷Á‘·+ á verb \qT
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*‡+<˚. 'Have been, has been, had been, will be, shall be' eT]j·TT 'may be' e+{Ï$ ÁbÕ<∏ä$Tø£
being verbs ø±ø£b˛sTTHê Çe˙ï 'be' qT+∫ ñ‘·ŒqïyÓTÆq being verbs nì >∑eTì+#ê*.
3. Having verb :
ìs¡«#·q+ : @<Ó’Hê <ëìì ø£*– ñ+&É&Üìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd <ëìì 'Having verb' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The verb which states the 'possession' is a 'Having verb'.
$es¡D : 'Having verb' nH˚~ m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ 'Possession' ì ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. nq>± @<Ó’Hê <ëìì ø£*– ñqï dæú‹ì
á 'verb' ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. á $<Ûä+>± ÄBÛq+˝À ñ+&˚dæú‹ì ‘Ó*ù|<ëìH˚ 'Having verb' n+<äTs¡T. Having verb \T
πøe\+ '3' e÷Á‘·y˚T ñ+{≤sTT. n$ : Has, Have, Had.
Examples :
1. They have four bikes.
yês¡T Hê\T>∑T u…’≈£î\qT ø£*Z ñHêïs¡T.
2. She had two pens once.
ÄyÓT ˇø£|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ¬s+&ÉT ô|qTï\qT ø£*Z ñ+&˚~.
3. He has three rings.
n‘·&ÉT eT÷&ÉT ñ+>∑sê\qT ø£*Z ñHêï&ÉT.
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Examples :
4. The cow has its grass.
Ä Äe⁄ <ëìjÓTTø£ÿ >∑&ç¶ì ø£*– ñ+~.
5. I have a computer.
H˚qT ˇø£ ø£+|üP´≥sYì ø£*– ñHêïqT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À yês¡T u…’≈£î\qT ø£*ZñHêïs¡ì 'Have' nH˚ word, ¬s+&Ée
yêø£´+˝À ÄyÓT ¬s+&ÉT ô|qTï\qT ˇø£|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ø£*Zñ+&˚<äì 'had' nH˚ word, eT÷&Ée yêø£´+˝À n‘·&ÉT ˇø£ Áø=‘·Ô eÅkÕÔìï ø£*Z
ñHêï&Éì 'has' nH˚ word, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À Ä Äe⁄ <ëìjÓTTø£ÿ >∑&ì¶ç ø£*–ñ+<äì 'has' nH˚ word eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À
H˚qT ø£+|üP´≥sYì ø£*Z ñHêïqì 'have' nH˚ word \T ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT nq>± á words n˙ï Äj·÷ subjects Äj·÷
edüTÔe⁄\qT ø£*Z ñHêïj·Tì ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·THêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á words ì 'Having verbs' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Having verbs qT #·÷&É˝ÒeTT. Ç$ ªø£*– ñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ ˇø£ uÛ≤eqqT ‘Ó*j·TCÒkÕÔsTT.
KINDS OF VERB (Verb ˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
Verb qTn~ Ç#˚Ã nsêúìï ã{Ïº '2' s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :

1. Main verb (or) Full verb (Á|ü<ÛëqÁøÏj·T)
2. Auxiliary verb (or) Anamalous verb (or) Helping verb (or) Special verb (düVü‰j·Tø£ÁøÏj·T)
1. Main verb :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À verb >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç Ä yêø±´ìøÏ verb øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q |üP]Ô nsêúìï#˚Ã verb ì
'Main verb' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The verb which gives complete meaning to a sentence is called a 'Main verb'.
$es¡D : á Mainverb yêø£´+˝À verb >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç Ä yêø£´+˝À eTπs Ç‘·s¡ verb ˝Ò<ë word jÓTTø£ÿ
düVü‰j·÷ìï bı+<ä≈£î+&Ü Ä yêø±´ìøÏ |üP]Ô nsêúìï n+~düTÔ+~.
Examples :
1. The farmer planted a plant.
Ä ¬s’‘·T ˇø£ yÓTTø£ÿì Hê{≤&ÉT.
2. Sita goes to school daily.
d”‘· ã&çøÏ Á|ü‹s√p yÓfi¯óflqT.
3. Hari went to the zoo.
Vü≤] Ä »+‘·TÁ|ü<äs¡ÙqXÊ\øÏ yÓfi≤¢&ÉT.
4. Suma has a beautiful watch.
düTeT ˇø£ n+<äyÓTÆq yêNì ø£*Z ñ+~.
5. We are human beings.
eTq+ e÷qe⁄\+ nsTT ñHêïeTT.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{<Ï ëì˝À ªHê{≤&ÉTμ nH˚ |üì |üP]Ô nsêúìï 'planted' nH˚ word ˇø£ÿfÒ Çe«>∑*–+~.
¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À ªyÓfi¯ó¢qTμ nH˚ |üìì 'goes' nH˚ word ˇø£ÿfÒ Çe«>∑*–+~. eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À ªyÓfi≤¢&ÉTμ nH˚ |üìì
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'went' nH˚ word ˇø£ÿfÒ dü÷∫+∫+~. Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À ªø£*Z ñ+~μ nH˚ |üìì 'has' nH˚ word ˇø£ÿfÒ ‘Ó*j·TCÒdæ+~.
eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ªnsTT ñHêïeTTμ nH˚ |üìì 'are' nH˚ word ˇø£ÿfÒ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T>∑*–+~ nq>± á words n˙ï
eTπs Ç‘·s¡ words jÓTTø£ÿ düVü‰j·T+ ˝Ò≈£î+&ÜH˚ Äj·÷ yêø±´\øÏ 'verb' ≈£î dü+ã+~Û‘· |üP]Ô nsêúìï Çe«>∑*>±sTT.
n+<äTe\q á words ì 'Main verbs' nì n+<äTs¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àì Hê\Ze eT]j·TT ◊<äe yêø±´\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq has, are nH˚ verbs qT Main
verbs >±H˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü 'Helping verbs' >± ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had \T á
ø√e≈£î #Ó+~qy˚ nq>± á verbs qT ÁbÕ<∏ä$Tø£+>± 'Auxiliaries' >± |ü]>∑DÏkÕÔs¡T. nq>± M{Ïì 'Main verbs' >±
≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. m+<äTø£q>± á verb \T dü«j·T+>± y˚s=ø£ verbs jÓTTø£ÿ düVü‰j·÷ìï bı+<ä≈£î+&ÜH˚ ø=ìï
yêø±´\˝À Ä yêø±´\≈£î |üP]Ô nsêúìï Çe«>∑\T>∑T‘êsTT.
2. Helping verb :
ìs¡«#·q+ : yêø±´ìøÏ |üP]Ô nsêúìïe«˝Òì verb form ≈£î |üP]Ô nsêúìïe«&É+ ø√dü+ düVü‰j·T|ü&˚ verb H˚ 'Helping
verb' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The verb which helps a verb form to give complete meaning to a sentence is called a
'Helping verb'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À verb >± ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·ã&çq word Ä yêø±´ìøÏ ‘·q+‘·≥‘êqT>± |üP]Ô nsêúìï Çe«˝Òq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT
Ä yêø±´ìøÏ |üP]Ô nsêúìï Çe«&ÜìøÏ á 'words' eTs=ø£ 'word' jÓTTø£ÿ düVü‰j·÷ìï bı+<äT‘êsTT. á $<Ûä+>± düVü‰j·T+
n+~+∫ yêø±´ìøÏ |üP]Ô nsêúìï#˚Ã Ä word H˚ 'Helping verb' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Priya is eating food. (is → Helping verb)
Á|æj·T uÛÀ»q+ ‹+≥÷ ñ+~.
2. Swetha and Gita are playing with eachother. (are → Helping verb)
X‚«‘· eT]j·TT ^‘·\T ˇø£]‘√ ˇø£s¡T Ä&ÉT≈£î+≥÷ ñHêïs¡T.
3. Prakash could climb the tree. (could → Helping verb)
Á|üø±wt Ä #Ó≥Tº mø£ÿ>∑*>±&ÉT.
4. Suman has gone just now. (has → Helping verb)
düTeTHé Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ yÓ[¢b˛j·÷&ÉT.
5. Rahul and his friends were playing then. (were → Helping verb)
sêVüQ˝Ÿ eT]j·TT n‘·ì ùdïVæ≤‘·T\T n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+&˚yês¡T.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT >∑eTìùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ª‹+≥÷ ñ+~μ nH˚ nsêúìï 'eating' nH˚ word e÷Á‘·y˚T
Çe«˝Ò<äT. n+<äTe\q á |üP]Ô nsêúìïe«&É+ ø√dü+ 'is' nH˚ verb düVü≤ø£]+∫+~. n˝≤π> ¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À ªÄ&ÉT≈£î+≥÷
ñHêïs¡Tμ nH˚ nsêúìï 'playing' nH˚ word e÷Á‘·y˚T Çe«˝Òø£b˛e&É+‘√ 'are' nH˚ verb düVü≤ø£]+∫+~. eT÷&Ée
yêø£´+˝À ªmø£ÿ>∑*>±&ÉTμ nH˚ nsêúìï 'climb' nH˚~ e÷Á‘·yT˚ Çe«˝Òøb£ ˛sTTq+<äTq 'could' nH˚ verb <ëìøÏ düV≤ü ø£]+∫+~.
n<˚$<Û+ä >± Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'gone' ≈£î has eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'playing' ≈£î 'were' \T düV≤ü ø£]+#êsTT. n+<äTe\q
á verbs nìï+{Ï˙ 'Helping verbs' nì n+{≤s¡T.
118
>∑eTìø£ : Auxiliary verbs n˙ï πøe\+ Helping verbs e÷Á‘·y˚T ø±e⁄. nq>± 'is, am, are, was, were, has,
have, had' \T πøe\+ Helping verb \T>± e÷Á‘·y˚T ø±≈£î+&Ü Main verbs >± ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉTqT. n+<äTe\q
Auxiliary verbs ˝Àì ø=ìï verbs Mainverbs ≈£L&Ü nsTTq+<äTq nìï Auxiliary verbs ˙ 'Helping verbs'
nq≈£L&É<äT. ø±˙ nìï Helping verbs ≈£L&Ü 'Auxiliary verbs' j˚T ne⁄‘êsTT.
KINDS OF MAIN VERB (Á|ü<ÛëqÁøÏj·T˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
Main verb qT <ëì jÓTTø£ÿ object qT Ä<Ûës¡+>± #˚düTø=ì ¬s+&ÉT s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Transitive verb (düø£s¡àø£ ÁøÏj·T)
2. Intransitive verb (nø£s¡àø£ ÁøÏj·T)
1. Transitive verb :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Object ì ø£*– ñqï verb qT 'transitive verb' n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The verb which needs an object is a 'transitive verb'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À verb jÓTTø£ÿ nsêúìï >∑eTìùdÔ Ä verb yêø±´ìøÏ |üP]Ô nsêúìï Çe«&É+ ø√dü+ object ì
ø√]q≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä 'verb' ì 'transitive verb' nì n+{≤s¡T. |üì jÓTTø£ÿ |òü*‘êìï nqTuÛÑ$+#˚ <ëìì 'object' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Prema played chess.
Áù|eT #Ódt Ä&ç+~.
2. Kiran watched a movie.
øÏs¡DY ˇø£ dæìe÷ #·÷XÊ&ÉT.
3. Karuna killed an ant.
ø£s¡TD ˇø£ NeTì #·+|æy˚dæ+~.
4. The king punished him.
Ä sêE n‘·ìï •øÏå+#ê&ÉT.
5. Shyam shut the door.
XÊýéT Ä ‘·\T|ü⁄ì eT÷XÊ&ÉT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'played' nH˚~ ªÄ&ç+~μ nH˚ nsêúìï Ç∫Ã+~. á
yêø£´+˝À Ä&Éã&ç+~ @$T{À nq>± object @$T{À ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·Tø£b˛sTTq≥¢sTT‘˚ yêø£´+ düŒwüº+>± ñ+&É<äT. nq>± á
yêø£´+˝Àì verb, object ì ø√s¡T≈£îqï<äì ns¡úeTe⁄‘·T+~. n+<äTe\q á verb ì 'transitive verb' nì n+{≤s¡T.
n<˚$<Ûä+>± ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'watched' nH˚ verb, 'a movie' nH˚ object ˙, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'killed' nH˚ verb,
'an ant' nH˚ object ˙, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'punished' nH˚ verb, 'him' nH˚ object ˙ eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'shut'
nH˚ verb, 'the door' nH˚ object ˙ yêø±´\˝À ø£*– ñ+&É&+É e\H˚ á verb \T yêø±´ìøÏ düŒwüyº TÓ qÆ nsêúìïe«>∑*>±sTT.
n+<äT#˚‘· á verb \qT 'transitive verbs nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Transitive verb ˇø=ÿø£ÿkÕ] object ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&Ée#·TÃ. ø±˙ Ä yêø±´ìøÏ K∫Ã‘·+>±
düŒwüºyÓTÆq ns¡ú+ ñ+&É<äT. ø±e⁄q yêø±´ìï |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ 'Transitive verb' ì n‹düT\uÛÑ+>± >∑T]Ô+#·e#·TÃ.
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2. Intransitive verb :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Object ì ø£*–˝Òì verb ì 'Intransitive verb' n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The verb which does not need an object is an 'intransitive verb'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À verb Ä yêø±´ìøÏ |üP]Ô nsêúìï nq>± düŒwüºyÓTÆq nsêúìï Çe«&É+ ø√dü+ object ì
ø√s¡q≥¢sTT‘˚ nq>± object jÓTTø£ÿ nedüs¡+ ˝Ò≈£î+&ÜH˚ 'verb' yêø±´ìøÏ düŒwüºyÓTÆq nsêúìïùdÔ Ä verb ì 'Intransitive
verb' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. The diamond shines.
eÁ»+ Á|üø±•+#·TqT.
2. She is sleeping.
ÄyÓT ìÁ~dü÷Ô ñ+~.
3. The child awoke.
Ä _&É¶ ìÁ<ä˝Ò∫+~.
4. We danced.
y˚TeTT Hê≥´+#˚XÊeTT.
5. They are weeping.
yês¡T @&ÉTdüTÔHêïs¡T.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'shines' nH˚ verb ªÁ|üø±•+#·TqTμ nH˚ nsêúìïdüTÔ+~. á yêø£´+ |üP]Ô
nsêúìï ø£*Z ñ+~. á verb m≥Te+{Ï object ì ø√s¡<äT. Ç<˚$<Ûä+>± ¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À 'is sleeping' nH˚ verb,
eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'awoke' nH˚ verb, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'danced' nH˚ verb eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'are weeping'
nH˚ verb \T @ object ì ø√s¡≈î£ +&ÜH˚ Äj·÷ yêø±´\≈£î düŒwüyº TÓ qÆ nsêúìï#êÃsTT. n+<äTe\q á verb \qT 'Intransitive
verbs' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Intransitive verb ≈£î m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ object ñ+&É<äT. á s¡ø£yÓTÆq verb \≈£î ø=ìï complements ì ø£*|æ
yêø±´ìøÏ eT]+‘· $es¡D≤‘·àø£ nsêúìï ÇkÕÔeTT. n+‘˚ø±ì M{ÏøÏ m˝≤+{Ï objects ì Áyêj·T˝ÒeTT.
KINDS OF AUXILIARY VERB (düVü‰j·Tø£ ÁøÏj·T˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
'Auxiliary verb' qT <ëìjÓTTø£ÿ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+ Ä<Ûës¡+>± ¬s+&ÉTs¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :

1. Primary Auxiliaries 2. Modal Auxiliaries
1. Primary Auxiliaries :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Main verb >±q÷ eT]j·TT Helping verb >±q÷ ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ 'Auxiliaries' ì 'Primary
Auxiliaries' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The auxiliary verb which can be used as a main verb and a helping verbs is called a
'Primary auxiliary verb'.
$es¡D : Auxiliary verbs ˝Àì is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does eT]j·TT did \qT 'Primary
auxiliaries' nì n+{≤s¡T. m+<äTø£+fÒ á verbs ø=ìï yêø±´˝À¢ Main verbs >±q÷ eT]ø=ìï yêø±´˝À¢ Helping
verbs >±q÷ ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT.
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Examples :
1. Ramesh is an engineer. (is → Main verb)
s¡y˚Twt ˇø£ Ç+»˙s¡T nsTT ñHêï&ÉT.
2. He is painting a picture. (is → Helping verb)
n‘·&ÉT ˇø£ ∫Á‘êìï ∫Árø£]düTÔHêï&ÉT.
3. She has two books. (has → Main verb)
ÄyÓT ¬s+&ÉT |ü⁄düÔø±\qT ø£*Z ñ+~.
4. She has completed herwork. (has → Helping verb)
ÄyÓT ‘·q|üìì Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ |üP]Ô#˚dæ+~.
5. I did the work. (did → Main verb)
H˚qT Ä |üìì #˚XÊqT.
6. I didn't play the game. (did → Helping verb)
H˚qT Ä Ä≥qT Ä&É˝Ò<äT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ï ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´\˝Àq÷ 'is' nH˚ verb ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+~. ø±ì
yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝Àì 'is' eTs=ø£ verb jÓTTø£ÿ düVü‰j·T+ bı+<ä≈£î+&ÜH˚ yêø±´ìøÏ |üP]Ô nsêúìï Ç∫Ã Ä yêø£´+˝À 'Main
verb' >± ì*∫+~. ¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À 'is' nH˚ verb 'painting' nH˚ verb form øÏ düVü‰j·T+ #˚dæ Ä yêø±´ìøÏ |üP]Ô
nsêúìï ‘Ó∫Ã Ä yêø£´+˝À 'Helping verb' >± ì*∫+~. Ç<˚$<Ûä+>± eT÷&Ée, Hê\Zeyêø±´\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq 'has'
nH˚ verb eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'Main verb' >±q÷ eT]j·TT Hê\Ze yêø£´+˝À 'Helping verb' >±q÷ |üì#˚d+æ ~. n<˚$<Û+ä >±
∫e] ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq 'did' nH˚ verb ◊<äeyêø£´+˝À 'Main verb' >±q÷, Äs¡eyêø£´+˝À yêø±´ìøÏ
negative meaning qT Çe«&É+ ø√dü+ 'Helping verb' >±q÷ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç+~. á $<Ûä+>± ¬s+&ÉTs¡ø±\ verb \T
>±q÷ ≈£L&Ü á 'Primary auxiliary verbs' ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT.
>∑eTìø£ :
F 'Primary auxiliaries ˝Àì is, am, are, was, were \qT 'Be' form verbs nì n+{≤s¡T. Çe˙ï Main verb
\T>± ñ|üj÷Ó >∑|&ü qç |ü⁄&ÉT dæ‹ú ì ‘Ó*j·TCÒd÷ü Ô 'Being verbs' >±q÷ eT]j·TT Helping verbs >± ñ|üj÷Ó >∑|&ü qç |ü⁄&ÉT
|üìì ‘Ó*j·TCÒdü÷Ô 'Doing verbs' >±q÷ ñ+{≤sTT.
F 'Primary auxiliaries ˝Àì Has, Have, Had \qT 'Have' form verbs nì n+{≤s¡T. Çe˙ï Main verb \T>±
ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&çq|ü⁄&ÉT ø£*Z ñqï dæú‹ì ‘Ó*j·TCÒdü÷Ô 'Having verbs' >±q÷ eT]j·TT Helping verbs >±
ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&çq|ü⁄&ÉT |üìì ‘Ó*j·TCÒdü÷Ô 'Doing verbs' >±q÷ ñ+{≤sTT.
F Primary auxiliaries ˝Àì Do, Does, Did \qT 'Do' form verbs nì n+{≤s¡T. Çe˙ï Main verb \T>±
ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&çq|ü⁄&ÉT eT]j·TT Helping verb \T>± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&çq|ü⁄&É÷ ≈£L&Ü |üìH˚ ‘Ó*j·TCÒdü÷Ô 'Doing verbs'
>±H˚ ñ+{≤sTT.
2. Modal Auxiliaries :
ìs¡«#·q+ : πøe\+ Helping verbs >± e÷Á‘·y˚T ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ Auxiliaries qT 'Modal auxiliaries' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The auxiliary verb which can only be used as helping verb is called a 'Modal auxiliary verb'.
$es¡D : ø=ìï auxiliaries πøe\+ y˚s=ø£ verb form ≈£î düVü‰j·T+ n+~+∫ yêø±´ìøÏ ‘·–q ì]›wüº nsêúìï
Çe«&ÜìøÏ e÷Á‘·y˚T ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉTqT. Ç$ dü«‘·+Á‘·+>± 'Main verbs' e˝Ò ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&Ée⁄. á s¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~q
verbs H˚ 'Modal auxiliaries' nì n+{≤s¡T.
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Examples :
1. I can do any work.
H˚qT @ |üHÓ’Hê #Ój·T´>∑\qT.
2. She could dance well.
ÄyÓT u≤>± Hê≥´+ #Ój·T´>∑*–+~.
3. You must work hard.
˙e⁄ ø£wüº|ü&ç |üì#˚j·÷*.
4. They may come tomorrow.
yês¡T πs|ü⁄ sêe#·TÃ.
5. We should go now.
y˚TeTT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓ[¢rsê*.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ M{Ï˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï yêø£´+˝À ª#Ój·T´>∑\qTμ nH˚ nsêúìe«&É+ ø√dü+ 'do',
nH˚ verb 'can' nH˚ helping verb jÓTTø£ÿ düVü‰j·T+ bı+~+~. n˝≤π> ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À ì]›wüº nsêúìïe«&É+ ø√dü+
'dance' nH˚ verb 'could' nH˚ heaping verb jÓTTø£ÿ düVü‰j·÷ìï, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'work' nH˚ verb, 'must' nH˚
helping verb jÓTTø£ÿ düVü‰j·÷ìï, Hê\Ze yêø£´+˝À 'come' nH˚ verb, 'may' nH˚ helping verb jÓTTø£ÿ düVü‰j·÷ìï
eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'go' nH˚ verb 'should' nH˚ helping verb jÓTTø£ÿ düVü‰j·÷ìï bı+<ësTT. á $<Ûä+>± á
helping verbs n˙ï ≈£L&Ü Äj·÷ verb \≈£î düVü‰j·T+ #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&Ü¶sTT. ø±ì M{ÏøÏy˚ yêø±´ìøÏ |üP]Ô
nsêúìï∫Ã 'Main verb' \T>± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É˝Òe⁄.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Modal auxiliaries' n˙ï ≈£L&Ü yêø£´+˝À 'doing verbs' øÏ helping verbs >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç Ç$
≈£L&Ü 'doing verbs' >± e÷Á‘·y˚T ñ+{≤sTT. kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± @ yêø£´+˝Àq÷ ≈£L&Ü Ç$ 'having verbs' >± >±ì, 'Being
verbs' >± >±ì ñ|üj÷ Ó >∑|&ü eÉ ⁄. Ç~ ø=ìï ns¡T<Óq’ dü+<äsê“¤\˝À e÷Á‘·+ 'Being verbs' nsTTq 'Primary auxiliaries' øÏ
≈£L&Ü helping verbs >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT.
Modal auxiliaries >± will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, used to, need
eT]j·TT dare e+{Ï yê{Ïì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. M{ÏH˚ 'modal auxiliaries' nì n+<äTs¡T.
MAIN VERB & ITS FORMS (Á|ü<ÛëqÁøÏj·T & <ëì jÓTTø£ÿ s¡÷bÕ\T)
Main verbs Ç+^¢wüß˝À ø√≥¢ø=\B ñ+{≤sTT. ø±ì á verbs ˝Àì Á|ü‹ verb ≈£L πøe\+ '7' s¡ø±\ forms
e÷Á‘·y˚T ñ+{≤sTT. n$ :
1. Present tense verb (or) Root verb (V1)
2. Past tense verb (V2)
3. Future tense verb (V5)
4. Present participle verb (V4)
5. Past participle verb (V3)
6. 'S' ending form of root verb (V6)
7. Infinitive verb (V7)
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1. Present tense verb :
nq>± Á|üdüTÔ‘· ø±˝≤ìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd verb ì 'Present tense verb' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Present tense qT
á verb j˚T nìï $T–*q verbs ≈£L eT÷\+ ø±e⁄q Bìì 'Root verb' nì ≈£L&Ü n+{≤s¡T. Bìì dü+øÏå|üÔ+>±
5 "V1" ‘√ dü÷∫kÕÔs¡T.
F
Examples :
1. write (Áyêj·T&É+) (V1)
2. speak (e÷{≤¢&É&É+) (V1)
3. sing (bÕ&É&É+) (V1)
4. play (Ä&É&É+) (V1)
5. eat (‹q&É+) (V1)
2. Past tense verb :

Past tenseqT nq>± >∑‹+∫q ø±˝≤ìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd verb ì 'Past tense verb' nì n+{≤s¡T. Ç~
»]–b˛sTTq ø±˝≤ìï, |üqT\qT dü÷∫düTÔ+~.
Examples :
1. wrote (ÁyêôdqT) (V2)
2. spoke (e÷{≤¢&ÓqT) (V2)
3. sang (bÕ&ÓqT) (V2)
4. played (Ä&ÓqT) (V2)
5. ate (‹HÓqT) (V2)
3. Future tense verb :

Future tense qT nq>± uÛÑ$wü´‘Y ø±˝≤ìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd verb ì 'Future tense verb' nì n+{≤s¡T. Ç~
»s¡>∑uÀj˚T ø±˝+˝Àì |üqT\qT dü÷∫düTÔ+~. yêdüÔyêìøÏ Ä+>∑¢+˝À future tense øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q verb ñ+&É<äT. Bìï
bı+<ä&É+ ø√dü+ "V1" ≈£î will / shall qT #˚sêÃ*.
V5 = will / shall + V1
Examples :
1. will write / shall write (Áyêj·TTqT) (V5)
2. will speak / shall speak (e÷{≤¢&ÉTqT) (V5)
3. will sing / shall sing (bÕ&ÉTqT) (V5)
4. will play / shall play (Ä&ÉTqT) (V5)
5. will eat / shall eat (‹qTqT) (V5)
4. Present participle verb :

Present tense verb nsTTq V1 ≈£î 'ing' qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q @s¡Œ&˚ verb form qT 'Present participle' nì
n+<äTs¡T. BìøÏ Á|ü‘˚´ø£yÓTÆq ns¡ú+ ñ+&É<äT. Ç~ helping verb düVü‰j·T+‘√ nsêúìï bı+<äTqT.
V4 = V1 + ing
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Examples :
1. sriting (V4) 2. speaking (V4)
3. singing (V4) 4. playing (V4)
5. eating (V4)
5. Past participle verb :

Verb jÓTTø£ÿ eT÷&Ées¡÷bÕìï 'Past participle' nì n+{≤s¡T. Ç~ ≈£L&Ü 'V2' e˝Ò »]–b˛sTTq |üqT˝Òï dü÷∫düT+
Ô ~.
ø±ì BìøÏ dü«‘·+Á‘·+>± ns¡ú+ ñ+&É<äT. Helping verb düVü‰j·T+‘√ Bìì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. 'Perfect tenses' e+{Ï
dü+<äsê“¤\˝À Bìì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Ç~ dü«‘·+Á‘·+>±H˚ ñ+≥T+~. nq>± @ verb form qT+∫ @s¡Œ&É<äT.
Examples :
1. written (V3) 2. spoken (V3)
3. sung (V3) 4. played (V3)
5. eaten (V3)
6. 'S' ending form of root verb :

Present tense form ≈£î ∫es¡q 's' qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q á form qT bı+<äe#·TÃ. Bìì 'V1' jÓTTø£ÿ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+˝≤π>
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ø±ì Bìì subject III person singular number nsTTq|ü⁄&ÉT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. BìøÏ yêø£´+ Ä<Ûës¡+>±
ns¡ú+ e#·TÃqT. K∫Ã‘·+>± #ÓbÕŒ\fÒ V1 eT]j·TT V6 \ nsêú\˝À e÷s¡TŒ ñ+&É<äT. á form ø=ìï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À 'V1'
∫es¡q 'es' qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~. 'V1' nH˚~ 'o' nH˚ nø£ås¡+‘√ eTT–dæq word nsTT‘˚ <ëìøÏ 'es' qT #˚sêÃ*.
V6 = V1 + s
Examples :
1. writes (Áyêj·T&É+) (V6) 2. speaks (e÷{≤¢&É&É+) (V6)

3. sings (bÕ&É&É+) (V6) 4. plays (Ä&É&É+) (V6)
5. eats (‹q&É+) (V6) 6. goes (yÓfi¯¢&É+) (V6)
7. Infinitive verb :
Root verb nsTTq 'V1' ≈£î eTT+<äTuÛ≤>∑+˝À 'to' qT #˚]Ãq≥¢sTT‘˚ <ëìì 'infinitive verb' nì n+{≤s¡T. BìøÏ
eT÷&ÉTs¡ø±\ nsêú\T ñ+{≤sTT. Verb \˝À 'V1' eTT+<äT e÷Á‘·y˚T 'to' qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*.
V7 = to + V1
Examples :
1. to write (Áyêj·T&ÜìøÏ, Áyêj·÷\ì, Áyêj·TeTì) (V7)
2. to speak (e÷{≤¢&É&ÜìøÏ, e÷{≤¢&Ü\ì, e÷{≤¢&ÉeTì) (V7)
3. to sing (bÕ&É&ÜìøÏ, bÕ&Ü\ì, bÕ&ÉeTì) (V7)
4. to play (Ä&É&ÜìøÏ, Ä&Ü\ì, Ä&ÉeTì) (V7)
5. to eat (‹q&ÜìøÏ, ‹Hê\ì, ‹qeTì) (V7)

124
F Conjugation of verb :
Verb jÓTTø£ÿ yÓTT<ä{Ï eT÷&ÉTs¡÷bÕ˝…’q V1, V2 eT]j·TT V3 \T y˚s¡T>± nq>± ˇø£<ëì MT<ä eTs=ø£{Ï Ä<Ûës¡|ü&É≈£î+&Ü
ñ+{≤sTT. á eT÷&ÉT s¡÷bÕ\H˚ Verb jÓTTø£ÿ 'Conjugation' n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
Present tense (V1) Past tense (V2) Past participle (V3)
1. do (#Ój·T´&É+) – did (#˚ôdqT) – done
2. make (‘·j·÷s¡T#Ój·T´&É+) – made (‘·j·÷s¡T#˚ôdqT) – made
3. show (#·÷|ü&É+) – showed (#·÷ô|qT) – showed
4. move (ø£<ä\&É+) – moved (ø£~˝…qT) – moved
5. play (Ä&É&É+) – played (Ä&ÓqT) – played
6. write (Áyêj·T&É+) – wrote (ÁyêôdqT) – written
7. read (#·<äe&É+) – read (#·~yÓqT) – read
8. sleep (ìÁ~+#·&É+) – slept (ìÁ~+#ÓqT) – slept
9. speak (e÷{≤¢&É&É+) – spoke (e÷{≤¢&ÓqT) – spoken
10. cut (ø√j·T&É+) – cut (ø√ôdqT) – cut
á $<Ûä+>± verb jÓTTø£ÿ eT÷&ÉT s¡÷bÕ\q÷ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&Üìï 'Verb jÓTTø£ÿ Conjugation #Ó|üŒ&É+' nì n+{≤s¡T.
á s¡÷bÕ\˝À ¬s+&Ée<ëìøÏ, eT÷&Ée<ëìøÏ ns¡ú+ ˇπø˝≤ ñ+≥T+~. á eT÷&ÉTs¡÷bÕ\˝À ø=ìï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À ¬s+&˚dæ
˝Ò<ë eT÷&˚dæ ≈£L&Ü ø£\ee#·TÃ. nq>± ø=ìï verb \≈£î ¬s+&ÉT ˝Ò<ë eT÷&ÉT s¡÷bÕ\÷ ≈£L&Ü ˇπø˝≤ ñ+&Ée#·TÃ.
KINDS OF VERBS (Verb ˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
Verb qT <ëì jÓTTø£ÿ Conjugation Ä<Ûës¡+>± '2' s¡ø±\T>± eØZø£]+#ês¡T. n$ :

1. Strong verbs (or) Irregular verbs (ã\yÓTÆq ˝Ò<ë Áø£eTs¡Væ≤‘· verbs)
2. Weak verbs (or) Regular Verbs (ã\V”≤q ˝Ò<ë Áø£eTdüVæ≤‘· verbs)
1. Strong verbs :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ verb jÓTTø£ÿ conjugation ˝Àì $T–*q ¬s+&ÉT s¡÷bÕ\q÷ Ä verb ˝Àì vowels qT e÷s¡Ã&É+
e\q @s¡Œs¡#·>∑*–‘˚ Ä 'verb' qT 'strong verb' n+<äTs¡T.
Definition : If The conjugation of a verb can be obtained by changing its vowels, it is called a
'Strong verb'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ verb jÓTTø£ÿ eT÷&ÉT s¡÷bÕ\÷ kÕ<ÛäýÓTÆq+‘· $_Ûqï+>± ñ+&ç yÓTT<ä{Ïs¡÷|ü+˝À vowels qT e÷s¡Ã&É+
e\q $T–*q s¡÷bÕ\T @s¡Œ&çq≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä verb ì 'Strong verb' nì n+{≤s¡T. eT]j·TT á verb jÓTTø£ÿ eT÷&ÉTs¡÷bÕ\T
ˇø£ Áø£eT+˝À ñ+&Éø£b˛e&É+ e\q á verbs ì 'Irregular verbs' nì ≈£L&Ü n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :

1. arise (ñ<ä“¤$+#·&É+) – arose – arisen
2. awake (y˚T˝Àÿe&É+) – awoke – awoken
3. bear (uÛÑ]+#·&É+) – bore – borne

125
Examples :
4. become (ø±e&É+) – became – become
5. begin (yÓTT<ä\Tô|≥º&É+) – began – begun
6. bite (ø£s¡e&É+) – bit – bitten
7. bind (ã+~Û+#·&É+) – bound – bound
8. break ($s¡#·&É+) – broke – broken
9. choose (mqTïø√e&É+) – chose – chosen
10. come (sêe&É+) – came – come
11. dig (Á‘·e«&É+) – dug – dug
12. do (#Ój·T´&É+) – did – done
13. draw (˝≤>∑&É+) – drew – drawn
14. drink (Á‘ê>∑&É+) – drank – drunk
15. drive (q&É|ü&É+) – drove – driven
16. eat (‹q&É+) – ate – eaten
17. fall (ÁøÏ+<ä|ü&É&É+) – fell – fallen
18. fight (b˛{≤¢&É&É+) – fought – fought
19. find (ø£qT>=q&É+) – found – found
20. fly (m>∑s¡&É+) – flew – flown
21. forget (eT]Ãb˛e&É+) – forgot – forgotten
22. get (bı+<ä&É+) – got – got
23. give (Çe«&É+) – gave – given
24. go (yÓfi¯¢&É+) – went – gone
25. grow (ô|s¡>∑&É+) – grew – grown
26. know (‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+) – knew – known
27. ring (>∑+≥ø=≥º&É+) – rang – rung
28. see (#·÷&É&É+) – saw – seen
29. speak (e÷{≤¢&É&É+) – spoke – spoken
30. write (Áyêj·T&É+) – wrote – written
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\ìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ Á|ür verb ˝Àq÷ vowels ˝À e÷s¡TŒ#˚j·T&É+ <ë«sêH˚ $T–*q s¡÷bÕ\qT bı+<ëeTT.
ø±e⁄q M{Ïì 'Strong verbs' n+{≤s¡T. á verb \˝À 'V2' jÓTTø£ÿ ns¡ú+ »]–b˛sTTq≥T¢ dü÷∫düTÔ+~. n+<äT#˚‘·
Á|ü‘˚´ø£+>± Çe«˝Ò<äT.
2. Weak verbs :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Verb jÓTTø£ÿ $T–*q ¬s+&ÉT s¡÷bÕ\÷ yÓTT<ä{Ï s¡÷bÕìøÏ ø=ìï nø£åsê\qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê \_ÛùdÔ
n≥Te+{Ï verb \qT 'Weak verbs' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : If the conjugation of a verb can be obtained by adding some letters at the ending, it is
called a 'Weak verb'.
$es¡D : Verb jÓTTø£ÿ eT÷&ÉT s¡÷bÕ\˝À >∑eTì+#˚≥+‘· ‘˚&Ü˝Ò≈£î+&Ü πøe\+ ∫e] nø£åsê\ ‘˚&Ü‘√ nìï s¡÷bÕ\÷
@s¡Œ&çq verb \qT 'Weak verbs' nì n+{≤s¡T. M{ÏjÓTTø£ÿ eT÷&ÉT s¡÷bÕ\÷ ˇø£ Áø£eTyÓTÆq |ü<äΔ‹˝À ñqï+<äTq á
verbs qT 'Regular verbs' nì ≈£L&Ü n+{≤s¡T. M{Ï˝À e÷s¡TŒ consonants ˝À ø£ìŒdüTÔ+~.

126
Examples :
1. bend (e+>∑&É+) – bent – bent
2. burn (ø±\Ã&É+) – burnt – burnt
3. climb (mø£ÿ&É+) – climbed – climbed
4. dare (kÕVü≤dæ+#·&É+) – dared – dared
5. dream (ø£\>∑q&É+) – dreamt – dreamt
6. have (ø£*Zñ+&É&É+) – had – had
7. leave (e<ä*ô|≥º≥+) – left – left
8. lend (n|æŒe«&É+) – lent – lent
9. light (yÓ*–+#·&É+) – lighted – lighted
10. lose (ø√˝ÀŒe&É+) – lost – lost
11. make (‘·j·÷s¡T#˚j·T&É+) – made – made
12. pay (#Ó*¢+#·&É+) – paid – paid
13. prove (ìs¡÷|æ+#·&É+) – proved – proved
14. say (#Ó|üŒ&É+) – said – said
15. saw (ø√j·T&É+) – sawed – sawed
16. send (|ü+|ü&É+) – sent – sent
17. sleep (ìÁ~+#·&É+) – slept – slept
18. smell (yêdüq#·÷&É&É+) – smelt – smelt
19. spell (|ü\Tø£&É+) – spelt – spelt
20. spend (>∑&É|ü&É+) – spent – spent
21. state (‘Ó\T|ü&É+) – stated – stated
22. show (#·÷|ü&É+) – showed – showed
23. weep (@&Ée&É+) – wept – wept
24. work (|üì#Ój·T´&É+) – worked – worked
25. water (‘·&É|ü&É+) – watered – watered
26. cut (ø√j·T&É+) – cut – cut
27. shut (eT÷j·T&É+) – shut – shut
28. put (ô|≥º&É+) – put – put
29. read (#·<äe&É+) – read – read
30. hit (ø=≥º&É+) – hit – hit
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À $T–*q s¡÷bÕ\T sêe&ÜìøÏ Consonants ˝À e÷s¡TŒ\T »]bÕeTT. n+<äTe\q M{Ïì 'weak
verbs' n+{≤s¡T. eT÷&ÉTs¡÷bÕ\÷ ˇπø˝≤ ñ+&˚ verbs qT ≈£L&Ü 'Weak verbs' nH˚ n+<äTs¡T.
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AUXILIARY VERB & ITS FORMS (düVü‰j·Tø£ ÁøÏj·T & <ëì jÓTTø£ÿ s¡÷bÕ\T)
Auxiliary verb ≈£î Á|ü‘˚´ø£+>± 'V3' form n+≥÷ ñ+&É<äT. kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± M{ÏøÏ πøe\+ ¬s+&ÉT forms e÷Á‘·y˚T
ñ+{≤sTT. n$ :
1. Present tense form
2. Past tense form
es¡Ôe÷qø±˝≤ìï nq>± Á|üdüTÔ‘·ø±˝≤ìï dü÷∫+#˚ form ì present tense form n+{≤s¡T. »]–b˛sTTq |üqT\qT
nq>± >∑‹+∫q ø±˝≤ìï dü÷∫+#˚ form ì past tense form nì n+{≤s¡T. yÓTT‘·Ô+ Auxiliary verbs nìï+{Ï˝À ø=ìï
Present tense form øÏ $T–*q$ Past tense form øÏ #Ó+~q$.
Present tense Past tense
1. is (ñ+&É&É+) – was (ˇø£|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ñ+&É&É+)
2. am (ñ+&É&É+) – was (ˇø£|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ñ+&É&É+)
3. are (ñ+&É&É+) – were (ˇø£|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ñ+&É&É+)
4. have (ø£*Z ñ+&É&É+) – had (ˇø£|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ø£*Zñ+&É&É+)
5. has (ø£*Z ñ+&É&É+) – had (ˇø£|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ø£*Zñ+&É&É+)
6. do (#Ój·T´&É+) – did (#˚ôdqT)
7. does (#Ój·T´&É+) – did (#˚ôdqT)
8. will – would
9. shall – should
10. may – might
11. can – could
12. must –
13. ought to
14. need – needed
15. dare – dared
16. – used to
á $<Ûä+>± Auxiliary verbs ˝Àì ø=ìï verbs present tense ì eT]ø=ìï past tense
ì dü÷∫kÕÔsTT. á
verbs \˝À modal-auxiliaries ≈£î Á|ü‘˚´ø£ ns¡ú+ n+≥÷ ñ+&Éq+<äTq M{ÏøÏ ns¡úeTT\T Çe«ã&É˝Ò<äT. Tense ˝À is, am,
are \ 'V3' s¡÷|ü+>± 'been' qT, has, have \ 'V3' s¡÷|ü+>± 'V2' nsTTq 'had' qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
PARTICIPLE & GERUND
F Participle
ìs¡«#·q+ : Verb >±q÷ eT]j·TT Adjective >±q÷ ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ Verb jÓTTø£ÿ s¡÷bÕìï 'Participle' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The verb form which can be used as both a verb and an adjective is called the 'Participle'.
$es¡D : Verb jÓTTø£ÿ ø=ìï s¡÷bÕ\qT Verb \T >±H˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü y˚πs«s¡T 'Parts of Speech' >± ≈£L&Ü
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·e#·TÃ. Ä $<ÛäyÓTÆq yê{Ï˝À verb >±q÷ eT]j·TT Adjective >±q÷ ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ <ëìì 'Participle'
nì n+{≤s¡T. BìH˚ 'Verbal Adjective' nì ≈£L&Ü n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. I saw a dancing peacock. (Dancing → Adjective)
H˚qT ˇø£ Hê≥´+ #˚düTÔqï HÓeT*ì #·÷XÊqT.
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Examples :
2. A peacock is dancing. (Dancing → Verb)
ˇø£ HÓeT* Hê≥´+ #˚dü÷Ô ñ+~.
3. I found the stolen bag. (Stolen → Adjective)
H˚qT <=+–*+#·ã&çq dü+∫ì ø£qT>=HêïqT.
4. She has stolen the bag. (Stolen → Verb)
ÄyÓT Ä dü+∫ì Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ <=+–*+∫+~.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT n<Û´ä j·Tq+ #˚ùdÔ yÓTT<ä{,Ï s¬ +&Ée yêø±´\˝Àì 'Dancing' nH˚ verb form qT ñ|üj÷Ó –+#êeTT.
ø±ì yÓTT<ä{Ï yêø£´+˝À á word, 'peacock' nH˚ noun ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·÷ Adjective >± eéVü≤]+#·>±, ¬s+&Ée
yêø£´+˝À |üìì ‘Ó*j·TCÒdü÷Ô Verb >± eéVü≤]+∫+~. n<˚$<Ûä+>± eT÷&Ée, Hê\Ze yêø±´\˝Àì 'Stolen' nH˚ verb
form, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À dü+∫ì dü÷∫dü÷Ô Adjective >± |üì#˚j·T>± Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À |üìì ‘Ó*j·TCÒdü÷Ô verb >±
|üì#˚dæ+~. n+<äTe\q á ¬s+&ÉT verb forms ì 'participles' nì n+<äTs¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À 'participle' Adjective >± |üì#˚dæq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä yêø£´+˝À y˚s=ø£ verb K∫Ã‘·+>± ñ+≥T+~.
n˝≤π> Ç<˚ verb >± eéVü≤]+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT BìøÏ düVü‰j·T+ #˚dü÷Ô ˇø£ helping verb Ä yêø£´+˝À ñ+≥T+~.
KINDS OF PARTICIPLE (bÕ]ºdæ|ü⁄˝Ÿ jÓTTø£ÿ s¡ø±\T)
Participle qT '3' s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :

1. Present participle (V4) 2. Past participle (V3) 3. Perfect participle (Having + V3)
1. Present participle :
Verb jÓTTø£ÿ Hê\Zes¡÷|üyÓTÆq 'V4' qT 'Present participle' nì n+{≤s¡T. Ç~ 'V1' ≈£î 'ing' qT #˚sÃ¡ &É+ e\q @s¡Œ&ÉTqT.
Examples :
1. play + ing = playing (Ä&ÉT‘·Tqï,
Ä&ÉT‘·÷)
2. watch + ing = watching (#·÷düTÔqï, #·÷dü÷Ô)
3. speak + ing = speaking (e÷{≤¢&ÉT#·Tqï, e÷{≤¢&ÉT#·÷)
4. go + ing = going (yÓfi¯ó¢#·Tqï, yÓfi¯SÔ)
5. sleep + ing = sleeping (ìÁ~düTÔqï, ìÁ~dü÷Ô)
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À Çe«ã&çq ‘Ó\T>∑T nsêú\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ïyê{Ïì Adjectives >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&çq|ü⁄&É÷, ¬s+&Éeyê{Ïì
verbs >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&çq|ü⁄&É÷ á 'Participles' ø£*Z ñ+{≤sTT.
2. Past participle :
Verb jÓTTø£ÿ eT÷&Ées¡÷|üyÓTÆq 'V3' ì 'Past participle' nì n+{≤s¡T. Ç~ dü«‘·+Á‘·+>± @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. written (Áyêj·Tã&çq, Áyêj·Tã&ÓqT) 2. broken ($]–b˛sTTq, $]–b˛jÓTqT)
3. prepared (‘·j·÷s¡sTTq, ‘·j·÷s¡jÓT´qT) 4. made (‘·j·÷s¡T#˚j·Tã&çq, ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚ôdqT)
5. burnt (ø±*q, ø±˝…qT)
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àì ‘Ó\T>∑T ns¡úeTT\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ïyê{Ïì á Participles 'Adjectives' >± ñqï|ü⁄&ÉT, ¬s+&Éeyê{Ïì
'Verb'
>± ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ø£*Z ñ+{≤sTT.
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3. Perfect participle :
Verb jÓTTø£ÿ eT÷&Ées¡÷|üyTÓ q
Æ 'V3' øÏ eTT+<äTuÛ≤>∑+˝À 'Having' qT #˚sÃ¡ &É+ e\q 'Perfect participle' @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. having + finished = having finished (|üPs¡Ôe&É+‘√,|üP]Ô#˚dæ)
2. having + spoken = having spoken (e÷{≤¢&É&É+‘√, e÷{≤¢&ç)
3. having + visited = having visited (<ä]Ù+#·&É+‘√, <ä]Ù+∫)
4. having + walked = having walked (q&Ée&É+‘√, q&ç∫)
5. having + played = having played (Ä&É&É+‘√, Ä&ç)
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À Çe«ã&çq ‘Ó\T>∑T nsêú\˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï yê{Ïì á participle 'Adjective' >± ñjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq|ü⁄Œ&É÷,
s¬ +&Éeyê{Ïì á participle 'verb' >± ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·ã&çq|ü⁄Œ&É÷ ø£*– ñ+≥T+~. Present participle, Past participle \
ø£+fÒ á Perfect participle ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+ ‘·≈£îÿe>± ñ+≥T+~.
F Gerund
ìs¡«#·q+ : Verb >±q÷ eT]j·TT Noun >±qT ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ Verb jÓTTø£ÿ s¡÷bÕìï 'Gerund' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The verb form which can be used as both a verb and a noun is called the 'Gerund'.
$es¡D : Verb forms ˝Àì ø=ìï forms ø=ìï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À 'Verb' >±q÷, ny˚ forms eT]ø=ìï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À
'nouns' >±q÷ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉTqT. n≥Te+{Ï yê{ÏH˚ 'Gerunds' nì n+<äTs¡T. BìH˚ 'Verbal noun' nì ≈£L&Ü
n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Singing is my hobby. (Singing → Noun)
bÕ&É&É+ nH˚~ Hê jÓTTø£ÿ n\yê≥T.
2. I am singing songs. (Singing → verb)
H˚qT bÕ≥\T bÕ&ÉT‘·THêïqT.
3. Smoking is injurious to health. (Smoking → Noun)
bı>∑Á‘ê>∑&É+ Äs√>±´ìøÏ Vü‰ìø£s¡+.
4. He is smoking cigar. (Smoking → Verb)
n‘·&ÉT dæ>∑¬s{Ÿ ø±\TÃ‘·THêï&ÉT.
$es¡D : á Hê\T>∑T ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\q÷ |ü]o*ùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ï, ¬s+&Ée yêø±´\T ¬s+&ç+{Ï˝Àq÷ 'Singing' nH˚ verb form
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+~. ø±˙ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À n~ ªbÕ&É&É+μ nH˚ ˇø£ noun qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T>±, ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À ªbÕ&É&É+μ
nH˚ verb ì dü÷∫+∫+~. n<˚$<Ûä+>± eT÷&Ée eT]j·TT Hê\Ze yêø±´\T ¬s+&ç+{Ï˝Àq÷ 'smoking nH˚ verb form
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç n~ eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À noun >±q÷, ∫e]yêø£´+˝À verb >±q÷ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç+~. n+<äT#˚‘· á verb
form \qT 'Gerunds' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Present participle H˚ gerund >±q÷ eT]j·TT participle >±q÷ ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ø±˙ yêø£´+˝À
n~ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq rs¡Tì ã{Ïº n~ <˚ìøÏ #Ó+~q<√ ø£ìô|≥ºe#·TÃ.
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MOODS OF VERB (Verb jÓTTø£ÿ Ø‘·T\T)
'Verb' n~ dü÷∫+#˚ |üìjÓTTø£ÿ rs¡TqT Ä<Ûës¡+>± #˚düTø=ì '4' s¡ø±\ moods qT ø£*–ñ+≥T+<äì #ÓãT‘ês¡T.
n$ :
1. Indicative mood
2. Imperative mood
3. Subjunctive mood
4. Infinitive mood
1. Indicative mood :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ kÕ<Ûës¡D $wüj·÷ìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ >±˙, Á|üX¯ï n&É>∑&ÜìøÏ >±˙ verb ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT n~
'indicative mood' ˝À ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : If the verb is used to state an ordinary sentence or to question something, it is in the
'Indicative mood.'
$es¡D : Verb qT Assertive sentence
˝À >±˙ nq>± ˇø£ $wüj·÷ìï Ç‘·s¡T\≈£î ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ >±˙ ˝Ò<ë
Interrogative sentence ˝À >±ì nq>± ˇø£ $wüj·÷ìï ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&ÜìøÏ, nq>± Á|ü•ï+#·&ÜìøÏ >±˙ ñ|üjÓ÷–ùdÔ Ä
verb 'indicative mood' ˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+<äì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. She went to her office.
ÄyÓT ÄyÓTjÓTTø£ÿ Ä|ò”düT≈£î yÓ[¢+~.
2. Rakesh will go to Chennai.
sêπøwt #Ó’HÓÌïøÏ yÓfi≤Ô&ÉT.
3. We are watching TV.
y˚TeTT TV #·÷düTÔHêïeTT.
4. Who broke this chair ?
á ≈£îØÃ mes¡T $s¡>=Z{≤ºs¡T ?
5. Where did you go ?
˙e⁄ mø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓfi≤¢e⁄ ?
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À ˇø£ kÕe÷q´ $wüj·÷ìï m<äT{Ïe´øÏÔøÏ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ
'went' nH˚ verb ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT. ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À ≈£L&Ü ˇø£ $wüj·÷ìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'will go' nH˚ verb ˙,
n˝≤π> eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À ≈£L&Ü kÕ<Ûës¡D $wüj·÷ìï #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'are watching' nH˚ verb ˙ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT. nq>± á
eT÷&ÉT yêø±´\˝À #˚ùd|üìì >∑T]+∫ m<äT{Ïe´øÏÔøÏ #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. ø±ì ∫e]yêø±´\˝À verb \qT Á|ü•ï+#·&ÜìøÏ
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~. @<˚yÓTÆHê á $<Ûä+>± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&çq+<äTe\q á 'verb' \qT 'indicative mood' ˝À
ñHêïj·Tì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : @<˚ì yêø£´+˝À verb >± helping verb ‘√ ≈£L&çq verb forms ì ñ|üjÓ÷–ùdÔ Ä yÓTT‘êÔìï nq>± Ä
verb q÷ eT]j·TT <ëì‘√bÕ≥T>± ñ|üj÷ Ó –+#·ã&çq 'Helping verb' qT ≈£L&Ü ˇπø 'Verb' >± |ü]>∑D+Ï #ê*. e´‹πsø±s¡øú £
yêø±´\˝Àì verb \T ≈£L&Ü á mood ˝ÀH˚ ñ+{≤j·Tì >∑eTì+#ê*.
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2. Imperative mood :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À verb ì Ä»„ #Ój·T´&ÜìøÏ ˝Ò<ë nuÛÑ´s¡úq #Ój·T´&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä verb ì
'imperative mood' ˝À ñqï<äì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : If the verb is used to make orders or requests, it is in the 'Imperative mood.'
$es¡D : Verb qT 'imperative sentence' ˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä yêø£´+˝Àì verb qT 'imperative

mood' ˝À ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T. á yêø±´\T m<äT{Ïe´≈£îÔ*ï Äj·÷ |üqT\qT #Ój·TéTì #Óù|Œ$.
Examples :
1. Open the door.

Ä ‘·\T|ü⁄qT ‘Ós¡Te⁄.
2. Write quickly.
‘=+<äs¡>± ÁyêsTT.
3. Don't play the game.
Ä Ä≥qT Ä&Ée<äT›.
4. Plase take care of this.
<äj·T#˚dæ Bì|ü≥¢ ÁX¯<äΔ rdüTø√.
5. Wait here.
Çø£ÿ&É y˚∫ñ+&ÉT.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À m<äT{Ïe´øÏÔì ‘·\T|ü⁄qT ‘Ós¡eeTì ÄC≤„|æ+#·&ÜìøÏ 'open'
nH˚ verb ì ñ|üj÷Ó –+#êeTT. n˝≤π> s¬ +&Ée yêø£´+˝À m<äT{Ïe´øÏìÔ ÄC≤„|+æ #·&ÜìøÏ 'wait' nH˚ verb ˙, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À
Ä e´øÏÔì Ä≥ Ä&Ée<ä›ì ÄC≤„|æ+#·&ÜìøÏ e´‹πsø±s¡ú+ ø±ã{Ïº 'Don't play' nH˚ verb ˙, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À m<äT{Ï e´øÏÔì
ÁX¯<äΔrdüTø√eTì nuÛÑ´]ú+#·&ÜìøÏ 'take' nH˚ verb ˙ eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À m<äT{Ïe´øÏÔì ÄC≤„|æ+#·&ÜìøÏ 'wait' nH˚
verb ˙ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~. á verb \qT á yêø±´\˝À Ä»„\q÷, nuÛÑ´s¡úqq÷ #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q+<äTq
á verb \qT 'imperative mood' ˝À ñHêïj·Tì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : á s¡ø£yÓTÆq yêø±´\˝Àì e´‹πsø±s¡ú|ü⁄ yêø±´\ $wüj·T+˝À verb >± e´‹πsø±s¡ú+ Ç#˚Ã 'don't' nH˚ word
ì ≈£L&Ü |ü]>∑D˝ÀìøÏ rdüTø√yê*.
3. Subjunctive mood :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À verb ˇø£ nkÕ<ÛäýÓTÆq }Vü≤ì dü÷∫dü÷Ô ñ+fÒ Ä verb ì 'Subjunctive mood' ˝À
ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : If the verb is used to make an impossible imagination, it is in the 'Subjunctive mood.'

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$es¡D : Verb qT ˇø£ kÕ<Ûä´+ ø±ì $wüj·÷ìï >∑T]+∫ ø√s¡T≈£îì Ä yêø±´ìï e÷≥˝À¢ |ü*øÏq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä yêø£´+˝À
ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q Ä verb 'Subjunctive mood' qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+<äì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Oh God ! Give me one crore.

z <˚e⁄&Ü ! Hê≈£î ˇø£ ø√{Ï Çe⁄«.
2. Would that I was there !
H˚qT nø£ÿ&É ñ+&ç ñ+fÒHê !
3. I would have killed him.
H˚qT n‘·ìï #·+ù|dæ ñ+&˚yêDÏí.
4. Oh fate ! Let me die.
z $BÛ ! qqTï #êeìe⁄«.
5. Give life to the deadbody.
Ä eTè‘·<˚Vü‰ìøÏ »qàqT Çe«+&ç.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À <˚e⁄DÏí ø√{Ïs¡÷bÕj·T\ <Ûäq+ ø√dü+ n]ú+#·&É+
»]–+~. á $<Ûä+>± nkÕ<ÛäýÓTÆq<ëìì ø√s¡&ÜìøÏ 'give' nH˚ verb ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+~. ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À >∑&ç∫b˛sTTq
düeTj·T+˝À H˚qT ñ+fÒ u≤>∑T+&ÉTqì ø√s¡&É+ »]–+~. n~ nkÕ<ÛäýÓTÆq |üì. ø±˙ <ëìø√dü+ ø√s¡&ÜìøÏ would, was
nH˚ verbs ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&Ü¶sTT. eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À rs¡ì ø√]ø£qT ‘·\#·Tø√e&É+ »]–+~. á nkÕ<ÛäýÓTÆq <ëìì >∑T]+∫
'would have killed' nH˚ verb ‘Ó*|æ+~. n˝≤π> Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À nkÕ<Ûë´ìï ø√s¡&É+ ø√dü+ 'die' nH˚ verb eT]j·TT
∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'give' nH˚ verb \T ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&Ü¶sTT. á $<Ûä+>± nkÕ<Ûë´*ï ø√s¡Tø√e&ÜìøÏ á 'verbs'
ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&çq+<äTq Ç$ 'Subjunctive mood' øÏ #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
>∑eTìø£ : rs¡ì ø√]ø£\qT nq>± ø=+‘·ø±\+ eTT+<äT nsTT‘˚ rs¡TqH˚ qeTàø£+ >∑\ ø√]ø£\T, m|üŒ{Ïø° rs¡ì
ø√]ø£\T e+{Ï nkÕ<ÛäéTT\qT }Væ≤+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+˝À verb qT yê&çq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä verb 'Subjunctive mood' ˝À
ñ+≥T+~.
4. Infinitive mood :
ìs¡«#·q+ : 'Verb' <ëìjÓTTø£ÿ @&Ées¡÷|üyÓTÆq 'infinitive' >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä verb qT 'infinitive
mood' ˝À ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : If the verb is used as infinitive, it is in the 'Infinitive mood.'
$es¡D : á 'Infinitive mood' ˝À verb ø±˝≤ìï dü÷∫+#·<Tä . nq>± Ä |üì Á|üdTü ‘Ô +· »s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï<√, »]–b˛sTT+<√
˝Òø£ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· »s¡>∑uÀ‘·T+<√ nH˚<ëìì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T<äT. n+<äT#˚‘·H˚ á verb qT 'infinitive mood' ˝À ñ+<äì
n+{≤s¡T.
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Examples :
1. Rahul went there to bring water.
sêVüQ˝Ÿ ˙s¡T rdüT≈£îsêe&ÜìøÏ nø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓfi≤¢&ÉT.
2. Sahitya ordered her sister to give a pen.
kÕVæ≤‘·´ ÄyÓT k˛<ä]ì ˇø£ ô|qTï Çe«eTì ÄC≤„|æ+∫+~.
3. Sukumar wants to buy a car.
düT≈£îe÷sY ˇø£ ø±s¡Tì ø=Hê\ì ø√s¡T≈£î+≥THêï&ÉT.
4. Karuna called me to play chess.
≈£s¡TD qqTï #Ódt Ä&É&ÜìøÏ |æ*∫+~.
5. Sushma requested him to help her.
düTwüà n‘·ìï ÄyÓT≈£î kÕj·T+#˚j·TeTì nuÛÑ´]ú+∫+~.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\T |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À ªrdüT≈£îsêe&ÜìøÏμ nH˚ verb qT 'to take' nH˚
word ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. Ç~ á |üì jÓTTø£ÿ ø±˝≤ìï nq>± »]–b˛sTT+<ë, »s¡T>∑T‘·T+<ë ˝Ò<ë »s¡>∑uÀj˚T<ë nH˚<ëìì
‘Ó\T|ü&É+ ˝Ò<äT. n<˚$<Ûä+>± ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'to give' nH˚~, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'to buy' nH˚~, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'to
play' nH˚~ eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'to help' nH˚~ ≈£L&Ü ø±˝≤ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&É+ ˝Ò<äT. n+<äTe\q á verb \qT
'infinitive mood' ˝À ñHêïj·Tì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Infinitive' >± ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·ã&çq 'Verb' øÏ eT÷&ÉT nsêú\T ñ+{≤sTT. ñ<ëVü≤s¡D≈£î 'take (rdüTø√e&É+)'
nH˚<ëìì infinitive >± nq>± V7 >± ñ|üj÷Ó –ùdÔ 'to take' ne⁄‘·T+~. n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT BìøÏ >∑\ eT÷&ÉT nsêú\÷ ªrdüT≈£îsêe&ÜìøÏ,
rdüT≈£îs¡eTàì eT]j·TT rdüT≈£îsêyê\ìμ nH˚$ ne⁄‘êsTT.

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12. Adverb (ÁøÏj·÷$X‚wüD+)
ìs¡«#·q+ : Verb eT]j·TT Adjective \qT >∑T]+∫ $e]+#˚<ëìì 'Adverb' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : Adverb is the word which states about a verb or an adjective, or an other adverb.
$es¡D : 'Adverb' nH˚~ ˇø£ verb »]–q rs¡TqT >∑T]+∫ >±˙, ˇø£ 'adjective' qT >∑T]+∫ >±˙ ˝Ò<ë y˚s=ø£
'adverb' qT >∑T]+∫ >±˙ ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. n+‘˚ø±≈£î+&Ü düeTj·÷ìï, Á|ü<˚XÊìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd<ëìì ≈£L&Ü
'Adverb' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
He is walking quickly. n‘·&ÉT ‘=+<äs¡>± q&ÉTdüTÔHêï&ÉT.
á yêø£´+˝À ªq&Ée&É+μ nH˚~ verb. á verb ì á yêø£´+˝À 'is walking' nH˚~ ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. Ç<˚
yêø£´+˝À 'quickly' nH˚~ ªq&Ée&É+μ nH˚ |üìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. m≥¢q>± ªq&Ée&É+μ nH˚~ 'verb' ø±>± Ä q&Ée&É+
nH˚~ ªm˝≤ ñ+~μ n+fÒ ª‘=+<äs¡>±μ ñ+<äì 'quickly' nH˚ word ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. nq>± á word verb »s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï
rs¡Tì $e]düTÔ+~. n+<äTe\q á 'quickly' nH˚ word 'Adverb' ne⁄‘·T+~.
1. Praveen is very handsome person.
Á|üMDY #ê˝≤ n+<äyÓTÆq e´øÏÔ.
2. Sudha talks very fast.
düT<Ûä #ê˝≤ y˚>∑+>± e÷{≤¢&ÉTqT.
3. Kavya sings well.
ø±e´ u≤>± bÕ&ÉT‘·T+~.
4. Surya is a very tall person.
dü÷s¡´ n‹ bı&ÉyÓ’q e´øÏÔ.
$es¡D : á Hê\T>∑T yêø±´\q÷ |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'Handsome' nH˚ word 'person' nH˚ noun
jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔqï+<äTq n~ 'Adjective' ne⁄‘·T+~. á adjective nsTTq n+<äeTTqT >∑T]+∫ ªm+‘·
n+<ä+ ?μ nH˚ <ëìì 'very' nH˚ word ª#ê˝≤ n+<ä+μ nì ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. nq>± á word ˇø£ adjective qT >∑T]+∫
‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. n˝≤π> eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'fast' nH˚~ 'talks' nH˚ verb jÓTTø£ÿ rs¡TqT ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·Tqï+<äTq Ç~ 'Adverb'
ne⁄‘·T+~. 'Very' nH˚~ á 'fast' nH˚ word ì >∑T]+∫ eT]+‘· $e]düTÔ+~. nq>± á word eTs=ø£ adverb nsTTq
'fast' qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'well' nH˚~ 'sings' nH˚ verb qT >∑T]+∫ eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À
'very' nH˚~ 'tall' nH˚ adjective qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·THêïsTT. nq>± yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À very nH˚~ adjective qT
>∑T]+∫, ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À 'very' nH˚~ eTs=ø£ adverb qT >∑T]+∫, eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À 'well' nH˚~ verb qT >∑T]+N eT]j·TT
∫e] yêø£´+˝À 'very' nH˚~ adjective qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·THêïsTT. n+<äTe\q Çe˙ï 'Adverbs' ne⁄‘êsTT.
>∑eTìø£ : Adverb qT >∑T]+∫ ≈£î¢|üÔ+>± #ÓbÕŒ\+fÒ How, when, where nH˚ Á|üX¯ï\≈£î yêø£´+˝À düe÷<Ûëq$T#˚Ã
'word' H˚ 'adverb' nì n+{≤s¡T.

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KINDS OF ADVERB (Adverb ˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
Adverb qT '9' s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Adverb of time (düeTj·T ÁøÏj·÷$X‚wüD+)
2. Adverb of place (Á|ü<˚X¯ ÁøÏj·÷$X‚wüD+)
3. Adverb of number (dü+U≤´ ÁøÏj·÷$X‚wüD+)
4. Adverb of manner (Ø‹ ÁøÏj·÷$X‚wüD+)
5. Adverb of degree (‘·s¡>∑‹ ÁøÏj·÷$X‚wüD+)
6. Adverb of affirmation (ìs¡íj·÷‘·àø£ ÁøÏj·÷$X‚wüD+)
7. Adverb of negation (qø±sê‘·àø£ ÁøÏj·÷$X‚wüD+)
8. Interrogative adverb (Á|üXÊïs¡úø£ ÁøÏj·÷$X‚wüD+)
9. Relative adverb (dü+ã+<Ûä ÁøÏj·÷$X‚wüD+)
1. Adverb of time :
ìs¡«#·q+ : düeTj·÷ìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd 'adverb' qT 'Adverb of time' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The adverb which states the time is called the 'Adverb of time'.
$es¡D : á Adverb ˇø£ |üì m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT »]–+<√ nq>± |üì »]π> düeTj·÷ìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. á $<Ûä+>±
ˇø£ |üì »]π> düeTj·÷ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd<ëìH˚ 'Adverb of time' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. She went late to school.
ÄyÓT ã&çøÏ Ä\dü´+>± yÓ[¢+~.
2. He went to Rajahmundry yesterday.
n‘·&ÉT ìqï sê»eT+Á&çøÏ yÓfi≤¢&ÉT.
3. They are playing now.
yês¡T Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä&ÉT‘·THêïs¡T.
4. Let us meet tomorrow.
eTq+ πs|ü⁄ ø£\T<ë›+.
5. We will come soon.
y˚TeTT ‘=+<äs¡˝ÀH˚ ekÕÔeTT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ M{Ï˝À yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À ªyÓfi¯¢&É+μ nH˚ |üì Ä\dü´+>± »]–+<äì 'late'
nH˚ word ‘Ó*j·TCÒdæ+~. ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À ªyÓfi¯¢&É+μ nH˚ |üì ªìqïμ »]–+<äì Ä |üì »]–q düeTj·÷ìï 'yesterday'
nH˚ word ‘Ó*j·TCÒd+æ ~. n˝≤π> eT÷&Ée yêø£´+˝À 'now' nH˚~ ªÄ&É&+É μ nH˚ |üì »s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï düeTj·÷ìï, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À
'tomorrow' nH˚~ ªø£\e&É+μ nH˚ |üì »s¡>∑uÀj˚T düeTj·÷ìï eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ªsêe&É+μ nH˚ |üì »s¡>∑uÀj˚T
düeTj·÷ìï 'soon' nH˚ word ‘Ó*j·TCÒdTü HÔ êïsTT. nq>± á yêø±´\˝Àì á words n˙ï Äj·÷|üqT\ jÓTTø£ÿ düeTj·÷ìï
‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á words ì 'Adverb of time' ≈£î #Ó+<ëj·Tì n+<äTs¡T.
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>∑eTìø£ : 'Adverb of time' nH˚<ëìï yêø£´+˝À 'when' nH˚ Á|üX¯ïqT y˚j·T&É+ <ë«sê bı+<äe#·TÃ. Now, then,
early, late, ago, before, afterwards, onwards, already, soon, since, immediately, instantly, presently,
today, tomorrow, yesterday yÓTT<ä˝…’q düeTj·÷ìï ‘Ó*ù| words n˙ï á 'Adverb of time' øÏ #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
2. Adverb of place :
ìs¡«#·q+ : |üì »]–q Á|ü<˚XÊìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd<ëìì 'Adverb of place' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The adverb which states the place is called the 'Adverb of place'.
$es¡D : 'Adverb of place' nH˚~ ˇø£ |üì mø£ÿ&É »]–+B nH˚ $wüj·÷ìï düŒwüº+>± ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. nq>± |üì
»]–q #√≥Tì, kÕúHêìï yÓTT<ä˝…’q $wüj·÷\qT Ç~ ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~.
Examples :
1. The dog slept inside the room.
Ä ≈£îø£ÿ Ä >∑~˝À|ü\ ìÁ<äb˛sTT+~.
2. They sat outside.
yês¡T ãj·T≥ ≈£Ls¡TÃHêïs¡T.
3. She came here.
ÄyÓT Çø£ÿ&çøÏ e∫Ã+~.
4. We stood there.
y˚TeTT nø£ÿ&É ì\ã&Ü¶eTT.
5. Ravi is not in.
s¡$ ˝À|ü\ ˝Ò&ÉT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À 'inside' nH˚~ ªìÁ~+#·&É+μ nH˚ |üì ˝À|ü\ »]–+<äì
Ä Á|ü<˚XÊìï ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. ¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À ª≈£Ls√Ãe&É+μ nH˚ |üì ãj·T≥ »]–+<äì 'outside' nH˚ word Á|ü<˚XÊìï
‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À ªsêe&É+μ nH˚ |üìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·÷ ªÇø£ÿ&Éμ nH˚ Á|ü<˚XÊìï 'here' nH˚ word
‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. n<˚$<Ûä+>± Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'there' nH˚ word eT]j·TT ◊<äeyêø£´+˝À 'in' nH˚ word \T Á|ü<˚XÊ\qT
‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. n+<äT#˚‘· á words nìï+{Ï˙ 'Adverbs of place' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : yêø£´+˝À 'where' nH˚ Á|üX¯ïqT y˚j·T&É+ <ë«sê 'adverb of place' qT bı+<äe#·TÃ. Here, there, in,
out, above, inside, outside, below, near, far e+{Ï |ü<ë\qT 'Adverbs of place' >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·T‘ês¡T.
3. Adverb of number :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Verb »]–q dü+K´qT nq>± mìïkÕs¡T¢ nH˚<ëìì ‘Ó*ù|<˚ Adverb of number.
Definition : The adverb which states about the frequency of the work done is called the 'Adverb
of number'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ |üì ˇø£kÕ] »]–+<ë, s¬ +&ÉTkÕs¡T¢ »]–+<ë, |ü~kÕs¡T¢ »]–+<ë e+{Ï yê{Ïì, ns¡T<äT>± »s¡T>∑T‘·T+<ë,
‘·s¡#·T>± »s¡T>∑T‘·T+<ë e+{Ïyê{Ïì ‘Ó*ù|<ëìì 'Adverb of number' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Aruna comes to school daily.

ns¡TD ã&çøÏ Á|ü‹s√p edüTÔ+~.

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Examples :
2. Sravya ate chicken twice in her life.
ÁXÊe´ ÄyÓT J$‘·+˝ÀH˚ ∫¬øHé ¬s+&ÉTkÕs¡T¢ ‹+~.
3. She never tells lies.
ÄyÓT m|ü⁄Œ&É÷ nã<äΔeTT\T #Ó|üŒ<äT.
4. The beggar came again.
Ä _#·Ã>±&ÉT eTs¡\ e#êÃ&ÉT.
5. They often go to London.
yês¡T \+&ÉHéøÏ ‘·s¡#·T>± yÓfi≤Ôs¡T.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT >∑eTìùdÔ yÓTT<ä{<Ï ëì˝À ªsêe&É+μ nH˚ |üì »]π> düeTj·÷ìï nq>± dü+K´qT ªÁ|ü‹s√pμ
»s¡T>∑T‘·T+<äì ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'daily' nH˚ word ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç+~. ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À ª‹q&É+μ nH˚|üì ¬s+&ÉTkÕs¡T¢ »]–+<äì
Ä dü+K´qT 'twice' nH˚ word ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À ªnã<ëΔ\T #Ó|üŒ&É+μ nH˚ |üì ndü\T »s¡>∑<äì 'never'
nH˚ word ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À ªsêe&É+μ nH˚|üì eTs=ø£kÕ] »]–+<äì 'again' nH˚ word ‘Ó*j·TCÒdæ+~.
eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ªyÓfi¯¢&É+μ nH˚ |üì ª‘·s¡#·T>±μ »s¡T>∑T‘·T+<äì 'often' nH˚ word ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. á words n˙ï
|üì»]π> düeTj·÷ìï, dü+K´qT ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·Tqï+<äTq á words nìï+{Ï˙ 'Adverb of number' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : yêø£´+˝À 'How many times' nH˚ Á|üX¯ïqT y˚j·T&É+ <ë«sê á 'Adverb of number' qT bı+<äe#·TÃ.
Once, twice, thrice, again, seldom, often, never, rare, always, sometimes, firstly, secondly, thirdly ...
e+{Ï |ü<ë\ìï+{Ï˙ 'Adverb of number' >± |ü]>∑DÏkÕÔs¡T.
4. Adverb of manner :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Verb »]–q ˝Ò<ë »s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï Ø‹ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd<ëìì 'Adverb of manner' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The adverb which states about the manner of a work done is called the 'Adverb of manner'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ |üì HÓeTà~>± »]–+<ë, y˚>+∑ >± »]–+~ e+{Ï yÓTT<ä˝q’… |üìjÓTTø£ÿ rs¡Tì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*ù| $wüj÷· \qT
dü÷∫+#˚<ëìì 'Adverb of manner' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. The singer sang well.
Ä >±j·T≈£î&ÉT u≤>± bÕ&Ü&ÉT.
2. The horse ran slowly.
Ä >∑TÁs¡+ HÓeTà~>± |ü]¬>‹Ô+~.
3. Don't behave foolishly.
eT÷s¡â+>± Á|üe]Ô+#·e<äT›.
4. The book is so big.
Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ #ê˝≤ ô|<ä›~.
5. The shirt is very nice.
Ä #=ø±ÿ #ê˝≤ #·ø£ÿì~.
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$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À bÕ≥bÕ&çq rs¡TqT 'slowly' nH˚~, ¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À
|ü]¬>‹Ôq rs¡TqT 'slowly' nH˚~, eT÷&Ée yêø£´+˝À Á|üe]Ô+∫q rs¡TqT 'foolishly' nH˚~, Hê\Ze yêø£´+˝À 'big' nH˚
adjective ªm+‘· ô|<ä›μ nH˚ $wüj·÷ìï 'so' nH˚~, eT]j·TT ∫e] yêø£´+˝À 'nice' nH˚ 'adjective' 'm+‘· nice' nH˚
$wüj·÷ìï 'very' nH˚~ ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. nq>± yÓTT<ä{Ï eT÷&ÉTyêø±´\˝À verb jÓTTø£ÿ rs¡TqT ªm˝≤ ?μ n˙ eT]j·TT
∫e] ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´\˝À Adjective jÓTTø£ÿ Ø‹ì ªm+‘·μ n˙ á words ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·THêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á words ì
'Adverbs of manner' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : yêø£´+˝À 'How' nH˚ Á|üX¯ïqT y˚düT≈£îqï≥¢sTT‘˚ á 'Adverb of manner' nH˚~ edüTÔ+~. Thus, well,
so e+{Ï$ BìøÏ #Ó+<äT‘êsTT. eT]j·TT 'ly' ‘√ eTT–ùd |ü<ë\T #ê˝≤es¡≈î£ adverbs. Ç˝≤+{Ï$ ≈£L&Ü Bìπø #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
5. Adverb of degree :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Adjective ˝Ò<ë eTs=ø£ Adverb jÓTTø£ÿ kÕúsTTì >∑T]+∫ $e]+#˚ <ëìì 'Adverb of degree' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The adverb which the about degree of adjective or adverb is called 'Adverb of degree'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ adjective jÓTTø£ÿ kÕúsTTì >∑T]+∫ >±˙ ˝Ò<ë eTs=ø£ adverb jÓTTø£ÿ kÕúsTTì >∑T]+∫ >±˙ $e]+#˚
<ëìì 'adverb of degree' nì n+<äTs¡T. Ç~ verb jÓTTø£ÿ kÕúsTTì ≈£L&Ü ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·Te#·TÃ.
Examples :
1. He is a very tall man.
n‘·&ÉT #ê˝≤ bı&ÉyÓ’q eTìwæ.
2. Priyanka is so weak now.
Á|æj·÷+ø£ Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT #ê˝≤ ã\V”≤q+>± ñ+~.
3. Rajeswari walks very quickly.
sêCÒX¯«] #ê˝≤ y˚>∑+>± q&ÉTdüTÔ+~.
4. She was too short in her seventh class.
ÄyÓT ‘·qjÓTTø£ÿ @&Ée ‘·s¡>∑‹˝À #ê˝≤ bı{Ïº>± ñ+&˚~.
5. Thank you, you're too kind.
MT≈£î <Ûäqýê<ë\T, MTs¡T #ê˝≤ <äj·T>∑\yês¡T.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'Very' nH˚~ 'tall' nH˚ adjective jÓTTø£ÿ kÕúsTTì,
¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'So' nH˚~ 'weak' nH˚ adjective jÓTTø£ÿ kÕúsTTì, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'Very' nH˚~ 'quickly' nH˚
adverb jÓTTø£ÿ kÕúsTTì, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'too' nH˚~ 'short' nH˚ adjective kÕúsTTì, ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'too' nH˚~
'kind' nH˚ adjective kÕúsTTì ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·THêïsTT. á words Ä adjectives eT]j·TT adverb \ kÕúsTT\qT >∑T]+∫
$e]düTÔqï+<äTq M{Ïì 'Adverbs of degree' nì n+<äTs¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : yêø£´+˝À 'How much' nH˚ Á|üX¯ïqT y˚dæq≥¢sTT‘˚ á 'Adverb of degree' nH˚<ëìï bı+<äe#·TÃqT.
Very, too, so e+{Ï words ì 'Adverbs of degree' >± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.

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6. Adverb of affirmation :
ìs¡«#·q+ : @<Ó’Hê $wüj·÷ìøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q ìs¡íj·÷ìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚<ëìì 'Adverb of affirmation'
nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The adverb which states the affirmation is called the 'Adverb of affirmation'.
$es¡D : @<Ó’Hê $wüj·÷ìï H=øÏÿ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ >±˙, ìs¡íj·÷ìï Á|üø£{Ï+#·&ÜìøÏ >±˙ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ adverb H˚
'adverb of affirmation' nì n+<äTs¡T.
Examples :
1. Yes, he will come.

ne⁄qT, n‘·&ÉT ekÕÔ&ÉT.
2. Yeah, I can give.
ne⁄qT, H˚ìe«>∑\qT.
3. Of course, I went there.
ne⁄qqTø√, H˚qø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓfi≤¢qT.
4. Yes, she played.
ne⁄qT, ÄyÓT Ä&ç+~.
5. You can come by all means.
˙e⁄ ìs¡uÛÑ´+‘·s¡+>± sêe#·TÃ.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À n+^ø±sêìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'yes' nH˚ word ì,
¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'Yeah' nH˚ word ì, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À ˇ|ü⁄Œø√e&ÜìøÏ 'Of course' nH˚ word ì, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À
'yes' nH˚ word ì eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À n+^ø±sêìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'by all means' nH˚ word ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+
»]–+~. nq>± á words n˙ï Äj·÷yêø±´\˝À ìs¡íj·÷\qT, n+^ø±sê\qT ‘Ó*|æq+<äTq M{Ïì 'Adverbs of
affirmation' nì n+<äTs¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : K∫Ã‘·‘ê«ìï ‘Ó*ù| surely, certainly, confidently e+{Ï |ü<ë\T, ìs¡íj·÷ìï ‘Ó*ù| yes e+{Ï |ü<ë\T,
n+^ø±sêìï ‘Ó*ù| of course, by all means e+{Ï |ü<ë\qT 'Adverbs of affirmation' >± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
7. Adverb of Negation :
ìs¡«#·q+ : e´‹πsø£ uÛ≤yêìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ word ì 'Adverb of negation' nì n+<äTs¡T.
Definition : The adverb which states the negation is called the 'Adverb of negation'.
$es¡D : @<˚ì yêø£´+˝À ª˝Ò<äTμ, ªø±<äTμ e+{Ï nsêú\qT #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ word ì 'Adverb of negation'
nì n+<äTs¡T. Ç~ ‹s¡kÕÿs¡uÛ≤yêìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. No, I won't give you.
˝Ò<äT, H˚qT ˙≈£î Çe«qT.
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Examples :
2. Never, it is impossible.
ø±<äT,Ç~ nkÕ<Ûä´+.
3. He is not a doctor.
n‘·&ÉT yÓ’<äT´&ÉT ø±<äT.
4. Not at all, its highly rare.
ø±H˚ ø±<äT Ç~ #ê˝≤ ns¡T<Ó’q~.
5. No, I don't want it.
˝Ò<äT, Ç~ Hê≈£î e<äT›.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À ‹s¡kÕÿs¡uÛ≤yêìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'No' nH˚ word ì,
¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'never' nH˚ word ì, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À e´‹πsø±sêúìï Çe«&ÜìøÏ 'not' nH˚ word ì, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À
‹s¡kÕÿs¡uÛ≤yêìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'not at all' nH˚<ëìì, ∫e]yêø£´+˝À e´‹πsø£uÛ≤yêìï #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'no' nH˚ word ì
ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·&+É »]–+~. á words á yêø±´\˝À e´‹πsø£u≤Û yêìï Çe«&ÜìøÏ ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·ã&çq+<äTq M{Ïì 'Adverbs
of negation' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : e´‹πsø±sêúìï#˚Ã no, never, not, not at all eT]j·TT nay e+{Ï |ü<ë\qT 'Adverbs of negation' nì
n+{≤s¡T. ˇø£yêø£´+˝À don't e+{Ï |ü<ë\Tqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT á verb form qT ¬s+&ÉT>± $&ÉBùdÔ Bì˝Àì 'n't' s¡÷bÕìï
Adverb of negation n+<äTs¡T. n˝≤ ø±≈£î+&Ü Bq+‘·{Ï˙ ˇπø word >± uÛ≤$ùdÔ á word 'Verb' ne⁄‘·T+~. Don't,
didn't, can't, won't, doesn't e+{Ï$ á s¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~q$.
8. Interrogative Adverb :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Á|üX¯ï\T y˚j·T&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ 'Adverb' ì 'interrogative adverb' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The adverb which is used to interrogate is called the 'Interrogative adverb'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ yêø£´+˝À Verb jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï >∑T]+∫ >±ì, ˇø£ adjective jÓTTø£ÿ kÕúsTTì >∑T]+∫>±ì ˝Ò<ë eTs=ø£
adverb jÓTTø£ÿ kÕúsTTì >∑T]+∫ Á|ü•ï+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚<˚ 'Interrogative adverb'.
Examples :
1. Where are you playing ?
˙e⁄ mø£ÿ&É Ä&ÉT‘·THêïe⁄ ?
2. When will you come ?
˙e⁄ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ekÕÔe⁄ ?
3. Why did he come ?
n‘·&ÉT m+<äT≈£î e#êÃ&ÉT ?
4. How is she writing ?
ÄyÓT m˝≤ Áyêdü÷Ô ñ+~ ?
5. How did you play ?
˙e⁄ m˝≤ Ä&Üe⁄ ?
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$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À 'where' nH˚~ Á|ü<˚XÊìï >∑T]+∫ Á|ü•ï+#·&ÜìøÏ
eT]j·TT ªÄ&É&É+μ nH˚ verb jÓTTø£ÿ #√≥TqT ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç+~. ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'when' nH˚~ ªsêe&É+μ
nH˚ |üì ªm|ü&ÉTμ »s¡T>∑T‘√+<äH˚ <ëìì >∑T]+∫ nq>± Ä düeTj·÷ìï >∑T]+∫ dü÷∫düTÔ+~. n˝≤π> eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À
'why' nH˚~ ªsêe&É+μ nH˚ |üìøÏ >∑÷]Ãq ø±s¡D≤ìï Á|ü•ï+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç+~. Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À |üì »s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï
rs¡Tì Á|ü•ï+#·&ÜìøÏ 'how' nH˚~ eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À |üìjÓTTø£ÿ rs¡Tì Á|ü•ï+#·&ÜìøÏ 'how' nH˚~ ñ|üj÷Ó >∑|&ü Ü¶sTT.
n+<äTe\q á words ì 'interrogative adverbs' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : |üìì >∑T]+∫, Adjective jÓTTø£ÿ kÕúsTTì yÓTT<ä˝…’q yê{Ïì >∑T]+∫ Á|ü•ï+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ where,
when, how e+{Ï |ü<ë\qT 'interrogative adverbs' >± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
9. Relative Adverb :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ¬s+&ÉT clause \qT ø£*ù| adverb qT 'Relative adverb' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The adverb which joins two clauses is called a 'Relative adverb'.
$es¡D : ¬s+&ÉT clause \ eT<Ûä´ dü+ã+<Ûëìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdü÷Ô yê{Ïì ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ Adverb ì Relative
adverb nì n+<äTs¡T.
Examples :
1. I know how he got the prize.
n‘·&ÉT Ä ãVüQeT‹ì m˝≤ bı+<ë&√ Hê≈£î ‘Ó\TdüT.
2. The police found where the thief had kept the money.
Ä <=+>∑ &ÉãT“ì mø£ÿ&É <ë#ê&√ b˛©düT\T ø£ìô|fÒºXÊs¡T.
3. Mahesh told me when you had met him.
eTùV≤wt ‘·qqT ˙e⁄ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ø£*XÊy√ #ÓbÕŒ&ÉT.
4. I shall tell you why I called you.
H˚qT ìqTï m+<äT≈£î |æ*#êH√ ˙≈£î #ÓbÕÔqT.
5. Know how they went there.
yês¡T nø£ÿ&çøÏ m˝≤ yÓfi≤¢s√ ‘Ó\TdüTø√.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'how' nH˚~ ¬s+&ÉT clause \qT ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ, |üì
»]–q rs¡Tì ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç+~. n<˚$<Ûä+>± ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'where' nH˚~ Á|ü<˚XÊìï dü÷∫+#·&ÜìøÏ,
¬s+&ÉT clause \qT ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç+~. eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'when' nH˚~ düeTj·÷ìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ,
¬s+&ÉT clause \qT ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç+~. Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'why' nH˚~ |üìjÓTTø£ÿ ø±s¡D≤ìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ eT]j·TT
¬s+&ÉT clause \qT ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç+~. ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'how' nH˚~ |üìjÓTTø£ÿ rs¡Tì ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ eT]j·TT
¬s+&ÉT yêø±´*ï ø£\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç+~. n+<äTe\q á á yêø±´\˝À á á words ì 'Relative adverbs' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Adverb >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉT‘·÷ ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´\qT ø£*ù| 'when', 'why, where' eT]j·TT 'how' e+{Ï
words H˚ 'Relative Adverbs' >± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Q
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13. Preposition ($uÛÑøÏÔ Á|ü‘·´j·TeTT)
ìs¡«#·q+ : ¬s+&ÉT |ü<ë\≈£î eT<Ûä´>∑\ dü+ã+<Ûëìï ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·÷ Ä ¬s+&ÉT |ü<ë\q÷ ø£*ù|<ëìì 'Preposition' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The word which states the relation between two words and joins them is called a
'Preposition'.
$es¡D : 'Preposition' nH˚~ yêø£´+˝À Noun øÏ >±˙ ˝Ò<ë Pronoun øÏ >±˙ eTT+<äT ñ+#·ã&ÉT‘·T+~. Ç~ Ä
Noun ˝Ò<ë Ä Pronoun ‘√ y˚s=ø£ |ü<ëìøÏ >∑\ dü+ã+<Ûëìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~.
Examples :
1. She kept the book on the table.

ÄyÓT Ä |ü⁄düÔø±ìï ã\¢ MT<ä ñ+∫+~.
á yêø±´ìï >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ Bì˝À 'on' nH˚ word Ä ã\¢≈£î, Ä |ü⁄düÔø±ìøÏ >∑\ dü+ã+<Ûëìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~.
nq>± Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ Ä ã\¢ MT<ä ñ+<äì 'on' ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. n+<äTe\q á word ì 'Preposition' nì n+{≤s¡T.
2. The cow was tied under the tree.
Ä Äe⁄ì Ä #Ó≥Tº ÁøÏ+<ä ø£{≤ºs¡T.
3. The girl went into the darkroom.
Ä u≤*ø£ Ä Nø£{Ï>∑~˝ÀìøÏ yÓ[¢+~.
4. Kumari comes to college by bus.
≈£îe÷] ø±˝ÒõøÏ ãdüT‡ MT<ä edüTÔ+~.
5. Arjun is playing in the ground.
ns¡T®Hé Ä Ä≥düú\+˝À Ä&ÉT‘·THêï&ÉT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ á Hê*Z+{Ï˝Àq÷ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À 'under' nH˚~ Äe⁄øÏ, #Ó≥TºøÏ
eT<Ûä´qTqï dü+ã+<Ûëìï, ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'into' nH˚~ Ä u≤*ø£≈£î, Nø£{Ï>∑~øÏ eT<Ûä´qTqï dü+ã+<Ûëìï, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À
'by' nH˚~ 'bus' øÏ, ≈£îe÷]øÏ eT<Ûä´>∑\ dü+ã+<Ûëìï eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'in' nH˚~ ns¡T®HéøÏ eT]j·TT Á>ö+&éøÏ
eT<Ûä´qTqï dü+ã+<Ûëìï ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·THêïsTT. nq>± á |ü<ë\˙ï Äj·÷yêø±´\˝À Äj·÷ Noun \≈£î y˚s=ø£ Noun \‘√ >∑\
dü+ã+<Ûëìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á words nìï+{Ï˙ 'Prepositions' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Preposition' nH˚~ kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± yêø£´+˝À Noun øÏ eTT+<äT ñ+#·ã&ÉT‘·T+~. ø±˙ ø=ìï ns¡T<Ó’q
yêø±´\˝À 'Preposition' ì yêø±´ìøÏ ∫e]uÛ≤>∑+˝À ≈£L&Ü ñ+#·e#·TÃ.
KINDS OF PREPOSITION (Preposition ˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
Preposition ì '3' s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Simple preposition (kÕ<Ûës¡D $uÛÑøÏÔ)
2. Compound preposition ($TÁX¯eT $uÛÑøÏÔ)
3. Phrase preposition (|ü<ädüeTT<ëj·T $uÛÑøÏÔ)
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1. Simple preposition :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Ç+^¢wüß uÛ≤wü˝Àì eT÷\|ü<ë˝…’q prepositions ì 'Simple prepositions' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The root prepositions in English language are known as 'Simple prepositions'.
$es¡D : y˚s=ø£ @ word MT<ä ≈£L&Ü Ä<Ûës¡|ü&É≈£î+&Ü dü«‘·+Á‘·+>± preposition >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ simple
words H˚ 'Simple prepositions' nì n+<äTs¡T.
Examples :
1. The tourist came from China.
Ä j·÷Á‹≈£î&ÉT #Ó’Hê qT+∫ e#êÃ&ÉT.
2. I have to meet Ravi at 5.00 p.m.
H˚qT s¡$ì kÕj·T+Á‘·+ ◊~+{ÏøÏ ø£\TdüTø√e\dæj·TTqï~.
3. The oldman beat the boy with his stick.
Ä eTTdü*eTìwæ Ä u≤\Tìï n‘·ì ø£Ás¡‘√ ø={≤º&ÉT.
4. This book is of Ravi.
á |ü⁄düÔø£+ s¡$~.
5. I will wait here till evening.
H˚qT kÕj·T+Á‘·+ es¡≈£L Çø£ÿ&É y˚∫ ñ+{≤qT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ M{Ï˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq from, at, with, of eT]j·TT till nH˚ words
n˙ï ≈£L&Ü prepositions >±H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&Ü¶sTT. eT]j·TT Çy˚M ≈£L&Ü @ Ç‘·s¡ word MT<ä Ä<Ûës¡|ü&Éq+<äTq
M{Ïì 'Simple prepositions' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Simple words ≈£î #Ó+~q words prepositions >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq jÓT&É\ Ä words ì simple
prepositions nì n+<äTs¡T.
2. Compound preposition :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Simple preposition ≈£î ø=ìï nø£åsê\ #˚]ø£‘√ @s¡Œ&˚ prepositions H˚ 'Compound prepositions'
nì n+<äTs¡T.
Definition : The preposition formed by adding a few letters to a simple preposition is known as a
'Compound preposition'.
$es¡D : Simple prepositions ≈£î nø£så ê\qT #˚sÃ¡ &É+ e\q @s¡Œ&˚ |ü<ë\T, ø=ìï Compound words yÓTT<ä˝…’q$
prepositions >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä words H˚ 'Compound prepositions' nì n+<äTs¡T.
Examples :
1. She can complete the work within ten minutes.
ÄyÓT Ä |üìì |ü~ì$TcÕ\ ˝À|ü⁄q |üP]Ô#Ój·T´>∑\<äT.
2. The cat slept inside the box.
Ä |æ*¢ Ä ô|f…º ˝À|ü\ ìÁ<äb˛sTT+~.
3. The two boys shared the chacolates between themselves.
Ä Çs¡Te⁄s¡T u≤\Ts¡T Ä #ê¬ø¢≥¢qT yê] eT<Ûä´ yês¡T |ü+#·T≈£îHêïs¡T.
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Examples :
4. The lion jumped upon the horse.
Ä dæ+Vü≤+ Ä >∑TÁs¡+ MT~øÏ <ä÷øÏ+~.
5. The boys without English books should stand up.
Ç+^¢wüß |ü⁄düÔø±\T ˝Òì u≤\Ts¡T ô|’øÏ ˝Ò∫ ì\ã&É+&ç.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ á prepositions n˙ï ≈£L&Ü y˚s=ø£ simple prepositions ≈£î ø=ìï
nø£så ê\qT #˚sÃ¡ &É+ <ë«sê @s¡Œ&çqy˚. nq>± á derivative words n˙ï prepositions >± ñ|üj÷Ó >∑|&ü qç $. n+<äTe\q
á words ì 'Compound prepositions' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Compound words, Derivative words prepositions >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫qjÓT&É\ Ä words H˚
compound prepositions nì n+{≤s¡T. 'Be' nH˚ verb ≈£î nø£åsê\qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q @s¡Œ&˚ Beyond, between,
below e+{Ï prepositions ì ≈£L&Ü 'Compound prepositions' nì n+{≤s¡T. ø=ìï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À M{ÏH˚ 'simple
prepositions' >± ≈£L&Ü |ü]>∑DÏkÕÔs¡T.
3. Phrase preposition :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Phrase \T>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&˚ prepositions ì 'Phrase prepositions' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The prepositions which are used as phrases are knonw as 'Phrase prepositions'.
$es¡D : ø=ìï words ì ˇø£{Ï>± #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q @s¡Œ&çq |ü<ë\ düeTT<ëj·TeTT\T (phrases) prespositions >±
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq jÓT&É\ n{Ïº phrases H˚ 'Phrase prepositions' nì n+<äTs¡T.
Examples :
1. Today the bus was stopped in front of my house.
á s√E Ä ãdüT‡ e÷ Ç+{Ï eTT+<äs¡ Ä|üã&ç+~.
2. He could not run because of his injured leg.
ø±*øÏ <Óã“ ‘·–*q+<äTq n‘·&ÉT |ü]¬>‘·Ô˝Òø£b˛j·÷&ÉT.
3. According to Prakash, It is so great.
Á|üø±wt Á|üø±s¡+ Ç~ #ê˝≤ >=|üŒ~.
4. Contact us in case of deficiency of medicines.
eT+<äT\ ø=s¡‘· dü+uÛÑ$ùdÔ eTeTà*ï dü+Á|ü~+#·+&ç.
5. The cunning lawyer argued in favour of the criminal.
Ä ø£|ü≥Hê´j·Tyê~ Ä H˚s¡düTÔìøÏ nqT≈£L\+>± yê~+#ê&ÉT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ nìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ ¬s+&˚dæ |ü<ë\‘√ ˝Ò<ë eT÷&˚dæ |ü<ë\‘√ @s¡Œ&çq phrase
\qT prepositions >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~. n+<äTe\q á prepositions ì 'phrase prepositions' nì n+<äTs¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : nH˚ø£ Parts of speech ≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q words jÓTTø£ÿ ø£\sTTø£ <ë«sê ≈£L&Ü 'Phrase prepositions'
@s¡Œ&Ée#·TÃ. n+<äTe\q á phrases qT ø=ìï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À Ç‘·s¡ parts of speech >± ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·T‘ês¡T.
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USAGE OF PREPOSITIONS (Preposition \ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+)
1. Simple prepositions :
1. About (>∑T]+∫) :
1. He said the secret about her.
n‘·&ÉT ÄyÓT >∑T]+∫ s¡Vü≤kÕ´ìï #ÓbÕŒ&ÉT.
2. Suman is writing about the Independence Day.
düTeTHé kÕ«‘·+Á‘·´ ~H√‘·‡e+ >∑T]+∫ ÁyêdüTÔHêï&ÉT.
3. What are you saying about ?
˙e⁄ <˚ìï >∑T]+∫ #ÓãT‘·THêïe⁄ ?
4. She came here about 5 p.m.
ÄyÓT Çø£ÿ&çøÏ düTe÷s¡T 5 >∑+≥\ düeTj·T+˝À e∫Ã+~.
5. Now the time is about 8 a.m.
Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT düeTj·T+ düTe÷s¡T 8 nsTT´+~.
>∑eTìø£ : ª>∑T]+∫μ nH˚ ns¡ú+ e#˚Ã dü+<äs¡“¤+˝ÀH˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü 'About' qT düeTj·÷ìï ì]›wüº+>± ø±≈£î+&Ü düTe÷s¡T>±
‘Ó*ù| dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
2. Above (Ä ô|’q) :
1. The boy is above 50 kgs.
Ä u≤\T&ÉT 50 πøJ\ ô|’q ãs¡Te⁄ ñHêï&ÉT.
2. Vanaja got above 90 marks in the exam.
eq» Ä |üØø£å˝À 90 ô|’q e÷s¡Tÿ\qT bı+~+~.
3. Now the rainfall is above 120 cms.
Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT es¡¸bÕ‘·+ 120 ôd+.MT. ô|’q ñ+~.
4. The House of Rakesh is above that of us.
sêπøwt jÓTTø£ÿ Ç\T¢ m‘·TÔ˝À e÷ <ëìø£+fÒ ô|’q ñ+~.
5. The robbers are above twenty in number.
Ä <√|æ&û<ës¡T\T dü+U´˝À Çs¡yÓ’ø£+fÒ ô|’q ñHêïs¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Above' qT |ü]e÷D+˝Àq÷, dü+K´˝Àq÷ uÛÖ‹ø£+>±q÷ eT]j·TT }Vü‰‘·àø£+>±q÷ ≈£L&Ü ªÄô|’qμ nH˚
ns¡ú+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
3. Across (n&É¶+>± ne‘·*yÓ’|ü⁄q≈£î) :
1. We can go across the river by this boat.
eTq+ á |ü&Ée MT<ä q~ ÄyÓ’|ü⁄q≈£î yÓfi¯¢>∑\eTT.
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2. The rainbow formed across the sky.
Ä Ç+Á<ä<ÛäqTdüT‡ Äø±XÊìøÏ n&É¶+>± @s¡Œ&ç+~.
3. The thief ran across the road.
Ä <=+>∑ Ä s¡Vü≤<ë]øÏ ne‘·*yÓ’|ü⁄q≈£î bÕ]b˛j·÷&ÉT.
4. They built a hut across the way.
yês¡T Ä >∑T&çôdì Ä <ë]øÏ ne‘·*yÓ’|ü⁄q ì]à+#ês¡T.
5. The dog jumped across the canal.
Ä ≈£îø£ÿ Ä ø±\Te≈£î ne‘·*øÏ <ä÷øÏ+~.
>∑eTìø£ : Á|ü<˚X¯+˝À ne‘·*yÓ’|ü⁄q nì dü÷∫+#˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷, ø£<ä*ø£˝À Ç≥TyÓ’|ü⁄ qT+∫ n≥TyÓ’|ü⁄q≈£î nì
dü÷∫+#˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷ eT]j·TT n&É¶+>± nq>± á yÓ’|ü⁄ qT+∫ Ä yÓ’|ü⁄ es¡≈£L yê´|æ+∫q≥T¢ #Óù|Œ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷ á
'Across' nH˚ 'Preposition' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
4. After (‘·s¡Tyê‘·) :
1. Reshma came after 10 o' clock.
πswüà 10 >∑+≥\ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· e∫Ã+~.
2. I will come back after Pongal.
H˚qT dü+Áø±+‹ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· yÓqøÏÿ ekÕÔqT.
3. Our mother asked after your mother.
e÷ neTà>±s¡T MT neTà>±] πøåeTdüe÷#êsê\T n&ç>±s¡T.
4. This song is after that one.
á bÕ≥ <ëì e˝…H˚ ñ+≥T+~.
5. You are now after the job.
˙e⁄ Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä ñ<√´>∑+ ø=s¡≈£î Á|üj·T‹ïdüTÔHêïe⁄.
>∑eTìø£ : ª‘·s¡Tyê‘·μ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷, πøåeTdüe÷#ês¡+ ø=s¡≈£î ‘Ó\TdüTø=H˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷, b˛*ø£qT ‘Ó*ù|
dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷ eT]j·TT @<Ó’Hê bı+<äT≥≈£î #˚ùd Á|üj·T‘·ï+ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*ù| dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷ 'After' qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
5. Against (e´‹πsø£+>±) :
1. Don't go against law.
Hê´j·÷ìøÏ e´‹πsø£+>± yÓfi¯fle<äT›.
2. She was forced against her desire.
ÄyÓT ÄyÓT ø√]ø£≈£î e´‹πsø£+>± ã\e+‘·ô|≥ºã&ç+~.
3. He got 70% of marks in this exam against 80% in last exam.
n‘·&ÉT b˛sTTq |üØø£å˝À 80 XÊ‘·+ e÷s¡Tÿ\T bı+<ä>± Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT 70 XÊ‘·+ bı+<ë&ÉT.
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4. My tear drop beat against her face.
Hê ø£˙ï{Ïu§≥Tº ÄyÓT eTTK+ MT<ä |ü&ç+~.
5. The mirror was kept against the wall.
Ä n<ä›+ >√&ÉøÏ Äì+∫ ñ+#·ã&ç+~.
>∑eTìø£ : e´‹πsø£+>±, $s¡T<äΔ+>± nqT dü+<äsê“¤\˝À, >∑T<äT›ø√e&É+, ÄqTø√e&É+ e+{Ï phrasal verbs \˝Àq÷ á
'against' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
6. Along (<ë«sê) :
1. The soldiers marched along the road.
Ä ôd’ì≈£î\T Ä <ë] <ë«sê ø£yê<äT #˚XÊs¡T.
2. The police ran along the thief.
Ä b˛©düT Ä <=+>∑ yÓ+ã&ç |ü]¬>‘êÔ&ÉT.
3. The vehicles went along the bridge.
Ä yêVü≤Hê\T Ä Á_&ç® yÓ+ã&ç yÓfi≤¢sTT.
4. The police dog moved along the foot prints.
Ä b˛©düT ≈£îø£ÿ Ä bÕ<äeTTÁ<ä\ yÓ+ã&ç q&ç∫+~.
5. The boats are going along the river.
Ä Hêe\T Ä q~ yÓ+ã&ç yÓfi¯óÔHêïsTT.
>∑eTìø£ : ª<ë] yÓ+ã&ç, <ë«sê, e÷s¡+Z >∑T+&Üμ e+{Ï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À á 'Along' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ .
7. Among (eT<Ûä´q) :
1. The foolish people fought among themselves.
Ä eT÷s¡â Á|ü»\T yê] eT<Ûä´q yês¡T b˛{≤¢&ÉT≈£îHêïs¡T.
2. The three children are playing among themselves.
Ä eTT>∑TZs¡T |æ\¢\T yê] eT<Ûä´q yês¡T Ä&ÉT≈£î+≥THêïs¡T.
3. The students discussed the matter among themselves.
Ä $<ë´s¡Tú\T Ä $wüj·÷ìï yê] eT<Ûä´q yês¡T #·]Ã+#·T≈£îHêïs¡T.
4. The four men distributed the sweets among themselves.
Ä q\T>∑Ts¡T eTqTwüß\T Ä d”«≥¢qT yê] eT<Ûä´q yês¡T |ü+#·T≈£îHêïs¡T.
5. She stood among the boys.
ÄyÓT Ä u≤\T] eT<Ûä´q ì\ã&ç+~.
>∑eTìø£ : Ç<ä›]ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿeeT+~ eT<Ûä´q nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À á 'Among' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
ªÇ<ä›] eT<Ûä´qμ nH˚ $wüj·T+˝À Bìì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·sê<äT.
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8. Around (#·T≥÷º) :
1. We all sat around the round table.
y˚TeTT n+<äs¡+ á >∑T+Á&Éì ã\¢ #·T≥÷º ≈£Ls¡TÃHêïeTT.
2. The earth moves around the sun.
uÛÑ÷$T dü÷s¡T´ì #·T≥÷º ‹s¡T>∑T‘·T+~.
3. The moon moves around the earth.
#·+Á<äT&ÉT uÛÑ÷$T #·T≥÷º ‹s¡T>∑TqT.
4. The players are running around the ground.
Ä Ä≥>±fi¯ófl Ä≥düú\+ #·T≥÷º |ü]¬>‘·TÔ‘·THêïs¡T.
5. Kavitha is riding her car around her house.
ø£$‘· ÄyÓT ø±s¡Tì ‘·q Ç\T¢ #·T≥÷º q&ÉT|ü⁄‘·T+~.
>∑eTìø£ : #·T≥÷º, >∑T+Á&É+>±, #·T≥÷º‘ê e+{Ï dü+<äsê“¤˝˝À 'Around' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
9. At (e<ä)› :
1. I will come at 2 o' clock.
H˚qT ¬s+&ç+{ÏøÏ ekÕÔqT.
2. We are at the office.
y˚TeTT Ä|ò”düT˝À ñHêïeTT.
3. She stopped at Rjy enroute from Vizag to Hyd.
ÄyÓT yÓ’C≤>¥ qT+∫ ôV’≤<äsêu≤<éøÏ yÓfi¯SÔ sê»eT+Á&ç˝À Ä–+~.
4. At night we can enjoy peaceful atmosphere.
sêÁ‹ düeTj·T+˝À eTq+ Á|üXÊ+‘· yê‘êes¡D≤ìï nqTuÛÑ$+#·>∑\eTT.
5. He was married at 25.
n‘·&ÉT 25øÏ ô|[fl#˚j·Tã&Ü¶&ÉT.
>∑eTìø£ : 'At' nH˚ preposition qT ∫qï Á|ü<X˚ Ê\eTT+<äT ª˝Àμ nH˚ dü+<äs“¡ +¤ ˝À düeTj·÷ìï K∫Ã‘·+>± dü÷∫+#·&ÜìøÏ,
Á|üj·÷D+˝À eT<Ûä´˝À ˇø£ Á|ü<˚XÊìï dü÷∫+#·&É+ ø√dü+, ˇø£ ì]›wüº ej·TdüT‡øÏ ˇø£ |üì »]–+<äì ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ eT]j·TT
edüTÔe⁄\ <Ûäs¡qT, y˚>±ìï Á|üe÷D≤\˝À #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
10. Atleast (ø£˙dü+) :
1. Please give me at least a hundred rupees.
<äj·T#˚dæ Hê≈£î ø£˙dü+ e+<äs¡÷bÕj·T\T Çe⁄«.
2. I want at least half an hour to complete the work.
Hê≈£î Ä |üì |üP]Ô#˚j·T&ÜìøÏ ø£˙dü+ ns¡>∑+≥ ø±yê*.
3. He will come with you at least upto the railway station.
n‘·&ÉT ˙‘√ ø£˙dü+ ¬s’˝Ò«ùdºwüHé es¡¬ø’Hê ekÕÔ&ÉT.
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4. They may present you at least two prizes.
yês¡T ˙≈£î ø£˙dü+ ¬s+&ÉT ãVüQeT‘·T˝…’Hê Çe«e#·TÃ.
5. Sudha will give you at least a bike as gift.
düT<Ûä ˙≈£î ãVüQeT‹>± ø£˙dü+ u…’ø˘HÓ’Hê Çk˛Ô+~.
>∑eTìø£ : ªø£˙dü+, ø£˙dü+ Ä ˇø£ÿf…ÆHêμ nH˚≥≥Te+{Ï yÓTT<ä˝…’q 'at least' nH˚ preposition' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
11. By (#˚‘·) :
1. The debt was cleared by his friend.
Ä n|ü⁄Œ n‘·ì ùdïVæ≤‘·Tì #˚‘· rs¡Ãã&ç+~.
2. My house is by the LIC office.
Hê Ç\T¢ LIC Ä|ò”düT <ä>∑Zs¡ ñ+~.
3. We came here by car.
y˚TeTT Çø£ÿ&çøÏ ø±s¡T MT<ä e#êÃeTT.
4. You have to repay this amount by 15th of this month.
˙e⁄ á &ÉãT“ì á HÓ\ 15 ø£˝≤¢ ‹]– #Ó*¢+#ê*.
5. She is a genius by birth.
ÄyÓT |ü⁄≥Tºø£‘√H˚ y˚T<Ûë$.
>∑eTìø£ : 'By' nH˚ preposition ì ª#˚‘·μ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷, <ä>∑Zs¡˝À, e<ä›q, düMT|ü+˝À nH˚ dü+<äsê“¤\˝Àq÷,
yêVü≤Hê\ MT<ä nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷, |ü˝≤Hê düeTj·÷ìøÏ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷, düeTj·÷\qT >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ nq>±
»qà‘·', $yêVü≤‘·' e+{Ï$ eT]j·TT ø=ìï Á|üe÷D≤\≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
12. For (ø=s¡≈£î) :
1. It is a small gift for you.
á ∫s¡T ãVüQeT‹ ˙ ø=s¡≈£î.
2. Let us leave for work.
eTq+ |üìøÏ yÓ[¢b˛<ë+.
3. She is a teacher for degree.
ÄyÓT &çÁ^øÏ ñbÕ<Ûë´sTTì.
4. He has been waiting here for one hour.
ˇø£ >∑+≥ qT+∫ n‘·&ÉT Çø£ÿ&É y˚∫ ñHêï&ÉT.
5. We bought the car for 5 lakhs.
y˚TeTT á ø±s¡T 5 \ø£å\øÏ ø=HêïeTT.
>∑eTìø£ : 'For' qT ø=s¡≈î£ , ø√dü+ e+{Ï nsêúìï#˚Ã dü+<äsê“¤\˝À, Á|ü<X˚ +¯ $wüjT· +˝À ªøÏμ nH˚ dü+<äs“¡ +¤ ˝À, ø±\eé~Ûì
‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ, <ä÷sêìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ, <Ûäs¡qT ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ yÓTT<ä˝…’q dü+<äsê“¤\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
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13. From (qT+∫) :
1. We came from Chennai.
y˚TeTT #ÓHÓÌï qT+∫ e#êÃeTT.
2. He took leave from 25th to 28th of this month.
n‘·&ÉT á HÓ\ 25 qT+∫ 28 es¡≈£î ôd\e⁄ rdüT≈£îHêï&ÉT.
3. They bought and brought the books from the shop.
yês¡T Ä |ü⁄düÔø±\ì Ä <äTø±D+ qT+∫ ø=ì ‘Ó#êÃs¡T.
4. She is suffering from headache.
ÄyÓT ‘·\H=|æŒ e\q u≤<Ûä|ü&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+~.
5. The medicine is made from tamarind leaves.
Ä Wwü<Ûä+ ∫+‘·Ä≈£î\ qT+&ç ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚j·Tã&ÉTqT.
>∑eTìø£ : ªqT+&ç, qT+∫μ e+{Ï dü+<äsê“¤\˝Àq÷, ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ düeTj·T+qT ‘Ó*ù| dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷, @<Ó’Hê yê´~Û‘√
u≤<Ûä|ü&ÉT‘·Tqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ªe\qμ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷ 'From' qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
14. In (˝À) :
1. They live in Mumbai.
yês¡T eTT+u≤sTT˝À ìedækÕÔs¡T.
2. Andhra Pradesh is a state in India.
Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì ˇø£ sêheTT.
3. Today she is in beautiful dress.
á s√E ÄyÓT n+<äyÓTÆq <äTdüTÔ\T <Ûä]+∫+~.
4. Let us meet in May.
eTq+ y˚T˝À ø£\T<ë›+.
5. We will go to the park in the evening.
y˚TeTT á kÕj·T+Á‘·+ bÕs¡TÿøÏ yÓfi≤ÔeTT.
>∑eTìø£ : ô|<ä› Á|ü<˚XÊ\ eTT+<äT ª˝Àμ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷, ˇø£ ÁbÕ+‘·+ eTs=ø£ ô|<ä› ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À ñ+<äì #Óù|Œ
dü+<äs“¡ +¤ ˝Àq÷, ª|ü˝≤Hê <äTdüT\Ô ˝Àμ nì #Óù|Œ dü+<äs“¡ +¤ ˝Àq÷, ù|<ä]ø£+, nHês√>∑´+ e+{Ï dæ‘ú T· \˝À nì #Óù|Œ dü+<äs“¡ +¤ ˝Àq÷,
dü+e‘·‡sê\ eTT+<äT ª˝Àμ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷, HÓ\\eTT+<äT, düeTj·÷\ eTT+<äT ª˝Àμ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤eTT\˝Àq÷ á 'in'
nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
15. Of (jÓTTø£ÿ) :
1. The leg of the cow was injured.
Ä Äe⁄ jÓTTø£ÿ ø±\T >±j·T|ü&ç+~.
2. He is a brother of my friend.
n‘·&ÉT Hê ùdïVæ≤‘·Tì jÓTTø£ÿ k˛<äs¡T&ÉT.
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3. The old man died of cancer.
Ä eTTdü*e´øÏÔ ø±´q‡sY e\q eTs¡DÏ+#ê&ÉT.
4. Boquet is a bunch of flowers.
u§πø nH˚~ ˇø£ |üP\ jÓTTø£ÿ >∑T‹Ô.
5. This item is made of glass.
á edüTÔe⁄ >±E‘√ ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚j·Tã&ç+~.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Of' qT ªjÓTTø£ÿμ nH˚ ns¡ú+ e#˚Ã dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷, @<Ó’Hê yê´~Û‘√ eTs¡DÏ+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT ø±s¡D≤ìï ‘Ó*ù|
dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷, ej·TdüT‡qT ‘Ó*ù| dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷ edüTÔ‘·j·÷Ø˝À yê&çq |ü<ësêúìï ‘Ó*ù| dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷, collective
noun ‘√q÷, ø±˝≤ìï >∑T]+∫ nq>± HÓ\jÓTTø£ÿ s√E\qT >∑T]+∫, dü+e‘·‡s¡+ jÓTTø£ÿ HÓ\\qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*ù| dü+<äs“¡ +
¤ ˝Àq÷,
e´≈£îÔ\ Á|ü‘˚´ø£‘·qT ‘Ó*ù| dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
16. Off (qT+&ç / ô|’ qT+&ç) :
1. She fell off the bus.
ÄyÓT ãdüT‡ ô|’ qT+∫ |ü&çb˛sTT+~.
2. Take your books off my bag.
Hê dü+∫ ô|’ qT+∫ ˙ |ü⁄düÔø±\T ‹sTT´.
3. Put the pen in your pocket off the bench.
á ô|qTïì u…+∫ ô|’ qT+∫ rdæ ˙ CÒãT˝À ô|≥Tºø√.
4. My college is off the R.T.C complex.
e÷ ø£fi≤XÊ\ R.T.C ø±+ô|¢ø˘‡øÏ <ä÷s¡+˝À ñ+~.
5. He went off his village.
n‘·&ÉT ‘·q }] qT+∫ <ä÷s¡+>± yÓ[¢b˛j·÷&ÉT.
>∑eTìø£ : ˇø£#√≥T qT+∫ b˛e&É+, <ä÷s¡+>± ñ+&É&É+ e+{Ï dü+<äsê“¤\˝Àq÷ eT]j·TT ˇø£ ñ|ü]‘·\+ qT+∫
|ü&bç ˛e&É+, sê*b˛e&É+, $&çb˛e&É+, C≤]b˛e&É+ e+{Ï dü+<äsê“¤˝˝Àq÷ á 'off' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ .
17. On (MT<ä) :
1. The pen is on the paper.
Ä ô|qTï ù||üs¡T MT<ä ñ+~.
2. We can see the theatre on the right.
eTq+ ~∏j˚T≥sYì ≈£î&çyÓ’|ü⁄q #·÷&Ée#·TÃ.
3. I am on the way to Bengaluru.
H˚qT u…+>∑fi¯Ss¡TøÏ e÷s¡Z+˝À ñHêïqT.
4. Our house is on the bank of the river.
eTq Ç\T¢ q~ jÓTTø£ÿ rs¡+˝À ñ+~.
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5. Let us meet on 25th of next month.
eTq+ e#˚Ã HÓ\ 25q ø£\T<ë›+.
>∑eTìø£ : ªMT<ä, ô|’qμ nH˚ dü+<äsê“¤\˝Àq÷, ‘˚Bì ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ, e÷s¡Z+˝À ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓTT<ä˝…’q dü+<äsê“¤\˝À 'on'
nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
18. Over (MT<äT>±) :
1. The helicopter travelled over my house.
Ä ôV≤*ø±|üºs¡T e÷ Ç+{Ï MT<äT>± Á|üj·÷DÏ+∫+~.
2. The bullet passed over his head.
Ä ‘·÷{≤ n‘·ì ‘·\ MT<äT>± yÓ[¢+~.
3. The lizard is over your head.
Ä ã*¢ ˙ ‘·\ MT<äq ñ+~.
4. The rainbow formed over the village.
Ä Ç+Á<ä<ÛäqTdüT‡ Á>±e÷ìøÏ MT<äT>± @s¡Œ&ç+~.
5. The bridge was built over the river.
Ä yês¡~Û q~ MT<äT>± ì]à+#·ã&ç+~.
>∑eTìø£ : ªMT<äT>±μ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷ eT]j·TT ªdü]>±Z Äô|’qμ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷ á 'Over' nH˚ preposition ì
19. Since (qT+&ç) :
1. She has been watching TV since 2 o' clock.
ÄyÓT ¬s+&ç+{Ï qT+∫ {Ï.$ #·÷dü÷Ô ñ+~.
2. We have been in London since January.
»qe] qT+∫ y˚TeTT \+&ÉHé˝À ñHêïeTT.
3. They had been there since 1995.
yês¡T 1995 qT+∫ nø£ÿ&É ñ+&˚yês¡T.
4. You have been drinking since yesterday.
˙e⁄ ìqï{Ï qT+∫ Á‘ê>∑T‘·÷ ñHêïe⁄.
5. The children have been in the playground since morning.
Ä |æ\¢\T ñ<äj·T+ qT+∫ Ä≥düú\+˝ÀH˚ ñHêïs¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : ªqT+&ç, qT+∫μ nH˚ dü+<äsê“¤\˝À 'since' nH˚<ëìì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. K∫Ã‘·yÓTÆq düeTj·÷ìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ
e÷Á‘·y˚T á 'since' nH˚ preposition ì yê&É‘ês¡T.
20. Till (n+‘·es¡≈£L) :
1. She had waited there till 4 o' clock.
ÄyÓT nø£ÿ&É Hê*Z+{Ï es¡≈£L y˚∫ ñ+~.
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2. We will stay here till Tuesday.
y˚TeTT Çø£ÿ&É eT+>∑fi¯yês¡+ es¡≈£L >∑&ÉT|ü⁄‘êeTT.
3. Don't go till evening.
kÕj·T+Á‘·+ es¡≈£L yÓfi¯¢e<äT›.
4. He will work till tomorrow.
n‘·&ÉT πs|ü{Ï es¡≈£L |üì#˚kÕÔ&ÉT.
5. They had to work till yesterday.
yês¡T ìqï{Ï es¡≈£L |üì#Ój·÷´*‡ e∫Ã+~.
>∑eTìø£ : ªn+‘·es¡≈£Lμ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À 'till' qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Bìì düeTj·÷ìï >∑T]+∫ dü÷∫+#·&ÜìøÏ e÷Á‘·y˚T
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Á|ü<˚XÊìï >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'till' qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·≈£L&É<äT.
21. Until (n+‘·es¡≈£L) :
1. I can wait until my friend comes.
Hê ùdïVæ≤‘·T&ÉT e#˚Ã+‘·es¡≈£L H˚qT y˚∫ ñ+&É>∑\qT.
2. They had stayed in London until I met them.
H˚qT yê]ì ø£*ùd+‘· es¡≈£L yês¡T \+&ÉHé˝À ñHêïs¡T.
3. Don't come until I call you.
H˚qT ìqTï |æ*#˚ es¡≈£L sêe<äT›.
4. You should not go until order is given.
Ä»„ Çe«u&˚+‘· es¡≈£L ˙e⁄ yÓfi¯¢≈£L&É<äT.
5. Please take care of it until I come.
H˚qT e#˚Ã+‘· es¡≈£L <äj·T#˚dæ Bì |ü≥¢ C≤Á>∑‘·Ô rdüTø√.
>∑eTìø£ : ªn+‘·es¡≈£Lμ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À 'until' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. 'Till' e˝…H˚ Bìì ≈£L&Ü
düeTj·÷ìï dü÷∫+#·&Üìπø ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ø±ì 'till' qT düeTj·÷ìï dü÷∫+#˚ |ü<ë\ eTT+<äT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·>± 'Until' qT
düeTj·÷ìï dü÷∫+#˚ clause \ eTT+<äT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
22. With (‘√) :
1. He drew it with pen.
n‘·&ÉT Bìì ô|qTï‘√ ^XÊ&ÉT.
2. Rajiv is a man with good manners.
sêJyé eT+∫ n\yê≥T¢ >∑\ eTìwæ.
3. That item was prepared with chicken.
Ä |ü<ës¡ú+ ∫¬øHé‘√ ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚j·Tã&ç+~.
4. The mother is bearing it with patience.
Ä ‘·*¢ <ëìï düVü≤q+‘√ uÛÑ]dü÷Ô ñ+~.
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5. I agree with you.
H˚qT ˙‘√ n+^ø£]düTÔHêïqT.
>∑eTìø£ : ª‘√μ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷, n\yê≥¢qT >∑T]+∫, \ø£åD≤\qT >∑T]+∫ #Óù|Œ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷, n+^ø±s¡eTTqT
‘Ó*ù| dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷ á 'with' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
6 23. Through (>∑T+&Ü) :
F 1. The snake escaped through the hole.
Ä bÕeTT s¡+Á<Ûä+ >∑T+&Ü ‘·|æŒ+#·T≈£îb˛sTT+~.
2. The gas was released through the pipe.
Ä >=≥º+ >∑T+&Ü yêj·TTe⁄ $&ÉT<ä\#˚j·Tã&ç+~.
3. Don't travel through the way.
Ä <ë] >∑T+&Ü Á|üj·÷DÏ+#·e<äT›.
4. He is trying to enter the room through the small open.
n‘·&ÉT Ä ∫qï <ë«s¡+ >∑T+&Ü Ä >∑~˝ÀìøÏ Á|üy˚•+#·T≥≈£î Á|üj·T‹ïdüTÔHêï&ÉT.
5. The thieves ran away through the back door.
Ä <=+>∑\T yÓqTø£<ë«s¡+ >∑T+&Ü bÕ]b˛j·÷s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : ª>∑T+&Üμ nH˚ ns¡+ú e∫Ãq dü+<äs“¡ +¤ ˝À á 'through' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ . Ç~ #·\qeTTqT
dü÷∫düT+Ô ~.
24. To (≈£î) :
1. She went to Delhi.
ÄyÓT &Ûç©¢øÏ yÓ[¢+~.
2. He goes to school daily.
n‘·&ÉT Á|ü‹s√p ã&çøÏ yÓfi≤Ô&ÉT.
3. She came here to buy vegetables.
ÄyÓT Çø£ÿ&çøÏ ≈£Ls¡>±j·T\T ø=q&ÜìøÏ e∫Ã+~.
4. I prefer milk to tea.
H˚qT {° ø£+fÒ bÕ\øÏ ÁbÕ<Ûëq´‘·ìkÕÔqT.
5. We want to play now.
y˚TeTT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä&Ü\ì nqT≈£î+≥THêïeTT.
>∑eTìø£ : ªøÏ, ª≈£îμ es¡≈£îμ nH˚ dü+<äsê“¤\˝À 'to' nH˚ 'preposition' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Ç~ 'infinitive verb' ˝À
m≈£îÿe>± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉT‘·T+~.
25. As (e˝Ò) : (Simple Preposition)
1. He behaves as a soldier.
n‘·&ÉT ôd’ì≈£î&ç e˝Ò Á|üe]ÔkÕÔ&ÉT.
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2. We acted as friends in the play.
Ä Hê≥ø£+˝À y˚TeTT ùdïVæ≤‘·T\ e˝Ò q{Ï+#êeTT.
3. They pretended as police.
yês¡T b˛©düT\ e˝Ò q{Ï+#ês¡T.
4. You are working as a gate keeper.
˙e⁄ <ë«s¡bÕ\≈£îì>± |üì#˚düTÔHêïe⁄.
5. The catterpillar changed as a butterfly.
Ä >=+>∑[|ü⁄s¡T>∑T d”‘êø√ø£∫\Tø£>± e÷]+~.
>∑eTìø£ : ªe˝Ò eT]j·TT ª>±μ nH˚ nsêúìï#˚Ã dü+<äsê“¤\˝À 'as' nH˚ á preposition qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Ç~
b˛*ø£qT >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉTqT.
2. Compound prepositions :
1. Between (eT<Ûä´q) :
1. The two brothers fought between themselves.
Ä Ç<ä›s¡T k˛<äs¡T\T yê] eT<Ûä´q yês¡T b˛{≤¢&ÉT≈£îHêïs¡T.
2. Rakesh and Ramesh shared the money between themselves.
sêπøwt eT]j·TT s¡y˚Twt\T Ä &ÉãT“ì yê] eT<Ûä´q yês¡T |ü+#·T≈£îHêïs¡T.
3. A dispute was formed between the two friends.
Ä Ç<ä›s¡T ùdïVæ≤‘·T\ eT<Ûä´q ˇø£ $yê<ä+ @s¡Œ&ç+~.
4. There is natural enmity between the cat and the rat.
|æ*¢ eT]j·TT m\Tø£\ eT<Ûä´q kÕ<Ûës¡DyÓTÆq X¯‘·è‘·«+ ñ+≥T+~.
5. Don't enter into the quarrel between the couple.
Ä <ä+|ü‘·T\ eT<Ûä´q >=&Ée˝ÀìøÏ Á|üy˚•+#·e<äT›.
>∑eTìø£ : ª¬s+&ç{Ï eT<Ûä´q eT]j·TT Ç<ä›] eT<Ûä´qμ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À 'Between' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ .
'Among' nqTq~ Ç<ä›] ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿeeT+~ì dü÷∫+#·>± 'Between' nqTq~ Ç<ä›]ì dü÷∫düTÔ+~.
2. Before (eTT+<äT) :
1. Show your talent before me.
˙ Á|ü‹uÛÑì Hê eTT+<äT #·÷|æ+#·T.
2. Sita stood before Gita.
d”‘· ^‘· eTT+<äT ì\ã&ç+~.
3. He came before my arrival.
n‘·&ÉT Hê sêø£≈£î eTT+<˚ e#êÃ&ÉT.
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4. They yielded before me.
yês¡T Hê eTT+<äT ˝§+–b˛j·÷s¡T.
5. Please come to my house before Diwali.
<äj·T#˚dæ BbÕe[øÏ eTT+<äT e÷ Ç+{ÏøÏ sê.
>∑eTìø£ : ˇø£ Á|ü<˚XÊìøÏ eTT+<äT, ˇø£]øÏ eTT+<äT, ˇø£<ëìøÏ eTT+<äT eT]j·TT ˇø£ düeTj·÷ìøÏ eTT+<äT e+{Ï
ªeTT+<äTμ nH˚ dü+<äsê“¤ìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ á 'Before' nH˚ 'preposition' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
3. Behind (yÓqTø£) :
1. Praveena stood behind the bush.
Á|üMD Ä bı<ä yÓqTø£ ì\ã&ç+~.
2. The house was built behind the hill.
Ä Ç\T¢ ø=+&É yÓqTø£ ì]à+#·ã&ç+~.
3. I am behind you in your moments.
˙ ø£<ä*ø£\˝À H˚qT ˙ yÓqTø£ ñ+{≤qT.
4. He was there behind her success.
ÄyÓT $»j·T+ yÓqTø£ n‘·&ÉT ñHêï&ÉT.
5. Laddu is far behind other students in his class.
\&ÉT¶ n‘·ì ‘·s¡>∑‹˝À Ç‘·s¡ $<ë´s¡Tú\ ø£+fÒ yÓqTø£ã&ç ñHêï&ÉT.
>∑eTìø£ : ªyÓqTø£q, yÓqTø£uÛ≤>∑+˝Àμ nH˚ dü+<äsê“¤\˝Àq÷ eT]j·TT ªˇø£]øÏ n+&É>± ñ+&É&É+μ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*ù|
dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷ á 'Behind' nH˚ 'preposition' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
4. Below (~>∑Teq) :
1. Andhra Pradesh is below Bengal.
Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ u…+>±˝ŸøÏ ~>∑Teq ñqï~.
2. Rahul got below 35 marks in the exam.
sêVüQ˝Ÿ Ä |üØø£å˝À 35øÏ ~>∑Teq e÷s¡Tÿ*ï bı+<ë&ÉT.
3. Our shop is below the bus stand.
e÷ <äTø±D+ ãdtkÕº+&ÉTøÏ ~>∑Teq ñ+~.
4. I don't take share below 25% in the business.
á yê´bÕs¡+˝À 25 XÊ‘·+ ~>∑Teq yê{≤ Hê≈£î e<äT›.
5. She bought a house below the river.
ÄyÓT q~øÏ ~>∑Teq ˇø£ Ç\T¢ ø=qï~.
>∑eTìø£ : ~>∑Teq, ÁøÏ+<äq yÓTT<ä˝…’q nsêúìï#˚Ã dü+<äsê“¤\˝À 'Below' nH˚ preposition qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Ç~
Á|ü<˚XÊìï, dü+K´qT eT]j·TT kÕúsTTì dü÷∫düTÔ+~.
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5. Beneath (n&ÉT>∑Tq) :
1. He behaved beneath his status.
n‘·&ÉT n‘·ì kÕúsTTøÏ ‘·≈£îÿe>± Á|üe]Ô+#ê&ÉT.
2. The cat slept beneath the table.
Ä |æ*¢ ã\¢ ÁøÏ+<äq ìÁ<äb˛sTT+~.
3. That work is beneath his talent.
Ä |üì n‘·ì Á|ü‹uÛÑ≈£î ‘·≈£îÿyÓ’q~.
4. The dogs are fighting beneath the steps.
Ä ≈£îø£ÿ\T yÓT≥¢≈£î ÁøÏ+<äq b˛{≤¢&ÉT≈£î+≥THêïsTT.
5. They kept the money beneath the mat.
yês¡T Ä &ÉãT“ì #ê|üøÏ n&ÉT>∑Tq ñ+#ês¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : n&ÉT>∑Tq, ÁøÏ+<äq, ‘·≈î£ ÿekÕúsTT˝À e+{Ï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À á 'Beneath' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ .
Bìì kÕúsTT˝À, Á|ü<˚X¯+˝À ªn&ÉT>∑Tqμ nH˚ dü+<äsê“¤ìï dü÷∫+#·T≥≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
6. Beside (Á|üø£ÿq) :
1. She sat beside my brother.
ÄyÓT Hê k˛<äs¡Tì Á|üø£ÿq ≈£Ls¡TÃ+~.
2. My college is beside the police station.
e÷ ø±˝Òõ b˛©dtùdºwüHéøÏ Á|üø£ÿq ñ+~.
3. The fruit fell beside my leg.
Ä |ü+&ÉT Hê ø±\T Á|üø£ÿq |ü&ç+~.
4. The point is beside the topic.
Ä $wüj·T+ BìøÏ dü+ã+<Ûä+ ˝Òì~.
5. The hunter shot beside the bird.
Ä y˚≥>±&ÉT |üøÏåøÏ Á|üø£ÿq ù|˝≤Ã&ÉT.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Beside' nH˚ preposition ì ªÁ|üø£ÿqμ nH˚ Á|ü<˚XÊìøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷, ˇø£<ëìøÏ
dü+ã+<Ûäs¡Væ≤‘·yÓTÆq<äì ‘Ó*ù| dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
7. Besides (n<äqeTT>±) :
1. They bought a car besides a bike.
yês¡T u…’ø˘øÏ n<äqeTT>± ø±s¡T ≈£L&Ü ø=Hêïs¡T.
2. I know English well besides Telugu.
Hê≈£î ‘Ó\T>∑T‘√bÕ≥T>± Ç+^¢wüß ≈£L&Ü u≤>± ‘Ó\TdüT.
3. Keerthi presented a watch besides a clock to her friend.
ø°]Ô ‘·q ùdïVæ≤‘·Tsê*øÏ >∑&çj·÷s¡+‘√bÕ≥T>± yê#Yì ≈£L&Ü ãVüAø£]+∫+~.
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4. Kumar has grip in the teaching of science besides maths.
≈£îe÷sYøÏ ˝…ø£ÿ\T‘√ bÕ≥T ôd’Hé‡ uÀ~Û+#·&É+˝À ≈£L&Ü |ü≥Tº ñ+~.
5. Amala, besides Kamala, attended the party.
ø£eT˝‘√bÕ≥T>± neT\ ≈£L&Ü Ä bÕØºøÏ Vü‰»s¡sTT´+~.
6. He has bad habits besides disabilities.
n‘·&çøÏ ndüeTs¡ú‘·\‘√ bÕ≥T>± #Ó&ÉT n\yê≥T¢ ≈£L&Ü ñHêïsTT.
>∑eTìø£ : ªn<äqeTT>±, ˇø£<ëì‘√ bÕ≥T>± Ç~ ≈£L&Üμ nH˚ dü+<äsê“¤\˝À 'Besides' nH˚ preposition ì
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Beside eT]j·TT Besides \T ˇπø˝≤ ñqï|üŒ{Ïø° M{Ï ns¡ú+ eT]j·TT ñ|üjÓ÷>±\T |üP]Ô $s¡T<äΔ+>±
ñ+{≤sTT.
8. Inside (˝À|ü\) :
1. Be inside your house and take rest.
MT Ç+{Ï˝ÀH˚ ñ+&ç $ÁXÊ+‹ rdüTø√.
2. The thief put the money inside the box.
Ä <=+>∑ Ä &ÉãT“ì ô|f…º ˝À|ü\ ô|{≤º&ÉT.
3. Put them inside.
M{Ïì ˝À|ü\ ô|≥Tº.
4. He was hidden inside underground.
n‘·&ÉT s¡Vü≤dü´kÕúes¡+ ˝À|ü\ <ë#·ã&Ü¶&ÉT.
5. Keep the child inside the room.
Ä bÕbÕsTTì >∑~ ˝À|ü\ ñ+#·+&ç.
>∑eTìø£ : ª˝À|ü\, ˝À|ü*uÛ≤>∑+˝Àqμ e+{Ï nsêúìï#˚Ã dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À 'Inside' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Ç~
ì\ø£&É dæú‹˝Àì <ëìì dü÷∫düTÔ+~. Ç~ nìïyÓ’|ü⁄˝≤ eT÷dæ ñqï dæú‹ì ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~.
9. Into (˝ÀìøÏ) :
1. The lady jumped into the well.
Ä Åd”Ô u≤$ ˝ÀìøÏ <ä÷øÏ+~.
2. Hero entered into the darkroom.
ø£<∏ëHêj·T≈£î&ÉT Nø£{Ï >∑~˝ÀìøÏ Á|üy˚•+#ê&ÉT.
3. The brave soldier went into the crowd of enemies.
Ä <ÛÓ’s¡´+ >∑\ ôd’ì≈£î&ÉT X¯Á‘·Te⁄\ >∑T+|ü⁄˝ÀìøÏ yÓfi≤¢&ÉT.
4. The red rose was changed into black.
Ä mÁs¡>∑T˝≤_ q\T|ü⁄s¡+>∑T ˝ÀìøÏ e÷s¡Ãã&ç+~.
5. He fell into a great trouble.
n‘·&çøÏ >=|üŒ düeTdü´ e∫Ã+~.
>∑eTìø£ : ª˝ÀìøÏμ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À 'into' qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Bìì >∑eTq+˝À qT+∫ ˇø£ eT÷dæñqï Á|ü<˚X¯+˝ÀìøÏ
nH˚B dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. dæú‹ e÷s¡TŒ #Ó+~+<äì #Óù|Œ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ≈£L&Ü 'into' qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
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10. Outside (ãj·T≥q) :
1. Swami stood outside the college.
kÕ«$T ø±˝ÒõøÏ ãj·T≥ ì\ã&Ü¶&ÉT.
2. Come outside of it and answer me.
<ëì ãj·T{ÏøÏ e∫Ã Hê≈£î düe÷<Ûëq$Te⁄«.
3. Don't play outside the room in the sunlight.
>∑~ ãj·T≥ m+&É˝À Ä&Ée<äT›.
4. They took him outside of the street.
yês¡T n‘·ìï Ä M~Û ãj·T{ÏøÏ rdüT¬øfi≤¢s¡T.
5. We sent him outside the school.
y˚TeTT n‘·ìï ã&ç ãj·T{ÏøÏ |ü+|æy˚XÊeTT.
>∑eTìø£ : ªãj·T≥μ, ªãj·T{Ïu≤Û >∑+˝Àμ, ªyÓ\T|ü\μ nH˚ dü+<äsê“¤\˝À á 'outside' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ .
Bìì inside eT]j·TT 'into' \≈£î |üP]Ô e´‹πsø±s¡ú+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Bìì ì\ø£&É dæú‹˝Àq÷ eT]j·TT #·\q+˝Àq÷
≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
11. Underneath (n&ÉT>∑Tq) :
1. The rat died underneath the bed.
Ä m\Tø£ |üs¡T|ü⁄ n&ÉT>∑Tq #·ìb˛sTT+~.
2. Mohan placed the book underneath his bag.
yÓ÷Vü≤Hé Ä |ü⁄düÔø±ìï n‘·ì dü+∫ n&ÉT>∑Tq ô|{≤º&ÉT.
3. Kavitha slept underneath the cot.
ø£$‘· eT+#·+ ÁøÏ+<ä ìÁ<äb˛sTT+~.
4. The box was underneath the chair.
Ä ô|f…º ≈£îØÃ n&ÉT>∑Tq ñ+&˚~.
5. The needle fell underneath the clothes.
Ä dü÷~ eÅkÕÔ\ n&ÉT>∑Tq |ü&ç+~.
>∑eTìø£ : ªn&ÉT>∑Tq, ~>∑Teq, ÁøÏ+~uÛ≤>±qμ e+{Ï nsêúìï#˚Ã dü+<äsê“¤\˝À á 'underneath' nH˚ preposition qT
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. 'Beneath' eT]j·TT 'underneath' \ ñ|üjÓ÷>±\T ˇπø $<Ûä+>± ñ+{≤sTT.
12. Upon (MT~øÏ) :

1. The cat jumped upon the chicken.
Ä |æ*¢ ø√&ç|æ\¢ MT~øÏ <ä÷øÏ+~.
2. The stone fell upon his head.
Ä sêsTT n‘·ì ‘·\MT~øÏ |ü&ç+~.
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3. David threw his slate upon Dravid.
&˚$&é n‘·ì |ü\ø£ì Á<ë$&é MT~øÏ $dæsê&ÉT.
4. The king ran and jumped upon his horse.
Ä sêE |üs¡T¬>‹Ô n‘·ì >∑TÁs¡+ MT~øÏ <ä÷ø±&ÉT.
5. The monkey climbed upon the tower.
Ä ø√‹ •Ks¡+ MT~øÏ møÏÿ+~.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Upon' nH˚ preposition ì ªMT~øÏμ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Bìì #·\q+ ñqï<ëìì >∑T]+∫
‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
13. Within (˝À|ü⁄>±) :
1. They may return within one month.
yês¡T ˇø£ HÓ\˝Àù| yÓqT~s¡>∑e#·TÃ.
2. Gandhiraj will come within two weeks.
>±+BÛsêE ¬s+&ÉTyêsê\ ˝Àù| ekÕÔ&ÉT.
3. He can give one crore within two minutes.
n‘·&ÉT ¬s+&ÉT ì$TcÕ\ ˝À|ü⁄>± ø√{Ïs¡÷bÕj·T\T Çe«>∑\&ÉT.
4. Sagar has to go to his house within one hour.
kÕ>∑sY ˇø£ >∑+≥ ˝À|ü⁄>± n‘·ì Ç+{ÏøÏ yÓfi≤¢*.
5. I will be there within one minute.
H˚qT ˇø£ ì$Twü+ ˝Àù| nø£ÿ&É ñ+{≤qT.
>∑eTìø£ : ª˝À|ü⁄>±, ˝À>±, ˝Àù|μ e+{Ï nsêúìï#˚Ã dü+<äsê“¤\˝À 'within' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Ç~
düeTj·÷ìï >∑T]+∫, Á|ü<˚XÊìï >∑T]+∫ eT]j·TT kÕúsTTì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉT‘·T+~.
14. Without (˝Ò≈£î+&Ü) :
1. No man is here without desires.
ø√]ø£\T ˝Òì eTìwæ ˝Àø£+˝À ˝Ò&ÉT.
2. Don't come without fee.
|ò”E ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü sêe<äT›.
3. I can't spend at least a second without you.
˙e⁄ ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü H˚qT ôdø£qT ≈£L&Ü >∑&É|ü˝ÒqT.
4. Babu is a man without legs.
u≤ãT ø±fi¯ófl ˝Òì eTìwæ.
5. She is a girl without money.
ÄyÓT <Ûäq+ ˝Òq{Ïº u≤*ø£.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Without' nH˚ preposition ì ˝Òì, ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü, ˝Òq{Ïº e+{Ï ns¡ú+>∑\ dü+<äsê“¤\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Bìì
|üP]Ô>± 'with' nH˚ preposition øÏ e´‹πsø£ ns¡ú+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
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15. Beyond (Äô|’q) :
1. I always try to get knowledge beyond human thought.
H˚qT m\¢|ü&É÷ e÷qe |ü]C≤„HêìøÏ Äô|’q C≤„q+ bı+<äT≥≈£î Á|üj·T‹ïkÕÔqT.
2. We want to earn beyond ten crores this year.
á dü+e‘·‡s¡+ |ü~ø√≥¢≈£î ô|’>± dü+bÕ~+#ê\ì y˚TeTT ø√s¡T≈£î+≥THêïeTT.
3. She might get marks beyond 90%.
ÄyÓT ‘=+uÛ…’ XÊ‘êìøÏ ô|’>± e÷s¡Tÿ\qT bı+~ ñ+&Ée#·TÃ.
4. Lalitha spent beyond ten lakhs this month.
\*‘· á HÓ\ |ü~ \ø£å\≈£î ô|’>± Ks¡TÃ #˚dæ+~.
5. Krupa will donate beyond twenty thousand.
ø£è|ü Çs¡yÓ’y˚\≈£î Äô|’q <ëq+ #˚k˛Ô+~.
>∑eTìø£ : ªÄ ô|’q, ô|’>±μ nH˚ nsêúìï#˚Ã dü+<äsê“¤\˝À á 'beyond' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Bìì
düeTj·÷ìï, kÕúsTTì >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
3. Phrase prepositions :
1. According to (Ä Á|üø±s¡+) :
1. According to Ramesh, it is wrong.
s¡y˚Twt Á|üø±s¡+ Ç~ ‘·|ü⁄Œ.
2. According to usage, it was classified.
ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+ Á|üø±s¡+ Ç~ eØZø£]+#·ã&ç+~.
3. He is absent today according to the attendance register.
Ä Vü‰»s¡T|ü{°º Á|üø±s¡+ n‘·&ÉT ás√E Vü‰»s¡e˝Ò<äT.
4. Gowthami was proved to be genius according to the test.
á |üØø£å Á|üø±s¡+ >ö‘·$T y˚T<Ûë$ nì ìs¡÷|æ‘·eTsTT´+~.
5. According to witness, he is innocent.
kÕø£å ´+ Ä<Ûës¡+>± n‘·&ÉT ìs√›wæ.
>∑eTìø£ : ªÄ Á|üø±s¡+μ, ªBì Ä<Ûës¡+>±μ nH˚ dü+<äsê“¤\˝À á 'According to' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
2. Along with (‘√ bÕ≥T>±) :
1. I went there along with my friend.
Hê ùdïVæ≤‘·Tì ‘√ bÕ≥T>± H˚qT nø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓfi≤¢qT.
2. His son also came along with him.
n‘·ì ‘√ bÕ≥T>± n‘·ì ø=&ÉT≈£î ≈£L&Ü e#êÃ&ÉT.
3. The girl brought snacks along with her.
Ä u≤*ø£ ‘·q‘√bÕ≥T>± ∫s¡T‹+&ç ‘Ó#·TÃ≈£î+~.
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4. He may go along with her.
ÄyÓT‘√ bÕ≥T>± n‘·&ÉT yÓfi¯¢e#·TÃ.
5. I purchased a pen along with the book.
H˚qT Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+‘√ bÕ≥T>± ˇø£ ô|qTï ø=qT>√\T #˚XÊqT.
>∑eTìø£ : ª‘√ bÕ≥T>±μ, ª≈£L&Üμ nH˚ nsêúìï#˚Ã dü+<äsê“¤\˝À á 'Along with' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
'Along with' nH˚~ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+˝À 'Besides' e˝Ò nìŒ+∫Hê M{ÏøÏ düŒwüºyÓTÆq ‘˚&Ü >∑\<äT.
3. Because of (n+<äTe\q) :
1. He didn't pay money because of his poverty.
n‘·ì ù|<ä]ø£+ e\q n‘·&ÉT &ÉãT“ #Ó*¢+#·˝Ò<äT.
2. You were hated because of your worst behaviour.
˙ jÓTTø£ÿ ˙#·yÓTÆq Á|ües¡Ôq e\q ˙e⁄ ndüVæ≤´+#·Tø√ã&Ü¶e⁄.
3. They can't run because of their disability.
yê] jÓTTø£ÿ ˝À|ü+ e\q yês¡T |ü]¬>‘·Ô˝Òs¡T.
4. The merchant may steal because of his greediness.
n‘·ì <äTsêX¯ e\q Ä es¡Ô≈£î&ÉT <=+–*+#·e#·TÃ.
5. Because of your ill health, you have to take rest.
˙ nHês√>∑´+ e\q ˙e⁄ $ÁXÊ+‹ rdüTø√yê*.
>∑eTìø£ : ªn+<äT#˚‘·, n+<äTe\q, Ä ø±s¡D+>±μ nì dü÷∫+#˚ dü+<äsê“¤\˝À á 'Because of' nH˚ preposition ì
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Bìì ˇø£ |üìøÏ yÓqTø£qTqï ø±s¡D≤ìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
4. On behalf of (ˇø£] ‘·s¡|òü⁄q) :
1. I am sorry on behalf of my brother.
Hê k˛<äs¡Tì ‘·s¡|òü⁄q H˚qT ø£åe÷|üD n&ÉT>∑T‘·THêïqT.
2. I will argue on behalf of her.
ÄyÓT ‘·s¡|òü⁄q H˚qT yê~kÕÔqT.
3. He may tell thanks on behalf of his wife.
n‘·ì uÛ≤s¡´ ‘·s¡|òü⁄q n‘·&ÉT ø£è‘·»„‘·\T #Ó|üŒe#·TÃ.
4. Take this one lakh on behalf of me.
Hê ‘·s¡|òü⁄q á \ø£å rdüTø√+&ç.
5. She gave prize on behalf of her son.
ÄyÓT jÓTTø£ÿ ø=&ÉT≈£î ‘·s¡|òü⁄q ÄyÓT ãVüQeT‹ì Ç∫Ã+~.
>∑eTìø£ : ªˇø£] ‘·s¡|òü⁄qμ nì ns¡úeTTqT ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·TT dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À á 'on behalf of' nH˚ 'preposition ì
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5. In case of (n˝≤ »]–‘˚) :
1. Call me in case of urgency.
n‘·édüs¡eTsTTq≥¢sTT‘˚ qqTï |æ\Te⁄.
2. Don't fear in case of snake.
bÕeTT nsTTq≥¢sTT‘˚ uÛÑj·T|ü&É≈£î.
3. God saves you in case of my absence.
H˚qT ˝Òø£b˛sTTq≥¢sTT‘˚ <˚e⁄&ÉT ìqTï ø±bÕ&ÉTqT.
4. Rama will treat you in case of your ill health.
MT≈£î nHês√>∑´+ nsTTq≥¢sTT‘˚ s¡eT MT≈£î yÓ’<ä´+#˚düTÔ+~.
5. In case of heavy rain, use these umbrellas.
n‹m≈£îÿe es¡¸+ nsTTq≥¢sTT‘˚ á >=&ÉT>∑T\T yê&É+&ç.
>∑eTìø£ : ªn˝≤ »]–‘˚, nsTT‘˚μ e+{Ï dü+<äsê“¤ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT á 'in case of' nH˚ preposition ì
6. In favour of (nqT≈£L\+>±) :
1. There are only two chances in favour of you.
˙≈£î nqT≈£L\+>± πøe\+ ¬s+&ÉT neø±XÊ\T e÷Á‘·y˚T ñHêïsTT.
2. There is no person in favour of us.
nø£ÿ&É eTqøÏ nqT≈£L\+>± ˇø£ e´øÏÔ ≈£L&Ü ˝Ò&ÉT.
3. Please fight in favour of our army.
<äj·T#˚dæ e÷ ôd’q´+ ‘·s¡T|òü⁄q b˛sê&ÉT.
4. He is talking in favour of his wife.
n‘·&ÉT n‘·ì uÛ≤s¡´øÏ nqT≈£L\+>± e÷{≤¢&ÉT‘·THêï&ÉT.
5. The Lord Ganesh is here in favour of poor.
ù|<ä\≈£î nqT≈£L\+>± Ä >∑D|ü‹ <˚e⁄&˚ ñHêï&ÉT.
>∑eTìø£ : ªnqT≈£L\+>±, nqT>∑TD+>±, ‘·s|¡ ⁄üò qμ nH˚ nsêúìï#˚Ã dü+<äsê“¤\˝À á 'in favour of' nH˚ preposition ì
7. In front of (m<äTs¡T>±) :
1. He stopped In front of my room.
n‘·&ÉT e÷ >∑~øÏ m<äTs¡T>± Ä>±&ÉT.
2. Our college is right infront of the bank.
eTq ø±˝Òõ dü]>±Z u≤´+ø˘øÏ m<äTs¡T>± ñ+~.
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3. Stand in front of him and speak your words.
n‘·ì m<äTs¡T>± ì\ã&ç ˙ e÷≥\T #Ó|ü⁄Œ.
4. She has been in front of piano for five hours.
ÄyÓT nsTT<äT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç |æj·÷H√ m<äTfÒ ñ+~.
5. I stood in front of tiger in the zoo.
Ä p˝À H˚qT |ü⁄* m<äTs¡T>± ì\ã&Ü¶qT.
>∑eTìø£ : m<äTs¡T>±, eTT+<äT, m<äT≥ e+{Ï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À á 'infront of' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Bìì Á|ü<˚XÊìï >∑T]+∫ dü÷∫+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
8. In spite of (nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø°) :
1. In spite of his hardwork, he failed.
#ê˝≤ ø£wüº|ü&çq|üŒ{ÏøÏ˙ n‘·&ÉT $|òü\eTj·÷´&ÉT.
2. In spite of his richness, Ramu leads an ordinary life.
<Ûäìø£‘·«+ ñqï|üŒ{ÏøÏ˙ sêeTT kÕ<Ûës¡D J$‘·+ ø=qkÕ–kÕÔ&ÉT.
3. She forgave him in spite of his vulgar behaviour.
n‘·ì~ ndüuÛÑýÓTÆq Á|ües¡Ôq nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø° ÄyÓT n‘·ìï ø£å$T+∫+~.
4. He works hard in spite of sufficient money.
dü]|ü&ÉTq+‘· &ÉãT“qï|üŒ{ÏøÏ˙ n‘·&ÉT ø£wüº|ü&ç |üì#˚kÕÔ&ÉT.
5. You could complete the work in spite of your weakness.
˙≈£î ã\V”≤q‘· ñqï|üŒ{ÏøÏ˙ ˙e⁄ á |üì |üP]Ô#Ój·T´>∑*>±e⁄.
>∑eTìø£ : ªnsTTq|üŒ{Ïø°, nsTTHêdüπsμ e+{Ï nsêúìï#˚Ã dü+<äsê“¤\˝À á 'In spite of' nH˚ preposition ì
9. Instead of (ã<äT\T>±) :
1. He committed theft instead of working.
n‘·&ÉT |üì#˚j·T&ÜìøÏ ã<äT\T>± <=+>∑‘·q+ #˚XÊ&ÉT.
2. Vardhan used pen instead of pencil.
es¡úHé ô|ì‡˝Ÿ≈£î ã<äT\T>± ô|qTï ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê&ÉT.
3. Kavya went into the library instead of laboratory.
ø±e´ Á|üjÓ÷>∑XÊ\≈£î ã<äT\T>± Á>∑+<∏ë\j·T+˝ÀìøÏ yÓ[¢+~.
4. Sowmya played the game instead of reading.
kÂeT´ #·<äTe⁄ø√e&ÜìøÏ ã<äT\T>± Ä Ä≥ Ä&ÉT≈£î+~.
5. Satya gave me this mobile instead of my mobile.
dü‘·´ Hê yÓTTu…’˝ŸøÏ ã<äT\T>± á yÓTTu…’˝Ÿì Ç#êÃ&ÉT.
>∑eTìø£ : ªã<äT\T>±μ nH˚ ns¡ú+ e#˚Ã dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À á 'instead of' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
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10. In the middle of (eT<Ûä´q) :
1. You stood in the middle of Ravi and Raju.
˙e⁄ s¡$ eT]j·TT sêE\ eT<Ûä´q ì\ã&Ü¶e⁄.
2. The playground is in the middle of the church and the temple.
Ä Ä≥düú\+ #·]ÃøÏ eT]j·TT >∑T&çøÏ eT<Ûä´q ñ+~.
3. Priya sat in the middle of Kavya and Sravya.
Á|æj·T ø±e´ eT]j·TT ÁXÊe´\ eT<Ûä´q ≈£Ls¡TÃ+~.
4. The white ox slept in the middle of two black oxen.
Ä ‘Ó\¢ì m<äT› ¬s+&ÉT q\¢ì m<äT›\ eT<Ûä´˝À ìÁ<äb˛sTT+~.
5. Prakash is coming in the middle of his brothers.
Á|üø±wt n‘·ì k˛<äs¡T\ eT<Ûä´q edüTÔHêï&ÉT.
>∑eTìø£ : ªeT<Û´ä q ˝Ò<ë eT<Û´ä ˝À, q&ÉTeTqμ yÓTT<ä˝q’… nsêúìï#˚Ã dü+<äsê“¤\˝À á 'in the middle of' nH˚ preposition
ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Ç~ Á|ü<˚XÊìï e÷Á‘·y˚T dü÷∫düTÔ+~.
PREPOSITIONS OFTEN CONFUSED (‘·s¡#·T ‹ø£eTø£ ø£*–+#˚ Prepositions)
1. At In :
F 'At' qT ∫qïÁ|ü<˚X¯eTTqT dü÷∫+#·T dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ª˝Àqμ nì #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ, 'In' qT ô|<ä› Á|ü<˚X¯eTT\qT dü÷∫+#·T
dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ª˝Àqμ nì #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. We live at Gandhinagar.
y˚TeTT >±+BÛq>∑sY˝À ìedækÕÔeTT.
2. They live in Mumbai.
yês¡T eTT+u≤sTT˝À ìedækÕÔs¡T.
2. Between Among :
F 'Between' qT Ç<ä›s¡T e´≈£îÔ\qT ˝Ò<ë ¬s+&ç+{Ïì dü÷∫+#·T dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ªeT<Ûä´μ nì #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ, 'Among' qT
Ç<ä›]ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe e´≈£îÔ\qT ˝Ò<ë ¬s+&ÉT ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿeyê{Ïì dü÷∫+#·T dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ªeT<Ûä´μ nì #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ
Examples :
1. She sat between her two friends.

ÄyÓT ‘·q ùdïVæ≤‘·T\ Ç<ä›] eT<Ûä´ ≈£Ls¡TÃ+~.
2. He stood among his brothers.
n‘·&ÉT n‘·ì k˛<äs¡T\ eT<Ûä´ ì\ã&Ü¶&ÉT.
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3. For Since :
F 'Since' qT ªì]›wüº düeTj·T+ qT+∫μ nì #Óù|Œ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷ eT]j·TT 'for' ì ªnì]›wüº düeTj·T+ qT+∫μ nì #Óù|Œ
dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àq÷ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. I have been playing since 3 o' clock.

H˚qT eT÷&ç+{Ï qT+∫ Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñHêïqT.
2. You have been reading for 3 hours.
˙e⁄ eT÷&ÉT>∑+≥\ qT+∫ #·<äTe⁄‘·÷ ñHêïe⁄.
4. From of :
F @<Ó’Hê yê´~Û‘√ u≤<Ûä|ü&ÉT‘·Tqï≥T¢ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ 'from' nH˚ preposition ì eT]j·TT @<Ó’Hê yê´~Û‘√
eTs¡DÏ+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT 'of' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. Sandhya is suffering from cancer.
dü+<Ûä´ ø±´q‡sY‘√ u≤<Ûä|ü&ÉT‘·Tqï~.
2. Swapna died of cancer.
dü«|üï ø±´q‡sY e\q eTs¡DÏ+∫+~.
5. Beside Besides :
F ªÁ|üøÿ£ qμ nH˚ dü+<äs“¡ +¤ ˝À 'Beside' nH˚ preposition qT, ªn<äqeTT>±μ nH˚ dü+<äs“¡ +¤ ˝À 'Besides' nH˚ preposition qT
Examples :
1. My hostel is beside the Andhra Bank.
e÷ Vü‰düº˝Ÿ Ä+Á<Ûäu≤´+ø˘ Á|üø£ÿq ñ+~.
2. Swathi speaks English well besides Telugu.
kÕ«‹ ‘Ó\T>∑T‘√bÕ≥T>± Ç+^¢wüß ≈£L&Ü u≤>± e÷{≤¢&ÉT‘·T+~.
6. Below Under :
F 'Below' nH˚<ëìì Á|ü<˚X¯+˝Àq÷ eT]j·TT kÕúsTT˝Àq÷ ªÁøÏ+<äqμ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. 'Under' qT πøe\+
Á|ü<˚X¯+˝À e÷Á‘·y˚T ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. Supriya got below sixty marks.

düTÁ|æj·T ns¡yÓ’ e÷s¡Tÿ\≈£î ÁøÏ+<äq bı+~+~.
2. Padmini stood under the tree.
|ü~àì Ä #Ó≥Tº ÁøÏ+<äq ì\ã&ç+~.

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7. From Since :
F 'Since'qT ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìøÏ yÓTT<ä\T nsTTq|ü⁄&ÉT #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. From qT ≈£L&Ü Ç<˚ ns¡ú+˝À
ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫Hê Bì‘√bÕ≥T>± eTT–+|ü⁄ düeTj·÷ìï ≈£L&Ü #ÓbÕŒ*.
Examples :
1. He has been here since 5.30 p.m.

n‘·&ÉT 5.30 qT+∫ Çø£ÿ&É ñHêï&ÉT.
2. She had been here from 5.30 p.m to 7.30 p.m.
ÄyÓT 5.30 qT+∫ 7.30 es¡≈£L Çø£ÿ&É ñ+&˚~.
8. Before In front of :
F 'Before' qT ªeTT+<äTμ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝À kÕúHêìï eT]j·TT Á|ü<˚XÊìï >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. n<˚$<Ûä+>± 'In
front of' qT ªeTT+<äTμ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝À πøe\+ Á|ü<˚XÊìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&Üìπø ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. You came before Monday.

˙e⁄ k˛eTyês¡+ eTT+<äT e#êÃe⁄.
2. You are in front of my house.
˙e⁄ e÷ Ç+{Ï eTT+<äT ñHêïe⁄.
9. On Upon :
F 'On' qT ªMT<äqμ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àì ìX¯Ã\dæú‹ì dü÷∫+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ø±˙ 'Upon' qT ªMT~øÏμ nH˚
ns¡ú+˝À #·\Hêìï dü÷∫+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. The pen is on the book.

Ä ô|qTï Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ MT<ä ñ+~.
2. The tiger jumped upon the elephant.
Ä |ü⁄* @qT>∑T MT~øÏ <ä÷øÏ+~.
10. In Inside :
F 'Inside' qT ª˝Àqμ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À eT÷dæ ñqï <ëìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ø±˙ 'In' qT ª˝Àqμ nH˚
dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ‘Ós¡eã&çq yê{Ïì >∑T]+∫ ≈£L&Ü ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. They live in London.

yês¡T \+&ÉHé˝Àq ìedædüTÔHêïs¡T.
2. He is inside the room.
n‘·&ÉT >∑~˝Àq ñHêï&ÉT.
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11. In Into :
F 'In' qT ª˝Àqμ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝Àì ìX¯Ã\dæú‹ì dü÷∫+#·&ÜìøÏ, 'Into' qT ª˝ÀìøÏμ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À #·\qdæú‹ì >∑T]+∫
dü÷∫+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. She is in her office.
ÄyÓT ‘·q jÓTTø£ÿ Ä|ò”düT˝À ñqï~.
2. She jumped into the river.
ÄyÓT q~˝ÀìøÏ <ä÷øÏ+~.
12. Inside Into :
F 'Inside' qT ª˝À|ü\μ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ì\ø£&É dæú‹ì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·>± 'into' qT ª˝ÀìøÏμ nH˚
ns¡ú+˝À >∑eTqdæú‹øÏ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. He kept the pen inside the box.

n‘·&ÉT Ä ô|qTïì ô|f…º ˝À|ü\ ô|{≤º&ÉT.
2. She threw the waste paper into the dustbin.
ÄyÓT Ä nqedüs¡ ø±–‘êìï #Ó‘·Ô≈£î+&û˝ÀìøÏ $dæπsdæ+~.
13. Till, until :
F 'Till' qTªn+‘·es¡≈£Lμ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À |ü<ë\eTT+<äT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. 'Until' qT ªn+‘·es¡≈£Lμ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝ÀH˚
clause \ eTT+<äT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. Please don't go till evening.
<äj·T#˚dæ kÕj·T+Á‘·+ es¡≈£L yÓfi¯¢e<äT›.
2. Call him until he comes.
n‘·&ÉT e#˚Ã+‘· es¡≈£L n‘·ìï |æ\Te⁄.
14. Through, Along :
F 'Through' qT ª>∑T+&Üμ nH˚ dü+<äs“¡ +
¤ ˝À eT÷j·Tã&çq <ëì <ë«sê nì ‘Ó*j·TCÒjT· &ÜìøÏ ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ . 'Along' qT
ªyÓ+ã&çμ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ‘Ós¡∫ ñqï <ëì <ë«sê nì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. The ant came out through the hole.

Ä NeT s¡+Á<Ûä+ >∑T+&Ü ãj·T{ÏøÏ e∫Ã+~.
2. We went along the road.
y˚TeTT Ä <ë] yÓ+ã&ç yÓfi≤¢eTT.

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15. Under, underneath :
F 'Under' qT ÁøÏ+<äq nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À Á|ü<˚XÊìï eT]j·TT kÕúsTTì ≈£L&Ü dü÷∫+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ø±˙
'underneath' qT Ç<˚ ns¡ú+˝À πøe\+ Á|ü<˚XÊìï e÷Á‘·y˚T dü÷∫+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. He is working under his brother.
n‘·&ÉT n‘·ì k˛<äs¡Tì ÁøÏ+<äq |üì#˚düTÔHêï&ÉT.
2. He slept underneath the tree.
n‘·&ÉT Ä #Ó≥Tº ÁøÏ+<äq ìÁ<äb˛j·÷&ÉT.
16. By, with of :
F ˇø£ |üìì #˚dæq e´øÏÔì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'By' nH˚ preposition ì, @<Ó’Hê edüTÔe⁄ ‘·j·÷¬s’q |ü<ësêúìï >∑T]+∫
‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'of' nH˚ preposition ì eT]j·TT edüTÔe⁄ ‘·j·÷Ø˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q Ç‘·s¡ edüTÔe⁄\qT >∑T]+∫
‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'with' nH˚ 'preposition' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. The doll was made by me.
Ä u§eTà Hê #˚‘· ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚j·Tã&ç+~.
2. This doll was made of wood.
á u§eTà #Óø£ÿ |ü<ës¡ú+‘√ ‘·j·÷¬s’+~.
3. This doll was made with knife.
á u§eTà ø£‹‘Ô √ ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚j·Tã&ç+~.
17. In, on at :
F düeTj·÷ìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'at' nH˚ preposition ì— ‘˚Bì, yêsêìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'on' nH˚ preposition ì—
eT]j·TT dü+e‘·‡sêìï, HÓ\*ï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'in' nH˚ preposition ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. He attended the meeting at 7.30 a.m.
n‘·&ÉT Ä düe÷y˚XÊìøÏ 7.30 øÏ Vü‰»s¡j·÷´&ÉT.
2. They came here on Monday.
yês¡T Çø£ÿ&çøÏ k˛eTyês¡+Hê&ÉT e#êÃs¡T.
3. She went there at 7 p.m. on 28th of January in 2002.
ÄyÓT 2002˝À »qe] 28q 7 >∑+≥\øÏ nø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓ[¢+~.

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14. Conjunction (düeTT#·Ã¤j·TeTT)
ìs¡«#·q+ : ¬s+&ÉT |ü<ë\qT ˝Ò<ë ¬s+&ÉT clause \qT ˝Ò<ë ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´\qT ø£*ù| words H˚ 'Conjunctions' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The word which joins two words or two clauses or two sentences is called a 'Conjunction'.
$es¡D : ¬s+&ÉT|ü<ë\ eT<Ûä´q ˝Ò<ë ¬s+&ÉT clause \ eT<Ûä´q ˝Ò<ë ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´\ eT<Ûä´q yês¡~Û>± ì\Tdü÷Ô yê{Ï
ns¡ú+ #Ó&çb˛≈£î+&Ü ø£*ù| words H˚ 'Conjunctions' nì n+<äTs¡T. Ç$ yêø±´\˝À 'Relative words' >±
ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT.
Examples :
Ramesh and Suresh are good friends.
s¡y˚Twt eT]j·TT düTπswt\T eT+∫ ùdïVæ≤‘·T\T.
á yêø£´+˝À 'and' nH˚~ Ramesh eT]j·TT Suresh nH˚ ¬s+&ÉT words ì ø£\T|ü⁄‘·÷ 'Subject' ì plural
number >± @s¡Œ]∫+~. n+<äTe\q á 'and' nH˚ word ì 'Conjunction' nì n+{≤s¡T.
1. Even he is rich, he doesn't show pride.
n‘·&ÉT <Ûäì≈£î&ÉT nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø° >∑s¡«+ Á|ü<ä]Ù+#·&ÉT.
2. He is so talented but he didn't get good chance.
n‘·&ÉT #ê˝≤ ‘Ó*yÓ’qyê&ÉT ø±˙ n‘·&ÉT eT+∫ neø±X¯+ bı+<ä˝Ò<äT.
3. Unless you give money, I don't give you the book.
˙e⁄ &ÉãT“ Çe«q+‘·es¡≈£L H˚qT Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ ˙≈£î Çe«qT.
4. He is happy because he got good job.
n‘·&ÉT Äq+<ä+>± ñHêï&ÉT m+<äTø£q>± n‘·&ÉT eT+∫ ñ<√´>∑+ bı+<ë&ÉT.
$es¡D : á Hê\T>∑T ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\q÷ |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï yêø£´+˝À 'Even' nH˚~ ¬s+&ÉT clause \qT,
s¬ +&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'but' nH˚~ s¬ +&ÉT yêø±´\qT, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'Unless' nH˚~ s¬ +&ÉT clause \qT eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À
'because' nH˚~ ¬s+&ÉT clause \qT ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&Ü¶sTT. n+<äTe\q á words ì conjunctions nì
n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : ø=ìï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À Prepositions ˝Àì ø=ìï+{Ïì conjunctions >± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Ä dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À Ä
words |ü<ë\qT ˝Ò<ë yêø±´\qT ˝Ò<ë clause \qT ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT.
KINDS OF CONJUNCTION (Conjunction ˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
Conjunction ì <ëìjÓTTø£ÿ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+ Ä<Ûës¡+>± ª3μ s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :

1. Coordinating conjunction
2. Correlative conjunction
3. Sub-ordinating conjunction

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1. Coordinating conjunction :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ¬s+&ÉT words ì ˝Ò<ë ¬s+&ÉT main clause \ì ø£*ù|<ëìH˚ 'Coordinating conjunction' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The conjunction which joins two words or two main clauses is called a 'Coordinating
conjunction'.
$es¡D : ¬s+&ÉT noun \qT ˝Ò<ë ¬s+&ÉT verb \qT ˝Ò<ë ¬s+&ÉT adjective \qT ˝Ò<ë ¬s+&ÉT adverb \qT ˝Ò<ë
¬s+&ÉT phrase \qT ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ ≈£L&Ü á 'Coordinating conjunction' ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Karuna and Aruna played with each other.
ø£s¡TD eT]j·TT ns¡TD\T ˇø£]‘√ ˇø£s¡T Ä&ÉT≈£îHêïs¡T.
2. He bought and ate the bananas.
n‘·&ÉT ns¡{Ï|ü+&ÉT¢ ø=ì ‹Hêï&ÉT.
3. She is poor but honest.
ÄyÓT ù|<ä~ ø±ì ìC≤sTTr >∑\~.
4. They will come today or tomorrow.
yês¡T ás√E ˝Ò<ë πs|ü⁄ sêe#·TÃ.
5. In spite of his poverty, he bought a car.
n‘·&ÉT ù|<äyê&Ó’qq÷ ø±s¡T ø=Hêï&ÉT.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À 'and' nH˚~ ¬s+&ÉT noun \qT, ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'and'
nH˚~ ¬s+&ÉT verb \q÷, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'but' nH˚~ ¬s+&ÉT adjective \q÷, Hê\Ze yêø£´+˝À 'or' nH˚~ ¬s+&ÉT
adverb \q÷ eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'In spite of' nH˚~ ˇø£ phrase q÷, ˇø£ clause qT ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üj÷
Ó >∑|&ü Ü¶sTT.
n+<äTe\q á words ì 'Coordinating conjunctions' n+<äTs¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : ¬s+&ÉT sentence \qT ø£*ù| but, so, and e+{Ï yê{Ïì ≈£L&Ü coordinating conjunctions nH˚
n+<äTs¡T. Coordinating conjunction ¬s+&ÉT main clause \qT ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉT‘·T+~.
2. Correlative conjunction :
ìs¡«#·q+ : »‘·\T>± ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·ã&ç s¬ +&ÉT words ì ˝Ò<ë s¬ +&ÉT subordinate clause \qT ø£*ù| conjunction \
»‘·ì correlative conjunction nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The conjunctions which are used as pairs are called as 'Correlative conjunctions.'
$es¡D : á correlative conjunctions m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ »‘·\T>±H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&É‘êsTT. Ç$ yêø£´+˝À ˇø=ÿø£ÿ
conjunction ˇø=ÿø£ÿ#√≥ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&É‘êsTT. Ç$ M{Ïì nqTdü]+#˚ clause \qT, words ì ø£\T|ü⁄‘êsTT.
Examples :
1. Prameela is so short that she can't reach the switchboard.
Á|üMT\ #ê˝≤ bı{Ïº~, ø±e⁄q ÄyÓT dæ«#YuÀs¡T¶qT n+<äTø√˝Ò<äT.
2. Rahul is not only clever but also handsome.
sêVüQ˝Ÿ ‘Ó*yÓ’qyê&˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü n+<äyÓTÆqyê&ÉT ≈£L&Ü.
3. Either Mohan or Rohan is his friend.
nsTT‘˚ yÓ÷Vü≤Hé ˝Ò<ë s√Vü≤Hé Ç‘·ì ùdïVæ≤‘·T&ÉT.
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Examples :
4. He is neither intelligent nor hard worker.
n‘·&ÉT ‘Ó*yÓ’qyê&ÉT ø±&ÉT ø£wüº|ü&˚yê&ÉT ø±&ÉT.
5. The hunter killed both the tiger and the lion.
Ä y˚≥>±&ÉT |ü⁄*ì eT]j·TT dæ+Vü‰ìï ≈£L&Ü #·+bÕ&ÉT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTìùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À 'so-that' nH˚ conjunction ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´\qT ø£*|æ+~.
¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'not only-but also' nqTq~ ¬s+&ÉT words ì ø£*|æ+~. eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'Either-or' nqTq~ ¬s+&ÉT
words ì ø£*|æ+~. Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À 'neither-nor' nH˚~ ≈£L&Ü ¬s+&ÉT words ì ø£*|æ+~. eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À
'both-and' nqTq~ ¬s+&ÉT words ì ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç+~. á words n˙ï »‘·\T>± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&çq+<äTq
eT]j·TT conjunctions >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&çq+<äTq á words ì 'correlative Conjunctions' nì n+<äTs¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : So-as, as-as, no sooner - than, hardly-when eT]j·TT Though-yet e+{Ï »+≥|ü<ë\T Correlative
conjunctions >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT.
3. Sub-ordinating conjunction :
ìs¡«#·q+ : Subordinate clause \qT main clause \qT ø£\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ conjunction \qT
'Sub-ordinating conjunctions' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The conjunctions which are used to join subordinate clauses and main clauses are
called 'Subordinating conjunctions'.
$es¡D : á subordinating conjunctions m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ ˇø£ subordinate clause ‘√ bÕ≥T>± >±ì ˇø£ word ‘√
bÕ≥T>± >±ì ø£*|æ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç mainclause \‘√ ø£\T|üã&É‘êsTT.
Examples :
1. If you meet me, I will solve your problem.
˙e⁄ qqTï ø£*dæq≥¢sTT‘˚ H˚qT ˙ düeTdü´qT |ü]wüÿ]kÕÔqT.
2. He lost his mother when he was young.
n‘·&ÉT j·Te«q+˝À ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ‘·q ‘·*¢ì ø√˝ÀŒj·÷&ÉT.
3. Unless you solve my problem, I won't go.
˙e⁄ Hê düeTdü´qT |ü]wüÿ]+#·q+‘·es¡≈£L H˚qT yÓfi¯¢qT.
4. He failed the exam because he didn't study well.
n‘·&ÉT |üØø£å˝À $|òü\eTj·÷´&ÉT m+<äTø£+fÒ n‘·&ÉT u≤>± #·<äe˝Ò<äT.
5. As she sang well, she got the first prize.
ÄyÓT u≤>± bÕ&çq+<äTq ÄyÓT yÓTT<ä{Ï ãVüQeT‹ bı+~+~.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'If' nH˚~, ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À 'when' nH˚~, eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À
'unless' nH˚~, Hê\Ze<ëì˝À 'because' nH˚~ eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'As' nH˚~ Äj·÷yêø±´\˝À subordinate
clause \qT main clause \‘√ ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üj÷ Ó >∑|&ü Ü¶sTT. n+<äTe\q á words ì 'Subordinating conjunctions'
nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : If, unless, As, while e+{Ï words eT]j·TT when, where, how, which e+{Ï 'wh' words á
subordinating conjunctions >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT. n+‘˚ø±≈£î+&Ü till, until nqT prepositions >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚
words e+{Ï$ ≈£L&Ü conjunctions >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT.
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USAGE OF CONJUNCTIONS (Conjunction \ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+)
1. Coordinating conjunctions
1. And (eT]j·TT) :
Eg : Swathi and Preethi went to the market.
kÕ«‹ eT]j·TT Á|”‹\T e÷¬sÿ{ŸøÏ yÓfi≤¢s¡T.
2. But (ø±ì) :
Eg : She is ugly but clever.
ÄyÓT n+<ä$ø±s¡yÓTÆq~ ø±ì ‘Ó*yÓ’q~.
3. Yet (ø±˙) :
Eg : They played well yet were defeated.
yês¡T u≤>± Ä&Üs¡T ø±˙ z&çb˛j·÷s¡T.
4. Only (e÷Á‘·y˚T) :
Eg : Priya took five rupees only.
Á|æj·T ◊<äT s¡÷bÕj·T\T e÷Á‘·y˚T rdüT≈£îqï~.
5. For (ø=s¡≈£î) :
Eg : We are waiting for his reply.
y˚TeTT n‘·ì düe÷<Ûëq+ ø√dü+ m<äTs¡T#·÷düTÔHêïeTT.
6. Or (˝Ò<ë) :
Eg : Give me a pen or a pencil.
Hê≈£î ˇø£ ô|qTï ˝Ò<ë ˇø£ ô|ì‡˝ŸqT Çe⁄«.
7. Nor :
Eg : He has not come to see me, nor has he sent me a message.
n‘·&ÉT qqTï #·÷&É&ÜìøÏ sê˝Ò<äT, düe÷#ês¡+ ≈£L&É |ü+|ü˝Ò<äT.
8. So (ø±ã{Ïº) :
Eg : He was injured so he could not run.
n‘·&ÉT >±j·T|ü&Ü¶&ÉT ø±ã{Ïº n‘·&ÉT |ü]¬>‘·Ô˝Òø£b˛j·÷&ÉT.
9. Also (≈£L&Ü) :
Eg : Suman also went to Vizag.
düTeTHé ≈£L&Ü yÓ’C≤>¥øÏ yÓfi≤¢&ÉT.
10. Hence (ø±ã{Ïº) :
Eg : Pooja is going to America. Hence she went to the Airport.
|üP» nyÓT]ø±≈£î yÓfi¯SÔ ñ+~. ø±ã{Ïº ÄyÓT $e÷HêÁX¯j·÷ìøÏ yÓ[¢+~.
11. Otherwise (˝Òø£b˛‘˚) :
Eg : Be honest otherwise you will be punished.
ìC≤sTTr>± ñ+&ÉT ˝Òø£b˛‘˚ ˙e⁄ •øÏå+|üã&É‘êe⁄.
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12. Therefore (ø±e⁄q) :
Eg : Vanaja got good marks therefore she felt happy.
eq» eT+∫ e÷s¡Tÿ*ï bı+~+~. ø±e⁄q ÄyÓT Äq+<ä+>± ñ+~.
13. In spite of (nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø°) :
Eg : In spite of efficiency, he didn't get any job.
düeTs¡ú‘· ñqï|üŒ{Ïø° n‘·&ÉT @ ñ<√´>∑+ bı+<ä˝Ò<äT.
14. As well as (n<˚ $<Ûä+>±) :
Eg : Rupa as well as Roja came here.
s¡÷|ü n<˚$<Ûä+>± s√C≤ Çø£ÿ&çøÏ e#êÃs¡T.
2. Correlative conjunctions
1. So-that (#ê˝≤`ø±ã{Ïº) :
Eg : Ramu is so brilliant that he can answer any question.
sêeTT #ê˝≤ y˚T<Ûë$ ø±ã{Ïº n‘·&ÉT @ Á|üX¯ï¬ø’Hê düe÷<Ûëq$Te«>∑\&ÉT.
2. So-as (#ê˝≤è˝Ò) :
Eg : He is so cunning as a fox.
n‘·&ÉT qø£ÿ e˝Ò #ê˝≤ ø£|ü≥yÓTÆqyê&ÉT.
3. As-as (e˝Òè˝Ò) :
Eg : Praveen is as graceful as Naveen.
Á|üMDY qMHé e˝Ò <äj·T>∑\yê&ÉT.
4. Though-yet (nsTTqq÷`ø±˙) :
Eg : Though he has deficiency of water yet he didn't inform.
n‘·ìøÏ ˙s¡T ˝À≥T ñqï|üŒ{ÏøÏ˙ ø±˙ n‘·&ÉT ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T˝Ò<äT.
5. Either-or (nsTT‘˚`˝Ò<ë) :
Eg : Either Paul or Laul is American.
nsTT‘˚ bÕ˝Ÿ ˝Ò<ë ˝≤˝Ÿ nyÓT]ø± <˚X¯düTú&ÉT.
6. Neither-nor (mes¡÷ ø±s¡T) :
Eg : Raja is neither selfish nor jealous.
sêC≤ kÕ«s¡ú|üs¡T&É÷ ø±&ÉT eT]j·TT ndü÷j·T|üs¡T&É÷ ø±&ÉT.
7. Too-to (#ê˝≤`≈£î) :
Eg : Ajay is too stout to enter through the narrow open.
Ä Çs¡T≈£î <ë«s¡+˝ÀqT+∫ Á|üy˚•+#·&ÜìøÏ (Á|üy˚•+#·˝Ò&Éì ns¡ú+) n»jYT #ê˝≤ ˝≤yÓ’qyê&ÉT.
8. Both-and (≈£L&ÜèT]j·TT) :
Eg : Both Hari and Giri came to myhouse.
Vü≤] eT]j·TT –] ≈£L&Ü e÷ Ç+{ÏøÏ e#êÃs¡T.
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9. Not only - but also (e÷Á‘·y˚T ø±≈£î+&Ü ` ≈£L&Ü) :
Eg : He brought not only sweets but also cakes.
n‘·&ÉT d”«≥T¢ e÷Á‘·y˚T ø±≈£î+&Ü πøø˘\T ≈£L&Ü ‘Ó#êÃ&ÉT.
3. Sub-ordinating conjunctions
1. If (nsTT‘˚) :
Eg : If she comes, she can get the chance.
ÄyÓT e∫Ãq≥¢sTT‘˚ ÄyÓT á neø±XÊìï bı+<ä>∑\<äT.
2. Because (m+<äTø£q>±) :
Eg : He was punished because he made a mistake.
n‘·&ÉT •øÏå+#·ã&Ü¶&ÉT m+<äTø£q>± n‘·&ÉT ‘·|ü⁄Œ #˚XÊ&ÉT.
3. Even (nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø)° :
Eg : Even the boy is clever, he didn't get good marks.
Ä u≤\T&ÉT ‘Ó*yÓ’qyê&ÉT nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø° n‘·&ÉT eT+∫ e÷s¡Tÿ\T bı+<ä˝Ò<äT.
4. Unless (n˝≤ ø±q+‘·es¡≈£L) :
Eg : Unless you work hard, you can't get success.
˙e⁄ ø£wüº|ü&ç |üì#˚j·Tq+‘·es¡≈£L ˙e⁄ $»j·T+ bı+<ä˝Òe⁄.
5. So that (ø±ã{Ïº) :
Eg : Prem played well so that he won.
Áù|yéT u≤>± Ä&çq+<äTq ¬>*#ê&ÉT.
6. Though (nsTTqq÷) :
Eg : Though he is rich, he doesn't give charities.
n‘·&ÉT <Ûäqe+‘·T&ÉT nsTTqq÷ n‘·&ÉT <ëqeTT\T Çe«&ÉT.
7. Before (eTT+<äT) :
Eg : They attended there before I went.
H˚qT yÓfi¯¢&ÜìøÏ eTT+<äT yês¡T nø£ÿ&çøÏ Vü‰»s¡j·÷´s¡T.
8. After (‘·s¡Tyê‘·) :
Eg : After Rohan rang the bell, everyone alerted.
s√Vü≤Hé >∑+≥qT ÁyÓ÷–+∫q ‘·s¡Tyê‘· Á|ü‹ ˇø£ÿs¡÷ düqï<äTΔ˝…’Hês¡T.
9. As soon as (‘=+<äs¡>±) :
Eg : They came here as soon as they could.
yês¡T sê>∑*–q+‘· ‘=+<äs¡>± Çø£ÿ&çøÏ e#êÃs¡T.
10. That (@+≥+fÒ) :
Eg : She said that she would meet me.
ÄyÓT ‘·qT qqTï ø£\TdüTÔ+<äì #Ó|æŒ+~.
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11. Until (n+‘·es¡≈£L) :
Eg : Uma will wait until you come here.
˙e⁄ Çø£ÿ&çøÏ e#˚Ã+‘·es¡≈£L ñeT y˚∫ñ+≥T+~.
12. While (ñ+&É>±) :
Eg : She came while I was painting the diagram.
H˚qT Ä u§eTàì ∫Árø£]dü÷Ô ñ+&É>± ÄyÓT e∫Ã+~.
13. Although (nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø°) :
Eg : He didn't frighten although he was in danger.
n‘·&ÉT Á|üe÷<ä+˝À ñqï|üŒ{Ïø° uÛÑj·T|ü&É˝Ò<äT.
14. As long as (m+‘· <ä÷s¡yÓTÆHê) :
Eg : I will follow you as long as you go.
˙e⁄ m+‘·<ä÷s¡+ yÓ[¢Hê H˚qT ìqTï nqTdü]kÕÔqT.
15. Who (me¬s’‘˚) :
Eg : The person who stole the money was arrested.
me¬s’‘˚ Ä &ÉãT“ <=+–*+#ês√ Ä e´øÏÔ ã+~Û+#·ã&Ü¶&ÉT.
16. What (@$Tf…Æ‘˚) :
Eg : I didn't understand what you said.
˙e⁄ @$Tf…Æ‘˚ #ÓbÕŒy√ Hê≈£î ns¡ú+ø±˝Ò<äT.
17. When (m|ü⁄Œ&Ó’‘)˚ :
Eg : She came to your house when you were in Culcutta.
˙e⁄ ø£\ø£‘êÔ˝À ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ÄyÓT MT Ç+{ÏøÏ e∫Ã+~.
18. Where (mø£ÿ&Ó’‘˚) :
Eg : I know the place where you kept the money.
˙e⁄ Ä &ÉãT“ mø£ÿ&Ó’‘˚ ô|{≤ºy√ Ä Á|ü<˚X¯+ Hê≈£î ‘Ó\TdüT.
19. Why (m+<äT¬ø’‘)˚ :
Eg : Do you know why he called me ?
n‘·&ÉT qqTï m+<äT¬ø’‘˚ |æ*#ê&√ ˙≈£î ‘Ó\TkÕ ?
20. Which (@<Ó’‘˚) :
Eg : She may give you which you want.
˙e⁄ @<Ó’‘˚ ø√s¡T≈£îHêïy√ n~ ÄyÓT ˙≈£î Çe«e#·TÃ.
21. Whose (me]<Ó’‘˚) :
Eg : He is the father whose son was killed.
me] ø=&ÉT¬ø’‘˚ #·+|üã&Ü¶&√ Ä ‘·+Á&ç Ç‘·&˚.
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22. Whom (me]HÓ’‘˚) :
Eg : I caught the thief about whom you are searching.
˙e⁄ me]HÓ’‘˚ yÓ<äT≈£î‘·THêïy√ Ä <=+>∑ì H˚qT |ü≥Tº≈£îHêïqT.
23. How (m˝≤¬>’‘˚) :
Eg : Everyone knows how you passed.
˙e⁄ m˝≤¬>’‘˚ ñrÔs¡Tí&Ó’Hêy√ n+<ä]ø° ‘Ó\TdüT.
24. Whoever (me¬s’Hê düπs) :
Eg : I don't leave you whoever comes.
mes¡T e∫ÃHê düπs H˚qT ìqTï e<ä\qT.
25. Whatever (@yÓTÆHê düπs) :
Eg : Whatever happened, don't change your decision.
@$T »]–Hê düπs ˙ ìs¡íj·T+ e÷s¡TÃø√≈£î.
26. Whenever (m|ü⁄Œ&Ó’Hê düπs) :
Eg : I will come whenever you call me.
˙e⁄ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT |æ*∫Hê H˚qT ekÕÔqT.
27. Wherever (mø£ÿ&Ó’Hê düπs) :
Eg : Wherever you are I will be with you.
˙e⁄ mø£ÿ&É ñHêï düπs H˚qT ˙‘√H˚ ñ+{≤qT.
28. However (m˝≤¬>’Hê düπs) :
Eg : You won't win however you play.
˙e⁄ m˝≤>∑T Ä&çHê düπs ˙e⁄ ¬>\ee⁄.
29. Since (n|üŒ{ÏqT+∫) :
Eg : Your son has been weeping since you went.
˙e⁄ yÓ[¢q|üŒ{ÏqT+∫ MT nu≤“sTT @&ÉTdü÷ÔH˚ ñHêï&ÉT.
30. Lest (ø±ø£b˛‘˚) :
Eg : I will punish you lest you come.
˙e⁄ sêø£b˛sTTq≥¢sTT‘˚ H˚qT ìqTï •øÏåkÕÔqT.
31. Even though (nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø°) :
Eg : The movie is liked by all people even though it has no story.
Ä dæìe÷˝À ø£<∏ä˝Òq|üŒ{Ïø° Á|ü»\+<äs¡÷ <ëìï Çwüº|ü&Ü¶s¡T.
32. None other than (y˚πs ø±<äT) :
Eg : The man is none other than your friend.
Q
Ä eTìwæ ˙ ùdïVæ≤‘·T&ÉT ø±ø£ y˚¬ses√ ø±<äT.
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15. Interjection (ÄX¯Ãsê´s¡úø£eTT)
ìs¡«#·q+ : eTH√uÛ≤yê\qT e´ø£Ô|üs¡#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ word H˚ 'Interjection' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The word which is used to express feelings is called an 'Interjection'.
$es¡D : e÷qdæø£ uÛ≤yê˝…’q ø√|ü+, u≤<Ûä, C≤*, dü+‘√wü+, ÄX¯Ãs¡´+ e+{Ï $$<Ûä uÛ≤yê\qT e´ø£Ô|üs¡#·&ÜìøÏ
ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ words H˚ interjections nì n+{≤s¡T. M{ÏøÏ ì]Δwüº ns¡ú+ ñ+&É<äT.
Examples :
1. Oh God ! Save my country.
z <˚e⁄&Ü ! Hê <˚XÊìï ø±bÕ&ÉT.
á yêø±´ìï >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ Bì˝À 'Oh' nH˚ word ì $#ês¡+‘√ ≈£L&çq uÛ≤yêìï ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·÷ <˚e⁄ìï
|æ\e&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç+~. nq>± á word eTH√uÛ≤yêìï ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. n+<äTe\q á word ì 'Interjection' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
1. Wow ! What a pleasant smell !
yêVü‰« ! @$T ÄVü‰¢<äø£s¡yÓTÆq yêdüq.
2. Alas ! Let us help him.
njÓ÷´ ! eTq+ n‘·ìøÏ düVü‰j·T+ #˚<ë›+.
3. Hurrah ! What a happy news !
nã“ ! m+‘·{Ï dü+‘√wüø£s¡yÓTÆq yês¡Ô.
4. Bravo ! Well said.
uÛÑ˝Ò ! u≤>± #ÓbÕŒe⁄.
$es¡D : á Hê\T>∑T ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\q÷ >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï yêø£´+˝À 'Wow' nH˚~ Äq+<ëìï >∑T]+∫
‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ, ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'Alas' nH˚~ $#êsêìï e´ø£Ô|üs¡#·&ÜìøÏ, eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À 'Hurrah' nqTq~ dü+‘√cÕìï
e´ø£Ô|üs¡#·&ÜìøÏ eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À 'Bravo' nqTq~ n+^ø±s¡+‘√ ≈£L&çq dü+‘√cÕìï e´ø£Ô+#˚j·T&ÜìøÏ
ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&Ü¶sTT. n+<äTe\q á words nìï+{Ï˙ 'Interjections' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : á words n˙ï ÄX¯Ãs¡´+ e+{Ï ‘·~‘·s¡ uÛ≤yê\qT ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT. ø±ã{Ïº M{Ïì
'Exclamatory words' nì ≈£L&Ü n+{≤s¡T. Ç$ 'Exclamatory sentences' ˝À ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT. 'Interjections'
≈£î ì]›wüºyÓTÆq nsêú\T ñ+&Ée⁄.
USAGE OF INTERJECTIONS
1. Ah !
ñ|üX¯eTHêìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ 'Ah' qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Eg : Ah ! My work has been completed.
ÄVü‰ ! Hê |üì |üP]Ô#˚j·Tã&ç+~.
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2. Wow !
Äq+<ëìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ, ÄX¯Ãsê´ìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ á 'Wow' qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Eg : Wow ! What a beautiful flower it is !
nã“ ! m+‘·{Ï n+<äyÓTÆq |ü⁄e⁄« n~.
3. Oh !
ÄX¯Ãs¡éTTqT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ 'Oh' qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Eg : Oh, Ravi, what a sudden surprise !
z s¡M ! @$T Äø£dæàø£ ÄX¯Ãs¡´+.
4. Hurrah !
n‘·´~Ûø£yÓTÆq Äq+<ëìï e´ø£Ô+#˚j·T&ÜìøÏ 'Hurrah' nH˚ word ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Eg : Hurrah ! What a speed !
Vü≤Áπs ! @$T y˚>∑+.
5. Ha !
$+‘·>± nìŒ+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT ÄX¯Ãsê´ìï e´ø£Ô+ #˚j·T&ÜìøÏ 'Ha' nH˚ <ëìì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Eg : Ha ! Is it truth ?
ne⁄Hê ! Ç~ ì»e÷ ?
6. Bravo !
Äq+<ä+‘√ ≈£L&çq n+^ø±sêìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'Bravo' nH˚ word ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Eg : Bravo ! You are correct.
Ä ... ! MTs¡T #Ó|æŒ+~ ì»y˚T.
7. Oops !
bıs¡bÕ≥T #˚dæq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä uÛ≤yêìï e´ø£Ô+#˚j·T&ÜìøÏ á 'Oops' nH˚ word ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Eg : Oops ! Not like this.
n&Ó¶&˚¶ ! Ç˝≤ ø±<äT.
8. Tut ... Tut !
dü«\ŒyÓTÆq u≤<ÛäqT >∑T]+∫ e´ø£Ô+#˚j·T&ÜìøÏ á 'Tut ... tut' nH˚ word ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Eg : Tut ... Tut ! It has missed within a second.
#Û· ... #Û· ... ! Ç~ ˇø£ÿ ôdø£qT˝À b˛sTT+<˚.
9. Alas !
n~Ûø£u≤<ÛäqT, <äT'U≤ìï >∑T]+∫ e´ø£Ô|üs¡#·&ÜìøÏ á 'Alas' nH˚ word ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Eg : Alas ! I am unable to bear this pain.
njÓ÷´ ! H˚˙ u≤<Ûä uÛÑ]+#·˝Òø£b˛‘·THêïqT.
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10. Phew !
>=|üŒ ÄX¯Ãsê´ìï >∑T]+∫ e´ø£Ô|üs¡#·&ÜìøÏ á 'Phew' nH˚ <ëìì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Eg : Phew ! Is it for me ?
ne⁄Hê ! Ç~ Hê ø√düe÷ ?
11. Hush !
ìX¯Ùã›+>± ñ+&É&ÉeTH˚ uÛ≤yêìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ á 'Hush' nH˚ word ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Eg : Hush ! Keep quiet.
VüQwt ! HÓeTà~>± ñ+&É+&ç.
12. Hallo !
ÄX¯Ãs¡´+‘√ ≈£L&çq |ü\ø£]+|ü⁄≈£î á 'Hallo' nH˚ word ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Eg : Hallo ! How are you ?
Vü≤˝À¢ ! m˝≤ ñHêïs¡T ?
13. Zooks !
ª<Ó’eÁ|üe÷D+>±μ nì #Óù|Œ nsêúìï e´ø£Ô|üs¡#·&ÜìøÏ á 'Zooks' nH˚ word ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Eg : Zooks ! It is true.
<Ó’eÁ|üe÷D+>± ! Ç~ ì»+.

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16. Articles (ne´j·TeTT\T)
ìs¡«#·q+ : Noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT eT]j·TT ì]›wüº‘·qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*ù| words ì 'Articles' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The words which state the perfection of noun are called the 'Articles'.
$es¡D : ˇø£ Noun øÏ eTT+<äT ñ+&ç Ä noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT ˝Ò<ë |ü˝≤Hê nì dü÷∫+#˚ word H˚ Article nì
n+{≤s¡T. nq>± 'Article' nH˚~ Adjective ne⁄‘·T+~. Ç$ πøe\+ eT÷&˚ ñ+{≤sTT.
Examples :
It is an elephant.
Ç~ ˇø£ @qT>∑T.
á yêø£´+˝À 'an' nH˚~ 'elephant' nH˚ noun øÏ eTT+<äTuÛ≤>∑+˝À ñ+&ç <ëì jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT ªˇø£{Ïμ nì
‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. Bìì 'Article' nì n+{≤s¡T.
1. She is the woman whom you met yesterday.
˙e⁄ ìqï ø£*dæq Ä Åd”Ô ÄyÓTj˚T.
2. That is a cat.
n~ ˇø£ |æ*¢.
$es¡D : á ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À 'the' nH˚~ 'woman' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ ì]›wüº‘·qT
nq>± ª|ü˝≤Hêμ nì ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À 'a' nH˚~ 'cat' nH˚ noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT ªˇø£{μÏ nì ‘Ó*j·TCÒdTü +Ô ~.
á 'The' eT]j·TT 'a' \qT 'Articles' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Noun jÓTTø£ÿ dü+K´qT eT]j·TT ì]›wüº‘·qT ‘Ó*ù| nìï+{Ï˙ 'Articles' nq≈£L&É<äT. Articles nH˚$
Ç+^¢wüßuÛ≤wü˝À πøe\+ ªeT÷&ÉTμ e÷Á‘·y˚T ñHêïsTT.
ARTICLES IN ENGLISH (Ä+>∑¢+˝Àì Articles )
Ç+^¢wüß uÛ≤wü˝À 'Articles' yÓTT‘·Ô+ ª3μ ñHêïsTT. n$ :

1. An (ˇø£)
2. A (ˇø£)
3. The (Ä / á)
á Articles ì M{Ï ns¡ú+ Ä<Ûës¡+>± ¬s+&ÉT s¡ø±\T>± eØZø£]+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Indefinite Articles
2. Definite Article.
1. Indefinite Articles :
Noun qT K∫Ã‘·+>± dü÷∫+#·ì Articles ì 'Indefinite Articles' nì n+{≤s¡T.
n$ : 1. An (ˇø£) → An ox (@<√ ˇø£ m<äT›) → ˇø£ m<äT›
2. A (ˇø£) → A cow (@<√ ˇø£ Äe⁄) → ˇø£ Äe⁄

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2. Definite Article :
Noun qT K∫Ã‘·+>± ª|ü˝≤Hêμ nì dü÷∫+#˚ Article ì 'Definite Article' nì n+{≤s¡T.
n~ : The (Ä / á) → The bird (Ä |üøÏå).
á 'The' nH˚~ Noun ì K∫Ã‘·+>± ì]›wºü Noun nì dü÷∫düT+Ô ~. nq>± Ç~ Noun ì ì]›w+ºü >± dü÷∫düTqÔ ï+<äTq
Bìì 'Definite article' nì n+{≤s¡T.
USAGE OF ARTICLES
1. An :
'An' qT ªˇø£{Ïμ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝À Vowel sound (n#·TÃ X¯ã›+) ‘√ yÓTT<ä\j˚T´ |ü<ë\ eTT+<äT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ‘Ó\T>∑T˝À
ªn`n'μ ñ+&˚ nø£åsê\qT vowels nì $T–*q yê{Ïì consonants nì n+<äTs¡T.
Examples :
1. An egg (ˇø£ Á>∑T&ÉT¶) → m>¥ (m → vowel sound)
2. An umbrella (ˇø£ >=&ÉT>∑T) → n+Áu…˝≤¢ (n+ → vowel sound)
3. An ox (ˇø£ m<äT›) → Äø˘‡ (Ä → vowel sound)
4. An ornament (ˇø£ ÄuÛÑs¡D+) → Äs¡ïyÓT+{Ÿ (Ä → vowel sound)
5. An American (ˇø£ nyÓT]ø± e´øÏÔ) → nyÓT]ø£Hé (n → vowel sound)
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï<Ó’q 'Egg' nH˚~ ªmμ nH˚ X¯ã›+‘√ yÓTT<ä˝…’+~. ¬s+&Ée<Ó’q 'Umbrella' nH˚~
ªn+μ nH˚ X¯ã›+‘√ yÓTT<ä˝…’+~. eT÷&Ée<Ó’q 'Ox' nH˚~ ªÄμ nH˚ X¯ã›+‘√ yÓTT<ä˝…’+~. Hê\Ze<äsTTq 'Ornament' nH˚~ ªÄμ
nH˚ X¯ã›+‘√ yÓTT<ä˝…’+~. eT]j·TT ∫e]<Ó’q 'American' nH˚~ ªnμ nH˚ X¯ã›+‘√ yÓTT<ä˝…’+~. á X¯u≤›\˙ï n#·TÃ\qT
dü÷∫+#˚$ ø±e&É+ e\q á words nìï+{Ï eTT+<ä÷ ≈£L&Ü ªˇø£μ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝À 'An' nH˚ preposition' ì
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Word' vowel sound ‘√ yÓTT<ä˝…’q|ü⁄&ÉT e÷Á‘·y˚T Ä word eTT+<äT ªˇø£{Ïμ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝À 'An' qT
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*. ø±˙ 'word' vowel ‘√ yÓTT<ä\sTT, 'consonant sound' ‘√ |ü\Tø£ã&ç‘˚ Ä word eTT+<äT 'An' qT
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·sê<äT. nq>± yÓTT<ä\j˚T´ nø£åsêìøÏ ø±≈£î+&Ü yÓTT<ä\j˚T´ Sound (X¯ã›+) øÏ ÁbÕ<Ûëq´‘·ì∫Ã 'Article' ì
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*.
Special cases : (Á|ü‘˚´ø£ dü+<äsê“¤\T)
1. Word nH˚~ vowel ‘√ yÓTT<ä˝…’q|üŒ{Ïø° |ü*πø $<Ûëq+˝À 'Vowel sound' sêq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä words eTT+<äT 'An' qT
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·sê<äT.
Examples :
1. University (j·T÷ìe]‡{°) → ($X¯«$<ë´\j·T+)
2. One rupee note (eHé s¡T|” H√{Ÿ) → (ˇø£ s¡÷bÕsTT ø±–‘·+)
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£åsê˝…’q 'u' eT]j·TT 'o' \T vowels nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø° á words yÓTT<ä\j˚T´
X¯u≤›\T nsTTq ªj·T÷μ eT]j·TT ªeμ \T vowel sounds ø±e⁄. n+<äTe\q á s¡ø£yÓTÆq words eTT+<äT 'An' nH˚
'Article' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·≈£L&É<äT.

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2. Word nH˚~ consonant ‘√ yÓTT<ä˝…’q|üŒ{Ïø° |ü*πø $<Ûëq+˝À Ä word ˝À Ä consonant ì |ü\ø£≈£î+&Ü 'vowel
sound' ‘√ Ä word ì yÓTT<ä\Tô|&ç‘˚ Ä s¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~q 'words' eTT+<äT ≈£L&Ü 'An' qT 'Article' >±
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*.
Example :
1. An honest man (ÄHÓdtº y˚THé) → (ˇø£ ìC≤sTTr|üs¡T&ÉT)
3. An hour (nesY) (ˇø£ >∑+≥)á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\T>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+|üã&çq words ˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï~ 'h' nH˚ consonant ‘√
yÓTT<ä˝…’q|üŒ{Ïø° Ä nø£åsêìï |ü\ø£q+<äTq á word vowel sound ‘√H˚ yÓTT<ä\e⁄‘·T+~. n˝≤π> ¬s+&Ée word ˝À
≈£L&Ü yÓTT<ä{Ï consonant nsTTq 'h' qT |ü\ø£ø£b˛e&É+‘√ Ç~ ≈£L&Ü vowel sound ‘√H˚ yÓTT<ä\e⁄‘·T+~.
n+<äTe\q á ¬s+&ÉT words øÏ ≈£L&Ü eTT+<äT 'An' nH˚ 'Article' H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~.
4. Abbreviations >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq yê{Ï eTT+<äT yê{Ï˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£ås¡+ vowel sound ‘√ |ü\ø£ã&ç‘˚ Ä
|ü<ë\ eTT+<äT 'An' nH˚ Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. An M.L.A. (myéT.m˝Ÿ.m) → (ˇø£ myÓTà˝Ò´) 2. An M.P (myéT.|æ.) → (ˇø£ m+|æ)
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£ås¡yÓTÆq 'M' qT ªmμ nH˚ vowel sound ‘√ |ü\T≈£î‘·÷ yÓTT<ä\Tô|&É‘ês¡T. ø±e⁄q
á words øÏ eTT+<äT 'An' nH˚ Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT.
2. A :
'A' qT ªˇø£{Ïμ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝ÀH˚ 'Consonant sound' ‘√ yÓTT<ä\j˚T´ |ü<ë\eTT+<äT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. A king (ˇø£ sêE) → øÏ+>¥ (øÏ → consonant sound)
2. A dog (ˇø£ ≈£îø£ÿ) → &Ü>¥ (&Ü → consonant sound)
3. A pen (ˇø£ ô|qTï) → ô|Hé (ô| → consonant sound)
4. A tree (ˇø£ #Ó≥Tº) → Á{° (Á{° → consonant sound)
5. A tiger (ˇø£ |ü⁄*) → f…Æ>∑sY (f…Æ → consonant sound)
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<Ó’q 'King' nH˚~ ªøÏμ nH˚ X¯ã›+‘√, ¬s+&Ée<Ó’q 'dog' nH˚~ ª&Üμ nH˚ X¯ã›+‘√,
eT÷&Ée<Ó’q 'Pen' nH˚~ ªô|μ nH˚ X¯ã›+‘√q÷, Hê\Ze<Ó’q 'tree' nH˚~ ªÁ{°μ nH˚ X¯ã›+‘√ eT]j·TT ∫e]<Ó’q 'tiger' nH˚~
ªf…Æμ nH˚ X¯ã›+‘√ yÓTT<ä\j·÷´sTT. á words n˙ï ≈£L&Ü consonant sounds ‘√H˚ yÓTT<ä˝…’q+<äTq á words øÏ
eTT+<äT 'A' nH˚ Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~.
>∑eTìø£ : Word 'vowel' ‘√ yÓTT<ä˝q’… |üŒ{Ïø° |ü*øπ $<Ûëq+˝À n~ consonant sound ‘√ yÓTT<ä˝q’… ≥¢sTT‘˚ n≥Te+{Ï
words øÏ eTT+<äT ≈£L&Ü 'A' nH˚ Article H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*. nq>± |ü<äìsêàD+øÏ ø±≈£î+&Ü |ü<ä+ jÓTTø£ÿ ñ#êÃs¡D≈£î
ÁbÕ<Ûëq´‘·ì∫Ã Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Special cases : (Á|ü‘˚´ø£ dü+<äsê“¤\T)
1. 'Word' vowel ‘√ yÓTT<ä\sTT ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝À consonant sound ‘√ |ü\ø£ã&ç‘˚ Ä word øÏ eTT+<äT 'A' nH˚
article H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. A European (j·T÷s√|æj·THé) → ˇø£ j·T÷s¡|t e´øÏÔ
2. A one eyed man (eHé ◊sTT&éy˚THé) → ˇø£ ˇ+{Ïø£qTï eTìwæ

184
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï|ü<ä+ 'E' nH˚ vowel ‘√ yÓTT<ä˝…’qq÷ |ü*πø≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ªj·T÷μ nH˚ consonant
Ñ Te⁄‘·T+~. n<˚$<Û+ä >± s¬ +&Ée|ü<+ä 'O' nH˚ vowel ‘√ yÓTT<ä˝q’… q÷ |ü*øπ ≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ªeμ nH˚ consonant
sound ‘√ ÁbÕs¡+uÛe
sound ‘√ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTe⁄‘·T+~. n+<äTe\q á words øÏ eTT+<äT 'A' nH˚ article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT.
2. Abbreviations >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq |ü<ë\˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£ås¡+ 'consonant sound' ‘√ yÓTT<ä˝…’q|ü⁄&ÉT Ä

|ü<ëìøÏ eTT+<äT 'A' nH˚ 'article' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. A S.I (j·Tdt.◊) → ˇø£ môdÌ‡ 2. A C.I (dæ.◊) → ˇø£ dæ◊
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£ås¡yÓTÆq 'S' (j·Tdt) nH˚~ ªj·Tμ nH˚ consonant sound ‘√
yÓTT<ä˝…’+~. n˝≤π> ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï nø£ås¡yÓTÆq 'c' ªdæμ nH˚~ ≈£L&Ü consonant sound ‘√H˚ yÓTT<ä˝…’+~.
n+<äTe\q á |ü<ë\ eTT+<äT 'A' nH˚ Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT.
3. The :
'The' qT ªÄ ˝Ò<ë áμ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝À nìï Nouns øÏ eTT+<ä÷ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. The enemy (Ä X¯Á‘·Te⁄ / á X¯Á‘·Te⁄)
2. The rat (Ä m\Tø£ / á m\Tø£)
3. The book (Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ / á |ü⁄düÔø£+)
4. The map (Ä |ü≥+ / á |ü≥+)
5. The chain (Ä >=\TdüT / á >=\TdüT)
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\ìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ 'The' nH˚ article Äj·÷ noun \qT ªÄμ ˝Ò<ë ªáμ nH˚ dü+<äsê“¤\˝À
‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ç+~. á |ü<ë\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï~ vowel sound ‘√q÷, $T–*q$ consonant sound \‘√q÷
ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTj·÷´sTT. ø±˙ nìï+{ÏeTT+<äT ≈£L&Ü 'The' H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT.
>∑eTìø£ : 'The' jÓTTø£ÿ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+˝À vowel sound ˝Ò<ë consonant sound \ ÄeX¯´ø£‘· ñ+&É<äT. ø±˙ 'The'
nH˚<ëìì vowel sound ‘√ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTj˚T´ |ü<ë\ eTT+<äT ª<äμ n˙, consonant sound ‘√ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTj˚T´ |ü<ë\
eTT+<äT ª~μ n˙ |ü\T≈£î‘ês¡T.
Cases : (dü+<äsê“¤\T)
'The' ì ªÄ / áμ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝ÀH˚ ø±ø£ ø=ìï Á|ü‘˚´ø£ dü+<äsê“¤\˝À ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
1. ˇø£ e´øÏÔì ˝Ò<ë edüTÔe⁄ì #·÷|ædü÷Ô e÷{≤¢&çq|ü⁄&ÉT 'The' nH˚ 'Article' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. He is the man. Ç‘·&˚ Ä eTìwæ.
2. The boy is his friend. á u≤\T&ÉT n‘·ì ùdïVæ≤‘·T&ÉT.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\T ¬s+&ç+{Ï˝Àq÷ Äj·÷ e´≈£îÔ*ï #·÷|ædü÷Ô yê]ì >∑T]+∫ m<äT{Ïe´øÏÔøÏ #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~.
n+<äTe\q 'The' nH˚ article ì M{ÏeTT+<äT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT.
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2. Á|ü|ü+#·+˝À ˇø£ÿfÒ ñqï ìØ®$ ù|s¡TøÏ eTT+<äT 'The' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. The earth (uÛÑ÷$T) 2. The sun (dü÷s¡T´&ÉT)
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+|üã&çq ªuÛÑ÷$Tμ eT]j·TT ªdü÷s¡T´&ÉTμ nH˚$ Á|ü|ü+#·+˝À ˇø=ÿø£ÿfÒ ñHêïsTT.

n+<äTe\q M{Ï ù|s¡¢≈£î eTT+<äT 'The' nH˚ Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT.
3. ~≈£îÿ\T, q<äT\T, düeTTÁ<ë\T, |üs¡«‘ê\T yÓTT<ä˝…’q yê{Ïù|s¡¢≈£î eTT+<äT 'The' nH˚ Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. The east (‘·÷s¡TŒ)

2. The Ganges (>∑+>±q~)
3. The Hindu Ocean (Væ≤+<ä÷eTVü‰düeTTÁ<ä+)
4. The Himalayas (Væ≤e÷\j·÷\T)
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D˝˝À yÓTT<ä{~Ï ~≈£îÿ\q÷, s¬ +&Ée~ q<äT\q÷, eT÷&Ée~ düeTTÁ<ë\qT eT]j·TT Hê\Ze~ |üs«¡ ‘ê\qT
dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq M{Ï ù|s¡¢≈£î eTT+<äT 'The' nH˚ Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT.
4. |ü$Á‘·yÓTÆq |ü⁄düÔø±\ eT]j·TT dü+^‘·yêsTT<ë´\ ù|s¡¢≈£î eTT+<äT m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ 'The' nH˚ Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*.
Examples :
1. The Gita (uÛÑ>∑eBZ‘·)

2. The Bible (u…’_\T)
3. The veena (MD)
4. The guitar (–{≤s¡T)
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D˝˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï$ ¬s+&É÷ eT‘·Á>∑+<∏ë\ jÓTTø£ÿ eT]j·TT ∫e]$ ¬s+&É÷ dü+^‘· yêsTT<ë´\ jÓTTø£ÿ
ù|s¡¢qT dü÷∫+#˚ |ü<ë\T nsTTq+<äTq M{ÏøÏ eTT+<äT 'The' nH˚ Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT.
5. @<Ó’Hê $wüj·÷ìï $e]düTÔqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT <ëì˝À ˇø£kÕ] |ü]#·j·T+ #˚dæq<ëìì >∑T]+∫ eTs¡\ #ÓbÕŒ*‡e∫Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT 'The'
nH˚ Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
One day a tiger went to hunt. The tiger searched for its prey.
ˇø£s√E ˇø£ |ü⁄* y˚{≤&É&ÜìøÏ yÓ[¢+~. Ä |ü⁄* <ëì ÄVü‰s¡+ ø√dü+ yÓ~øÏ+~.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D˝À >∑\ |ü⁄*ì ˇø£kÕ] |ü]#·j·T+#˚dæq|ü⁄&ÉT ªˇø£ |ü⁄*μ nì ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'A tiger' nì Áyêdæ
¬s+&ÉekÕ] n<˚|ü⁄* nì ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ 'The tiger' (Ä |ü⁄*) nì Áyêj·T&É+ »]–+~. á $<ÛäyÓTÆq dü+<äsê“¤\˝À
≈£L&Ü 'The' nH˚ Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
6. Ordinals nq>± Áø£e÷ìï ‘Ó*ù| first, second, third e+{Ï$ yêø£´+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&çq|ü⁄&ÉT M{Ï eTT+<äT 'The'
nH˚ 'Article' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*.
Example :
Kiran Bedi is the first lady who was selected to I.P.S. øÏs¡DY uÒ&ç I.P.S ≈£î mìïø£sTTq yÓTT<ä{Ï Åd”Ô.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D˝À 'first' nH˚~ 'ordinal' nsTTq+<äTq Bì eTT+<äT 'The' nH˚ Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT.
186
7. 'Superlative degree' ˝À 'Adjective form' øÏ eTT+<äT 'The' nH˚ Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
Karuna is the best singer in our school. e÷ ã&ç˝À ø£s¡TDj˚T eT+∫ >±j·Tì.
á yêø£´+˝À >±j·Tì jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï n+<ä]‘√q÷ b˛*Ã ÄyÓTj˚T ª$Tqïμ nì #Ó|Œæ q+<äTq á yêø£´+ 'Superlative
degree' ˝À ñ+<äì ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. n+<äT#˚‘· á yêø£´+˝À Adjective form nsTTq 'best' øÏ eTT+<äT 'the' nH˚
'Article' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT.
7
8. ˇø£ Singular number ˝Àì Noun ì <ëì C≤‹q+‘·{Ï˙ dü÷∫+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–ùdÔ Ä yêø£´+˝À Ä Noun øÏ
F
eTT+<äT 'The' nH˚ Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. The cow is a sacred animal. Äe⁄ |ü$Á‘·yÓTÆq »+‘·Te⁄.
2. The fox is a cunning animal. qø£ÿ ø£|ü≥yÓTÆq »+‘·Te⁄.
á yêø±´\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'Cow' nH˚ Noun ì Ä C≤‹ yÓTT‘êÔìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT. nq>±
|ü˝≤Hê Äe⁄H˚ |ü$Á‘·yÓTÆq<äì ø±≈£î+&Ü nìï Äe⁄\q÷ ø£*|æ #ÓbÕŒeTT. n˝≤π> ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À qø£ÿC≤‹ì >∑T]+∫
ø£|ü≥yÓTÆq<äì #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'fox' nH˚ noun ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT. n+<äTe\q á nouns øÏ eTT+<äT 'The' nH˚
Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT.
9. ˇø£ e´øÏÔì yê] >∑TD>∑D≤\ Ä<Ûës¡+>± eTs=ø£ e´øÏÔ‘√ b˛*Ã #Ó|æŒq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä b˛\Ã&ÜìøÏ ‘Ó∫Ãq Ä ¬s+&Éee´øÏÔ ù|s¡T≈£î
eTT+<äT 'The' nH˚ Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Example :
R.K. Narayana is the Shakespeare of India. ÄsY.¬ø. Hêsêj·TD Ç+&çj·÷˝À ùwø˘dæŒj·TsY e+{Ïyês¡T.
á yêø£´+˝À R.K Narayana nH˚ uÛ≤s¡rj·T s¡#·sTT‘·qT ùwø˘dæŒj·TsY nH˚ Ç+>±¢+&ÉT s¡#·sTT‘·‘√ b˛*Ã áj·Tq
eTq<˚X¯+˝À, Äj·Tq+‘· >=|üŒyê&Éì #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. n+<äTe\q Ä ¬s+&Éee´øÏÔ nsTTq 'Shakespeare' ù|s¡TøÏ
eTT+<äT 'The' nH˚ Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT.
OMISSION OF ARTICLE (Article ì $&ç∫ô|≥º&É+)
ø=ìï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À words øÏ eTT+<äT @ Article ì ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·sê<äT.
n≥Te+{Ï dü+<äsê“¤\T :
1. eTqTwüß\ ù|s¡≈
¢ î£ eTT+<äT, Á|ü<X˚ Ê\ ù|s¡≈¢ î£ eTT+<äT, |ü<ësêú\ ù|s¡≈¢ î£ eTT+<äT m≥Te+{Ï Article ì ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·sê<äT.
Examples :
1. Ravi Kumar (s¡$≈£îe÷sY) 2. New Delhi (q÷´&Ûç©¢) 3. gold (ã+>±s¡+)
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{~Ï eTìwæ ù|s¡T, s¬ +&Ée~ Á|ü<X˚ +¯ ù|s¡T eT]j·TT eT÷&Ée~ |ü<ës¡+ú ù|s¡T nsTTq+<äTq
M{ÏeTT+<äT 'The' ì ø±ì 'A' ì ø±ì 'An' ì ø±ì ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·sê<äT. nq>± Article ì M{ÏeTT+<äT ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·≈L£ &É<Tä .
2. Abstract noun øÏ eTT+<äT eT]j·TT uÛ≤wü\ù|s¡¢øÏ eTT+<äT m≥Te+{Ï Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·sê<äT.
Examples :
1. Honesty is the best policy. ìC≤sTTr nH˚~ eT+∫>∑TD+.
2. Intelligence is god's gift. y˚T<Ûë$‘·q+ <Ó’e ãVüQeT‹.
3. You are learning English. ˙e⁄ Ç+^¢wüß H˚s¡TÃ≈£î+≥THêïe⁄.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àì honesty, intelligence nqTq$ abstract nouns nsTTq+<äTq, English nqTq~ uÛ≤wü
ù|s¡sTTq+<äTq M{Ï eTT+<äT article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·sê<äT.
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3. Hospital, college, school, temple, market, church e+{Ï yê{Ï eTT+<äT kÕ<Ûës¡D ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+˝À 'Article' ì
Examples :
1. I go to college daily.
H˚qT ø±˝ÒõøÏ Á|ü‹s√p yÓfi≤ÔqT.
2. We go to the temple on every Monday.
y˚TeTT Á|ür k˛eTyês¡+Hê&ÉT >∑T&çøÏ yÓfi≤ÔeTT.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À ªø±˝ÒõøÏ yÓfi¯¢&É+μ nH˚ |üìì ÁbÕ<∏ä$Tø£ nedüs¡yÓTÆq #·<äTe⁄ø√dü+, ª>∑T&çøÏyÓfi¯¢&É+μ nH˚ |üìì
<˚e⁄ì |üPõ+#·&É+ ø√dü+ »s¡T>∑T‘·THêïsTT. nq>± Ç$ kÕ<Ûës¡D ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+˝À #Ó|üŒã&Ü¶sTT. n+<äTe\q á
college, church nH˚ |ü<ë\ eTT+<äT Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·sê<äT.
4. 'God' nH˚ word øÏ eTT+<äT m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ 'Article' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·sê<äT.
Examples :
1. God is great. <˚e⁄&ÉT >=|üŒyê&ÉT.
2. God saves us. <˚e⁄&ÉT eTq*ï s¡øÏå+#·TqT.
á yêø±´\˝À 'God' nH˚ word qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫q+<äTq á word øÏ eTT+<äT m≥Te+{Ï 'Article' ì
ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·˝<Ò Tä .
5. ˇø£ common noun qT >∑T]+∫ ˇø£ ñ<ës¡yTÓ qÆ $wüj÷· ìï #Ó|⁄ü qÔ ï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT <ëìeTT+<äT 'Article' ì ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·sê<äT.
Examples :
1. Name and fame is immortal. ù|s¡T Á|üU≤´‘·T\T XÊX¯«‘·yÓTÆq$.
2. Man is mortal. eTìwæ ∫s¡+J$ ø±&ÉT.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+|üã&çq 'Name and fame' nqTq~, 'Man' nqTq~ ñ<ës¡yÓTÆq $wüj·÷\qT
>∑T]+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+|üã&çq+<äTq M{ÏeTT+<äT Article ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·˝Ò<äT.
>∑eTìø£ : ‘Ó\T>∑TuÛ≤wü˝À ªˇø£μ nH˚ ns¡ú+ e∫Ãq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT á ªˇø£μ nH˚|ü<ëìï ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ø£b˛sTTHê yêø£´ìsêàD+
‘·|ü⁄Œø±<äT. ø±ì Ä+>∑¢+˝À e÷Á‘·+ ªˇø£μ nH˚ ns¡ú+ e∫Ãq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT dü+<äsê“¤qTkÕs¡+>± 'An' ˝Ò<ë 'A' qT ‘·|üŒ≈£î+&Ü
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*.
Examples :
1. H˚qT |ü⁄düÔø£+ ø=HêïqT. (|ü⁄düÔø£+ R ˇø£ |ü⁄düÔø£+)
I bought a book.
2. ìqï H˚qT @qT>∑Tì #·÷XÊqT. (@qT>∑T R ˇø£ @qT>∑T)
I saw an elephant yesterday.
á yêø±´\˝À ‘Ó\T>∑T˝À ªˇø£μ nH˚ |ü<ëìï ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·˝Ò<äT. ø±ì yêø£´ìsêàD+˝À>±ì, ns¡ú+˝À>±ì ô|<ä›>±
bıs¡u≤≥T ø£ìŒ+#·˝<Ò Tä . ø±ì Ç+^¢wßü ˝À á $<Û+ä >± 'Article' ñ|üj÷Ó >∑+ ñqï dü+<äs“¡ +¤ ˝À <ëìì $&ç∫ô|≥º≈L£ &É<Tä .
Q
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17. Tense (ø±\eTT)
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ ÁøÏj·T jÓTTø£ÿ ø±˝≤ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd <ëìH˚ 'Tense' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The tense states the time of verb.
$es¡D : ˇø£ |üì »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+<ë ˝Òø£ »]–b˛sTT+<ë ˝Òø£ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· »s¡T>∑uÀ‘√+<ë nH˚<ëìì >∑T]+∫ 'Tense'
nH˚~ ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. nq>± Verb qT >∑T]+∫ düŒwüº+>± ‘Ó*ù|<˚ 'Tense'.
Examples :
1. He is going to school.
n‘·&ÉT ã&çøÏ yÓfi¯óÔHêï&ÉT.
2. He went to school.
n‘·&ÉT ã&çøÏ yÓfi≤¢&ÉT.
3. He will go to school.
n‘·&ÉT ã&çøÏ yÓfi≤Ô&ÉT.
$es¡D : á eT÷&ÉT yêø±´\q÷ |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ nìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ subject eT]j·TT complement \T ˇπø˝≤
ñHêïsTT. ø±>± verb \T e÷Á‘·+ e÷sêsTT. πøe\+ verb ˝Àì e÷s¡TŒe\q yêø±´ìøÏ >∑\ ns¡ú+ e÷]b˛sTT+~. nq>±
yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+ »s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï |üìì dü÷∫düTÔ+<ä˙, ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+ |üPs¡ÔsTTb˛sTTq |üìì dü÷∫düTÔ+<ä˙ eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+
»s¡>∑uÀj˚T|üìì dü÷∫düTÔ+<äì 'Verb' <ë«sêH˚ ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. á verb jÓTTø£ÿ düeTj·÷ìï ‘Ó*ù|<˚ 'Tense' ne⁄‘·T+~.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Tense' |üP]Ô>± verb MT<äH˚ Ä<Ûës¡|ü&ç ñ+≥T+~. Verb jÓTTø£ÿ $$<Ûä s¡÷bÕ\qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·Tø=ì
yê{Ïì ˇø£ ì]›wüº neT]ø£˝À neT]Ã ‘·<ë«sê Ä |üì jÓTTø£ÿ ø±˝≤ìï 'Tense' ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. nq>± Ä neT]ø£˝Àì
verb qT e÷s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê 'Tense' e÷]b˛‘·T+~.
KINDS OF TENSE (Tense ˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
Tense qT '3' s¡ø±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :
1. Present tense (es¡Ôe÷qø±\+)
2. Past tense (uÛÑ÷‘·ø±\+)
3. Future tense (uÛÑ$wü´‘Yø±\+)
1. Present tense
ìs¡«#·q+ : Á|üdüTÔ‘·+ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñqï ø±˝≤ìï 'Present tense' nì n+<äTs¡T.
Definition : The time which is going on now is called the 'Present tense'.
$es¡D : eTq+ e÷{≤¢&ÉT‘·÷ ñqï düeTj·T+˝À nq>± »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñqï |üì >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üPÔ ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä »s¡T>∑T‘·÷
ñqï |üìì 'Present tense' ˝À ñqï<äì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. They are singing now.

yês¡T Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT bÕ&ÉT‘·THêïs¡T.
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Examples :
2. She is eating food.
ÄyÓT uÛÀ»q+ ‹+≥Tqï~.
3. I am playing chess.
H˚qT #Ódt Ä&ÉT‘·THêïqT.
4. You are writing a book.
˙e⁄ |ü⁄düÔø£+ ÁyêdüTÔHêïe⁄.
5. He is reading a newspaper.
n‘·&ÉT z yêsêÔ|üÁ‹ø£ #·<äTe⁄‘·THêï&ÉT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\˝Àì Äj·÷|üqT\˙ï yê{Ïì >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üPÔ ñqï á düeTj·÷ìøÏ »s¡T>∑T‘·THêïsTT. nq>± á
|üqT\˙ï Á|üdüTÔ‘·+ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñHêïj·Tì ‘Ó\TdüTÔHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á |üqT\˙ï 'Present tense' øÏ #Ó+<ëj·Tì
ns¡eú Te⁄‘·T+~.
>∑eTìø£ : πøe\+ Á|üdüTÔ‘·+ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñqï |üqT\T e÷Á‘·y˚T ø±≈£î+&Ü Present tense øÏ eT]ø=ìï s¡ø±\ |üqT\T
≈£L&Ü #Ó+<äT‘êsTT. yê{Ïì >∑T]+∫ eTTqTà+<äT H˚s¡TÃø√e#·TÃ.
2. Past tense
ìs¡«#·q+ : >∑‹+∫b˛sTTq ø±˝≤ìï 'Past tense' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : A verb that refers to past time is said to be in the Past tense.
$es¡D : »]–b˛sTTq ø±\+˝À |üPs¡ÔsTTq |üqT\˙ï 'Past tense' øÏ #Ó+<äT‘êsTT. @<Ó’Hê |üì |üPs¡ÔsTTq≥¢sTT‘˚ n~
»]–b˛sTTq ø±˝≤ìøÏ #Ó+~q+<äTq n~ Past tense ˝À ñ+<äì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. They sang songs.
yês¡T bÕ≥\T bÕ&Üs¡T.
2. She ate food.
ÄyÓT uÛÀ»q+ ‹qï~.
3. I played chess.
H˚qT #Ódt Ä&ÜqT.
4. You wrote a book.
˙e⁄ |ü⁄düÔø£+ ÁyêXÊe⁄.
5. He read a newspaper yesterday.
n‘·&ÉT ìqï yêsêÔ|üÁ‹ø£qT #·~yê&ÉT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\˝Àì Äj·÷ |üqT\˙ï yê{Ïì >∑T]+∫ #Ó|æŒq á düeTj·÷ìøÏ |üPs¡ÔsTTb˛j·÷sTT. nq>± á
|üqT\˙ï »]–b˛j·÷j·Tì ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. n+<äTe\q á |üqT\˙ï 'Past tense' øÏ #Ó+<ësTT.
>∑eTìø£ : πøe\+ Á|üdüTÔ‘· düeTj·÷ìøÏ |üPs¡ÔsTTb˛sTTq |üqT\T e÷Á‘·y˚T ø±≈£î+&Ü eT]ø=ìï s¡ø±\ |üqT\T ≈£L&Ü
Past tense øÏ #Ó+<äT‘êsTT. yê{Ïì >∑T]+∫ eTTqTà+<äT ‘Ó\TdüTø√e#·TÃ.
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3. Future tense
ìs¡«#·q+ : »s¡>∑uÀj˚T ø±˝≤ìï 'Future tense' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The time which will come is called is the 'Future tense'.
$es¡D : uÛ$Ñ wü´‘Y˝À »s¡>u∑ Àj˚T |üqT\˙ï 'Future tense' øÏ #Ó+<äTqT. ˇø£ |üì Á|üdTü ‘Ô +· yÓTT<ä\e≈£î+&Ü uÛ$Ñ wü´‘Y˝ÀH˚
»s¡T>∑T‘√+<äì #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ Ä |üìì 'Future tense' ˝À #ÓbÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. They will sing songs.
yês¡T bÕ≥\T bÕ&É‘ês¡T.
2. She will eat food.
ÄyÓT nqï+ ‹+{À+~.
3. I will play chess after an hour.
H˚qT ˇø£ >∑+≥ ‘·sê«‘· #Ódt Ä&É‘êqT.
4. You will write a book.
˙e⁄ |ü⁄düÔø£+ ÁyêkÕÔe⁄.
5. He will read a newspaper.
n‘·&ÉT z yêsêÔ|üÁ‹ø£qT #·<äTe⁄‘ê&ÉT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\˝Àì Äj·÷ |üqT\˙ï M{Ïì >∑T]+∫ #Ó|ü⁄Ôqï á düeTj·÷ìøÏ Ç+ø± ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTe˝Ò<äT. nq>± á
Á|üdüTÔ‘· düeTj·T+ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· yÓTT<ä\e⁄‘êsTT. nq>± Çe˙ï uÛÑ$wü´‘Y≈£î #Ó+<ësTT. n+<äTe\q á |üqT\qT 'Future
tense' øÏ #Ó+<ëj·Tì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Future tense ≈£î ≈£L&Ü eTT+<äT{Ï ¬s+&ÉT tense \ e˝Ò πøe\+ »s¡>∑uÀj˚T |üqT˝Ò ø±≈£î+&Ü eT]ø=ìï
s¡ø±\ |üqT\T ≈£L&Ü #Ó+<äT‘êsTT. yê{Ïì >∑T]+∫ eTTqTà+<äT H˚s¡TÃø√e#·TÃ.
KINDS OF PRESENT TENSE (Present tense ˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
Present tense qT ‹]– '4' subtenses >± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :

1. Simple present tense (or) Present Indefinite tense
2. Present continuous tense
3. Present perfect tense
4. Present perfect continuous tense
KINDS OF PAST TENSE (Past tense ˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
Past tense qT ‹]– '4' subtenses >± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T. n$ :

1. Simple past tense
2. Past continuous tense
3. Past perfect tense
4. Past perfect continuous tense

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KINDS OF FUTURE TENSE (Future tense ˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
Future tense qT ‹]– '4' subtenses >± $uÛÑõ+#ês¡T.

1. Simple future tense
2. Future continuous tense
3. Future perfect tense
4. Future perfect continuous tense
á $<Ûä+>± Tense \T yÓTT‘·Ô+ ˇø=ÿ+{ÏøÏ 4 #=|üq '12' nj·÷´sTT.
>∑eTìø£ : á tense \˝À '3' simple tenses, '3' continuous tenses, '3' perfect tenses eT]j·TT '3' perfect
continuous tenses ñHêïsTT. á tenses M{Ï jÓTTø£ÿ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+˝Àq÷ eT]j·TT ìsêàD+˝Àq÷ b˛*ø£qT ø£*–
ñ+{≤sTT. n+<äTe\q á es¡TdüÁø£eT+˝À M{Ïì ≈£åîDí+>±, düT\uÛÑ+>± H˚s¡TÃø√e#·TÃ.
All tenses : (nìï Tense \T)
I. Simple (or) Indefinite tenses :
1. Simple present tense
2. Simple past tense
3. Simple future tense
II. Continuous tenses :
4. Present continuous tense
5. Past continuous tense
6. Future continuous tense
III. Perfect tenses :
7. Present perfect tense
8. Past perfect tense
9. Future perfect tense
IV. Perfect continuous tenses :
10. Present perfect continuous tense
11. Past perfect continuous tense
12. Future perfect continuous tense
>∑eTìø£ : Á|ür tense ≈£L ì]›wüº ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+, ìsêàD+ ñ+{≤sTT. M{Ïì ≈£åîDí+>± ‘Ó\TdüTø√yê*. Tense jÓTTø£ÿ
ìsêàD+ 'Assertive sentence' ˝À ñ+≥T+~.
I. Simple present :
Usage : n\yê≥T¢, $X¯«dü‘ê´\T, Á|ü‘˚´ø£‘·\T, ÇcÕºsTTcÕº\T eT]j·TT Áø£e÷qT>∑TD |üqT\T. (M≥ìï+{Ïø° ã<äT\T>±
ˇπø ˇø£ÿ s¡ø£+ |üqT\qT #Ó|üŒe#·TÃ. ny˚ 'Repeated action'. ô|’q ù|s=ÿqïe˙ï M{Ïπø #Ó+<äT‘êsTT.
$es¡D : ˇø£ e´øÏÔøÏ #Ó+~q n\yê≥¢qT >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ 'Simple present tense' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. n\yê≥T
nH˚ |üìì ì‘·´+ #˚dü÷ÔH˚ ñ+{≤sTT. Bìì »]–b˛sTT+<ä˙, »s¡>∑uÀ‘·T+<ä˙ #Ó|üŒ˝ÒeTT. Ç~ m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷H˚
ñ+≥T+~. ø±e⁄q Bìì 'Present tense' ≈£î #Ó+~q á 'Simple present tense' ˝À #ÓbÕÔs¡T. n<˚$<Ûä+>± $X¯«dü‘ê´\T
nq>± Á|ü|ü+#·+˝À mø£ÿ&Ó’Hê n+<äs¡÷ n+^ø£]+#˚ $wüj·÷\ì ns¡ú+. Ç≥Te+{Ï yê{Ïì ≈£L&Ü á tense ˝ÀH˚ #ÓbÕÔs¡T.
n˝≤π> ø=+<äs¡T e´≈£îÔ\≈£î >∑\ Á|ü‘˚´ø£‘·\T, ÇcÕºsTTcÕº\T eT]j·TT s√p, Á|ü‹HÓ˝≤, Á|ü‹ dü+e‘·‡s¡+ yêØ>± »]π> |üqT\T
≈£L&Ü á tense ˝ÀH˚ #ÓbÕÔsT¡ . M≥ìï+{Ï˙ ø£*|æ 'Repeated actions (|ü⁄qsêeè‘·eTj˚T´ |üqT\T)μ nì n+fÒ dü]b˛‘·T+~.
m+<äTø£q>± á |üqT\˙ï |ü⁄qsêeè‘·eTj˚Tý˚.
Structure : Subject + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object
i.e., (S + V1 + O)

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Examples :
1. I eat apples daily. (S → I, V1 → eat, O → apples)
H˚qT Á|ü‹s√p Ä|æ˝Ÿ‡ ‹+{≤qT.
2. You sing songs well. (S → you, V1 → sing, O → songs)
˙e⁄ bÕ≥\T u≤>± bÕ&É‘êe⁄.
3. He plays cricket every Sunday. (S → he, V1 → play, O → cricket)
n‘·&ÉT Á|ü‹ Ä~yês¡+ ÁøÏ¬ø{Ÿ Ä&É‘ê&ÉT.
4. She likes music. (S → she, V1 → like, O → music)
ÄyÓT dü+^‘êìï Çwü¶|ü&ÉT‘·T+~.
5. The sun rises in the east. (S → the sun, V1 → rise)
dü÷s¡T´&ÉT ‘·÷s¡TŒq ñ<äsTTkÕÔ&ÉT.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï~ ª‹q&É+μ nH˚ n\yê≥TqT, ¬s+&Ée~ ªu≤>± bÕ&É&É+μ nH˚ Á|ü‘˚´ø£‘·qT,
eT÷&Ée~ ªÄ&É&É+μ nH˚ yês¡+ yês¡+ »]π> |üì˙, Hê\Ze~ ÇcÕºìï eT]j·TT ∫e]~ $X¯«dü‘ê´ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT.
n+<äTe\q Ç$ Simple present tense ˝À #Ó|üŒã&Ü¶sTT. M{Ï˝Àì ªdü÷s¡T´&ÉT ‘·÷s¡TŒq ñ<äsTT+#·&É+μ nH˚~ á
Á|ü|ü+#·+˝À mø£ÿ&Ó’Hê düπs ˇπø˝≤ ñ+≥T+~. n+<äTe\q Bìì $X¯«dü‘·´+>± ù|s=ÿ+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Simple present tense ˝À III person-singular number øÏ #Ó+~q word 'subject' >± ñ+fÒ nq>±
He, she, it ˝Ò<ë @<Ó’Hê Singular noun 'subject' >± ñ+fÒ <ëìï nqTdü]+#˚ verb ≈£î ∫es¡q 's' qT ˝Ò<ë 'es' qT
#˚s¡Ãe˝…qT. Çø£ÿ&É Çe«ã&çq eT÷&Ée, Hê\Ze eT]j·TT nsTT<äe ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À á ìj·Te÷ìï bÕ{Ï+#·&É+ ø£ìŒdüTÔ+~.
2. Simple past tense :
Usage : |üPs¡ÔsTTb˛sTTq |üqT\T
$es¡D : ˇø£ |üìì >∑T]+∫ #Óù|Œ düeTj·÷ìøÏ Ä |üì |üPs¡ÔsTTb˛sTTq≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä s¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~q |üqT\ìï+{Ï˙
'simple past tense' ˝ÀH˚ #ÓãT‘ês¡T. |üì |üPs¡ÔsTTq ‘·s¡Tyê‘· n‹dü«\Œ düeTj·T+ e÷Á‘·y˚T »]–‘˚ n≥Te+{Ï |üqT*ï
'simple past tense' ˝À #Ó|üŒ≈£L&É<äT.
Structure : Subject + V2 (Past tense verb) + Object
i.e., (S + V2 + O)
Examples :
1. I wrote a letter. (S → I, V2 → wrote, O → a letter)
H˚qT ˇø£ ñ‘·Ôs¡+ ÁyêXÊqT.
2. We went to London. (S → we, V2 → went)
y˚TeTT \+&ÉHéøÏ yÓfi≤¢eTT.
3. They met me yesterday. (S → they, V2 → met, O → me)
yês¡T qqTï ìqï ø£*XÊs¡T.
4. He played the game. (S → he, V2 → played, O → the game)
n‘·&ÉT Ä Ä≥ Ä&Ü&ÉT.
5. You spoke the words. (S → you, V2 → spoke, O → the words)
Ä e÷≥\T ˙e⁄ e÷{≤¢&Üe⁄.
193
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ªÁyêj·T&É+μ nH˚ |üì |üPs¡ÔsTT+<ä˙, ¬s+&Ée yêø£´+˝À ªyÓfi¯¢&É+μ nH˚ |üì
|üPs¡ÔsTT+<ä˙, eT÷&Ée yêø£´+˝À ªø£\e&É+μ nH˚ |üì |üPs¡ÔsTT+<ä˙, Hê\Ze yêø£´+˝À ªÄ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üì |üPs¡ÔsTT+<ä˙
eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ªe÷{≤¢&É&É+μ nH˚ |üì |üPs¡ÔsTT+<ä˙ Äj·÷ verb \qT ã{Ïº ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. n+<äTe\q á yêø±´\T
'Simple past' ˝À #Ó|üŒã&Ü¶sTT.
>∑eTìø£ : Simple past tense

qT dü÷∫+#˚ yêø±´\˝À complements >± >∑‹+∫q düeTj·÷ìï dü÷∫+#˚
yesterday, before two hours e+{Ï |ü<ë\qT ˝Ò<ë phrase \qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·e#·TÃ. Past tense verb (V2) qT
πøe\+ á ˇø£ÿ tense ˝À e÷Á‘·y˚T ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
3. Simple future tense :
Usage : »s¡>∑uÀj˚T|üqT\T
$es¡D : ˇø£ |üìì >∑T]+∫ #Óù|Œ dü+<äsê“¤ìøÏ Ä |üì ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTe≈£î+&Ü Ä ‘·s¡Tyê‘· ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTeuÀ‘·T+fÒ
n≥Te+{Ï |üqT\qT 'Simple future tense' ˝À #ÓbÕÔs¡T. nq>± á düeTj·÷ìøÏ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· »s¡>∑uÀj˚T nìï |üqT\q÷
≈£L&Ü 'simple future tense' ˝ÀH˚ #ÓbÕÔs¡T.
Structure : Subject + shall / will + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object
i.e., (S + shall / will + V1 + O)
Examples :
1. We shall meet you tomorrow. (S → we, V1 → meet, O→ you)
y˚TeTT ìqTï πs|ü⁄ ø£\TkÕÔ+.
2. They will come after an hour. (S → they, V1 → come)
yês¡T ˇø£ >∑+≥ ‘·sê«‘· ekÕÔs¡T.
3. I shall sing a song. (S → I, V1 → sing, O → a song)
H˚qT ˇø£ bÕ≥ bÕ&É‘êqT.
4. You will go to Rajahmundry. (S → you, V1 → go)
˙e⁄ sê»eT+Á&çøÏ yÓfi≤Ôe⁄.
5. The students will help us. (S → the students, V1 → help, O → us)
Ä $<ë´s¡Tú\T e÷≈£î düVü≤ø£]kÕÔs¡T.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ªø£\e&É+μ nH˚ |üì Ä ‘·sê«‘· »s¡T>∑T‘√+<ä˙, ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À ªsêe&É+μ
nH˚ |üì Ä ‘·s¡Tyê‘· »s¡T>∑T‘√+<äì, eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À ªbÕ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üì Ä ‘·sê«‘· »s¡T>∑T‘√+<ä˙, Hê\Ze<ëì˝À ªyÓfi¯¢&É+μ
nH˚ |üì Ä ‘·sê«‘· »s¡T>∑T‘√+<äì eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ªdüVü≤ø£]+#·&É+μ nH˚ |üì Ä ‘·sê«‘· »s¡T>∑T‘√+<ä˙ Äj·÷
yêø±´\˝Àì verbs e\q ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. n+<äTe\q á yêø±´\T 'Simple future tense' ˝À ñHêïj·Tì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : á Tense jÓTTø£ÿ structure ˝Àì helping verb nsTTq 'Shall' qT I person ≈£î #Ó+~q pronouns
‘√q÷, 'will' qT $T–*q nìï persons ≈£î #Ó+~q pronouns ‘√q÷ eT]j·TT nouns ‘√q÷ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ø±˙
Á|üdTü ‘Ô · ø±\+˝À á ‘˚&ÜqT spoken English ˝À bÕ{Ï+#·&+É ˝Ò<Tä . nìï subject \≈£L ≈£L&Ü 'will' H˚ ñ|üj÷Ó –düTHÔ êïs¡T.
194
4. Present continuous tense :
Usage : Á|üdüTÔ‘·+»s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñqï |üqT\T.
$es¡D : ˇø£ |üìì >∑T]+∫ #Ó|ü⁄Ôqï düeTj·÷ìøÏ Ä |üì »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+fÒ n≥Te+{Ï |üìì 'Present continuous
tense' ˝À #ÓbÕÔs¡T. nq>± á düeTj·÷ìøÏ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñqï |üqT*ï á tense ˝À #ÓbÕÔs¡T.
Structure : Subject + is / am / are + [V1 (Present tense verb) + ing] + Object

i.e., S + is / am /are + V1 + ing + O)
Examples :
1. I am speaking English. (S → I, V1 → speak, O → English)
H˚qT Ç+^¢wüß e÷{≤¢&ÉT‘·THêïqT.
2. She is drawing a diagram. (S → she, V1 → draw, O → a diagram)
ÄyÓT u§eTà ^dü÷Ô ñ+~.
3. Rahul is drinking milk. (S → Rahul, V1 → drink, O → milk)
sêVüQ˝Ÿ bÕ\T Á‘ê>∑T‘·THêï&ÉT.
4. John and I are playing. (S → John and I, V1 → play)
C≤Hé eT]j·TT H˚qT Ä&ÉT‘·THêïeTT.
5. We are reading now. (S → we, V1 → read)
y˚TeTT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT #·<äTe⁄‘·THêïeTT.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ªe÷{≤¢&É&É+μ nH˚ |üì »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+~. ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À ª^j·T&É+μ nH˚
|üì »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+~. eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À ªÁ‘ê>∑&É+μ nH˚ |üì »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+~. Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À ªÄ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üì »s¡T>∑T‘·÷
ñ+~. eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ª#·<äe&É+μ nH˚ |üì »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+~. á |üqT\˙ï Äj·÷yêø±´\˝À Á|üdüTÔ‘·+ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷
ñqï ø±˝≤ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔqï+<äTq á yêø±´\qT 'Present continuous tense' ˝À #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~.
>∑eTìø£ : á Tense jÓTTø£ÿ structure ˝Àì helping verb \qT á ÁøÏ+~ $<Ûä+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
I person - singular number → am
IIIrd person - singular number → is eT]j·TT
$T–*q nìï persons jÓTTø£ÿ nìï numbers ≈£L 'are' qT 'helping verb' >± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
E want, wish, love, like, hate e+{Ï verb \qT »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñHêïj·TH˚ ns¡ú+˝À ≈£L&Ü Present continuous
tense ˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·sê<äT. á ns¡ú+˝À M{Ïì 'Simple present' ˝À #ÓbÕŒ*.
5. Past continuous tense :
Usage : >∑‘·+˝À ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìøÏ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñqï |üqT\T.
$es¡D : >∑‘·+˝À ˇø£ ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìøÏ ˇø£ |üì »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+&ç Ä düeTj·T+ ‘·sê«‘· ø=+‘·ùd|ü⁄ Ä |üì »]–
Á|üdüTÔ‘·+ Ä |üìì >∑T]+∫ Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT #Ó|ü⁄Ôqï dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À Ä |üì |üPs¡ÔsTTb˛sTT ñ+fÒ n≥Te+{Ï |üìì Past continuous
tense ˝À #ÓbÕÔs¡T. nq>± á tense ˝À #Óù|Œ |üqT\T »]–b˛sTTqø±\+˝À ø=+‘·ø±\+bÕ≥T »s¡T>∑T‘êsTT.
Structure : Subject + was / were + [V1 (Present tense verb) + ing] + Object
i.e., (S + was / were + (V1+ ing) + O)

195
Examples :
1. She was watching TV then. (S → she, V1 → watch, O → TV)
ÄyÓT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT TV #·÷dü÷Ô ñ+~. (ñ+&˚~)
2. The cow was eating grass yesterday at 4 o' clock. (S → the cow, V1 → eat, O → grass)
Ä Äe⁄ ìqï Hê*Z+{ÏøÏ >∑&ç¶ ‹+≥÷ ñ+~. (ñ+&˚~)
3. The boys were playing cricket yesterday by this time. (S → the boys, V1 → play, O → cricket)
Ä u≤\Ts¡T ìqï á düeTj·÷ìøÏ ÁøÏ¬ø{Ÿ Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñHêïs¡T, ñ+&˚yês¡T)
4. We were singing songs then. (S → we, V1 → sing, O → songs)
y˚TeTT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT bÕ≥\T bÕ&ÉT‘·÷ ñHêïeTT. (ñ+&˚yêfi¯fleTT)
5. You were wasting time in your college days. (S → you, V1 → waste, O → time)
˙e⁄ ˙ ø±˝ÒJ düeTj·T+˝À düeTj·T+ eè<Ûë#˚düTÔ+&˚yê&ç$.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{<Ï ëì˝À ª#·÷&É&+É μ nH˚|ìü >∑‘+· ˝À »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+&˚<ìä ‘Ó\TdüT+Ô ~. s¬ +&Ée<ëì˝À
ª‹q&É+μ nH˚ |üì Ä eTT+<äTs√E »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+&˚<äì ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À ªÄ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üì Ä eTT+<äTs√E
»s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+&˚<äì ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À ªbÕ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üì >∑‘·+˝À »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+&˚<äì ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. n˝≤π>
∫e]yêø£´+˝À ªeè<Ûë#˚j·T&É+μ nH˚ |üì >∑‘·+˝À »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+&˚<äì ns¡úeTe⁄‘·T+~. nq>± á yêø±´\˝À Äj·÷|üqT\T
>∑‘·+˝À |ü˝≤Hê düeTj·÷ìøÏ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+&˚eì ns¡úeTsTT+~. n+<äTe\q á yêø±´\qT 'Past continuous tense' ˝À
#Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~.
>∑eTìø£ : á Tense jÓTTø£ÿ structure ˝Àì helping verb \qT á ÁøÏ+~ $<Ûä+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
I person - singular number
III person - singular number } → was eT]j·TT
$T–*q nìï persons jÓTTø£ÿ nìï numbers ≈£L 'were' qT 'helping verb' >± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
6. Future continuous tense :
Usage : uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìøÏ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+&˚ |üqT\T.
$es¡D : uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À ˇø£ ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìøÏ ˇø£ |üì »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+≥T+<äì á tense ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. nq>± ˇø£ |üì
uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À ø=+‘·ø±\+bÕ≥T »s¡T>∑T‘√+~. n{Ïº |üqT\qT á 'Future continuous tense' ˝À #ÓbÕÔs¡T.
Structure : Subject + will be / shall be + [V1 (Present tense verb) + ing] + Object
i.e., (S + shall be / will be + (V1 + ing) + O)
Examples :
1. I shall be reading book tomorrow at 11 o' clock. (S → I, V1 → read, O → book)
H˚qT πs|ü⁄ 11 >∑+≥\øÏ |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äTe⁄‘·÷ ñ+{≤qT.
2. We shall be doing the work then. (S → we, V1 → do, O → the work)
y˚TeTT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä |üìì #˚dü÷Ô ñ+{≤eTT.
3. You will be making tea tomorrow at 5 o' clock. (S → you, V1 → make, O → tea)
˙e⁄ πs|ü⁄ nsTT~+{ÏøÏ {° ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚dü÷Ô ñ+{≤e⁄.
4. They will be walking then. (S → they, V1 → walk) yês¡T n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT q&ÉTdü÷Ô ñ+{≤s¡T.
5. The tiger will be hunting. (S → tiger, V1 → hunt) Ä |ü⁄* y˚{≤&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+≥T+~.
196
$es¡D : á yêø±´\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ª#·<äe&É+μ nH˚ |üì uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+{À+<äì, ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À
ª#Ój·T´&É+μ nH˚ |üì ‘·s¡Tyê‘· »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+{À+<äì, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À ª‘·j·÷s¡T#Ój·T´&É+μ nH˚ |üì uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À »s¡T>∑T‘·÷
ñ+{À+<äì, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À ªq&Ée&É+μ nH˚ |üì uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ñ+{À+<äì eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ªy˚{≤&É&É+μ
nH˚|üì uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+{À+<äì ‘Ó\Tk˛Ô+~. nq>± á yêø±´\˝Àì Äj·÷|üqT\T uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À ø=+‘·ø±\+bÕ≥T
»s¡T>∑T‘·T+{≤j·Tì ns¡úeTsTT´+~. n+<äT#˚‘·H˚ á yêø±´\qT 'Future continuous tense' ˝À #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~.
>∑eTìø£ : á 'Tense' jÓTTø£ÿ structure ˝Àì Helping verb \sTTq will be eT]j·TT shall be \˝Àì 'shall be'
qT simple future tense ˝Àì 'shall' e˝…H˚ I person øÏ, 'will be' ì $T–*q nìï persons øÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ø±ì
Á|üdüTÔ‘· ø±\+˝À Bì˝À ≈£L&Ü á ‘˚&ÜqT bÕ{Ï+#·&É+ ˝Ò<äT. nìï subject \≈£L ≈£L&Ü 'will be' H˚ yê&ÉT‘·THêïs¡T.
7. Present perfect tense :
Usage : Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ |üPs¡ÔsTTq |üqT\T.

$es¡D : ˇø£ |üìì >∑T]+∫ #Óù|Œ düeTj·÷ìøÏ Ä |üì |üPs¡ÔsTT n‹dü«\Œ eé~Û e÷Á‘·y˚T nsTT+<äH˚ uÛ≤e+
e∫Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT n{Ïº |üqT\qT á 'Present perfect tense' ˝À #ÓbÕÔs¡T. Ç~ 'Simple past tense' jÓTTø£ÿ ñ|üjÓ÷>±ìøÏ
<ä>∑Zs¡>± ñ+≥T+~. Bì˝À dü«\Œø±\eé~Û nH˚~ ˇø£ÿ ôdø£qT ø±e#·TÃ ˝Ò<ë ˇø£ dü+e‘·‡s¡+ nsTTHê ø±e#·TÃ. Ç~
eTH√uÛ≤e+ MT<ä Ä<Ûës¡|ü&ç ñ+≥T+~.
Structure : Subject + has / have + V3 (Past participle verb) + Object
i.e., (S + has / have + V3 + O)
Examples :
1. She has gone just now. (S → she, V3 → gone)

ÄyÓT Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ yÓ[¢b˛sTT+~.
2. I have completed my education this year. (S → I, V3 → completed, O → my education)
H˚qT Hê #·<äTe⁄ì á dü+e‘·‡s¡y˚T |üP]Ô#˚XÊqT.
3. The dog has eaten its food just now. (S → the dog, V3 → eaten, O → its food)
Ä ≈£îø£ÿ <ëì ÄVü‰s¡+ Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ ‹qï~.
4. Ravi has come here this month. (S → Ravi, V3 → come)
s¡$ Çø£ÿ&çøÏ á HÓ˝Ò e#êÃ&ÉT.
5. We have finished it just now. (S → we, V3 → finished, O → it)
y˚TeTT n~ Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ |üP]Ô#˚XÊeTT.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ªyÓfi¯¢&É+μ nH˚ |üì Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ |üPs¡ÔsTT+~. ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À ª|üP]Ô#˚j·T&É+μ
nH˚ |üì á dü+e‘·‡s¡y˚T |üPs¡ÔsTT+~. eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À ª‹q&É+μ nH˚ |üì Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ |üPs¡ÔsTT+~. Hê\Ze<ëì˝À ªsêe&É+μ
nH˚|üì á HÓ˝Ò |üPs¡ÔsTT+~. ∫e]<ëì˝À ª|üPs¡Ôe&É+μ nH˚ |üì Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ |üPs¡ÔsTT+~. nq>± á |üqT\˙ï yê{Ï >∑T]+∫
#Ó|ü⁄Ôqï düeTj·÷ìøÏ n‹dü«\Œø±\uÛÒ<ä+˝À |üPs¡ÔsTTHêj·TH˚ uÛ≤e+˝À #Ó|üŒã&Ü¶sTT. n+<äTe\q M{Ïì 'Present perfect
tense' ˝À #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~.

197
>∑eTìø£ : Present perfect tense ˝Àì complement >± ì]›wüº+>± düeTj·÷ìï dü÷∫+#·ì words H˚
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*. düeTj·÷ìï K∫Ã‘·+>± ‘Ó*ù| words ì simple past tense ˝À yê&Ü*. á tense ˝À yê&É≈£L&É<äT.
á Tense jÓTTø£ÿ structure ˝Àì helping verb \sTTq Has eT]j·TT Have \qT á ÁøÏ+~ $<Ûä+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
III person - singular number → 'has' qT eT]j·TT $T–*q nìï persons jÓTTø£ÿ nìï numbers ≈£L 'have' qT
helping verb >± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
8. Past perfect tense :
Usage : >∑‘·+˝À dü«\Œø±\eé~Û˝À |üPs¡ÔsTTq ¬s+&ÉT|üqT˝À¢ yÓTT<ä{Ï|üì.

$es¡D : >∑‹+∫q ø±\+˝À ¬s+&ÉT|üqT\T n‹dü«\Œ ø±\uÛÒ<ä+‘√ |üPs¡ÔsTTq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä yÓ+≥yÓ+≥H˚ »]–q |üqT˝À¢
eTT+<äT>± |üPs¡ÔsTTq |üìì á 'Past perfect tense' ˝Àq÷ ¬s+&Ée|üìì 'Simple past tense' ˝Àq÷ #ÓbÕÔs¡T. n˝≤π>
>∑‘·+˝À ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìøÏ n|ü⁄Œ&˚ |üPs¡ÔsTTq |üqT*ï ≈£L&Ü á tense ˝ÀH˚ #ÓbÕÔs¡T.
Structure : Subject + had + V3 (Past participle verb) + Object
i.e., (S + had + V3 + O)
Examples :
1. He had gone just then. (S → He, V3 → gone)
n‘·&ÉT n|ü⁄Œ&˚ yÓ[¢b˛j·÷&ÉT.
2. She had finished herwork when I went there. (S → she, V3 → finished, O → her work)
ÄyÓT ‘·q |üìì H˚qT nø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓfi‚¢dü]øÏ |üP]Ô#˚dæ+~.
3. The patient had died before the doctor came. (S → the patient, V3 → died)
&Üø£ºs¡T sêe&ÜìøÏ eTT+<˚ Ä s√– #·ìb˛j·÷&ÉT.
4. They had started meeting before I attended. (S → they, V3 → started, O → meeting)
H˚qT Vü‰»s¡e&ÜìøÏ eTT+<˚ yês¡T düe÷y˚XÊìï yÓTT<ä\Tô|{≤ºs¡T.
5. When we went to college, the teacher had finished the class. (S → The class, V3 → finished)
y˚TeTT ø±˝ÒJøÏ yÓfi‚¢≥|üŒ{Ïπø {°#·sY Ä ø±¢dt |üP]Ô#˚XÊs¡T.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ªyÓfi¯¢&É+μ nH˚|üì ˇø£ ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìøÏ ø=+#Ó+ eTT+<äT |üPs¡ÔsTT+<äH˚
uÛ≤e+˝À #Ó|üŒã&ç+~. ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À ª|üP]Ô#˚j·T&É+μ nH˚ |üì ªyÓfi¯¢&É+μ nH˚ |üìøÏ ø=+#Ó+ eTT+<äT |üPs¡ÔsTT+~.
eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À ª#êe&É+μ nH˚ |üì ªsêe&É+μ nH˚|üìøÏ dü«\Œø±\+ eTT+<äT |üPs¡ÔsTT+~. Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À ªyÓTT<ä\e&É+μ
nH˚|üì ªVü‰»s¡e&É+μ nH˚ |üìøÏ ø±düÔ eTT+<äT |üPs¡ÔsTT+~. eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ª|üP]Ô#˚j·T&É+μ nH˚|üì ªyÓfi¯fl&É+μ nH˚
|üìøÏ ø=+#Ó+ eTT+<äT>± |üPs¡ÔsTT+~. n+<äTe\q á eTT+<äT>± |üPs¡ÔsTTq |üqT*ï Past perfect tense ˝À #Ó|üŒ&É+
»]–+~.
>∑eTìø£ : >∑‘·+˝À ¬s+&ÉT |üqT\T dü«\Œø±\eé~Û˝À eTT–dæq|ü⁄&ÉT yê{Ï˝À eTT+<äT eTT–dæq |üìì 'Past perfect
tense' ˝À #Ó|üŒ>± Ä ¬s+&Ée|üì ≈£L&Ü |üPs¡ÔsTTb˛sTT+<˚ ø±ã{Ïº <ëìì 'Simple past tense' ˝À #ÓbÕÔs¡T. á
Tense ˝À helping verb nH˚~ 'had' ˇø£ÿfÒø±e⁄q BìH˚ nìï Subject \≈£L ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
9. Future perfect tense :
Usage : uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìøÏ |üPs¡ÔeuÀj˚T |üqT\T.
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$es¡D : uÛÑ$wü´‘Yø±\+˝À ˇø£ ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìøÏ ˝Ò<ë Ä düeTj·÷ìøÏ n‹dü«\Œ ø±\eé~Û eTT+<äT |üPs¡ÔeuÀj˚T
|üqT\qT á 'Future perfect tense' ˝À #ÓbÕÔs¡T. nq>± á tense ˝À K∫Ã‘·+>± uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝Àì ˇø£ ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìøÏ
ˇø£ |üì |üPs¡ÔeuÀ‘·T+<äH˚ }Vü≤qT ‘Ó*j·TCÒkÕÔs¡T.
Structure : Subject + will have / shall have + V3 (Past participle verb) + Object
i.e., (S + will have / shall have + V3 + O)
Examples :
1. I shall have come there tomorrow by 5 p.m. (S → I, V3 → come)
H˚qT πs|ü⁄ nsTT~+{Ïø£˝≤¢ nø£ÿ&çøÏ e#˚ÃkÕÔqT.
2. She will have completed her work by 3 p.m. (S → she, V3 → completed, O → herwork)
ÄyÓT ‘·q|üìì eT÷&ç+{Ïø£˝≤¢ |üP]Ô#˚ùddüTÔ+~.
3. They will have deposited the money just then. (S → they, V3 → deposited, O → the money)
yês¡T Ä &ÉãT“ì n|üŒ{ÏøÏ »eT#˚ùdkÕÔs¡T.
4. Kumar will have repaid his debt by January. (S → Kumar, V3 → repaid, O → his debt)
≈£îe÷sY »qe]ø£˝≤¢ n‘·ì n|ü⁄ŒqT #Ó*¢+#˚kÕÔ&ÉT.
5. He will have drawn the diagram. (S → he, V3 → drawn, O → the diagram)
n‘·&ÉT Ä u§eTàì ^ùddæ ñ+{≤&ÉT.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ªsêe&É+μ nH˚|üì »s¡>∑uÀj˚T ø±\+˝À ˇø£ düeTj·÷ìøÏ |üPs¡Ôe⁄‘√+<äì,
¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À ª|üP]Ô#˚j·T&É+μ nH˚ |üì uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À ˇø£ düeTj·÷ìøÏ |üPs¡Ôe⁄‘√+<ä˙, eT÷&Ée<ëì˝À ª»eT#˚j·T&É+μ nH˚|üì
uÛ$Ñ wü´‘Y˝À ˇø£ düeTj·÷ìøÏ |üPs¡eÔ ⁄‘√+<äì, Hê\Ze<ëì˝À ª#Ó*+¢ #·&+É μ nH˚|ìü »s¡>u∑ Àj˚Tø±\+˝À |üPs¡eÔ ⁄‘√+<äì eT]j·TT
∫e]yêø£´+˝À ª^j·T&É+μ nH˚ |üì uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À |üPs¡Ôe⁄‘√+<äì ‘Ó\T|ü&É+ »]–+~. nq>± á |üqT\˙ï uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À ì]›wüº
düeTj·÷ìøÏ |üPs¡Ôe⁄‘êj·TH˚ uÛ≤eqqT ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·THêïsTT. n+<äTe\q M{Ïì 'Future perfect tense' ˝À #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~.
>∑eTìø£ : á Tense ˝Àì helping verb \sTTq shall have eT]j·TT will have \qT 'Simple future tense'
˝Àì will eT]j·TT shall \ e˝…H˚ 'Shall have' ì I person øÏ eT]j·TT 'will have' ì $T–*q nìï persons øÏ
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ø±ì Á|üdüTÔ‘· ø±\+˝À M{Ï‘˚&ÜqT ≈£L&Ü bÕ{Ï+#·≈£î+&Ü nìï subject \≈£L 'will have' H˚ helping
verb >± ñ|üjÓ÷–düTÔHêïs¡T.
10. Present perfect continuous tense :
Usage : >∑‘·+˝À ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìøÏ yÓTT<ä\sTT Á|üdüTÔ‘·+ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñqï |üqT\T.
$es¡D : >∑‘·+˝À ˇø£ ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìøÏ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTsTT á düeTj·÷ìøÏ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À ≈£L&Ü ø=+‘·ø±\+
»]– |üPs¡Ôj˚T´ |üqT\qT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ á 'Present perfect continuous tense' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Structure : Subject + has been / have been + [V1 (Present tense verb) + ing] + Object
i.e., (S + has been / have been + (V1 + ing) + O)
Examples :
1. She has been playing for two hours. (S → she, V1 → play)
ÄyÓT ¬s+&ÉT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+~.
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Examples :
2. They have been reading since 3 o' clock. (S → they, V1 → read)
yês¡T eT÷&ç+{Ï qT+∫ #·<äTe⁄‘·÷ ñHêïs¡T.
3. They have been living here since 2000. (S → they, V1 → live)
yês¡T 2000 qT+∫ Çø£ÿ&É ìedædüTÔHêïs¡T.
4. We have been watching TV for ten minutes. (S → we, V1 → watch, O → T.V)
y˚TeTT |ü~ì$TcÕ\ qT+∫ TV #·÷düTÔHêïeTT.
5. He has been staying here for ten days. (S → he, V1 → stay)
n‘·&ÉT Çø£ÿ&É |ü~s√E\ qT+∫ >∑&ÉT|ü⁄‘·THêï&ÉT.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ªÄ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üì >∑‘·+˝À ¬s+&ÉT >∑+≥\ eTT+<äT yÓTT<ä\sTT Á|üdüTÔ‘·+
»s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+~. Ä |üì uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À ≈£L&Ü ø=+‘·ø±\+ »]– Ä>∑e#·TÃ. n<˚$<Ûä+>± ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À ª#·<äe&É+μ nH˚ |üì,
eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À ªìedæ+#·&É+μ nH˚ |üì, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À ª#·÷&É&É+μ nH˚ |üì eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ª>∑&É|ü&É+μ nH˚ |üì
>∑‘·+˝À yÓTT<ä\sTT Á|üdüT‘·Ô+ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñHêïsTT. Ç$ uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À |üPs¡Ôe⁄‘êsTT. Ç$ >∑‘·+˝À yÓTT<ä˝…’q ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìï
≈£L&Ü ø£*Z ñHêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á yêø±´\qT Present perfect continuous tense ˝À Áyêj·T&É+ »]–+~.
>∑eTìø£ : á Present perfect continuous tense eT]j·TT Present continuous tense \T ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+˝À
ˇπø˝≤ ñ+{≤sTT. ø±˙ Present perfect tense ˝À |üì ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTsTTq düeTj·÷ìï ‘Ó\Œ&É+ »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. Present
continuous tense ˝À |üì ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ düeTj·T+ ‘Ó\Œ&É+ »s¡>∑<äT.
á Tense jÓTTø£ÿ helping verb \qT á ÁøÏ+~ $<Ûä+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
III person - singular number → has been qT eT]j·TT $T–*q nìï Persons jÓTTø£ÿ nìï numbers ≈£L
have been q÷ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. á ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+ 'Present perfect' ˝Àì has / have \ e˝…H˚ ñ+≥T+~.
11. Past perfect continuous tense :
Usage : >∑‘·+˝À ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìøÏ eTT+<äT yÓTT<ä\sTT Ä düeTj·÷ìøÏ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+&ç Ä ‘·sê«‘· |üPs¡ÔsTTq
|üqT\T.
$es¡D : >∑‘·+˝À ˇø£ ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìøÏ eTT+<äT>± ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTsTT Ä ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìøÏ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+&ç Ä ‘·sê«‘·
≈£L&Ü ø=+‘·ø±\+ »]– Á|üdüTÔ‘·+ Ä |üìì >∑T]+∫ #Óù|Œ düeTj·÷ìøÏ |üPs¡ÔsTTb˛sTTq |üqT\qT >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ á
'Past perfect continuous tense' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Structure : Subject + had been + [V1 (Present tense verb) + ing] + Object
i.e., (S + had been + (V1 + ing) + O)
Examples :
1. I had been dancing for two hours then. (S → I, V1 → dance)

H˚qT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ¬s+&ÉT>∑+≥\ qT+&ç Hê≥´+#˚dü÷Ô ñHêïqT. (ñ+&˚yê&çì)
2. She had been doing the job for ten years by 2000. (S → she, V1 → do, O → the job)
ÄyÓT 2000e dü+e‘·‡sêìøÏ Ä ñ<√´>∑+ |ü<˚fi¯ófl>± #˚dü÷Ô ñ+~. (#˚dü÷Ô ñ+&˚~)

200
Examples :
3. They had been writing the books for six months by May. (S → they, V1 → write, O → the books)
yês¡T y˚TøÏ Äs¡THÓ\\T>± Ä |ü⁄düÔø±*ï Áyêdü÷Ô ñHêïs¡T. (Áyêdü÷Ô ñ+&˚yês¡T)
4. You had been listening to class for one hour yesterday at 2 p.m. (S → you, V1 → listen, O → class)
˙e⁄ ìqï ¬s+&ç+{ÏøÏ ø±¢dtì >∑+≥ùd|ü≥Tï+∫ $+≥÷ ñHêïe⁄. ($+≥÷ ñ+&˚yê&ç$)
5. We had been playing the game for two hours then. (S → We, V1 → play, O → the game)
y˚TeTT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä Ä≥ì ¬s+&ÉT >∑+≥\T>± Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñHêïeTT. (Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+&˚yês¡eTT)
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D˝˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ªHê≥´+#˚j·T&É+μ nH˚ |üì ªn|ü⁄Œ&ÉTμ nqã&˚ >∑‘·+˝Àì düeTj·÷ìøÏ
¬s+&ÉT>∑+≥\ eTT+<äT ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTsTT Ä düeTj·÷ìøÏ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+&ç, Ä ‘·sê«‘· ø=+‘·ùd|ü⁄ »]– á düeTj·÷ìøÏ
eTT–dæ+~. n<˚$<Ûä+>± ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝Àì ª#˚j·T&É+μ nH˚ |üì, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝Àì ªÁyêj·T&É+μ nH˚ |üì, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝Àì
ª$q&É+μ nH˚ |üì eT]j·TT ∫e] yêø£´+˝Àì ªÄ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üì >∑‘·+˝À Äj·÷ ì]›wüº düeTj·÷\≈£î ø=+‘·ø±\+ ÁøÏ‘·+
ÁbÕs¡+uÛeÑ TsTT Äj·÷ düeTj·÷\≈£î »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+&ç Ä ‘·sê«‘· ≈£L&Ü ø=+‘·ø±\+ »]–, á düeTj·÷ìøÏ eTT+<˚ |üPs¡sÔ TTHêsTT.
n+<äTe\q á |üqT\ìï+{Ï˙ 'Past perfect continuous tense' ˝À #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~.
>∑eTìø£ : Past perfect continuous tense eT]j·TT past continuous tense \T ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+˝À ˇπø˝≤
ñ+{≤sTT. ø±˙ á 'past perfect continuous tense' ˝À |üì m+‘·ùd|ü{Ï qT+∫ »s¡T>∑T‘·Tqï<äH˚ $wüj·÷ìï ‘Ó\|ü&É+
»s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. ø±˙ 'Past continuous tense' ˝À n˝≤ ‘Ó\T|ü&É+ »s¡>∑<äT. á Tense ˝À helping verb πøe\+ 'had
been' e÷Á‘·y˚T nsTTq+<äTq BìH˚ nìï Subject \≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
12. Future perfect continuous tense :
Usage : uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìøÏ eTT+<äT ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTsTT Ä düeTj·÷ìøÏ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ Ä ‘·sê«‘· |üPs¡Ôj˚T|üqT\T.
$es¡D : uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À ˇø£ |üì ˇø£ ì]›wüº düeTj·÷ìøÏ ø=+‘·ø±\+ eTT+<äT ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTsTT Ä düeTj·÷ìøÏ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷
ñ+&ç Ä ‘·sê«‘· ≈£L&Ü ø=+‘·ø±\+ »]– uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝ÀH˚ |üPs¡ÔsTTq≥¢sTT‘˚ n≥Te+{Ï |üqT\qT á 'Future perfect
continuous tense' ˝À #ÓbÕÔs¡T. nq>± á |üqT\T uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝ÀH˚ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTsTT uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝ÀH˚ eTT>∑TkÕÔsTT.
Structure : Subject + will have been / shall have been + [V1 (Present tense verb) + ing] + Object
i.e., (S + will have been / shall have been + (V1 + ing) + O)
Examples :
1. They will have been talking for two hours by 5 o' clock. (S → they, V1 → talk)
yês¡T 5 >∑+≥\øÏ ¬s+&ÉT>∑+≥\ qT+&ç e÷{≤¢&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+{≤s¡T.
2. I shall have been playing for an hour then. (S → I, V1 → play)
H˚qT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT >∑+≥ qT+∫ Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+{≤qT.
3. She will have been discussing for two days then. (S → she, V1 → discuss)
ÄyÓT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ¬s+&ÉTs√E\ qT+&ç #·]Ãdü÷Ô ñ+{À+~.
4. We shall have been watching TV for three hours by 7 o' clock. (S → we, V1 → watch, O → TV)
y˚TeTT @&ç+{ÏøÏ eT÷&ÉT >∑+≥\T>± TV #·÷dü÷Ô ñ+{≤eTT.
5. You will have been drinking for two minutes then. (S → you, V1 → drink)
˙e⁄ n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT |ü~ì$TcÕ\ qT+&ç Á‘ê>∑T‘·÷ ñ+{≤e⁄.
201
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À ªe÷{≤¢&É&É+μ nH˚ |üì uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À ◊~+{ÏøÏ eTT+<äT>± ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTsTT Ä
düeTj·÷ìøÏ »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+&ç Ä ‘·sê«‘· ø=+‘·düeTj·T+ es¡≈£L »]– n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT eTT>∑Tk˛Ô+<äì ‘Ó\TdüTÔ+~. n<˚$<Ûä+>±
¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À ªÄ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üì, eT÷&Éeyêø£´+˝À ª#·]Ã+#·&É+μ nH˚ |üì, Hê\Zeyêø£´+˝À ª#·÷&É&É+μ nH˚ |üì eT]j·TT
∫e]yêø£´+˝À ªÁ‘ê>∑&+É μ nH˚|ìü uÛ$Ñ wü´‘Y˝À Äj·÷ ì]›wºü düeTj·÷\≈£î eTT+<äT>± ÁbÕs¡+uÛeÑ TsTT Ä düeTj·÷\≈£î »s¡T>∑T‘·÷
ñ+&ç Ä ‘·s¡Tyê‘· uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝ÀH˚ eTT>∑TkÕÔsTT. n+<äTe\q á |üqT\ìï+{Ïì 'Future perfect continuous tense' ˝À
#Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~.
>∑eTìø£ : Future perfect continuous tense eT]j·TT Future continuous tense \T ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+˝À ˇπø˝≤
ñ+{≤sTT. ø±˙ Future perfect continuous tense ˝À e˝Ò Future continuous tense ˝À |üì m+‘·ùd|ü{Ï qT+∫
»s¡T>∑T‘·T+≥T+<äH˚ $wüj·÷ìï ‘Ó\T|ü&É+ »s¡>∑<äT. á tense ˝Àì 'shall have been' nH˚ helping verb qT
I person øÏ, 'will have been' nH˚ <ëìì $T–*q nìï subject \øÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ø±ì Á|üdüTÔ‘·ø±\+˝À á ‘˚&ÜqT
$düà]+∫ nìï+{Ïø° 'will have been H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷–düTÔHêïeTT.
COMBINATION OF TENSES (Tenses jÓTTø£ÿ ø£\sTTø£)
ø=ìï dü+<äsê“¤\˝À ¬s+&˚dæ tense \T yê{Ï jÓTTø£ÿ ñ|üjÓ÷>±ìï ã{Ïº ˇπø yêø£´+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&É‘êsTT.
1. Simple future and simple present :
Simple future tense eT]j·TT Simple present tense \qT ˇπø yêø£´+˝À á ÁøÏ+~ $<Ûä+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. I will wait here until you come.
˙e⁄ e#˚Ã+‘·es¡≈£L H˚qT Çø£ÿ&É y˚∫ ñ+{≤qT.
2. If you request her, she will help you.
˙e⁄ ÄyÓTì n]›ùdÔ ÄyÓT ˙≈£î düVü‰j·T+ #˚k˛Ô+~.
3. He will come when you call him.
˙e⁄ n‘·ìï |æ*∫q|ü⁄&ÉT n‘·&ÉT ekÕÔ&ÉT.
4. When she wants to eat, she will eat.
ÄyÓT ‹Hê\ì ø√s¡T≈£îqï|ü⁄&ÉT ‹+{À+~.
5. We will play if you give permission.
MTs¡T nqTeT‹ùdÔ y˚TeTT Ä&É‘êeTT.
á yêø±´\˝Àì ˇø£≥e, eT÷&Ée eT]j·TT nsTT<äe yêø±´\˝À simple future tense eTT+<äT, simple present
tense ‘·s¡Tyê‘· ñ+&˚ Áø£eT+˝À ø£\|ü&É+ »]–+~. ¬s+&Ée, Hê\Ze yêø±´\˝À e´‹πsø£ Áø£eT+˝À ø£\|ü&É+ »]–+~. á
$<Ûä+>± á tense \qT until, If, when e+{Ï conjunction \‘√ ≈£\T|ü⁄‘ês¡T.
2. Past continuous and simple past :
Past continuous tense eT]j·TT simple past tense \qT ˇπø yêø£´+˝À á ÁøÏ+~ $<Ûä+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. When he was writing, I went to his house.
n‘·&ÉT ÁyêdüTÔ+&É>± H˚qT n‘·ì Ç+{ÏøÏ yÓfi≤¢qT.

202
Examples :
2. She called him while he was watching TV.
n‘·&ÉT TV #·÷düTÔ+&É>± ÄyÓT n‘·ìï |æ*∫+~.
3. I met Latha while she was going to movie.
\‘· dæìe÷øÏ yÓfi¯óÔ+&É>± H˚qT ÄyÓTì ø£*XÊqT.
4. The boy disturbed his father when his father was praying.
n‘·ì ‘·+Á&ç ÁbÕ]údüTÔqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä u≤\T&ÉT ‘·q ‘·+Á&çøÏ n+‘·sêj·T+ ø£*Z+#ê&ÉT.
5. The girl fell down when she was swinging.
‘êqT }j·T\ }>∑T‘·Tqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä u≤*ø£ ÁøÏ+<ä |ü&çb˛sTT+~.
á yêø±´\˝Àì ˇø£≥e yêø£´+˝À past continuous tense qT eTT+<äT, ‘·s¡Tyê‘· simple past tense Áyêj·T&É+
»]–+~. $T–*q yêø±´\˝À á tense \qT e´‹πsø£Áø£eT+˝À neTs¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. á $<Ûä+>± while, when, e+{Ï
conjunction \‘√ 'Past continuous tense' ì 'Simple past tense' ì ø£\T|ü⁄‘ês¡T.
á dü+|òüT≥q e˝ÒH˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü y˚s=ø£ $<Ûä+>± ≈£L&Ü á ¬s+&ÉT tense \q÷ ˇπø yêø£´+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·>∑\eTT.
Examples :
1. When he came, I was playing keyboard.
n‘·&ÉT e∫Ãq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT H˚qT ø°uÀs¡T¶ yêsTTdüTÔHêïqT.
2. She was cooking when her husband came.
ÄyÓT uÛÑs¡Ô e#˚Ã≥|üŒ{ÏøÏ ÄyÓT e+≥#˚dü÷Ô ñ+~.
3. When Ramu came, the teacher was teaching.
sêeTT e#˚Ã≥|üŒ{ÏøÏ Ä {°#·s¡T uÀ~Ûdü÷Ô ñHêï&ÉT.
4. They were talking to me when my friend saw.
Hê ùdïVæ≤‘·T&ÉT #·÷dæq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yês¡T Hê‘√ e÷{≤¢&ÉT‘·THêïs¡T.
5. When Saroja got heart attack, she was writing exam.
düs√»≈£î >∑T+&ÓH=|æŒ e∫Ãq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ÄyÓT |üØø£å Áyêdü÷Ô ñ+~.
á yêø±´\˝À ¬s+&Ée, Hê\Ze yê{Ï˝À Past continuous tense ì eTT+<äT, Simple past tense ì ‘·s¡Tyê‘·
Áyêj·T&É+ »]–+~. $T–*q yêø±´\˝À e´‹πsø£ Áø£eT+˝À á tense \qT neTs¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. á $<Ûä+>± 'when' nH˚
conjunction ‘√ simple past tense qT past continuous tense ‘√ ø£\T|ü⁄‘ês¡T.
3. Future continuous and simple present :
Future continuous tense eT]j·TT simple present tense \qT ˇπø yêø£´+˝À á ÁøÏ+~ $<Û+
ä >± ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ .
Examples :
1. She will be waiting here until your sister comes.
˙ k˛<ä] e#˚Ã+‘·es¡≈£L áyÓT Çø£ÿ&É y˚∫ ñ+{À+~.
2. Rajesh will be watching TV until you come.
˙e⁄ e#˚Ã+‘·es¡≈£L sêCÒwt TV #·÷dü÷Ô ñ+{≤&ÉT.
3. Rama will be reading until I come.
H˚qT e#˚Ã+‘·es¡≈£L s¡eT #·<äTe⁄‘·÷ ñ+{À+~.
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Examples :
4. Swapna will be playing when you go.
˙e⁄ yÓfi‚¢≥|üŒ{ÏøÏ dü«|üï Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+{À+~.
5. When he goes they will be waiting for him.
n‘·&ÉT yÓfi‚¢≥|üŒ{ÏøÏ yês¡T n‘·ìø√dü+ m<äTs¡T#·÷dü÷Ô ñ+{≤s¡T.
á yêø±´\˝Àì ∫e]yêø£´+˝À simple present tense eTT+<äT, future continuous tense Ä ‘·sê«‘·
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~. $T–*q nìï yêø±´\˝À á Áø£eT+ e´‹πsø£+>± ñ+~. á $<Ûä+>± when, until e+{Ï
conjunction \ düVü‰j·T+‘√ á ¬s+&ÉT tense \q÷ ø£\T|ü⁄‘ês¡T.
4. Future continuous and simple future :
Future continuous tense eT]j·TT simple future tense \qT ˇπø yêø£´+˝À á ÁøÏ+~ $<Ûä+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. I will come when you will be playing chess.
˙e⁄ #Ódt Ä&ÉT‘·Tqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT H˚qT ekÕÔqT.
2. She will go when you will be doing your work.
˙e⁄ ˙ |üìì #˚düT≈£î+≥÷ ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ÄyÓT yÓfi¯óÔ+~.
3. They will meet you while you will be playing piano.
˙e⁄ |æj·÷H√ yêsTTdüTÔ+&É>± yês¡T ìqTï ø£\TkÕÔs¡T.
4. We will come when your brother will be scolding you.
˙ k˛<äs¡T&ÉT ìqTï ‹&ÉT‘·T+&É>± y˚TeTT ekÕÔeTT.
5. When Sangeeta will be singing, he will see.
dü+^‘· bÕ&ÉT‘·Tqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT n‘·&ÉT #·÷kÕÔ&ÉT.
á yêø±´\˝Àì ∫e]yêø£´+˝À Future continuous tense ì eTT+<äT, Ä ‘·sê«‘· simple future tense ì
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT. $T–*q yêø±´\˝À e´‹πsø£ Áø£eT+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT. á $<Ûä+>± á ¬s+&ÉT tense \q÷ when,
while e+{Ï conjunction \ düVü‰j·T+‘√ ø£\T|ü⁄‘ês¡T.
5. Past perfect and simple past :
Past perfect tense eT]j·TT simple past tense \qT ˇπø yêø£´+˝À á ÁøÏ+~ $<Ûä+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. Priya had come here before her friend came.
Á|æj·T Çø£ÿ&çøÏ ‘·q ùdïVæ≤‘·Tsê\T sêe&ÜìøÏ eTT+<˚ e∫Ã+~.
2. When Gowthami reached bus stand, the bus had started.
>ö‘·$T ãkÕº+&ÉT≈£î #˚s¡Tø=H˚≥|üŒ{Ïπø Ä ãdüT‡ ãj·T\T<˚]+~.
3. She had gone when he came here.
n‘·&ÉT Çø£ÿ&çøÏ e#˚Ã≥|üŒ{Ïπø ÄyÓT yÓ[¢b˛sTT+~.
4. I had attended the meeting before they started it.
yês¡T düe÷y˚X¯+ yÓTT<ä\Tô|≥º&ÜìøÏ eTT+<˚ H˚qT Ä düe÷y˚XÊìøÏ Vü‰»s¡j·÷´qT.
5. Mohan had finished the work when I went there.
H˚qT nø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓfi‚¢≥|üŒ{ÏøÏ yÓ÷Vü≤Hé Ä |üì |üP]Ô#˚XÊ&ÉT.
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á yêø±´\˝Àì s¬ +&Ée<ëì˝À yÓTT<ä≥ simple past tense q÷ Ä ‘·sT¡ yê‘· past perfect tense qT ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·&+É
»]–+~. $T–*q nìï yêø±´\˝Àq÷ á Áø£e÷ìøÏ e´‹πsø£+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~. á $<Ûä+>± before eT]j·TT
when \ e+{Ï conjunctions ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫ á tense \qT ø£\T|ü⁄‘ês¡T.
á $<Ûä+>±H˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü y˚s=ø£ $<Ûä+>± ≈£L&Ü á ¬s+&ÉT tense \q÷ ˇπøyêø£´+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·>∑\eTT.
Examples :
1. When he had completed the diagram, I went to his house.
n‘·&ÉT Ä u§eTàqT |üP]Ô#˚dæq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT H˚qT n‘·ì Ç+{ÏøÏ yÓfi≤¢qT.
2. She called him when he had gone to bed.
n‘·&ÉT |ü&ÉT≈£îqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ÄyÓT n‘·ìï |æ*∫+~.
3. When you had done the exercise Ravi came.
˙e⁄ yê´j·÷eT+ #˚ùddæq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT s¡$ e#êÃ&ÉT.
4. When the movie had begun, they went to the theatre.
dæìe÷ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTsTTq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yês¡T ~∏j˚T≥sYøÏ yÓfi≤¢s¡T.
5. When the patient had died, the doctor came there.
Ä s√– #·ìb˛sTTq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT &Üø£ºs¡T nø£ÿ&çøÏ e#êÃ&ÉT.
á yêø±´\˝Àì ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À simple past tense ì eTT+<äT, past perfect tense ì Ä ‘·sê«‘· ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+
»]–+~. $T–*q nìï yêø±´\˝Àq÷ BìøÏ e´‹πsø£Áø£eT+˝À á tense \qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&ÉyÓTÆq~. á $<Ûä+>± when
yÓTT<ä˝…’q conjunction \‘√ á tense \qT ø£\T|ü⁄‘ês¡T.
6. Future perfect and simple present :
Future perfect tense eT]j·TT simple present tense \qT ˇπøyêø£´+˝À á $<Ûä+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. She will have finished her work when I go.
H˚qT yÓfi‚¢≥|üŒ{Ïø£˝≤¢ ÄyÓT ‘·q |üìì |üP]Ô#˚ùdk˛Ô+~.
2. He will have completed the diagram when you come.
˙e⁄ e#˚Ã≥|üŒ{Ïø£˝≤¢ n‘·&ÉT Ä u§eTà |üP]Ô#˚ùdkÕÔ&ÉT.
3. You will have made kite when she comes.
ÄyÓT e#˚Ã≥|üŒ{Ïø£˝≤¢ ˙e⁄ >±*|ü≥+ ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚ùdkÕÔe⁄.
4. They will have come here when he comes.
n‘·&ÉT e#˚Ã≥|üŒ{Ïø£˝≤¢ yês¡T Çø£ÿ&çøÏ e#˚ÃkÕÔs¡T.
5. I will have written the letter when my friend comes.
Hê ùdïVæ≤‘·T&ÉT e#˚Ãdü]øÏ H˚qT Ä ñ‘·Ôs¡+ Áyêùddæ ñ+{≤qT.
á yêø±´\˝À nìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ Future perfect tense ì eTT+<äT, Simple present tense ì Ä ‘·sê«‘·
ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·&+É »]–+~. á $<Û+ä >± á s¬ +&ÉT tense \q÷ 'when' yÓTT<ä˝q’… conjunction \ düV‰ü j·T+‘√ ø£\T|ü⁄‘ês¡T.
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7. Future perfect and simple future :
Future perfect tense eT]j·TT Simple future tense \qT ˇπø yêø£´+˝À á ÁøÏ+~ $<Ûä+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. We will come when you will have completed the song.
˙e⁄ Ä bÕ≥ |üP]Ô#˚ùd≥|üŒ{ÏøÏ y˚TeTT ekÕÔeTT.
2. He will go when they will have finished the discussion.
yês¡T Ä #·s¡ÃqT |üP]Ô#˚ùd≥|üŒ{ÏøÏ n‘·&ÉT yÓfi≤Ô&ÉT.
3. Kavya will write the letter when I will have requested her.
H˚qT ÄyÓTì nuÛÑ´]ú+∫ ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ø±e´ Ä ñ‘·Ôs¡+ Áyêk˛Ô+~.
4. Suma will read the book when you will have gone.
˙e⁄ yÓ[¢b˛sTTq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT düTeT Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äTe⁄‘√+~.
5. Aruna will play chess when you will have left the game.
˙e⁄ á Ä≥e~*y˚dæq|ü⁄&ÉT ns¡TD #Ódt Ä&ÉT‘√+~.
á yêø±´\ìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ simple future ì eTT+<äT, Future perfect tense ì Ä ‘·sê«‘· ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·&+É »]–+~.
á $<Ûä+>± 'when' e+{Ï conjunction \ düVü‰j·T+‘√ á tense \qT ø£\T|ü⁄‘ês¡T.
CONDITIONAL TENSES
English ˝À 'If' nH˚ conjunction jÓTTø£ÿ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+ <ë«sê eT÷&ÉT conditional tenses >∑\e⁄. n$ :
1. Open condition
2. Imaginary condition
3. Unfulfilled condition
1. Open condition :
Usage : ˇø£ |üì #˚dæq≥¢sTT‘˚ <ëììã{Ïº eTs=ø£|üì »s¡T>∑Tqì á condition ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~.
Structure :
If clause Main clause
If + Simple present tense → Subject + will / shall / can / may + V1 + Object
Examples :
1. If you come to my home, I shall say the matter.
˙e⁄ e÷ Ç+{ÏøÏ eùdÔ H˚qT Ä $wüj·T+ #ÓbÕÔqT.
2. If she works hard, she will get success.
ÄyÓT ø£wüº|ü&ç |üì#˚ùdÔ ÄyÓT $»j·T+ bı+<äT‘·T+~.
3. If they get good salary, they can help you.
yês¡T eT+∫ J‘·+ bı+~‘˚ yês¡T ˙≈£î düVü‰j·T|ü&É>∑\s¡T.
4. If he comes early, he may meet you.
n‘·&ÉT ‘=+<äs¡>± eùdÔ n‘·&ÉT ìqTï ø£\ee#·TÃ.
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$es¡D : á yêø±´\ìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ ˇø£|üì #˚dæq≥¢sTT‘˚ <ëì nqT>∑TD+>± eTs=ø£|üì #˚j·Te#·TÃq˙ ˝Ò<ë Ç+ø=ø£|üì
»s¡T>∑T‘·T+<ä˙ ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·Tqï dü+<äs¡“¤+ #Ó|üŒã&ç+~. n+<äTe\q á yêø±´\ìï+{Ïì 'Open condition' øÏ #Ó+~q$>±
Áyêj·T&É+ »]–+~.
2. Imaginary condition :
Usage : ˇø£ |üì »]– ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ <ëì |ò*
ü ‘·+>± eTs=ø£|ìü ≈£L&Ü »]– ñ+&˚~ nì á condition ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~.
Structure :
If + Simple past tense → Subject + would / might + V1 + Object
Examples :
1. If Ramesh studied well, he would get good marks.
s¡y˚Twt u≤>± #·~$ ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ n‘·&ÉT eT+∫e÷s¡Tÿ\T bı+~ ñ+&˚yê&ÉT.
2. If you called him, he might come here.
˙e⁄ n‘·ìï |æ*∫ ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ n‘·&ÉT Çø£ÿ&çøÏ e∫Ã ñ+&Ée#·TÃ.
$es¡D : á ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´\˝Àq÷ ˇø£ |üì »]– ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ <ëìøÏ |òü*‘·+>± Ä ¬s+&Ée|üì »]– ñ+&˚<äì
‘Ó\T|ü&É+ »]–+~. n+<äTe\q á yêø±´\qT 'imaginary condition' øÏ #Ó+~q$>± Áyêj·T&ÉyÓTÆq~.
3. Unfulfilled condition :
Usage : ˇø£ |üì dü>+∑ ˝À Ä>∑≈î£ +&Ü |üPs¡sÔ TT ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ <ëì|ò*
ü ‘·+>± eTs=ø£|ìü »]– ñ+&˚~ nì á condition ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘T· +~.
Structure :
If + Past perfect tense → Subject + would / could / might + have + V3 + object.
Examples :
1. If I had finished my degree, I could have got the job.
H˚qT Hê &çÁ^ì |üP]Ô#˚dæ ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ H˚qT á ñ<√´>∑+ bı+<ä>∑*– ñ+&˚yêìï.
2. If they had taken him into their team, they would have won the match.
yês¡T n‘·ìï yê] {°eTT˝ÀìøÏ rdüTø=ì ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ yês¡T Ä e÷´#Yì ¬>*∫ ñ+&˚yês¡T.
3. If you had completed the diagram, you might have satisfied.
˙e⁄ Ä u§eTàqT |üP]Ô#˚dæ ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ ˙e⁄ dü+‘·è|æÔ#Ó+~ ñ+&˚yê&ç$ ø±e#·TÃ.
$es¡D :
'Unfulfilled condition'
NEGATIVE SENTENCES (Of Assertive Sentences)
ˇø£ Sentence jÓTTø£ÿ verb ≈£î e´‹πsø±s¡eú TTì#˚Ã |ü<ëìï #˚sÃ¡ &É+ <ë«sê 'Negative Sentence' ì bı+<äe#·TÃ.
Tenses & their Negative sentences :
1. Simple present tense :
kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± yêø£´+˝Àì Helping verb ≈£î 'not' qT ˝Ò<ë n't
qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê Ä yêø±´ìøÏ negative
sentence ì bı+<äe#·TÃ. ø±ì Simple present tense ˝À helping verb ñ+&É<äT. á tense ˝À helping verb
mainverb nsTTq 'V1' ˝À <ë– ñ+≥T+~.
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á tense ˝À verb 'V1' >± ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT <ëì˝À 'do' nH˚ helping verb <ë– ñ+≥T+~. Verb 'V1 + S' >±
ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT <ëì˝À 'does' nH˚ helping verb <ë– ñ+≥T+~. á 'tense' øÏ #Ó+~q yêø±´\øÏ 'negative sentence'
ì Áyêùd≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä yêø£´+˝À 'verb' ˝À <ë–ñqï helping verb ì ãj·T{ÏøÏ rdæ <ëìøÏ 'not ˝Ò<ë n't' ì #˚s¡TÃ‘êeTT.
Verb ˝À qT+∫ helping verb ì ãj·T{ÏøÏ rdæy˚ùdÔ Ä verb @ s¡÷|ü+˝Àì<Ó’Hê 'V1' >± e÷]b˛‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. We go to the temple. (Positive sentence)
y˚TeTT >∑T&çøÏ yÓfi≤ÔeTT.
We don't go to the temple. (Negative sentence)
y˚TeTT >∑T&çøÏ yÓfi¯¢eTT.
2. He likes music. (P.S)
n‘·&ÉT dü+^‘êìï Çwüº|ü&É‘ê&ÉT.
He doesn't like music. (N.S)
n‘·&ÉT dü+^‘êìï Çwüº|ü&É&ÉT.
Simple present tense ˝À e˝…H˚ Simple past tense ˝À ≈£L&Ü helping verb u≤Vü≤´+>± ø£ìŒ+#·<äT. á
tense ˝À >∑\ verb jÓTTø£ÿ V2 s¡÷|ü+˝À 'did' nH˚ helping verb <ë– ñ+≥T+~. á tense ≈£î #Ó+~q yêø±´\øÏ
negative sentence ì Áyêùd≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT á 'did' qT ãj·T{ÏøÏ rdæ BìøÏ 'not' ì ˝Ò<ë n't ì #˚s¡TÃ‘êeTT. Mainverb
nsTTq 'V2' ˝À qT+∫ 'did' qT ãj·T≥≈£î rdæy˚dæq ‘·sê«‘· á 'V2' ø±düÔ 'V1' >± e÷]b˛‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. They came here yesterday. (P.S)
yês¡T Çø£ÿ&çøÏ ìqï e#êÃs¡T.
They didn't come here yesterday. (N.S)
yês¡T Çø£ÿ&çøÏ ìqï sê˝Ò<äT.
Simple future tense ˝À will, shall nH˚ helping verb \T ñ+{≤sTT. á verb \≈£î 'not' ˝Ò<ë 'n't' ì
#˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê yêø±´ìøÏ negative sentence ì bı+<äe#·TÃ.
Examples :
1. I shall play cricket. (P.S)

H˚qT ÁøÏ¬ø{Ÿ Ä&É‘êqT.
I shall not play cricket. (N.S)
H˚qT ÁøÏ¬ø{Ÿ Ä&ÉqT.
2. He will watch movie. (P.S)
n‘·&ÉT dæìe÷ #·÷kÕÔ&ÉT.
He will not watch movie. (N.S)
n‘·&ÉT dæìe÷ #·÷&É&ÉT.
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Present continuous tense ˝À is, am, are nH˚ helping verb \T ñ+{≤sTT. M{ÏøÏ 'not' ˝Ò<ë 'n't' ì
#˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê negative sentence ì bı+<äe#·TÃ.
Examples :
1. He is reading a book. (P.S)

n‘·&ÉT |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äTe⁄‘·THêï&ÉT.
He is not reading a book. (N.S)
n‘·&ÉT |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äe&É+ ˝Ò<äT.
2. I am walking (P.S)
H˚qT q&ÉTdüTÔHêïqT.
I am not walking. (N.S)
H˚qT q&Ée&É+ ˝Ò<äT.
3. They are speaking in Telugu. (P.S)
yês¡T ‘Ó\T>∑T˝À e÷{≤¢&ÉT‘·THêïs¡T.
They are not speaking in Telugu. (N.S)
yês¡T ‘Ó\T>∑T˝À e÷{≤¢&É&É+ ˝Ò<äT.
Past continuous tense ˝À was, were nH˚ helping verb \T ñ+{≤sTT. M{ÏøÏ not ˝Ò<ë n't ì #˚s¡Ã&É+
e\q negative sentence ì Áyêj·T>∑\eTT.
Examples :
1. She was drawing a diagram then. (P.S)
ÄyÓT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT z u§eTà^dü÷Ô ñ+~.
She was not drawing diagram then. (N.S)
ÄyÓT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT u§eTà ^j·T&É+ ˝Ò<äT.
2. You were watching the movie then. (P.S)
˙e⁄ n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT dæìe÷ #·÷dü÷Ô ñHêïe⁄.
You were not watching the movie then. (N.S)
˙e⁄ n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT dæìe÷ #·÷dü÷Ô ˝Òe⁄.
Future continuous tense ˝À will be, shall be nH˚ helping verb \T ñ+{≤sTT. M{ÏøÏ not ˝Ò<ë n't ì
#˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q negative sentence ì bı+<äe#·TÃ. will be, shall be e+{Ï á helping verb \≈£î not ì ˝Ò<ë
n't ì #˚πsÃ≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓTT<ä{Ï|ü<ëìπø #˚sêÃ*.
Examples :
1. She will be singing songs after one hour. (P.S)
ÄyÓT ˇø£ >∑+≥ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· bÕ≥\T bÕ&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+≥T+~.
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Examples :
She will not be singing songs after one hour. (N.S)

ÄyÓT ˇø£ >∑+≥ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· bÕ≥\T bÕ&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+&É<äT.
2. We shall be doing the work then. (P.S)
y˚TeTT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä |üì #˚dü÷Ô ñ+{≤eTT.
We shall not be doing the work then. (N.S)
y˚TeTT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä |üì #˚dü÷Ô ñ+&ÉeTT.
Present perfect tense˝À has, have nH˚ helping verb \T ñ+{≤sTT. M{ÏøÏ not ˝Ò<ë n't #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q
negative sentence ì bı+<äe#·TÃ.
Examples :
Examples :
1. He has completed the work just now. (P.S)

n‘·&ÉT Ä |üìì Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ |üP]Ô#˚XÊ&ÉT.
He has not completed the work just now. (N.S)
n‘·&ÉT Ä |üìì Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ |üP]Ô#Ój·T´˝Ò<äT.
2. I have come here just now. (P.S)
H˚qT Çø£ÿ&çøÏ Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ e#êÃqT.
I have not come here just now. (N.S)
H˚qT Çø£ÿ&çøÏ Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ sê˝Ò<äT.
˝À 'had' nH˚
Past perfect tense helping verb ñ+≥T+~. BìøÏ 'not' qT ˝Ò<ë n't ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê
negative sentence ì bı+<äe#·TÃqT.
Examples :
1. Sita had gone just then. (P.S)

d”‘· n|ü⁄Œ&˚ yÓ[flb˛sTT+~.
Sita had not gone just then. (N.S)
d”‘· n|ü⁄Œ&˚ yÓfi¯¢˝Ò<äT.
Future perfect tense ˝À will have, shall have nH˚ helping verb \T ñ+{≤sTT. M{ÏøÏ 'not' qT ˝Ò<ë
'n't' ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê negative sentence ì bı+<äe#·TÃ. á helping verb \≈£î 'not' ˝Ò<ë 'n't' \qT #˚πsÃ≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT
yÓTT<ä{Ï |ü<ëìπø #˚sêÃ*.
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Examples :
1. Sandhya will have finished the song. (P.S)
dü+<Ûä´ Ä bÕ≥qT |üP]Ô#˚dæ ñ+≥T+~.
Sandhya will not have finished the song. (N.S)
dü+<Ûä´ Ä bÕ≥qT |üP]Ô#˚ùddæ ñ+&É<äT.
2. We shall have reached vizag. (P.S)
y˚TeTT yÓ’C≤>¥ #˚s¡Tø=ì ñ+{≤eTT.
We shall not have reached vizag. (N.S)
y˚TeTT yÓ’C≤>¥ #˚s¡Tø=ì ñ+&ÉeTT.
Present perfect continuous tense ˝À has been, have been nqT helping verb \T ñ+{≤sTT. M{ÏøÏ not
˝Ò<ë n't ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê negative sentence ì bı+<äe#·TÃ. á helping verb \≈£î not ˝Ò<ë n't ì #˚πsÃ≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT
yÓTT<ä{Ï|ü<ëìπø #˚sêÃ*.
Examples :
1. Satish has been playing cards for two hours. (P.S)

dürwt ¬s+&ÉT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç ù|ø£ Ä&ÉT‘·THêï&ÉT.
Satish has not been playing cards for two hours (N.S)
dürwt ¬s+&ÉT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç ù|ø£ Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ˝Ò&ÉT.
2. The children have been dancing since morning. (P.S)
Ä |æ\¢\T ñ<äj·T+ qT+&ç Hê≥´+ #˚dü÷Ô ñHêïs¡T.
The children have not been dancing since morning. (N.S)
Ä |æ\¢\T ñ<äj·T+ qT+&ç Hê≥´+ #˚dü÷Ô ˝Òs¡T.
Past perfect continuous tense ˝À 'had been' nH˚ helping verb ñ+≥T+~. BìøÏ 'not' ˝Ò<ë 'n't' ì
#˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê negative sentence ì bı+<äe#·TÃ. á helping verb ≈£î 'not' ˝Ò<ë 'n't' ì #˚πsÃ≥|ü⁄&ÉT yÓTT<ä{Ï|ü<ëìøÏ
#˚sÃ¡ e˝…qT.
Examples :
1. They had been drinking juice for ten minutes then. (P.S)
yês¡T n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT |ü~ ì$TcÕ\ qT+&ç p´dt Á‘ê>∑T‘·÷ ñ+&˚yês¡T.
They had not been drinking juice for ten minutes then. (N.S)
yês¡T n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT |ü~ ì$TcÕ\ qT+&ç p´dt Á‘ê>∑T‘·÷ ñ+&˚yês¡T ø±s¡T.
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Future perfect continuous tense q+<äT will have been, shall have been nqT helping verb
\T
ñ+{≤sTT. M{ÏøÏ not ˝Ò<ë n't ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê negative sentence ì bı+<äe#·TÃ. á helping verb \≈£î not ˝Ò<ë
n't ì #˚s¡TÃq|ü⁄&ÉT yÓTT<ä{Ï|ü<ëìπø #˚sêÃ*.
Examples :
1. Sushma will have been writing book for three hours. (P.S)
düTwüà eT÷&ÉT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç |ü⁄düÔø£+ Áyêdü÷Ô ñ+{À+~.
Sushma will not have been writing book for three hours. (N.S)
düTwüà eT÷&ÉT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç |ü⁄düÔø£+ Áyêdü÷Ô ñ+&É<äT.
2. I shall have been reading since 5 a.m. (P.S)
H˚qT ◊~+{ÏqT+∫ #·<äTe⁄‘·÷ ñ+{≤qT.
I shall not have been reading since 5 a.m. (N.S)
H˚qT ◊~+{ÏqT+∫ #·<äTe⁄‘·÷ ñ+&ÉqT.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES (On tenses)
Á|ü•ï+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ yêø±´\ì Interrogative sentences nì n+{≤s¡T. Assertive sentence ˝À

subject øÏ ≈£î&çÁ|üø£ÿq ñqï helping verb qT m&ÉeTyÓ’|ü⁄≈£î ‘ÓùdÔ Ä yêø£´+ Á|üX¯ï>± e÷s¡T‘·T+~. nq>± Interrogative
sentence >± e÷s¡T‘·T+~.
Interrogative sentence ¬s+&ÉT s¡ø±\T. n$ :
1. Wh' type Questions 2. 'Yes / No' type Questions
Assertive sentence ˝Àì Helping verb qT subject øÏ m&ÉeTyÓ’|ü⁄≈£î ‘ÓùdÔ 'Yes / No' Question @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
<ëìøÏ ‘·–q$<Ûä+>± ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝À 'Wh' word ì #˚]Ã‘˚ 'Wh' Question @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Yes / No Questions
Simple present tense ˝À helping verb \T ñ+&Ée⁄. Main verb ˝ÀH˚ do ˝Ò<ë does nH˚ helping verb
\T <ë– ñ+{≤sTT. Main verb 'V1' s¡÷|ü+ ˝À ñ+fÒ 'do' nH˚~, main verb 'V1 + S' s¡÷|ü+˝À ñ+fÒ 'does' nH˚~
<ë– ñ+{≤sTT. M{Ïì Subject øÏ m&ÉeTyÓ’|ü⁄≈£î ‘ÓùdÔ dü]b˛‘·T+~. Helping verb ì ãj·T≥≈£î rdæy˚dæq 'Verb' @
s¡÷|ü+˝Àì<Ó’Hê düπs 'V1' >± e÷]b˛‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. You know English. (Assertive sentence)

MT≈£î Ç+^¢wüß ‘Ó\TdüT.
Do you know English ? (Yes / No Question)
MT≈£î Ç+^¢wüß ‘Ó\TkÕ ?

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Examples :
2. He plays chess well. (A.S)
n‘·&ÉT #Ódt u≤>± Ä&É‘ê&ÉT.
Does he play chess well ? (Yes / No Question)
n‘·&ÉT #Ódt u≤>± Ä&É‘ê&Ü ?
Simple past tense ˝À helping verb \T ñ+&Ée⁄. Mainverb ˝ÀH˚ 'did' nH˚ helping verb ñ+≥T+~. Bìï
subject øÏ m&ÉeTyÓ’|ü⁄øÏ rdüTø=ì eùdÔ yêø£´+ 'Yes / No Question' >± e÷s¡T‘·T+~. Did qT ãj·T≥≈£î rdæy˚dæq ‘·sê«‘·
'V2' s¡÷|ü+ 'V1' >± e÷]b˛‘·T+~.
Example :
1. She went to college. (A.S)
ÄyÓT ø±˝ÒõøÏ yÓ[¢+~.
Did she go to college ? (Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT ø±˝ÒõøÏ yÓ[¢+<ë ?
Simple future tense ˝À will, shall nH˚ helping verbs ñ+{≤sTT. M{Ïì subject øÏ m&ÉeTyÓ’|ü⁄≈£î ‘ÓùdÔ
yêø£´+ 'Yes / No Question ne⁄‘·T+~.
Example :
1. They will watch the movie. (A.S)
yês¡T dæìe÷ #·÷kÕÔs¡T.
Will they watch the movie ? (Yes / No Question)
yês¡T dæìe÷ #·÷kÕÔsê ?
2. I shall write the book. (A.S)
H˚qT Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ ÁyêkÕÔqT.
Shall I write the book ? (Yes / No Question)
H˚qT Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ ÁyêkÕÔHê ?
Present continuous tense ˝À is, am, are nqT helping verbs ñ+{≤sTT. M{Ïì subject øÏ m&ÉeTyÓ|
’ ⁄ü q≈£î
‘ÓùdÔ Yes / No Question @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. She is dancing now. (A.S)
ÄyÓT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Hê≥´+ #˚dü÷Ô ñqï~.
Is she dancing now ? (Yes / NO Question)
ÄyÓT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Hê≥´+ #˚dü÷Ô ñ+<ë ?
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Examples :
2. I am reading the book. (A.S)
H˚qT Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äTe⁄‘·THêïqT.
Am I reading the book ? (Yes / No Question)
H˚qT Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äTe⁄‘·THêïHê ?
3. The soldiers are marching. (A.S)
Ä ôd’ì≈£î\T ø£yê<äT #˚düTÔHêïs¡T.
Are the soldiers marching ? (Yes / No Question)
Ä ôd’ì≈£î\T ø£yê<äT #˚düTÔHêïsê ?
Past continuous tense ˝À was, were nH˚ helping verbs ñ+{≤sTT. M{Ïì Subject øÏ m&ÉeTyÓ’|ü⁄q≈£î
‘ÓùdÔ Ä yêø£´+ 'Yes / No Question' >± e÷s¡T‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Priya was drawing then. (A.S)

Á|æj·T n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ^dü÷Ô ñqï~.
Was Priya drawing then ? (Yes / No Question)
Á|æj·T n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ^dü÷Ô ñqï<ë ?
2. Ramesh and Suresh were singing. (A.S)
s¡y˚Twt eT]j·TT düTπswt\T bÕ&ÉT‘·T+&˚yês¡T.
Were Ramesh and Suresh singing ? (Yes / No Question)
s¡y˚Twt eT]j·TT düTπswt\T bÕ&ÉT‘·T+&˚yêsê ?
Future continuous tense ˝À will be, shall be nqT helping verb \T ñ+{≤sTT. M{Ï˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï|ü<ë˝…’q
will, shall \qT subject ≈£î m&ÉeTyÓ’|ü⁄øÏ ‘ÓùdÔ yêø£´+ 'Yes / No Question' ne⁄‘·T+~. yÓTT‘·Ô+ helping verb qT
subject øÏ m&ÉeTyÓ’|ü⁄q≈£î rdüT≈£îsê≈£L&É<äT. yÓTT<ä{Ï|ü<ëH˚ï rdüT≈£îsêyê*.
Examples :
1. We shall be going. (A.S)
y˚TeTT yÓfi¯SÔ ñ+{≤eTT.
Shall we be going ? (Yes / No Question)
y˚TeTT yÓfi¯SÔ ñ+{≤e÷ ?
2. The children will be playing. (A.S)
Ä |æ\¢\T Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+{≤s¡T.
Will the children be playing ? (Yes / No Question)
Ä |æ\¢\T Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+{≤sê ?
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Present perfect tense ˝À has, have nqT helping verb \T ñ+{≤sTT. M{Ïì Subject øÏ m&ÉeTyÓ’|ü⁄q≈£î
rdüT≈£îeùdÔ yêø£´+ 'Yes / No Question' ne⁄‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Aruna has bought the book. (A.S)
ns¡TD Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ ø=qï~.
Has Aruna bought the book ? (Yes / No Question)
ns¡TD Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ ø=qï<ë ?
2. You have come just now. (A.S)
˙e⁄ Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ e#êÃe⁄.
Have you come just now ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ e#êÃyê ?
Past perfect tense ˝À 'had' nH˚ helping verb ñ+≥T+~. Bìì subject øÏ m&ÉeTyÓ’|ü⁄q≈£î rdüTø=ìeùdÔ
yêø£´+ 'Yes / No Question' ne⁄‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. You had written just then. (A.S)
˙e⁄ n|ü⁄Œ&˚ ÁyêXÊe⁄.
2. Had you written just then ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ n|ü⁄Œ&˚ ÁyêXÊyê ?
Future perfect tense ˝À will have, shall have nqT helping verb \T ñ+{≤sTT. M{Ï˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï|ü<ë˝…’q
will, shall \qT subject øÏ m&ÉeTyÓ’|ü⁄q≈£î ‘ÓùdÔ yêø£´+ 'Yes / No Question' ne⁄‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. We shall have written the book. (A.S)

y˚TeTT Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ Áyêùddæ ñ+{≤eTT.
Shall we have written the book ? (Yes / No Question)
y˚TeTT Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ Áyêùddæ ñ+{≤e÷ ?
2. Padmini will have completed her work. (A.S)
|ü~àì ÄyÓT |üìì |üP]Ô#˚dæ ñ+≥T+~.
Will Padmini have completed her work ? (Yes / No Question)
|ü~àì ÄyÓT |üìì |üP]Ô#˚ùddæ ñ+≥T+<ë ?

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Present perfect continuous tense ˝À has been, have been nH˚ helping verb \T ñ+{≤sTT. M{Ï˝Àì
yÓTT<ä{Ï|ü<ë˝…’q has, have \ qT subject øÏ m&ÉeTyÓ’|ü⁄q≈£î rdüTø=ìeùdÔ Ä yêø£´+ 'Yes / No Question'
ne⁄‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. They have been working for two days. (A.S)
yês¡T ¬s+&ÉTs√E\ qT+&ç |üì#˚düTÔHêïs¡T.
Have they been working for two days ? (Yes / No Question)
yês¡T ¬s+&ÉTs√E\ qT+&ç |üì#˚düTÔHêïsê ?
2. Raju has been playing since evening. (A.S)
sêE kÕj·T+Á‘·+ qT+∫ Ä&ÉT‘·THêï&ÉT.
Has Raju been playing since evening ? (Yes / No Question)
sêE kÕj·T+Á‘·+ qT+∫ Ä&ÉT‘·THêï&Ü ?
Past perfect continuous tense ˝À had been nH˚ helping verb ñ+≥T+~. Bì˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï |ü<äyÓTÆq
'had' qT subject øÏ m&ÉeTyÓ’|ü⁄øÏ rdüTø=ùdÔ yêø£´+ 'Yes / No Question' ne⁄‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Swami had been reading novel for five hours then. (A.S)
kÕ«$T n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ◊<äT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç qe\ #·<äTe⁄‘·÷ ñHêï&ÉT.
Had Swami been reading novel for five hours then ? (Yes / No Question)
kÕ«$T n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ◊<äT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç qe\ #·<äTe⁄‘·÷ ñHêï&Ü ?
Future perfect continuous tense ˝À will have been, shall have been nH˚ helping verbs ñ+{≤sTT.
M{Ï˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï |ü<ë˝…’q will, shall \qT yêø£´+˝Àì subject øÏ m&ÉeTyÓ’|ü⁄øÏ rdüT≈£îì sêe&É+ <ë«sê Ä yêø±´\≈£î
'Yes / No Questions' @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT.
Examples :
1. I shall have been making tea for few minutes then. (A.S)
n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT H˚qT ø=~›ì$TcÕ\ qT+&ç {° ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚dü÷Ô ñ+{≤qT.
Shall I have been making tea for few minutes then ? (Yes / No Question)
H˚qT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ø=~›ì$TcÕ\ qT+&ç {° ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚dü÷Ô ñ+{≤Hê ?
2. You will have been washing clothes for three hours. (A.S)
˙e⁄ eT÷&ÉT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç <äTdüTÔ\T ñ‘·T≈£îÿ+≥÷ ñ+{≤e⁄.
Will you have been washing clothes for there hours ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ eT÷&ÉT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç <äTdüTÔ\T ñ‘·T≈£îÿ+≥÷ ñ+{≤yê ?

216
á $<Û+ä >± Assertive sentence \ qT+∫ Interrogative sentence ˝Àì 'Yes / No Question' \qT Áyêj·Te#·TÃ.
'Wh' Questions
Yes / No Question ì Áyêdæ Ä yêø£´+ eTT+<äT 'Wh' word ì #˚sÃ¡ &É+ <ë«sê 'Wh' Question ì ‘·j÷
· s¡T#˚jT· e#·TÃ.
Examples :
1. He goes to college daily. (Assertive sentence)

n‘·&ÉT ø±˝ÒõøÏ Á|ü‹s√p yÓfi≤Ô&ÉT.
Does he go to college daily ? (Yes / No Question)
n‘·&ÉT Á|ü‹s√p ø±˝ÒõøÏ yÓfi≤Ô&Ü ?
á yêø±´ìøÏ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝À 'Wh' word ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê 'Wh' Question edüTÔ+~. 'Wh' words mì$T~
ñHêïsTT. yê{Ï˝À eTTKýÓTÆq words ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫ 'Wh' Questions ì ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚<ë›+.
1. Who does go to college daily ? → Who goes to college daily ? (Subject ˝Òq+<äTq helping verb qT
main verb #˚s¡Ã&ÉyÓTÆq~)
ø±˝ÒõøÏ mes¡T Á|ü‹s√p yÓfi≤Ôs¡T ?
2. Why does he go to college daily ?
n‘·&ÉT Á|ü‹s√p ø±˝ÒõøÏ m+<äT≈£î yÓfi≤Ô&ÉT ?
3. When does he go to college ?
n‘·&ÉT ø±˝ÒõøÏ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓfi≤Ô&ÉT ?
4. Where does he go daily ?
n‘·&ÉT Á|ü‹s√p mø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓfi≤Ô&ÉT ?
5. How does he go to college daily ?
n‘·&ÉT Á|ü‹s√p ø±˝ÒõøÏ m˝≤ yÓfi≤Ô&ÉT ?
á $<Û+ä >± 'Wh' Questions ì Áyêdæq|ü⁄&ÉT 'Who' ‘√ ÁbÕs¡+uÛeÑ Tj˚T´ yêø£´+˝À subject, 'when' ‘√ ÁbÕs¡+uÛeÑ Tj˚T´
yêø£´+˝À, 'where' ‘√ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTj˚T´ yêø£´+˝À eT]j·TT 'How' ‘√ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTj˚T´ yêø£´+˝À Adverb eT]j·TT 'what'
eT]j·TT 'which' \‘√ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑeTj˚T´ yêø±´\˝À object \T ‘=\–b˛‘êsTT.
Examples :
1. She wrote a novel. (Assertive sentence)
ÄyÓT qe\ Áyêdæ+~.
Did she write a novel ? (Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT qe\ Áyêdæ+<ë ?
á yêø±´ìøÏ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝À 'wh' word ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê eTq+ 'Wh' Questions ì Áyêj·Te#·TÃqT.
1. Who did write a novel ? → Who wrote a novel ? (Subject ˝Òq+<äTq helping verb qT main verb #˚sÃ¡ &ÉyTÓ q
Æ ~)
qe\ mes¡T ÁyêXÊs¡T ?
217
2. What did she write ?
ÄyÓT @$T Áyêdæ+~ ?
3. When did she write a novel ?
ÄyÓT m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT qe\ Áyêdæ+~ ?
4. Where did she write a novel ?
ÄyÓT mø£ÿ&É qe\ Áyêdæ+~ ?
5. Why did she write a novel ?
ÄyÓT qe\ m+<äT≈£î Áyêdæ+~ ?
6. How did she write a novel ?
ÄyÓT m˝≤ qe\ Áyêdæ+~ ?
>∑eTìø£ : Simple present eT]j·TT simple past tense \˝Àì 'Who' ‘√ yÓTT<ä\j˚T´ Á|üX¯ï\qT ô|’q ‘Ó*|üq
$<Ûä+>± Áyêj·Te˝…qT. Ç˝≤ Áyêj·T&ÜìøÏ ø±s¡D+ 'Who' ‘√ @s¡Œ&˚ Á|üX¯ï\˝À subject ˝Òø£b˛e&Éy˚T.
Examples :
1. You will come tomorrow. (Assertive sentence)
˙e⁄ πs|ü⁄ ekÕÔe⁄.
Will you come tomorrow ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ πs|ü⁄ ekÕÔyê ?
á yêø±´ìøÏ yÓTT<ä{À¢ 'Wh' word ì #˚]Ãq 'Wh' Question @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
1. Who will come tomorrow ?
πs|ü⁄ mes¡T ekÕÔs¡T ?
2. When will you come ?
˙e⁄ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ekÕÔe⁄ ?
3. Where will you come tomorrow ?
˙e⁄ πs|ü⁄ mø£ÿ&çøÏ ekÕÔe⁄ ?
4. Why will you come tomorrow ?
˙e⁄ πs|ü⁄ m+<äT≈£î ekÕÔe⁄ ?
5. How will you come tomorrow ?
˙e⁄ πs|ü⁄ m˝≤ ekÕÔe⁄ ?
Examples :
1. Swathi is reading book. (Assertive sentence)
kÕ«‹ |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äTe⁄‘·÷ ñ+~.
Is Swathi reading book ? (Yes / No Question)
kÕ«‹ |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äTe⁄‘·÷ ñ+<ë ?
218
á yêø±´ìøÏ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝À 'Wh' word ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê 'Wh' Question ì @s¡Œs¡#·e#·TÃ.
1. Who is reading a book ?
|ü⁄düÔø£+ mes¡T #·<äTe⁄‘·THêïs¡T ?
2. What is Swathi reading ?
kÕ«‹ @$T #·<äTe⁄‘·Tqï~ ?
3. Where is Swathi reading a book ?
kÕ«‹ mø£ÿ&É |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äTe⁄‘·Tqï~ ?
8
F 4. Which book is Swathi reading ?
kÕ«‹ @ |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äTe⁄‘·Tqï~ ?
5. Why is Swathi reading a book ?
kÕ«‹ m+<äT≈£î |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äTe⁄‘·Tqï~ ?
6. How is Swathi reading a book ?
kÕ«‹ m˝≤ |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äTe⁄‘·Tqï~ ?
Examples :
1. Uma was playing. (Assertive sentence)
ñeT Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+&˚~.
Was Uma playing ?
ñeT Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+&˚<ë ?
á yêø±´ìøÏ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝À 'Wh' word ì #˚]Ãq≥¢sTT‘˚ 'Wh' Question @s¡Œ&ÉTqT.
1. Who was playing ?
mes¡T Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+&˚yês¡T ?
2. Which game was Uma playing ?
ñeT @ Ä≥ Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+&˚~ ?
3. Where was Uma playing ?
ñeT mø£ÿ&É Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+&˚~ ?
4. When was Uma playing ?
ñeT m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+&˚~ ?
5. Why was Uma playing ?
ñeT m+<äT≈£î Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+&˚~ ?
6. How was Uma playing ?
ñeT m˝≤ Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+&˚~ ?
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Examples :
1. Ajay will be watching TV. (Assertive sentence)
n»jYT TV #·÷dü÷Ô ñ+{≤&ÉT.
Will Ajay be watching TV ? (Yes / No Question)
n»jYT TV #·÷dü÷Ô ñ+{≤&Ü ?
á yêø±´ìøÏ yÓTT<ä{À¢ 'Wh' word ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê 'Wh' Question ì @s¡Œs¡#·e#·TÃ.
1. Who will be watching TV ?
TV mes¡T #·÷dü÷Ô ñ+{≤s¡T ?
2. What will Ajay be watching ?
n»jYT @$T #·÷dü÷Ô ñ+{≤&ÉT ?
3. Where will Ajay be watching TV ?
n»jYT TV mø£ÿ&É #·÷dü÷Ô ñ+{≤&ÉT ?
4. When will Ajay be watching TV ?
n»jYT m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT TV #·÷dü÷Ô ñ+{≤&ÉT ?
5. Why will Ajay be watching TV ?
n»jYT m+<äT≈£î TV #·÷dü÷Ô ñ+{≤&ÉT ?
6. How will Ajay be watching TV ?
n»jYT m˝≤ TV #·÷dü÷Ô ñ+{≤&ÉT ?
Examples :
1. Sudha has finished the work just now. (Assertive sentence)
düT<Ûä Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ Ä |üìì |üP]Ô#˚dæ+~.
Has Sudha finished the work just now ? (Yes / No Question)
düT<Ûä Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ Ä |üìì |üP]Ô#˚dæ+<ë ?
á yêø±´ìøÏ yÓTT<ä{À¢ 'Wh' word ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê 'Wh' Question ì @s¡Œs¡#·e#·TÃ.
1. Who has finished the work just now ?
Ä |üìì Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ mes¡T |üP]Ô#˚XÊs¡T ?
2. What has Sudha finished just now ?
düT<Ûä Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ @$T |üP]Ô#˚dæ+~ ?
3. Where has Sudha finished the work just now ?
düT<Ûä mø£ÿ&É Ä |üìì Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ |üP]Ô#˚dæ+~ ?
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4. Which has Sudha finished just now ?
düT<Ûä Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ @~ |üP]Ô#˚dæ+~ ?
5. Why has Sudha finished the work just now ?
düT<Ûä Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ m+<äT≈£î Ä |üìì |üP]Ô#˚dæ+~ ?
6. How has Sudha finished the work just now ?
düT<Ûä Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ Ä |üìì m˝≤ |üP]Ô#˚dæ+~ ?
Examples :
1. She had gone just then. (Assertive sentence)

ÄyÓT n|ü⁄Œ&˚ yÓ[¢b˛sTT+~.
Had she gone just then ? (Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT n|ü⁄Œ&˚ yÓ[¢b˛sTT+<ë ?
á yêø±´ìøÏ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝À 'Wh' word ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê 'Wh' Question ì @s¡Œs¡#·e#·TÃ.
1. Who had gone just then ?
n|ü⁄Œ&˚ mes¡T yÓ[¢b˛j·÷s¡T ?
2. Where had she gone just then ?
ÄyÓT n|ü⁄Œ&˚ mø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓ[¢b˛sTT+~ ?
3. When had she gone ?
ÄyÓT m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓ[¢b˛sTT+~ ?
4. Why had she gone just then ?
ÄyÓT n|ü⁄Œ&˚ m+<äT≈£î yÓ[¢b˛sTT+~ ?
5. How had she gone just then ?
ÄyÓT n|ü⁄Œ&˚ m˝≤ yÓ[flb˛sTT+~ ?
Examples :
1. Prem will have completed the diagram. (Assertive sentence)
Áù|yéT Ä u§eTàì |üP]Ô#˚ùddæ ñ+{≤&ÉT.
Will Prem have completed the diagram ? (Yes / No Question)
Áù|yéT Ä u§eTàì |üP]Ô#˚ùddæ ñ+{≤&Ü ?
á yêø±´ìøÏ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝À 'Wh' word ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê 'Wh' Question ì bı+<äe#·TÃ.
1. Who will have completed the diagram ?
Ä u§eTàì mes¡T |üP]Ô#˚ùddæ ñ+{≤s¡T ?
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2. What will Prem have completed ?
Áù|yéT @$T |üP]Ô#˚ùddæ ñ+{≤&ÉT ?
3. Where will Prem have completed the diagram ?
Áù|yéT mø£ÿ&É Ä u§eTàì |üP]Ô#˚ùddæ ñ+{≤&ÉT ?
4. When will Prem have completed the diagram ?
Áù|yéT Ä u§eTàì m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT |üP]Ô#˚ùddæ ñ+{≤&ÉT ?
5. Why will Prem have completed the diagram ?
Áù|yéT Ä u§eTàì m+<äT≈£î |üP]Ô#˚ùddæ ñ+{≤&ÉT ?
6. How will Prem have completed the diagram ?
Áù|yéT Ä u§eTàì m˝≤ |üP]Ô#˚ùddæ ñ+{≤&ÉT ?
Examples :
1. They have been skipping for one hour. (Assertive sentence)
yês¡T >∑+≥ùd|ü{ÏqT+∫ ¬>+‘·T‘·÷ ñHêïs¡T.
Have they been skipping for one hour ? (Yes / No Question)
yês¡T >∑+≥ùd|ü{Ï qT+∫ ¬>+‘·T‘·THêïsê ?
á yêø±´ìøÏ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝À 'Wh' word ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê 'Wh' Question ì bı+<äe#·TÃ.
1. Who have been skipping for one hour ? (or) Who has been skiping for one hour ?
ˇø£ >∑+≥ùd|ü{Ï qT+∫ mes¡T ¬>+‘·T‘·÷ ñHêïs¡T ? (Subject jÓTTø£ÿ number ‘Ó*j·Tq+<äTq have been, has
been \˝À @ helping verb HÓ’Hê yê&Ée#·TÃ.)
2. Where have they been skipping for one hour ?
yês¡T >∑+≥ùd|ü{Ï qT+∫ mø£ÿ&É ¬>+‘·T‘·THêïs¡T ?
3. How many hours have they been skipping for ?
yês¡T mìï >∑+≥\ qT+∫ ¬>+‘·T‘·THêïs¡T ?
4. Why have they been skipping for one hour ?
yês¡T >∑+≥ùd|ü{Ï qT+&ç m+<äT≈£î ¬>+‘·T‘·THêïs¡T ?
5. How have they been skipping for one hour ?
yês¡T >∑+≥ùd|ü{Ï qT+&ç m˝≤ ¬>+‘·T‘·THêïs¡T ?
Examples :
1. Sagar had been bringing water for two hours. (Assertive sentence)
kÕ>∑sY ¬s+&ÉT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç ˙s¡T ‘Ódü÷Ô ñ+&˚yê&ÉT.
Had Sagar been bringing water for two hours ? (Yes / No Question)
kÕ>∑sY ¬s+&ÉT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç ˙s¡T ‘Ódü÷Ô ñ+&˚yê&Ü ?
á yêø±´ìøÏ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝À 'Wh' word ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê 'Wh' Question ì ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚j·Te#·TÃ.
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1. Who had been bringing water for two hours ?
¬s+&ÉT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç mes¡T ˙s¡T ‘ÓdüTÔ+&˚yês¡T ?
2. Where had Sagar been bringing water for two hours ?
kÕ>∑sY mø£ÿ&É ¬s+&ÉT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç ˙s¡T ‘ÓdüTÔ+&˚yê&ÉT ?
3. What had Sagar been bringing for two hours ?
kÕ>∑sY ¬s+&ÉT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç @$T ‘ÓdüTÔ+&˚yê&ÉT ?
4. When had Sagar been bringing water for two hours ?
kÕ>∑sY m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ¬s+&ÉT>∑+≥\ qT+&ç ˙s¡T ‘ÓdüTÔ+&˚yê&ÉT ?
5. Why had Sagar been bringing water for two hours ?
kÕ>∑sY m+<äT≈£î ¬s+&ÉT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç ˙s¡T ‘Ódü÷Ô+&˚yê&ÉT ?
6. How had Sagar been brining water for two hours ?
kÕ>∑sY ¬s+&ÉT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç m˝≤ ˙s¡T ‘ÓdüTÔ+&˚yê&ÉT ?
Examples :
1. You will have been ringing bell for ten minutes. (Assertive sentence)
˙e⁄ |ü~ì$TcÕ\ qT+&ç >∑+≥ÁyÓ÷–dü÷Ô ñ+{≤e⁄.
Will you have been ringing bell for ten minutes ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ |ü~ì$TcÕ\ qT+&ç >∑+≥ ÁyÓ÷–dü÷Ô ñ+{≤yê ?
á yêø±´ìøÏ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝À 'Wh' word ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê 'Wh' Question >± e÷s¡T‘·T+~.
1. Who will have been ringing bell for ten minutes ?
|ü~ì$TcÕ\ qT+&ç mes¡T >∑+≥qT ÁyÓ÷–düTÔ+{≤s¡T ?
2. What will you have been ringing for ten minutes ?
˙e⁄ |ü~ì$TcÕ\ qT+&ç @+ ÁyÓ÷–düTÔ+{≤e⁄ ?
3. Where will you have been ringing bell for ten minutes ?
˙e⁄ mø£ÿ&É |ü~ì$TcÕ\ qT+&ç >∑+≥qT ÁyÓ÷–düTÔ+{≤e⁄ ?
4. When will you have been ringing bell for ten minutes ?
˙e⁄ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT |ü~ì$TcÕ\ qT+&ç >∑+≥qT ÁyÓ÷–düTÔ+{≤e⁄ ?
5. Why will you have been ringing bell for ten minutes ?
˙e⁄ |ü~ì$TcÕ\ qT+&ç >∑+≥qT m+<äT≈£î ÁyÓ÷–düTÔ+{≤e⁄ ?
6. How will you have been ringing bell for ten minutes ?
˙e⁄ |ü~ì$TcÕ\ qT+&ç >∑+≥qT m˝≤ ÁyÓ÷–düTÔ+{≤e⁄ ?
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NEGATIVE SENTENCE (Of Interrogative Sentences)
ˇø£ Interrogative sentence jÓTTø£ÿ verb q≈£î e´‹πsø±s¡eú TTì#˚Ã |ü<ëìï #˚sÃ¡ &É+ e\q 'negative sentence'
@s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~. BìH˚ 'negative interrogative sentence' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Tenses & their negative interrogative sentences
á tense ˝À Interrogative sentence øÏ #Ó+~q 'Yes / No' question q+<äT >∑\ helping verbs nsTTq do
˝Ò<ë does q≈£î n't ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q ˝Ò<ë subject øÏ ≈£î&çyÓ’|ü⁄q 'not' ì Áyêj·T&É+ e\q negative 'Yes / No'
question @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Do you play chess ? ('Yes / No' Question)
˙e⁄ #Ódt Ä&É‘êyê ?
Don't you play chess ? (or) Do you not play chess ? (Negative 'Yes / No' Question)
˙e⁄ #Ódt Ä&Éyê ?
2. Does she sing songs well ? (or) Does she not sing songs well ? ('Yes / No' Question)
ÄyÓT bÕ≥\T u≤>± bÕ&ÉT‘·T+<ë ?
Doesn't she sing songs well ? (Negative 'Yes / No' Question)
ÄyÓT bÕ≥\T u≤>± bÕ&É<ë ?
á tense ˝À Interrogative sentence ≈£î #Ó+~q 'Wh' Question q+<äT >∑\ helping verbs nsTTq
do ˝Ò<ë does \≈£î n't qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê negative 'Wh' Question ì bı+<äe#·TÃ. ˝Ò<ë 'subject' øÏ ≈£î&çyÓ’|ü⁄q
'not' qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê ≈£L&Ü negative 'wh' question ì bı+<äe#·TÃ.
Examples :
1. Why do you go to college daily ? ('Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ Á|ü‹s√p ø±˝ÒõøÏ m+<äT≈£î yÓfi≤Ôe⁄ ?
Why don't you go to college daily ? Why do you not go to college daily ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ Á|ü‹s√p ø±˝ÒõøÏ m+<äT≈£î yÓfi¯¢e⁄ ?
2. Where does she sing songs ? ('Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT bÕ≥\T mø£ÿ&É bÕ&ÉT‘·T+~ ?
Where doesn't she sing songs ? Where does she not sing songs ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT bÕ≥\T mø£ÿ&É bÕ&É<äT ?
>∑eTìø£ : ô|’q ù|s=ÿqï$<Ûä+>± nìï tenses ≈£L ¬s+&ÉT $<Ûë\T>± negative questiions Áyêj·T>∑\eTT. $T–*q
tenses ≈£î yÓTT<ä{Ï $<Ûëq+ e÷Á‘·y˚T Çe«&ÉyÓTÆq~.
á tense ˝À Interrogative sentence ≈£î #Ó+~q 'Yes / No' Question q+<äT >∑\ helping verb nsTTq
'did' ≈£î 'n't' ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q negative 'Yes / No' Question @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Did you come yesterday ? ('Yes / No' Question)
˙e⁄ ìqï e#êÃyê ?
Didn't you come yesterday ? (Negative 'Yes / No' Question)
˙e⁄ ìqï sê˝Ò<ë ?
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á tense ˝À Interrogative sentence ≈£î #Ó+~q 'Wh' Question q+<äT >∑\ helping verb nsTTq did ≈£î
n't qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q negative 'Wh' Question @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Why did you come yesterday ? ('Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ ìqï m+<äT≈£î e#êÃe⁄ ?
Why didn't you come yesterday ? (Negative 'wh' Question)
˙e⁄ ìqï m+<äT≈£î sê˝Ò<äT ?
á Tense ˝À 'Yes / No' Question ˝À >∑\ helping verbs nsTTq will, shall \≈£î n't #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q negative
'Yes / No' Question @s¡Œ&ÉTqT.
>∑eTìø£ : Will, shall \≈£î 'n't' ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q es¡Tdü>± won't, shan't \T @s¡Œ&É‘êsTT. 'Willn't, shalln't \qT
Examples :
1. Shall I come with you ? (Yes / No Question)
H˚qT ˙‘√ sêHê ?
Shan't I come with you ?
H˚qT ˙‘√ sêe<ë› ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
2. Will you call him ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ n‘·ìï |æ\TkÕÔyê ?
Won't you call him ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ n‘·ìï |æ\eyê ?
á Tense ˝À 'Wh' Question ˝À >∑\ will, shall nH˚ helping verb \≈£î n't ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q negative 'Wh'
Question @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. When shall I go to Vizag ? ('Wh' Question)
H˚qT m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓ’C≤>¥øÏ yÓfi≤ÔqT ?
When shan't I go to Vizag ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
H˚qT yÓ’C≤>¥øÏ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓfi¯¢qT ?
2. Why will they meet him ? ('Wh' Question)
yês¡T n‘·ìï m+<äT≈£î ø£\TkÕÔs¡T ?
Why won't they meet him ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
yês¡T n‘·ìï m+<äT≈£î ø£\es¡T ?
á Tense ˝À 'Yes / No' Question ˝À >∑\ is, am, are nH˚ helping verb \≈£î n't ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q negative
>∑eTìø£ : Ç+^¢wüß˝À amn't jÓTTø£ÿ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+ ˝Ò<äT. BìøÏ ã<äT\T>± 'aren't' qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*.

225
Examples :
1. Is she reading a book ? (Yes / No Question)

ÄyÓT |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äTe⁄‘·Tqï<ë ?
Isn't she reading a book ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äe&É+ ˝Ò<ë ?
2. Am I eating food ? (Yes / No Question)
H˚qT uÛÀ»q+ ‹+≥THêïHê ?
Aren't I eating food ? (or) Am I not eating food ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
H˚qT uÛÀ»q+ ‹q&É+ ˝Ò<ë ?
3. Are they writing now ? (Yes / No Question)
yês¡T Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ÁyêdüTÔHêïsê ?
Aren't they writing now ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
yês¡T Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Áyêj·T&É+˝Ò<ë ?
á Tense ˝À 'Wh' Question ˝À >∑\ is, am, are nqT helping verb \≈£î n't ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q negative 'Wh'
Question @s¡Œ&ÉTqT.
Examples :
1. Where is he drawing ? ('Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT mø£ÿ&É ^düTÔHêï&ÉT ?
Where isn't he drawing ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT mø£ÿ&É ^j·T&É+ ˝Ò<äT ?
2. How am I playing ? ('Wh' Question)
H˚qT m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä&ÉT‘·THêïqT ?
How aren't I playing ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
H˚qT m˝≤ Ä&É&É+ ˝Ò<äT ?
3. Why are you speaking loudly ? ('Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ m+<äT≈£î _>∑Zs¡>± e÷{≤¢&ÉT‘·THêïe⁄ ?
Why aren't you speaking loudly ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ m+<äT≈£î _>∑Zs¡>± e÷{≤¢&É&É+ ˝Ò<äT ?
á Tense ˝Àì 'Yes / No' Question˝À >∑\ helping verb \sTTq was, were \≈£î n't ì #˚]Ãq≥¢sTT‘˚
negative 'Yes / No' Question @s¡Œ&ÉTqT.

226
Examples :
1. Was he teaching the class ? (Yes / No Question)
n‘·&ÉT ø±¢dt uÀ~Ûdü÷Ô ñ+&˚yê&Ü ?
Wasn't he teaching the class ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
n‘·&ÉT ø±¢dt uÀ~Ûdü÷Ô ñ+&˚yê&ÉT ø±<ë ?
2. Were you watching TV ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ {Ï.$ #·÷düTÔ+&˚yê&çyê ?
Weren't you watching TV ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ {Ï.$. #·÷düTÔ+&˚yê&ç$ ø±<ë ?
á Tense ˝Àì 'Wh' Question ˝À >∑\ helping verb \sTTq was, were \≈£î n't ì #˚]Ãq≥¢sTT‘˚ negative
'Wh' Question @s¡Œ&ÉTqT.
Examples :
1. How was she playing ? ('Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT m˝≤ Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+&˚~ ?
How wasn't she playing ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT m˝≤ Ä&ÉT‘·T+&˚~ ø±<äT ?
2. When were they eating ? ('Wh' Question)
yês¡T m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ‹+≥T+&˚yês¡T.
When weren't they eating ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
yês¡T m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ‹+≥T+&˚yês¡T ø±s¡T ?
á tense ˝Àì 'Yes / No' Question ˝À >∑\ helping verbs nsTTq will be, shall be \˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï|ü<ë˝…’q
will, shall \≈£î n't ì #˚]Ãq negative 'Yes / No' Question @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Will he be writing letters ? (Yes / No Question)

n‘·&ÉT ñ‘·Ôsê\T Áyêdü÷Ô ñ+{≤&Ü ?
Won't he be writing letters ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
n‘·&ÉT ñ‘·Ôsê\T Áyêdü÷Ô ñ+&É&Ü ?
2. Shall we be travelling ? (Yes / No Question)
y˚TeTT Á|üj·÷DÏdü÷Ô ñ+{≤e÷ ?
Shan't we be travelling ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
y˚TeTT Á|üj·÷DÏdü÷Ô ñ+&Ée÷ ?
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á tense ˝Àì 'Wh' Question ˝À >∑\ helping verb \sTTq will be, shall be \˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï|ü<ë˝…’q will,
shall \≈£î n't ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê negative 'wh' Question @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. When shall I be going to China ? ('Wh' Question)
H˚qT #Ó’HêøÏ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓfi¯SÔ ñ+{≤qT ?
When shan't I be going to China ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
H˚qT #Ó’HêøÏ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓfi¯SÔ ñ+&ÉqT ?
2. Where will he be drawing ? ('Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT mø£ÿ&É ^dü÷Ô ñ+{≤&ÉT?
Where won't he be drawing ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT mø£ÿ&É ^dü÷Ô ñ+&É&ÉT ?
á tense ˝Àì 'Yes / No' Question˝À >∑\ helping verb \sTTq has, have \≈£î n't ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q
negative 'Yes / No' Question @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Has she completed her work ? (Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT ‘·q |üìì Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ |üP]Ô#˚dæ+<ë ?
Hasn't she completed her work ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT ‘·q |üìì Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ |üP]Ô#Ój·T´˝Ò<ë ?
2. Have they come just now ? (Yes / No Question)
yês¡T Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ e#êÃsê ?
Haven't they come just now ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
yês¡T Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ sê˝Ò<ë ?
á tense ˝Àì 'Wh' Question ˝À >∑\ helping verb \sTTq has, have \≈£î n't ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q yêø£´+
negative 'wh' Question >± @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Why has he gone just now ? ('Wh' Question)

n‘·&ÉT Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ m+<äT≈£î yÓ[¢b˛j·÷&ÉT ?
Why hasn't he gone just now ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ m+<äT≈£î yÓfi¯¢˝Ò<äT ?
2. How have you finished the work just now ? ('Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ Ä |üìì m˝≤ Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ |üP]Ô#˚XÊe⁄ ?
How haven't you finished the work just now ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ Ä |üìì Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ m˝≤ |üP]Ô#˚j·T˝Ò<äT ?
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á tense ˝Àì 'Yes / No' Question ˝À >∑\ helping verb nsTTq 'had' ≈£î n't ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê negative
Examples :
1. Had you left him just then ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ n‘·ìï n|ü⁄Œ&˚ e~*ô|{≤ºyê ?
Hadn't you left him just then ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ n‘·ìï n|ü⁄Œ&˚ e~*ô|≥º˝Ò<ë ?
á tense ˝Àì 'Wh' Question ˝À >∑\ helping verb nsTTq 'had' ≈£î n't ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q negative 'wh'
question @s¡Œ&ÉTqT.
Examples :
1. Who had killed the dog ? ('Wh' Question)
Ä ≈£îø£ÿì mes¡T #·+|æ ñHêïs¡T ?
Who hadn't killed the dog ? (Negative 'wh' Question)
Ä ≈£îø£ÿì mes¡T #·+|æ˝Òs¡T ?
á tense ˝Àì Yes / No Question ˝À >∑\ helping verbs nsTTq will have, shall have \˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï|ü<ë˝…’q
will, shall \≈£î n't ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê negative 'Yes / No' Question @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Will you have attended the function ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ Ä ø±s¡´Áø£e÷ìøÏ Vü‰»s¡sTT ñ+{≤yê ?
Won't you have attended the function ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ Ä ø±s¡´Áø£e÷ìøÏ Vü‰»s¡sTT ñ+&Éyê ?
2. Shall we have met her ? (Yes / No Question)
eTq+ ÄyÓTì ø£*dæ ñ+{≤e÷ ?
Shan't we have met her ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
eTq+ ÄyÓTì ø£*dæ ñ+&Ée÷ ?
á tense ˝Àì 'Wh' Question ˝À >∑\ helping verbs nsTTq will have, shall have \˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï|ü<ë˝…’q
will, shall \≈£î n't ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q negative 'Wh' Question @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Why will she have completed the diagram ? ('Wh' Question)

ÄyÓT Ä u§eTàì m+<äT≈£î |üP]Ô#˚ùddæ ñ+≥T+~ ?
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Examples :
Why won't she have completed the diagram ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT Ä u§eTàì m+<äT≈£î |üP]Ô#˚ùddæ ñ+&É<äT ?
2. When shall we have reached Chennai ? ('Wh' Question)
y˚TeTT m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT #ÓHÓÌïøÏ #˚s¡Tø=ì ñ+{≤eTT ?
When shan't we have reached Chennai ?
y˚TeTT m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT #ÓHÓÌïøÏ #˚s¡Tø=ì ñ+&ÉeTT ?
á tense ˝Àì 'Yes / No' Question ˝À >∑\ have been, has been nH˚ helping verb \˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï |ü<ë˝…’q
have, has \≈£î n't ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê negative 'Yes / No' Question ì bı+<äe#·TÃ.
Examples :
1. Have you been reading for four hours ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ Hê\T>∑T >∑+≥\ qT+&ç #·<äTe⁄‘·THêïyê ?
Haven't you been reading for four hours ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ Hê\T>∑T >∑+≥\ qT+&ç #·<äe&É+ ˝Ò<ë ?
2. Has she been playing with you for one hour ? (Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT >∑+≥ùd|ü{Ï qT+&ç ˙‘√ Ä&ÉT‘·T+<ë ?
Hasn't she been playing with you for one hour ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT >∑+≥ùd|ü{Ï qT+∫ ˙‘√ Ä&É&É+ ˝Ò<ë ?
á tense ˝Àì 'Wh' Question ˝À >∑\ helping verb \sTTq has been, have been \˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï|ü<ë˝…’q has,
have \≈£î n't #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q negative 'Wh' Question @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Where has she been waiting since morning ? ('Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT ñ<äj·T+ qT+∫ mø£ÿ&É y˚∫ñ+~ ?
Where hasn't she been waiting since morning ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT ñ<äj·T+ qT+∫ mø£ÿ&É y˚∫ñ+&É˝Ò<äT ?
2. Why have they been drinking for ten hours ? ('Wh' Question)
yês¡T |ü~>∑+≥\ qT+&ç m+<äT≈£î Á‘ê>∑T‘·THêïs¡T ?
Why haven't they been drinking for ten hours ?
yês¡T |ü~>∑+≥\ qT+&ç m+<äT≈£î Á‘ê>∑T‘·÷ ˝Òs¡T ?
á tense ˝Àì 'Yes / No' Question ˝À >∑\ had been nH˚ helping verb ˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï |ü<äyÓTÆq had ≈£î n't ì
#˚]ÃqjÓT&É\ yêø£´+ negative 'Yes / No' Question >± e÷s¡T‘·T+~.
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Examples :
1. Had she been writing for few hours ? (Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT ø=~›>∑+≥\ qT+&ç Áyêdü÷Ô ñ+&˚<ë ?
Hadn't she been writing for few hours ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT ø=~›>∑+≥\ qT+&ç Áyêdü÷Ô ñ+&˚~ ø±<ë ?
á tense ˝Àì 'Wh' Question ˝À >∑\ had been nH˚ helping verb ˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï |ü<äyÓTÆq had ≈£î n't ì #˚]Ã‘˚
negative 'Wh' Question @s¡Œ&ÉTqT.
Examples :
1. How had she been playing for two days ? ('Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT ¬s+&ÉT s√E\ qT+&ç m˝≤ Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+&˚~ ?
How hadn't she been playing for two days ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT ¬s+&ÉTs√E\ qT+&ç m˝≤ Ä&ÉT‘·T+&˚~ ø±<äT ?
á tense ˝Àì 'Yes / No' Question ˝À >∑\ will have been, shall have been nH˚ helping verbs ˝Àì
yÓTT<ä{Ï |ü<ë˝…’q will, shall \≈£î n't ì #˚]Ãq negative 'Yes / No' Question @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Will you havebeen waiting for me for one hour ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ Hê ø√dü+ >∑+≥ qT+∫ m<äTs¡T#·÷dü÷Ô ñ+{≤yê ?
Won't you have been waiting for me for one hour ? (Negative Yes / No, Question)
˙e⁄ Hê ø√dü+ >∑+≥ qT+∫ m<äTs¡T#·÷dü÷Ô ñ+&Éyê ?
2. Shall I have been doing the job for one year ? (Yes / No Question)
H˚qT dü+e‘·‡s¡+ qT+&ç Ä ñ<√´>∑+ #˚dü÷Ô ñ+{≤Hê ?
Shan't I have been doing the job for one year ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
H˚qT dü+e‘·‡s¡+ qT+&ç Ä ñ<√´>∑+ #˚dü÷Ô ñ+&ÉHê ?
á tense ˝Àì 'Wh' Question ˝À >∑\ will have been, shall have been nH˚ helping verb \ ˝Àì yÓTT<ä{|
Ï <ü ë˝…q’
will, shall \≈£î n't ì #˚]Ãq≥¢sTT‘˚ negative 'Wh' Question @s¡Œ&ÉTqT.
Examples :
1. Why will she have been drawing for two minutes. ('Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT m+<äT≈£î ¬s+&ÉT ì$TcÕ\ qT+&ç ^dü÷Ô ñ+{À+~ ?
Why won't she have been drawing for two minutes ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT m+<äT≈£î ¬s+&ÉT ì$TcÕ\ qT+&ç ^dü÷Ô ñ+&É<äT ?
2. How shall I have been making kite for one minute ? ('Wh' Question)
H˚qT ˇø£ ì$Twü+ qT+&ç >±*|ü≥+ m˝≤ ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚düTÔ+{≤qT ?
How shan't I have been making kite for one minute ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
Q
H˚qT ˇø£ ì$Twü+ qT+&ç >±*|ü≥+ m˝≤ ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚dü÷Ô ñ+&ÉqT ?

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18. Imperative Sentence
(Ä»„, nuÛÑ´s¡úHês¡úø£ yêø£´+)
eTq+ ì‘·´J$‘·+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ Orders eT]j·TT Request \qT 'Imperative sentence' ≈£î #Ó+~q$>±
ù|s=ÿ+{≤s¡T. á Imperative sentence ≈£î ˇø£ ì]›wüºyÓTÆq ìsêàD+ ñ+≥T+~.
1. Orders (Ä»„\T) :
ìs¡«#·q+ : m<äT{Ï e´øÏÔì ÄC≤„|æ+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ yêø±´\ì 'Orders' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The sentence which is used to make an order is called an 'Order'.
ˇø£ |üìì #Ój·TéTì e÷{≤¢&˚ e´øÏÔ $H˚ e´øÏÔì ÄC≤„|æ+#˚≥≥Te+{Ï düeTj·T+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ yêø±´\ì
'Orders' nì n+{≤s¡T. M{Ï˝À Ä |üì yêø£´+ ñ|üj÷
Ó –+#·ã&çq|ü⁄&TÉ ø±ø£ Ä ‘·sT¡ yê‘· Second person #˚‘· #˚jT· ã&ÉT‘·T+~.
n+<äTe\q á yêø±´\ ìsêàD+˝À 'Subject' ñ+&É<äT. 'Verb' ‘√H˚ yêø£´+ yÓTT<ä\e⁄‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Close your eyes.
˙ ø£fi¯ófl eT÷düTø√.
2. Open the window.
Ä øÏ{Ïø° ‘Ós¡Te⁄.
3. Read the book.
Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äTe⁄.
4. Let me do the work.
qqTï Ä |üì #Ój·T´ìe⁄«.
5. Let him play with you.
n‘·ìï MT‘√ Ä&Éìe«+&ç.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT >∑eTìùdÔ M{Ï˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï eT÷&ÉT yêø±´\˝Àq÷ Äj·÷ |üqT*ï #Ój·TéTì Second
person ì ÄC≤„|æ+#·&É+ »]–+~. Hê\Ze yêø£´+˝À first person ì ª#Ój·T´&É+μ nH˚ |üìì #Ój·T´&ÜìøÏ nqTeT‹+#·eTì
Second person ì ÄC≤„|æ+#·&É+ »]–+~. eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ªÄ&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì third person #Ój·T´&ÜìøÏ
nqTeT‹+#·eTì second person ì ÄC≤„|æ+#·&É+ »]–+~. nq>± á yêø±´\ìï+{Ï˙ Ä»„\T C≤Ø#˚j·T&ÜìøÏ
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq+<äTq M{Ïì 'orders' nì n+{≤s¡T. ø±e⁄q Ç$ 'Imperative Sentence' øÏ #Ó+<ësTT.
2. Requests (nuÛÑ´s¡úq\T) :
m<äT{Ï e´øÏÔì nuÛÑ´]ú+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ yêø±´*ï 'Requests' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The sentence which is used to make a request is called a 'Request'.
ˇø£ |üìì #Ój·TéTì e÷{≤¢&˚e´øÏÔ $H˚ e´øÏÔì nuÛÑ´]ú+#˚≥≥Te+{Ï düeTj·T+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ yêø±´\ì
'Requests' nì n+{≤s¡T. á yêø±´\ ìsêàD+˝À ≈£L&Ü 'Subject' ñ+&É<äT.
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Examples :
1. Please take this pen. <äj·T#˚dæ á ô|qTï rdüTø√.

2. Please come here. <äj·T#˚dæ Çø£ÿ&çøÏ sê.
3. Please leave me. <äj·T#˚dæ qqTï e~˝…sTT´.
4. Please let him come. <äj·T#˚dæ n‘·ìï sêìe⁄«.
5. Please let them watch. <äj·T#˚dæ yê]ì #·÷&Éìe⁄«.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*ùdÔ yÓTT<ä{Ï eT÷&ÉT yêø±´\˝À Äj·÷ |üqT*ï #Ój·TéTì Second person ì
nuÛÑ´]ú+#·&É+ »]–+~. Hê\Ze yêø£´+˝À ªsêe&É+μ nH˚ |üìì third person #Ój·T´&ÜìøÏ nqTeT‹+#·eTì second
person ì nuÛÑ´]ú+#·&É+ »]–+~. eT]j·TT ∫e]yêø£´+˝À ª#·÷&É&É+μ nH˚ |üìì third person ì #Ój·T´&ÜìøÏ
nqTeT‹+#·eTì second person ì nuÛÑ´]ú+#·&É+ »]–+~. nq>± á yêø±´\˙ï m<äT{Ï e´øÏÔì ÁbÕ]ú+#·&ÜìøÏ
ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&çq+<äTq M{Ïì 'Requests' nì n+{≤s¡T. n+<äTe\q Çe˙ï 'Imperative sentence' øÏ #Ó+<ësTT.
KINDS OF ORDERS (Orders ˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
Orders ¬s+&ÉT s¡ø±\T. n$ :
1. Direct order : Second person ì |üì#Ój·TéTì ÄC≤„|æ+#˚ orders.
2. Indirect order :Third person ì |üì#Ój·T´ìe«eTì second person ì ÄC≤„|æ+#˚ orders.
1. Direct orders (yÓTT<ä{Ïs¡ø£|ü⁄ orders)

$H˚ e´øÏÔì ˇø£ |üìì #Ój·TéTì ÄC≤„|æ+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT Ä order ì á s¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~q~>± ù|s=ÿ+{≤s¡T.
Structure : V1 (Present tense verb) + Object
i.e., V1 + O
Examples :
1. Speak silently. (V1 → speak)

ìX¯Ùã›+>± e÷{≤¢&ÉT.
2. Get out of my room. (V1 → get, O → my room)
Hê >∑~ qT+&ç ãj·T{ÏøÏ b˛
3. Buy the book. (V1 → buy, O → the book)
Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ ø=qT.
4. Watch the movie. (V1 → watch, O → the movie)
Ä dæìe÷ì #·÷&ÉT.
5. Send him to work. (V1 → send, O → him)
n‘·ìï |üì#Ój·T´&ÜìøÏ |ü+|æ+#·T.
á yêø±´\ìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ Äj·÷ |üqT*ï #Ój·TéTì Second person ì ÄC≤„|æ+#·&É+ »]–+~. n+<äTe\q Ç$
'Direct orders' øÏ #Ó+<ësTT.

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2. Indirect orders (¬s+&Ées¡ø£|ü⁄ orders)
$H˚ e´øÏÔ‘√ eTs=ø£e´øÏÔì ˇø£ |üì #Ój·T´ìe«eTì ÄC≤„|æ+#·&ÜìøÏ á s¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~q 'orders' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Bì˝À object-1 >± third person ≈£î #Ó+~q words ì, I person øÏ #Ó+~q words ˙ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Structure : Let + Object-1 + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object-2.
i.e., Let + O1 + V1 + O → 2
Examples :
1. Let her finish her work. (O1 → her, V1 → finish, O2 → herwork)
ÄyÓTì ‘·q|üìì |üP]Ô#˚j·Tìe⁄«.
2. Let Rahul come into my room. (O1 → Rahul, V1 → come)
sêVüQ˝Ÿì Hê >∑~˝ÀìøÏ sêìe⁄«.
3. Let it burn. (O1 → it, V1 → burn)
<ëìï ø±\ìe⁄«.
4. Let the dog eat the food. (O1 → the dog, V1 → eat, O2 → the food)
Ä ≈£îø£ÿì ÄVü‰s¡+ ‹qìe⁄«.
5. Let them speak. (O1 → them, V1 → speak)
yê]ì e÷{≤¢&Éìe⁄«.
á yêø±´\ìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ Äj·÷ |üqT*ï Third person #ÓjT· ´&ÜìøÏ nqTeT‹+#·eTì Second person ì ÄC≤„|+æ #·&+É
»]–+~. n+<äTe\q Çe˙ï á 'Indirect orders' øÏ #Ó+<ësTT.
á s¡ø£+˝À ˇø£ |üìì Third person #Ój·T´&ÜìøÏ Second person nqTeT‹ n&É>∑≈£î+&Ü first person
í ÷· ìï #Ó|Œæ q|ü⁄&ÉT ≈£L&Ü Ç<˚ structure ì ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ . n≥Te+{Ï dü+<äs“¡ +¤ ˝À Ç<˚ yêø±´\øÏ nsêú\T e÷s¡‘êsTT.
ìs¡j
Examples :
1. Let us go. (O1 → Us, V1 → go)
eTq+ yÓfi¯<ë+.
2. Let him dance. (O1 → him, V1 → dance)
n‘·ìï &ÜHé‡ #Ój·T´ì<ë›+.
3. Let her come with us. (O1 → her, V1 → come)
ÄyÓTì eTq‘√ sêì<ë›+.
4. Let the boy jump himself. (O1 → the boy, V1 → jump)
Ä u≤\Tìï ‘·q≈£î ‘êqT>± <ä÷≈£ì<ë›+.
5. Let us drink. (O1 → us, V1 → drink)
eTq+ Á‘ê>∑T<ë+.
á yêø±´\˝À yÓTT<ä{,Ï ∫e] yê{Ï˝À first person ≈£L&Ü |üì#ÓjT· ´&É+ >∑eTì+#·e#·TÃ. $T–*q yêø±´\˝À
III person |üì#˚j·T>± I, II person \T <ëìøÏ nqTeT‹+#˚ dü+<äsê“¤ìï >∑eTì+#·e#·TÃ.
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KINDS OF REQUESTS (Requests ˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
Requests ≈£L&Ü orders e˝Ò 2 s¡ø±\T. n$ :

1. Direct requests : Second person ì |üì#Ój·TéTì nuÛÑ´]ú+#˚ Requests.
2. Indirect requests : Third person ì |üì#Ój·T´ìe«eTì nuÛÑ´]ú+#˚ Requests.
1. Direct Requests (yÓTT<ä{Ïs¡ø£|ü⁄ Requests) :

$H˚ e´øÏÔì ˇø£ |üìì #Ój·TéTì nuÛÑ´]ú+#·&ÜìøÏ á s¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~q Requests ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Structure : Please + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object
i.e., Please + V1 + O
Examples :
1. Please give me the pen. (V1 → give, O → me, the pen)
<äj·T#˚dæ Hê≈£î Ä ô|qTï Çe⁄«.
2. Please play the game with me. (V1 → play, O → the game)
<äj·T#˚dæ Ä Ä≥ Hê‘√ Ä&ÉT.
3. Please listen to my words. (V1 → listen, O → my words)
<äj·T#˚dæ Hê e÷≥\T $qT.
4. Please buy a book for me. (V1 → buy O → a book)
<äj·T#˚dæ Hê≈£î ˇø£ |ü⁄düÔø£+ ø=qT.
5. Please leave me alone. (V1 → leave, O → me)
<äj·T#˚dæ qqTï ˇ+≥]>± $&ç∫ô|≥Tº.
á yêø±´\ìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ Äj·÷|üqT*ï #Ój·TéTì Second person ì nuÛÑ´]ú+#·&É+ »]–+~. n+<äTe\q Ç$
'Direct Requests' øÏ #Ó+<ësTT.
2. Indirect Requests (¬s+&Ées¡ø£|ü⁄ Requests) :

$H˚e´øÏÔ‘√ eTs=ø£e´øÏÔì ˇø£ |üì #Ój·T´ìe«eTì Ä $H˚e´øÏÔì nuÛÑ´]ú+#·&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ Request \qT á
s¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~q$>± ù|s=ÿ+{≤s¡T. Bì˝À Object-1 >± Third person ì, I person ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Structure : Please + Let + Object 1 + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object 2
i.e., Please + Let + O1 + V1 + O2
Examples :
1. Please let her go to her home. (O1 → her, V1 → go)

<äj·T#˚dæ ÄyÓTì ‘·q Ç+{ÏøÏ yÓfi¯¢ìe⁄«.
2. Please let me come. (O1 , me, V1 → come)
<äj·T#˚dæ qqTï sêìe«+&ç.
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Examples :
3. Please let her speak the truth. (O1 → her, V1 → speak, O2 → truth)
<äj·T#˚dæ ÄyÓTì ì»+ e÷{≤¢&Éìe«+&ç.
4. Please let them do the work. (O1 → them, V1 → do, O2 → the work)
<äj·T#˚dæ yê]ì Ä |üì #Ój·T´ìe«+&ç.
5. Please let the snake go. (O1 → the snake, V1 → go)
<äj·T#˚dæ Ä bÕeTTì yÓfi¯¢ìe«+&ç.
á yêø±´\˝À s¬ +&Ée<ëì˝À ªsêe&É+μ nH˚ |üìì first person ì #ÓjT· ´ìe«eTì second person ì ÁbÕ]ú+#·&+É
»]–+~. $T–*q nìï yêø±´\˝Àq÷ Äj·÷ |üqT*ï third person \ ì #Ój·T´ìe«eTì second person ì ÁbÕ]ú+#·&É+
»]–+~. n+<äTe\q Çe˙ï 'Indiret Requests' øÏ #Ó+<ësTT.
Orders ˝À e˝…H˚ M{Ï˝À ≈£L&Ü ˇø£ |üìì third person ì #Ój·T´ìe«eTì second person ì e÷Á‘·y˚T
nuÛ´Ñ ]ú+#·≈î£ +&Ü first person jÓTTø£ÿ n+^ø±sêìï ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·÷ second person ì nuÛ´Ñ ]ú+#·&+É »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. Ä dü+<äs“¡ +¤ ˝À
yêø£´+ jÓTTø£ÿ ns¡ú+ e÷s¡T‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Please let him go. (O1 → him, V1 → go)

<äj·T#˚dæ n‘·ìï yÓfi¯¢ì<ë›+.
2. Please let her leave. (O1 → her, V1 → leave)
<äj·T#˚dæ ÄyÓTì e~˝Ò<ë›+.
3. Please let them take the money. (O1 → them, V1 → take, O2 → the money)
<äj·T#˚dæ yê]ì Ä &ÉãT“ rdüTø√ì<ë›+.
4. Please let us go. (O1 → us, V1 → go)
<äj·T#˚dæ eTq+ yÓfi≤›+.
5. Please let us bring that. (O1 → us, V1 → bring, O2 → that)
<äj·T#˚dæ eTq+ <ëìï rdüTø=<ë›+.
á yêø±´\˝À ∫e] ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´\˝Àq÷ first person ≈£L&Ü $T–*q second person \‘√ |üì#Ój·T´&É+
>∑eTì+#·e#·TÃ. $T–*q yêø±´\˝À Äj·÷ |üqT*ï third person #Ój·T´&ÜìøÏ nqTeT‹ìe«&É+ ø√dü+ ‘·q n+^ø±s¡+
‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·÷ second person ì ÁbÕ]ú+#·&É+ >∑eTì+#·e#·TÃ.
236
NEGATIVE SENTENCES (Of Imperative Sentences)
ˇø£ Imperative sentence jÓTTø£ÿ verb ≈£î eTT+<äTuÛ≤>∑+˝À 'Don't ˝Ò<ë 'not' qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q 'Negative
imperative sentence' @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
1. Orders & their negative sentences :

1. Direct orders :
á s¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~q yêø±´\˝Àì 'Verb' q≈£î eTT+<äT 'Don't' nH˚ word ì #˚]Ãq≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä yêø£´+ 'negative
order' >± e÷s¡T‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Do what I said. (order)

H˚qT #Ó|æŒ+~ #ÓsTT´.
Don't do what I said. (Negative order)
H˚qT #Ó|æŒ+~ #Ój·Té<äT›.
2. Play the instrument. (Order)
Ä yêsTT<ä´+ yêsTT+#·T.
Don't play the instrument. (Negative order)
Ä yêsTT<ä´+ yêsTT+#·e<äT›.
3. Read the book. (Order)
Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äTe⁄.
Don't read the book. (Negative order)
Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äee<äT›.
4. Watch the movie. (Order)
Ä dæìe÷ #·÷&ÉT.
Don't watch the movie. (Negative order)
Ä dæìe÷ #·÷&Ée<äT›.
5. Complete your work. (Order)
˙ |üìì |üP]Ô#ÓsTT´.
Don't complete your work. (Negative order)
˙ |üìì |üP]Ô#Ój·Té<äT›.
2. Indirect orders :
á s¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~q yêø±´\˝Àì 'Verb' q≈£î eTT+<äT 'not' nH˚ word ì #˚]Ãq≥¢sTT‘˚ Ä yêø£´+ 'negative
order' >± e÷s¡T‘·T+~.
237
Examples :
1. Let her eat the sweet. (Order)
ÄyÓTì Ä d”«≥T ‹qìe⁄«.
Let her not eat the sweet. (Negative order)
ÄyÓTì Ä d”«≥T ‹qìe«<äT›.
2. Let the boy run. (Order)
Ä u≤\Tì |ü]¬>‘·Ôìe⁄«.
Let the boy not run. (Negative order)
Ä u≤\Tì |ü]¬>‘·Ôìe«<äT›.
3. Let him drink milk. (Order)
n‘·ìï bÕ\T Á‘ê>∑ìe⁄«.
Let him not drink milk. (Negative order)
n‘·ìï bÕ\T Á‘ê>∑ìe«<äT›.
4. Let us work together. (Order)
eTq+ ø£*dæ |üì#˚<ë›+.
Let us not work together. (Negative order)
eTq+ ø£*dæ |üì#Ój·Té<äT›.
5. Let me see. (Order)
qqTï #·÷&Éìe⁄«.
Let me not see. (Negative order)
qqTï #·÷&Éìe«<äT›.
2. Requests & their negative sentences :
1. Direct Requests :
á s¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~q yêø±´\˝Àì 'Verb' q≈£î eTT+<äT 'Don't' qT #˚sÃ¡ &É+ <ë«sê 'negative request' ì bı+<äe#·TÃ.
Examples :
1. Please listen to him. (Request)
<äj·T#˚dæ n‘·qT #Óù|Œ~ $qT.
Please don't listen to him. (Negative request)
<äj·T#˚dæ n‘·qT #Óù|Œ~ $qe<äT›.
2. Please write the sentence. (Request)
<äj·T#˚dæ Ä yêø£´+ ÁyêsTT.
Please don't write the sentence. (Negative request)
<äj·T#˚dæ Ä yêø£´+ Áyêj·Te<äT›.
238
Examples :
3. Please sing a song. (Request)
<äj·T#˚dæ ˇø£ bÕ≥ bÕ&ÉT.
Please don't sing a song. (Negative Request)
<äj·T#˚dæ ˇø£ bÕ≥ bÕ&Ée<äT›.
4. Please watch the movie. (Request)
<äj·T#˚dæ Ä dæìe÷ #·÷&ÉT.
Please don't watch the movie. (Negative Request)
<äj·T#˚dæ Ä dæìe÷ #·÷&Ée<äT›.
5. Please speak fluently. (Request)
<äj·T#˚dæ <Ûësêfi¯+>± e÷{≤¢&ÉT.
Please don't speak fluently. (Negative Request)
<äj·T#˚dæ <Ûësêfi¯+>± e÷{≤¢&Ée<äT›.
2. Indirect requests :
á s¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~q yêø±´\˝Àì Verb q≈£î eTT+<äT 'not' qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q 'negative request' @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. Please let him go. (Request)
<äj·T#˚dæ n‘·ìï yÓfi¯¢ìe⁄«.
Please let him not go. (Negative request)
<äj·T#˚dæ n‘·ìï yÓfi¯¢ìe«<äT›.
2. Please let her take care of it. (Request)
<äj·T#˚dæ ÄyÓTì Bìï C≤Á>∑‘·Ô>± #·÷düTø√ìe⁄«.
Please let her not take care of it. (Negative request)
<äj·T#˚dæ ÄyÓTì Bìï C≤Á>∑‘·Ô>± #·÷düTø√ìe«<äT›.
3. Please let them help me. (Request)
<äj·T#˚dæ yê]ì Hê≈£î düVü‰j·T+ #Ój·T´ìe⁄«.
Please let them not help me. (Negative request)
<äj·T#˚dæ yê]ì Hê≈£î düVü‰j·T+ #Ój·T´ìe«≈£î.
4. Please let us do the work. (Request)
<äj·T#˚dæ eTq+ Ä |üì #˚<ë›+.
Please let us not do the work. (Negative request)
<äj·T#˚dæ eTq+ Ä |üì #Ój·Té<äT›.
5. Please let the cow eat the grass. Request)
<äj·T#˚dæ Ä Äe⁄ì Ä >∑&ç¶ ‹qìe⁄«.
Please let the cow not eat the grass.(Negative request)
<äj·T#˚dæ Ä Äe⁄ì Ä >∑&ç¶ ‹qìe«<äT›.

Q 239
19. Auxiliary Verbs (düVü‰j·Tø£ ÁøÏj·T\T)
Auxiliaries '2' s¡ø±\T. n$ :
1. Primary auxiliaries.
2. Modal auxiliaries.
F yêø£´+˝À Main verb>±q÷ eT]j·TT helping verb >±q÷ ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ Auxiliaries qT 'Primary
auxiliaries' nì n+{≤s¡T. yêø£´+˝À πøe\+ helping verb >± e÷Á‘·y˚T ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ auxiliaries ì 'Modal
auxiliaries' nì n+{≤s¡T.
1. Primary auxiliaries :
F Is, am, are, was, were, have, has, had, has been, have been, will be, shall be, do, does eT]j·TT did
\qT Primary auxiliaries nì n+{≤s¡T. Ç$ tenses ˝À helping verbs >±q÷ eT]j·TT Ç‘·s¡ kÕ<Ûës¡D yêø±´\˝À
Main verbs >±q÷ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT.
F á Primary auxiliaries ˝Àì is, am, are, was, were \qT 'be' form verbs nì n+{≤s¡T. Have been, had
been, has been, will be, shall be ≈£L&Ü 'be' form verbs nH˚ |æ\Teã&É‘êsTT. ø±˙ Ç$ ÁbÕ<∏ä$Tø£ 'be' form
verbs ø±e⁄.
F 'Be' form verbs n˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'being verbs' >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT. nq>± Çe˙ï dæú‹ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ
ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT.
F á primary auxiliaries ˝Àì has, have, had \qT 'Have' form verbs nì n+{≤s¡T.
F 'Have' form verbs n˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'Having verbs' >± ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT. nq>± ø£*– ñ+&˚ dæú‹ì >∑T]+∫ Ç$
‘Ó*j·TCÒkÕÔsTT.
F á Primary auxiliaries ˝Àì do, does, did \qT 'Do' form verbs nì n+{≤s¡T.
F 'Do' form verbs n˙ï ≈£L&Ü 'Doing verbs' >± ñ|üj÷ Ó >∑|&ü ‘É êsTT. nq>± Çe˙ï #˚ùd |üìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒkÕÔsTT.
2. Modal auxiliaries :
F Will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, used to, need, dare, have to, has
to, had to \qT Modal auxiliaries nì n+{≤s¡T. Ç$ πøe\+ 'Helping verbs' >±H˚ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT.
F M{Ï˝Àì will, shall \qT future tense ˝À uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À »]π> |üqT\qT dü÷∫+#·&ÜìøÏ helping verbs >±
F Would ì conditional tense ˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
F Can, could \qT kÕeTs¡úéTTqT ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
F May, might \qT nsTT ñ+&Ée#·ÃH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
F Should, have to, has to, had to, ought to, must \qT ø£s¡ÔeúÀ<ÛäqT >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
F Used to ì >∑‘·+˝À ø=+‘·ø±\+ »]–q |üqT*ï >∑T]+∫, need ì ÄeX¯´ø£‘·qT, dare qT kÕVü≤kÕìï >∑T]+∫
‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
240
USAGE OF AUXILIARIES (Auxiliaries jÓTTø£ÿ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+)
1. Is :
F 'Is' qTdæú‹ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒùd dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ªnsTT ñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝À III person singular number øÏ
#Ó+~q subject \≈£î present tense ˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. Prakash is an actor.
Á|üø±wt ˇø£ q≥T&ÉT nsTT ñHêï&ÉT.
2. She is a doctor.
ÄyÓT ˇø£ &Üø£ºs¡T nsTT ñqï~.
3. His friend is handsome.
n‘·ì ùdïVæ≤‘·T&ÉT n+<äyÓTÆqyê&ÉT nsTT ñHêï&ÉT.
4. He is a genius.
n‘·&ÉT y˚T<Ûë$ nsTT ñHêï&ÉT.
5. It is a new one.
Ç~ Áø=‘·Ô~ nsTT ñqï~.
2. Am :
F 'Am' qTdæú‹ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ªnsTT ñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝ÀH˚, present tense ˝ÀH˚ I person Singular
number nsTTq 'I' ≈£î e÷Á‘·y˚T ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. I am Krishna Kumar.
H˚qT ø£èwüí≈£îe÷sYì nsTT ñHêïqT.
2. I am an engineer.
H˚qT ˇø£ Ç+»˙s¡Tì nsTT ñHêïqT.
3. I am wise.
H˚qT ‘Ó*yÓ’qyê&Éì nsTT ñHêïqT.
4. I am a singer.
H˚qT ˇø£ >±j·T≈£î&çì nsTT ñHêïqT.
5. I am sixteen years old.
H˚qT |ü<äVü‰s¡T dü+e‘·‡sê\ ej·TdüT‡<ëqqT nsTT ñHêïqT.
3. Are :
F 'Are' qT dæú‹ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ªnsTT ñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝ÀH˚, Present tense ˝ÀH˚ II person ≈£î,
I person, III person \ plural number \ ≈£î #Ó+~q subject \≈£L ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.

241
Examples :
1. We are students.
y˚TeTT $<ë´s¡Tú\+ nsTT ñHêïeTT.
2. You are nice.
˙e⁄ #·ø£ÿìyê&çyÓ’ ñHêïe⁄.
3. The friends are good.
Ä ùdïVæ≤‘·T\T eT+∫yê¬s’ ñHêïs¡T.
4. The books are old.
Ä |ü⁄düÔø±\T bÕ‘·$ nsTT ñHêïsTT.
5. They are police.
yês¡T b˛©düT\T nsTT ñHêïs¡T.
4. Was :
F 'Was' qT dæú‹ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ªˇø£|ü⁄Œ&ÉT nsTT ñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À Past tense ˝À I person,
III person \ singular number \ ≈£î #Ó+~q subject \≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. 'Was' qT is, am \≈£î past tense
s¡÷|ü+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. I was weak then.
H˚qT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ã\V”≤q+>± ñ+&˚yê&çì.
2. My brother was rich in 2002.
Hê k˛<äs¡T&ÉT 2002˝À <Ûäì≈£î&ÉT nsTT ñ+&˚yê&ÉT.
3. He was ugly before contacting the beautician.
n‘·&ÉT ã÷´{°wæj·THéì ø£\eø£ eTT+<äT n+<ä$ø±s¡+>± ñ+&˚yê&ÉT.
4. Gandhi was a great man.
>±+BÛ nHÓ&ç ˇø£ >=|üŒ e´øÏÔ ñ+&˚yê&ÉT.
5. It was night time.
n~ sêÁ‹ düeTj·T+>± ñ+&˚~.
5. Were :
F 'Were' qT dæú‹ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ªˇø£|ü⁄Œ&ÉT nsTT ñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝ÀH˚ past tense ˝ÀH˚ II person
≈£î, I person eT]j·TT III person \ plural number \ ≈£î #Ó+~q subject \≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. 'Were' qT are
≈£î past tense s¡÷|ü+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. He and his family members were honest.
n‘·&ÉT eT]j·TT n‘·ì ≈£î≥T+ãdüuÛÑT´\T ìC≤sTTr>± ñ+&˚yês¡T.
242
Examples :
2. We were in London on Monday.
y˚TeTT k˛eTyês¡+Hê&ÉT \+&ÉHé˝À ñ+&˚yêfi¯fleTT.
3. You were friendly.
MTs¡T ùdïVü≤+>± ñ+&˚yês¡T.
4. They were enemies.
yês¡T X¯Á‘·Te⁄\T>± ñ+&˚yês¡T.
5. The children were about seven years.
Ä |æ\¢\T <ë<ë|ü⁄ @&˚fi¯ófl ø£*– ñ+&˚yês¡T.
5. Shall be :
F 'Shall be' qT dæú‹ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ªuÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À nsTTñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À Future tense ˝À
I person ≈£î #Ó+~q Subject \≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. I shall be in Vizag tomorrow.
H˚qT πs|ü⁄ yÓ’C≤>¥˝À ñ+{≤qT.
2. We shall be in Army after two years.
y˚TeTT ¬s+&˚fi¯fl ‘·sê«‘· ôd’q´+˝À ñ+{≤eTT.
3. I shall be with you the next day.
H˚qT Ä ‘·s¡Tyê‘· s√E ˙‘√ ñ+{≤qT.
4. We shall be on the way at 5 p.m.
y˚TeTT nsTT~+{ÏøÏ <ë]˝À ñ+{≤eTT.
5. I shall be perfect.
H˚qT K∫Ã‘·+>± ñ+{≤qT.
7. Will be :
F 'Will be' qT dæú‹ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ªuÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À nsTT ñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À Future tense ˝À I person,
III person\≈£î #Ó+~q Subject \≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. ø±ì Á|üdüTÔ‘· ø±\+˝À BìH˚ nìï s¡ø±\ subject \≈£L
≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–düTÔHêïs¡T.
Examples :
1. The lawyer will be in his house in the evening.
Ä ˝≤j·TsY kÕj·T+Á‘·+ n‘·ìï Ç+{À¢ ñ+{≤&ÉT.
2. Seetha will be in college after a week.
d”‘· ˇø£ yês¡+ ‘·sê«‘· ø±˝ÒJ˝À ñ+{À+~.
3. They will be subordinates to you.
yês¡T ˙≈£î ÁøÏ+~ ñ<√´>∑T\T>± ñ+{≤s¡T.
243
Examples :
4. The cow will be in the lawn after a few minutes.
Ä Äe⁄ ø=ìï ì$TcÕ\ ‘·sê«‘· Ä yÓTÆ<ëq+˝À ñ+{À+~.
5. The thieves will be in the lockup within one hour.
ˇø£ >∑+≥˝À Ä <=+>∑\T ˝≤ø£|t˝À ñ+{≤s¡T.
8. Has been :
F 'Has been' qT dæú‹ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ªø=+‘·ø±\+>± ñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝À present tense ˝À III person
singular number øÏ #Ó+~q subject \≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. He has been here for two hours.
n‘·&ÉT ¬s+&ÉT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç Çø£ÿ&É ñHêï&ÉT.
2. Sumathi has been in her room for ten days.
düTeT‹ |ü~s√E\ qT+&ç ‘·q >∑~˝À ñ+~.
3. My father has been with me since morning.
e÷ Hêqï>±s¡T ñ<äj·T+ qT+∫ Hê‘√ ñHêïs¡T.
4. Kavya has been in journey for three days.
ø±e´ eT÷&ÉTs√E\ qT+&ç Á|üj·÷D+˝À ñqï~.
5. The frog has been in water since last morning.
Ä ø£|üŒ b˛sTTq ñ<äj·T+ qT+∫ ˙{Ï˝À ñ+~.
9. Have been :
F 'Have been' qT dæú‹ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ªø=+‘·ø±\+>± ñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝ÀH˚ Present tense ˝ÀH˚
II person ≈£î, I person, III person \ plural number \ ≈£î #Ó+~q subject \≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. I have been in this school for two days.
H˚qT ¬s+&ÉTs√E\ qT+&ç á ã&ç˝À ñHêïqT.
2. You have been sincere since 2005.
˙e⁄ 2005 qT+&ç ìC≤sTTr>± ñHêïe⁄.
3. They have been in war for ten days.
yês¡T |ü~s√E\T>± j·TT<äΔ+˝À ñHêïs¡T.
4. The students have been in their work since morning.
Ä $<ë´s¡Tú\T ñ<äj·T+ qT+∫ yê] |üì˝À ñHêïs¡T.
5. The lions have been in the cave for two days.
Ä dæ+Vü‰\T ¬s+&ÉTs√E\ qT+&ç Ä >∑TVü≤˝À ñHêïsTT.
244
10. Had been :
F 'Had been' qT dæú‹ì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ ª>∑‘·+˝À ø=+‘·ø±\+>± ñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝À past tense ˝À
nìï subject \≈£L ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. 'Had been' qT has been, have been \≈£î past tense s¡÷|ü+>±
Examples :
1. She had been in white dress till the last minute.
ÄyÓT Ä ∫e] ì$Twü+ es¡≈£L ‘Ó\¢<äTdüTÔ\˝À ñ+&˚~.
2. They had been with unity from 2005 to 2007.
yês¡T 2005 qT+∫ 2007 es¡≈£L ◊ø£eT‘·´+‘√ ñ+&˚yês¡T.
3. Chandu had been with me until he came.
#·+<äT n‘·&ÉT e#˚Ães¡≈£L Hê‘√ ñ+&˚yê&ÉT.
4. The oldman had been healthy yesterday.
Ä eTTdü*e´øÏÔ ìqï Äs√>∑´+>±H˚ ñ+&˚yê&ÉT.
5. You had been in Chennai.
˙e⁄ #ÓHÓÌï˝À ñ+&˚yê&ç$.
11. Do :
F 'Do' qT |üìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*ù| dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ª#Ój·T´&É+μ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝À Present tense ˝À I person, II person \≈£î
eT]j·TT III person plural number ≈£î #Ó+~q subject \≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. I do hardwork.
H˚qT ø£wüºyÓTÆq |üì #˚kÕÔqT.
2. We do every work.
y˚TeTT Á|ü‹|ü˙ #˚kÕÔeTT.
3. You do dancing.
˙e⁄ q]Ô+#·&É+ #˚kÕÔe⁄.
4. They do acting.
yês¡T q≥q #˚kÕÔs¡T.
5. All living beings do eating.
nìï düJe⁄\÷ ‹q&É+ #˚kÕÔsTT.
12. Does :
F 'Does'qT |üìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*ù| dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ª#Ój·T´&É+μ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝ÀH˚ present tense ˝ÀH˚ III person singular
number øÏ #Ó+~q subject \≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.

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Examples :
1. She does singing well.
ÄyÓT >±q+ u≤>± #˚düTÔ+~.
2. He does dance daily.
n‘·&ÉT Á|ü‹s√p Hê≥´+ #˚kÕÔ&ÉT.
3. The dog does barking.
≈£îø£ÿ yÓTTs¡>∑&É+ #˚düTÔ+~.
4. Karuna does people healthy.
ø£s¡TD Á|ü»*ï Äs√>∑´+>± #˚düTÔ+~.
5. It does noise.
n~ X¯ã›+ #˚düTÔ+~.
13. Did :
F Did qT |üìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ª#˚ôdqTμ nH˚ ns¡+
ú ˝À nq>± past tense ˝À nìï subject \≈£L ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ .
Examples :
1. I did the work.
H˚qT Ä |üì #˚XÊqT.
2. She did the mistake.
ÄyÓT Ä ‘·|ü⁄Œ #˚dæ+~.
3. Uma did the sound.
Ä <Ûä«ì ñeT #˚dæ+~.
4. The cat did drinking.
Á‘ê>∑&É+ Ä |æ*¢ #˚dæ+~.
14. Have :
F 'Have' qT ªø£*– ñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝À present tense ˝À I person, II person \≈£î eT]j·TT III person plural
number ≈£î #Ó+~q subject \≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. I have a car.
H˚qT ˇø£ ø±s¡Tì ø£*Z ñHêïqT.
2. They have two houses.
yês¡T ¬s+&ÉT Çfi¯flqT ø£*Z ñHêïs¡T.
3. The couple have a daughter.
Ä <ä+|ü‘·T\T ˇø£ ≈£îe÷¬sÔqT ø£*Z ñHêïs¡T.
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Examples :
4. We have two chances.
y˚TeTT ¬s+&ÉT neø±XÊ\T ø£*Z ñHêïeTT.
5. You have a good pen.
˙e⁄ eT+∫ ô|qTïì ø£*Z ñHêïe⁄.
15. Has :
F 'Has' qT ªø£*– ñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝À present tense ˝ÀH˚ III person singular number ≈£î #Ó+~q subject
\≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. She has a son.
ÄyÓT ˇø£ ø=&ÉT≈£îì ø£*Z ñ+~.
2. He has a good book.
n‘·&ÉT ˇø£ eT+∫ |ü⁄düÔø£+ ø£*Z ñHêï&ÉT.
3. Rahul has two mobiles.
sêVüQ˝Ÿ ¬s+&ÉT yÓTTu…’˝Ÿ\qT ø£*Z ñHêï&ÉT.
4. Gita has new dress.
^‘· Áø=‘·Ô ã≥º\T ø£*Z ñ+~.
5. It has wings.
n~ ¬sø£ÿ*ï ø£*Z ñ+~.
16. Had :
F 'Had' qT ªø£*– ñ+&É&É+μ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝ÀH˚ past tense ˝À nq>± ªˇø£|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ø£*– ñ+&ÓqTμ nì ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Bìì nìï Subject \≈£L ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. 'Had' qT has, have \≈£î past tense s¡÷|ü+>±
Examples :
1. She had two cars once.
ÄyÓT ˇø£|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ¬s+&ÉT ø±s¡T¢ ø£*– ñ+&˚~.
2. Uday had a good friend in his college time.
ñ<äjYT n‘·ì ø±˝Òõ düeTj·T+˝À eT+∫ ùdïVæ≤‘·Tìï ø£*Z ñ+&˚yê&ÉT.
3. I had a job then.
n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT H˚qT ˇø£ ñ<√´>∑+ ø£*Z ñ+&˚yêDÏí.
4. You had bad habits.
˙e⁄ #Ó&ÉT n\yê≥T¢ ø£*Z ñ+&˚yê&ç$.
5. They had a lot of money.
yês¡T #ê˝≤ <Ûäq+ ø£*Z ñ+&˚yês¡T.
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1. Will :
F 'Will' qT simple future tense ˝À uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À »]π> |üqT*ï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Bìì
II person eT]j·TT III person \≈£î ñ|üj÷
Ó –+#ê*. ø±ì kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± nìï subject \≈£L ≈£L&Ü ñ|üj÷Ó –düTHÔ êïs¡T.
Examples :
1. She will come tomorrow.
ÄyÓT πs|ü⁄ edüTÔ+~.
2. They will get good chance.
yês¡T eT+∫ neø±X¯+ bı+<äT‘ês¡T.
3. Krupa will earn good money.
ø£è|ü m≈£îÿe &ÉãT“ì dü+bÕ~düTÔ+~.
4. It will jump upon you.
n~ ˙ MT~øÏ <ä÷≈£î‘·T+~.
5. You will play.
˙e⁄ Ä&É‘êe⁄.
2. Shall :
F 'Shall' qT ≈£L&Ü Simple future tense ˝ÀH˚ uÛÑ$wü´‘Y˝À »]π> |üqT*ï >∑T]+#˚ ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Bìì
I person ≈£î #Ó+~q subject \≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. I shall give the pen to you.

H˚qT Ä ô|qTï ˙≈£î ÇkÕÔqT.
2. We shall go there.
y˚TeTT nø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓfi≤ÔeTT.
3. I shall play with you.
H˚qT ˙‘√ Ä&É‘êqT.
4. We shall come.
y˚TeTT ekÕÔeTT.
5. I shall meet you on 5th of this month.
á HÓ\ 5q H˚qT ìqTï ø£\TkÕÔqT.
3. Would :
F 'Would' ì conditional tense ˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Would ì 'will' ≈£î Past tense s¡÷|ü+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
ˇø£ |üì |üPs¡ÔsTT ñ+&ÉTqH˚ ns¡ú+˝À Bìï ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
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Examples :
1. If she worked, she would get salary.

ÄyÓT |üì#˚dæq≥¢sTT‘˚ ‘êqT J‘·+ bı+~ ñ+&˚~.
2. If you had finished the work, you would have won the bet.
˙e⁄ Ä |üì |üP]Ô#˚dæ ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ ˙e⁄ Ä |ü+<Ó+ ¬>*∫ ñ+&˚yê&ç$.
3. If they came early, I would send them early.
yês¡T ‘=+<äs¡>± e∫Ã ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ H˚qT yê]ì ‘=+<äs¡>± |ü+|æ+∫ ñ+&˚yê&çì.
4. If you agreed the mistake, you would get small punishment.
˙e⁄ Ä ‘·|ü⁄Œ ˇ|ü⁄Œø=qï≥¢sTT‘˚ ˙e⁄ ‘·≈£îÿe •ø£åqT bı+~ ñ+&˚yê&ç$.
5. If she had completed her study, she would have settled in good job.
ÄyÓT ‘·q #·<äTe⁄ì |üP]Ô#˚dæ ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ ÄyÓT eT+∫ ñ<√´>∑+˝À dæús¡|ü&ç ñ+&˚~.
4. Can :
F 'Can' qT |üìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ kÕeTsêú´ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔqï dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ª#Ój·T´>∑\>∑&É+μ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝À
present tense ˝À nìï subject \≈£L ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. I can do the work.
H˚qT Ä |üì #Ój·T´>∑\qT.
2. My brother can speak English.
e÷ k˛<äs¡T&ÉT Ç+^¢wüß e÷{≤¢&É>∑\&ÉT.
3. Raju can sing songs well.
sêE bÕ≥\T u≤>± bÕ&É>∑\&ÉT.
4. She can run fast.
ÄyÓT y˚>∑+>± |ü]¬>‘·Ô>∑\<äT.
5. The leopard can climb trees.
∫s¡T‘·|ü⁄* #Ó≥T¢ mø£ÿ>∑\<äT.
5. Could :
F 'Could' qT |üìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔqï dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À kÕeTsêú´ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ ª#Ój·T´>∑*¬>qTμ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝À
past tense ˝À nìï subject \≈£L ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. 'Could' qT can ≈£î past tense s¡÷|ü+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
Examples :
1. He could sing the song also.

n‘·&ÉT Ä bÕ≥qT ≈£L&Ü bÕ&É>∑*>±&ÉT.
2. The police man could catch the criminals.
Ä b˛©düT H˚s¡düTÔ*ï |ü≥Tºø√>∑*>±&ÉT.
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Examples :
3. Mahesh could run 5 kms easily.
eTùV≤wt 5 øÏ˝ÀMT≥s¡T¢ düT\uÛÑ+>± |ü]¬>‘·Ô>∑*>±&ÉT.
4. I could get the job.
H˚qT Ä ñ<√´>∑+ bı+<ä>∑*>±qT.
5. The lazy student could pass.
Ä k˛eT] $<ë´]ú ñrÔs¡Tí&Ée>∑*>±&ÉT.
6. May :
F 'May' qT |üìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*ù| dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ªnsTT ñ+&Ée#·TÃ ˝Ò<ë ø±e#·TÃμ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝À present tense ˝À nìï
subject \≈£L ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. He may come now.
n‘·&ÉT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT sêe#·TÃ.
2. She may win the game.
ÄyÓT Ä Ä≥ ¬>\ee#·TÃ.
3. Rajendra may call you.
sêCÒ+Á<ä ìqTï |æ\Tee#·TÃ.
4. Divya may read the book.
~e´ Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äee#·TÃ.
5. The dog may bite you.
Ä ≈£îø£ÿ ìqTï ø£s¡ee#·TÃ.
7. Might :
F 'Might' qT |üìì >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó*ù| dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ª»]– ñ+&Ée#·TÃμ nH˚ ns¡ú+˝À Past tense ˝À nìï subject \≈£L
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. 'Might' qT may ≈£î past tense s¡÷|ü+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. Praveen might come there.
Á|üMDY nø£ÿ&çøÏ e∫Ã ñ+&Ée#·TÃ.
2. She might call you.
ÄyÓT ìqTï |æ*∫ ñ+&Ée#·TÃ.
3. Sudha might do the work.
düT<Ûä Ä |üì #˚dæ ñ+&Ée#·TÃ.
4. The boy might eat the fruits.
Ä u≤\T&ÉT Ä |üfi¯flqT ‹ì ñ+&Ée#·TÃ.
5. Padmini might get the first rank.
|ü~àì yÓTT<ä{Ï kÕúq+ bı+~ ñ+&Ée#·TÃ.
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8. Should :
F 'Should' qT ˇø£ |üìì ª‘·|Œü ≈£î+&Ü #Ój÷
· ´*μ nì ø£syÔ¡ ê´ìï ‘Ó*j·TCÒjT· &ÜìøÏ ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ . Bìì nìï subject \≈£L
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. 'Should' ì 'shall' øÏ past tense s¡÷|ü+>±q÷ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. I should go from here.
H˚qT Çø£ÿ&ç qT+∫ ‘·|üŒø£ yÓfi≤¢*.
2. You should obey my order.
˙e⁄ Hê ÄC„qT •s¡kÕeVæ≤+∫ rsê*.
3. He should come now.
n‘·&ÉT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT e∫Ã rsê*.
9
F 4. Your brother should study well.
MT k˛<äs¡T&ÉT u≤>± #·~$ rsê*.
5. Sanjay should play.
dü+»jYT Ä&çrsê*.
9. Has to :
F 'Has to' qT ˇø£ |üìì ª#Ój·÷´*μ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À ø£s¡Ôyê´ìï ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ III person, singular number øÏ #Ó+~q
subject \≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. She has to study well.

ÄyÓT u≤>± #·<äyê*.
2. He has to come quickly.
n‘·&ÉT ‘=+<äs¡>± sêyê*.
3. Swapna has to go to college.
dü«|üï ø±˝ÒõøÏ yÓfi≤¢*.
4. Hari has to play with us.
Vü≤] eTq‘√ Ä&Ü*.
5. His father has to come here.
n‘·ì ‘·+Á&ç Çø£ÿ&çøÏ sêyê*.
10. Have to :
F 'Have to' qT ˇø£ |üìì ª#Ój·÷´*μ nì ø£s¡Ôyê´ìï ‘Ó*ù| dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À I person, II person \≈£L eT]j·TT
III person jÓTTø£ÿ plural number ≈£î #Ó+~q subject \≈£L ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. You have to remember the day.
˙e⁄ á s√E >∑Ts¡TÔô|≥Tºø√yê*.
2. I have to buy a new pen.
H˚qT ˇø£ Áø=‘·Ô ô|qTï ø=Hê*.
3. We have to meet him.
y˚TeTT n‘·ìï ø£\yê*.
251
Examples :
4. They have to go early.
yês¡T ‘=+<äs¡>± yÓfi≤¢*.
5. The pupil have to study well.
Ä $<ë´s¡Tú\T u≤>± #·<äyê*.
4. Had to :
F 'Had to' qT ˇø£ |üìì ª#Ój·÷´*‡ e∫Ã+~μ nH˚ dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À past tense qT ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ nìï subject \≈£L
ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. 'had to' qT has to, have to \≈£î past tense s¡÷|ü+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. I had to complete the work.
H˚qT Ä |üìì |üP]Ô #Ój·÷´*‡ e∫Ã+~.
2. She had to come now.
ÄyÓT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT sêyê*‡ e∫Ã+~.
3. They had to do the work.
yês¡T Ä |üì #Ój·÷´*‡ e∫Ã+~.
4. You had to kill the animal.
˙e⁄ Ä »+‘·Te⁄ì #·+bÕ*‡ e∫Ã+~.
5. Uma had to beat her sister.
ñeT ‘·q k˛<ä]ì ø={≤º*‡ e∫Ã+~.
12. Ought to :
F 'Ought to' qT kÕ+|òTæ ø£ u≤<Û´ä ‘·qT ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ, ˇø£ |üìì #˚dæ ñ+&Ü*‡+<äH˚ uÛ≤eqqT ‘Ó\T|ü&ÜìøÏ nìï subject \≈£L
Examples :
1. You ought to respect your elders.
˙e⁄ ˙ ô|<ä›*ï >ös¡$+#ê*.
2. We ought to help the poor.
eTq+ ù|<ä\≈£î kÕj·T|ü&Ü*.
3. They ought to play well.
yês¡T u≤>± Ä&Ée\dæ+~.
4. He ought to come here.
n‘·&ÉT Çø£ÿ&çøÏ sêyê*‡+~.
5. Bhaskar ought to help them.
uÛ≤düÿsY yê]øÏ kÕj·T|ü&Ü*‡+~.
13. Must :
F 'Must' qT ˇø£ |üìì ª#Ój·÷´*μ nH˚ ø£s¡ÔeúÀ<ÛäqT ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ nìï subject \≈£L ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. BìøÏ,
have to ˝Ò<ë has to \≈£î ns¡ú+˝À uÛÒ<ä+ ñ+&É<äT.

252
Examples :
1. She must obey your order.
ÄyÓT ˙ Ä»„qT bÕ{Ï+#ê*.
2. Suma must play the game.
düTeT Ä Ä≥qT Ä&Ü*.
3. You must come to my house.
˙e⁄ e÷ Ç+{ÏøÏ sêyê*.
4. They must study well.
yês¡T u≤>± #·<äyê*.
5. Ajay must go now.
n»jYT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓfi≤¢*.
14. Used to :
F ˇø£ |üì >∑‘·+˝À »s¡T>∑T‘·÷ ñ+&˚<äì ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ 'used to' nH˚ <ëìì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. Ç~ past tense ì
dü÷∫düTÔ+~. Bìì nìï subject \≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. Aruna used to sing well.
ns¡TD u≤>± bÕ&˚~.
2. She used to watch two movies a day.
ÄyÓT s√EøÏ ¬s+&ÉT dæìe÷\T #·÷ùd~.
3. I used to drink tea thrice a day.
H˚qT s√EøÏ eT÷&ÉTkÕs¡T¢ {° Á‘êπ>yê&çì.
4. They used to do exercise in their youth.
yês¡T yê] j·Te«q+˝À yê´j·÷eT+ #˚ùdyês¡T.
5. Vasavi used to play chess daily.
yêdü$ Á|ü‹s√p #Ódt Ä&˚~.
NEGATIVE SENTENCES (On Auxiliaries)
Sentence ˝Àì Auxiliary verb ≈£î e´‹πsø±s¡úeTTì#˚Ã |ü<ë˝…’q not, n't e+{Ï$ #˚s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê 'Negative
sentence' @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~.
Auxiliaries & their negative sentences :
1. Is :
Example :
1. She is in America. (Positive sentence)
ÄyÓT nyÓT]ø±˝À ñ+~.
She is not in America. (Negative sentence)
ÄyÓT nyÓT]ø±˝À ˝Ò<äT.
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2. Am :
Example :
1. I am Srinivas. (Positive sentence)
H˚qT lìyêdtì.
I am not Srinivas. (Negative sentence)
H˚qT lìyêdtì ø±<äT.
3. Are :
Example :
1. They are good. (Positive sentence)
yês¡T eT+∫yês¡T.
They are not good. (Negative sentence)
yês¡T eT+∫yês¡T ø±<äT.
4. Was :
Example :
1. She was in China. (Positive sentence)
ÄyÓT #Ó’Hê˝À ñ+&˚~.
She was not in China. (Negative sentence)
ÄyÓT #Ó’Hê˝À ñ+&˚~ ø±<äT.
5. Were :
Example :
1. We were peaceful. (Positive sentence)
y˚TeTT Á|üXÊ+‘·+>± ñ+&˚yêfi¯fl+.
We were not peaceful. (Negative sentence)
y˚TeTT Á|üXÊ+‘·+>± ñ+&˚yêfi¯fl+ ø±<äT.
6. Shall be :
Example :
1. We shall be there in ten minutes. (Positive sentence)
|ü~ ì$TcÕ˝À¢ y˚TeTT nø£ÿ&É ñ+{≤eTT.
We shall not be there in ten minutes. (Negative sentence)
|ü~ì$TcÕ˝À¢ y˚TeTT nø£ÿ&É ñ+&ÉeTT.
7. Will be :
Example :
1. He will be with you. (Positive sentence)
n‘·&ÉT ˙‘√ ñ+{≤&ÉT.
He will not be with you. (Negative sentence)
n‘·&ÉT ˙‘√ ñ+&É&ÉT.
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8. Has been :
Example :
1. Prema has been at my house since morning. (Positive sentence)
Áù|eT ñ<äj·T+ qT+∫ e÷ Ç+{À¢ ñ+~.
Prema has not been at my house since morning. (Negative sentence)
Áù|eT ñ<äj·T+ qT+∫ e÷ Ç+{À¢ ˝Ò<äT.
9. Have been :
Example :
1. They have been in my hosting for two days. (Positive sentence)
yês¡T ¬s+&ÉTs√E\ qT+&ç Hê Ä‹<∏ä´+˝À ñHêïs¡T.
They have not been in my hosting for two days. (Negative sentence)
yês¡T ¬s+&ÉTs√E\ qT+&ç Hê Ä‹<∏ä´+˝À ˝Òs¡T.
10. Had been :
Example :
1. I had been in bus for an hour. (Positive sentence)
H˚qT >∑+≥ qT+∫ ãdüT‡˝À ñ+&˚yê&çì.
I had not been in bus for an hour. (Negative sentence)
H˚qT >∑+≥ qT+∫ ãdüT‡˝À ñ+&˚yê&çì ø±<äT.
11. Do :
Example :
1. I do the work.
(Positive sentence)
H˚qT Ä |üì #˚kÕÔqT.
I don't do the work. (Negative sentence)
H˚qT Ä |üì #Ój·T´qT.
12. Does :
Example :
1. She does mistakes. (Positive sentence)
ÄyÓT ‘·|ü⁄Œ\T #˚düTÔ+~.
She doesn't do mistakes. (Negative sentence)
ÄyÓT ‘·|ü⁄Œ\T #Ój·T´<äT.
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13. Did :
Example :
1. You did the work. (Positive sentence)
˙e⁄ Ä |üì #˚XÊe⁄.
You didn't do the work. (Negative sentence)
˙e⁄ Ä |üì #Ój·T´˝Ò<äT.
14. Have :
Example :
1. They have some work. (Positive sentence)
yês¡T ø=+‘·|üì ø£*Z ñHêïs¡T.
They haven't some work. (or) They do not have somework. (Negative sentence)
yês¡T ø=+‘·|üì ø£*Z˝Òs¡T.
15. Has :
Example :
1. He has two wives. (Positive sentence)
n‘·&ÉT Ç<ä›s¡T uÛ≤s¡´*ï ø£*ZñHêï&ÉT.
He hasn't two wives. (or) He does not have two wives. (Negative sentence)
n‘·&ÉT Ç<ä›s¡T uÛ≤s¡´*ï ø£*Z˝Ò&ÉT.
16. Had :
Example :
1. Sameer had two bikes. (Positive sentence)
düMTsY ¬s+&ÉT u…’≈£î*ï ø£*Z ñ+&˚yê&ÉT.
Sameer hadn't two bikes. (or) Sameer did not have two bikes. (Negative sentence)
düMTsY ¬s+&ÉT u…’≈£î*ï ø£*Z ñ+&˚yê&ÉT ø±<äT.
1. Will :
Example :
1. Raja will buy a new house. (Positive sentence)
sêC≤ ˇø£ Áø=‘·Ô Ç\T¢ ø=+{≤&ÉT.
Raja will not buy a new house. (Negative sentence)
sêC≤ ˇø£ Áø=‘·Ô Ç\T¢ ø=q&ÉT.
256
2. Shall :
Example :
1. I shall marry you. (Positive sentence)
H˚qT ìqTï ô|[¢#˚düT≈£î+{≤qT.
I shall not marry you. (Negative sentence)
H˚qT ìqTï ô|[¢#˚düTø√qT.
3. Would :
Example :
1. If you came, you would get the chance. (Positive sentence)
˙e⁄ e∫Ã ñ+fÒ ˙e⁄ Ä neø±X¯+ bı+~ ñ+&˚yê&ç$.
If you didn't come, you would not get the chance. (Negative sentence)
˙e⁄ e∫Ã ñ+&Éq≥¢sTT‘˚ ˙e⁄ Ä neø±X¯+ bı+~ ñ+&˚yê&ç$ ø±<äT.
4. Can :
Example :
1. You can dance well. (Positive sentence)
˙e⁄ u≤>± &ÜHé‡ #Ój·T´>∑\e⁄.
You can't dance well. (Negative sentence)
˙e⁄ u≤>± &ÜHé‡ #Ój·T´˝Òe⁄.
5. Could :
Example :
1. She could win the game. (Positive sentence)
ÄyÓT Ä Ä≥ ¬>\e>∑*–+~.
She could not win the game. (Negative sentence)
ÄyÓT Ä Ä≥ ¬>\e˝Òø£b˛sTT+~.
6. May :
Example :
1. Swami may come today. (Positive sentence)
kÕ«$T á s√E sêe#·TÃ.
Swami may not come today. (Negative sentence)
kÕ«$T á s√E sêø£b˛e#·TÃ.
7. Might :
Example :
1. Pooja might reach Kasmir. (Positive sentence)
|üPC≤ ø±oàsY #˚s¡Tø=ì ñ+&Ée#·TÃ.
Pooja might not reach Kasmir. (Negative sentence)
|üP» ø±oàs¡T #˚s¡Tø=ì ñ+&Éø£b˛e#·TÃ.
257
8. Should :
Example :
1. You should watch the movie. (Positive sentence)
˙e⁄ Ä dæìe÷ #·÷dærsê*.
You should not watch the movie. (Negative sentence)
˙e⁄ Ä dæìe÷ #·÷&É≈£L&É<äT.
9. Has to :
Example :
1. Amrutha has to come here. (Positive sentence)
neTè‘· Çø£ÿ&çøÏ sêyê*.
Amrutha does not have to come here. (Negative sentence)
neTè‘· Çø£ÿ&çøÏ sêqø£ÿπs¢<äT.
10. Have to :
Example :
1. I have to buy a newbook. (Positive sentence)
H˚qT ˇø£ Áø=‘·Ô |ü⁄düÔø£+ ø=Hê*.
I do not have to buy a newbook. (Negative sentence)
H˚qT ˇø£ Áø=‘·Ô |ü⁄düÔø£+ ø=qø£ÿπs¢<äT.
11. Had to :
Example :
1. We had to do the work. (Positive sentence)
eTq+ Ä |üì #Ój·÷´*‡ e∫Ã+~.
We did not have to do the work. (Negative sentence)
eTq+ Ä |üì #Ój·÷´*‡ sê˝Ò<äT.
12. Ought to :
Example :
1. He ought to come. (Positive sentence)
n‘·&ÉT e∫Ã ñ+&Ü*‡+~.
He ought not to come. (Negative sentence)
n‘·&ÉT e∫Ã ñ+&Ü*‡+~ ø±<äT.
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13. Must :
Example :
1. You must go. (Positive sentence)
˙e⁄ yÓfi≤¢*.
You must not go. (Negative sentence)
˙e⁄ yÓfi¯¢qø£ÿπs¢<äT.
14. Used to :
Example :
1. Roja used to play daily. (Positive sentence)
s√C≤ Á|ü‹s√p Ä&˚~.
Roja used not to play daily. (Negative sentence)
s√C≤ Á|ü‹s√p Ä&˚~ø±<äT.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES (On Auxiliaries)
yêø£´+˝Àì auxiliary verb ì subject øÏ m&ÉeTyÓ|’ ⁄ü øÏ ‘˚e&É+ <ë«sê Ä yêø£´+ 'Yes / No' question >± e÷s¡T‘·T+~.
á 'Yes / No Question' øÏ ÁbÕs¡+uÛÑ+˝À 'Wh' word ì #˚sÃ¡ &É+ <ë«sê Ä yêø£´+ 'Wh' Question >± e÷s¡T‘·T+~.
Structure : Subject + Verb + Object
1. Is :
Example :
1. She is a doctor. (Assertive sentence)
ÄyÓT ˇø£ &Üø£ºs¡T.
Is she a doctor ? (Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT ˇø£ &Üø£ºsê ?
Who is a doctor ? ('Wh' Question)
mes¡T ˇø£ &Üø£ºs¡T ?
2. Am :
Example :
1. I am in Rajahmundry. (Assertive sentence)
H˚qT sê»eT+Á&ç˝À ñHêïqT.
Am I in Rajahmundry ? (Yes / No Question)
H˚qT sê»eT+Á&ç˝À ñHêïHê ?
Why am I in Rajahmundry ? ('Wh' Question)
H˚qT sê»eT+Á&ç˝À m+<äT≈£îHêïqT ?
259
2. Are :
Example :
1. They are soldiers. (Assertive sentence)
Are they soldiers ? (Yes / No Question)
yês¡T ôd’ì≈£î˝≤ ?
Who are soldiers ? ('Wh' Question)
mes¡T ôd’ì≈£î\T ?
4. Was :
Example :
1. He was in America. (Assertive sentence)
n‘·&ÉT nyÓT]ø±˝À ñ+&˚yê&ÉT.
Was he in America ? (Yes / No Question)
n‘·&ÉT nyÓT]ø±˝À ñ+&˚yê&Ü ?
How was he in America ? s('Wh' Question)
nyÓT]ø±˝À n‘·&ÉT m˝≤ ñ+&˚yê&ÉT ?
5. Were :
Example :
1. We were students then. (Assertive sentence)
y˚TeTT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT $<ë´s¡Tú\+.
Were we students then ? (Yes / No Question)
y˚TeTT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT $<ë´s¡Tú\e÷ ?
When were we students ? ('Wh' Question)
y˚TeTT m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT $<ë´s¡Tú\+ ?
6. Shall be :
Example :
1. I shall be at your house after one hour. (Assertive sentence)
ˇø£ >∑+≥ ‘·sê«‘· H˚qT MT Ç+{À¢ ñ+{≤qT.
Shall I be at your house after one hour ? (Yes / No Question)
ˇø£ >∑+≥ ‘·sê«‘· H˚qT MT Ç+{À¢ ñ+{≤Hê ?
Why shall I be in your house after one hour? ('Wh' Question)
ˇø£ >∑+≥ ‘·sê«‘· MT Ç+{À¢ H˚qT m+<äT≈£î ñ+{≤qT ?
260
7. Will be :
Example :
1. She will be there tomorrow. (Assertive sentence)
ÄyÓT πs|ü⁄ nø£ÿ&É ñ+{À+~.
Will she be there tomorrow ? (Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT πs|ü⁄ nø£ÿ&É ñ+{À+<ë ?
Where will she be tomorrow ? ('Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT πs|ü⁄ mø£ÿ&É ñ+{À+~ ?
8. Has been :
Example :
1. Aruna has been here since evening. (Assertive sentence)
ns¡TD kÕj·T+Á‘·+ qT+∫ Çø£ÿ&É ñ+~.
Has Aruna been here since evening ? (Yes / No Question)
ns¡TD kÕj·T+Á‘·+ qT+∫ Çø£ÿ&É ñ+<ë ?
Why has Aruna been here since evening ? ('Wh' Question)
ns¡TD kÕj·T+Á‘·+ qT+∫ Çø£ÿ&É m+<äT≈£î ñ+~ ?
9. Have been :
Example :
1. They have been in Army for ten years. (Assertive sentence)
yês¡T |ü<˚fi¯ófl>± ôd’q´+˝À ñHêïs¡T.
Have they been in Army for ten years ? (Yes / No Question)
yês¡T |ü<˚fi¯ófl>± ôd’q´+˝À ñHêïsê ?
How have they been in Army for ten years ? ('Wh' Question)
yês¡T |ü<˚fi¯ófl>± ôd’q´+˝À m˝≤ ñHêïs¡T ?
10. Had been :
Example :
1. She had been with me till morning. (Assertive sentence)
ÄyÓT ñ<äj·T+ es¡≈£L Hê‘√ ñ+&˚~.
Had she been with me till morning ? (Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT ñ<äj·T+ es¡≈£L Hê‘√ ñ+&˚<ë ?
Why had she been with me till morning ? ('Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT ñ<äj·T+ es¡≈£L Hê‘√ m+<äT≈£î ñ+&˚~ ?
261
11. Do :
Example :
1. You do the work well. (Assertive sentence)
˙e⁄ Ä |üì u≤>± #˚kÕÔe⁄.
Do you do the work well ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ Ä |üì u≤>± #˚kÕÔyê ?
How do you do the work ? ('Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ Ä |üì m˝≤ #˚kÕÔe⁄ ?
12. Does :
Example :
1. She does dance daily. (Assertive sentence)
ÄyÓT Á|ü‹s√p &ÜHé‡ #˚düTÔ+~.
Does she do dance daily ? (Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT Á|ü‹s√p &ÜHé‡ #˚düTÔ+<ë ?
How does she do dance daily ? ('Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT Á|ü‹s√p &ÜHé‡ m˝≤ #˚düTÔ+~ ?
13. Did :
Example :
1. The dog did the noise. (Assertive sentence)
Ä ≈£îø£ÿ <Ûä«ì #˚dæ+~.
Did the dog do the noise ? (Yes / No Question)
Ä ≈£îø£ÿ <Ûä«ì #˚dæ+<ë ?
When did the dog do the noise ? ('Wh' Question)
Ä ≈£îø£ÿ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT X¯ã›+ #˚dæ+~ ?
14. Have :
Example :
1. You have two chances. (Assertive sentence)
˙e⁄ ¬s+&ÉT neø±XÊ\T ø£*Z ñHêïe⁄.
Have you (got) two chances ? (or)
Do you have two chances ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ ¬s+&ÉT neø±XÊ\T ø£*Z ñHêïyê ?
Who have two chances ? ('Wh' Question)
¬s+&ÉT neø±XÊ\T mes¡T ø£*Z ñHêïs¡T ?
262
15. Has :
Example :
1. He has friends. (Assertive sentence)
n‘·&ÉT ùdïVæ≤‘·T*ï ø£*Z ñHêï&ÉT.
Has he friends ? (or)
Does he have friends ? (Yes / No Question)
n‘·&ÉT ùdïVæ≤‘·T*ï ø£*ZñHêï&Ü ?
Where has he friends ? (or)
Where does he have friends ? ('Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT mø£ÿ&É ùdïVæ≤‘·T*ï ø£*ZñHêï&ÉT ?
16. Had :
Example :
1. Ramesh had two crores. (Assertive sentence)
s¡y˚Twt ¬s+&ÉT ø√≥T¢ ø£*–ñ+&˚yê&ÉT.
Had Ramesh two crores ? (or)
Did Ramesh have two crores ? (Yes / No Question)
s¡y˚Twt ¬s+&ÉT ø√≥T¢ ø£*– ñ+&˚yê&Ü ?
When had Ramesh two crores ? (or)
When did Ramesh have two crores ? ('Wh' Question)
s¡y˚Twt ¬s+&ÉTø√≥T¢ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ø£*Zñ+&˚yê&ÉT ?
1. Will :
Structure : Subject + Modal Auxiliary Verb + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object
Example :
1. She will give it to you. (Assertive sentence)
ÄyÓT n~ ˙≈£î ÇdüTÔ+~.
Will she give it to you ? (Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT n~ ˙≈£î ÇdüTÔ+~ ?
Why will she give it to you ? ('Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT n~ ˙≈£î m+<äT≈£î ÇdüTÔ+~ ?
2. Shall :
Example :
1. We shall meet you tomorrow. (Assertive sentence)
y˚TeTT ìqTï πs|ü⁄ ø£\TkÕÔ+.
263
Shall we meet you tomorrow ? (Yes / No Question)
y˚TeTT ìqTï πs|ü⁄ ø£\TkÕÔe÷ ?
Whom shall we meet tomorrow ? ('Wh' Question)
y˚TeTT πs|ü⁄ me]ì ø£\TkÕÔeTT ?
3. Would :
Example :
1. You would get good chance. (Assertive sentence)
˙e⁄ eT+∫ neø±XÊìï bı+~ ñ+&˚yê&ç$.
Would you get good chance ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ eT+∫ neø±XÊìï bı+~ ñ+&˚yê&çyê ?
When would you get good chance ? ('Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ eT+∫ neø±XÊìï m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT bı+~ ñ+&˚yê&ç$ ?
4. Can :
Example :
1. Suma can dance well. (Assertive sentence)
düTeT u≤>± &ÜHé‡ #Ój·T´>∑\<äT.
Can Suma dance well ? (Yes / No Question)
düTeT u≤>± &ÜHé‡ #Ój·T´>∑\<ë ?
Where can Suma dance well ? ('Wh' Question)
düTeT mø£ÿ&É &ÜHé‡ u≤>± #Ój·T´>∑\<äT ?
5. Could :
Example :
1. He could finish the work. (Assertive sentence)
n‘·&ÉT Ä |üì |üP]Ô#Ój·T´>∑*>±&ÉT.
Could he finish the work ? (Yes / No Question)
n‘·&ÉT Ä |üì |üP]Ô#Ój·T´>∑*>±&Ü ?
How could he finish the work ? ('Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT Ä |üì m˝≤ |üP]Ô#Ój·T´>∑*>±&ÉT ?
6. May :
Example :
1. They may come here. (Assertive sentence)
yês¡T Çø£ÿ&çøÏ sêe#·TÃ.
264
May they come here ? (Yes / No Question)
yês¡T Çø£ÿ&çøÏ sêe#êÃ ?
When may they come here ? ('Wh' Question)
yês¡T Çø£ÿ&çøÏ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT sêe#·TÃ ?
7. Might :
Example :
1. He might finish the work. (Assertive sentence)
n‘·&ÉT Ä |üì |üP]Ô#˚dæ ñ+&Ée#·TÃ.
Might he finish the work ? (Yes / No Question)
n‘·&ÉT Ä |üì |üP]Ô#˚dæ ñ+&Ée#êÃ ?
How might he finish the work ? ('Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT Ä |üì m˝≤ |üP]Ô#˚dæ ñ+&Ée#·TÃ ?
8. Should :
Example :
1. You should go now. (Assertive sentence)
qTe⁄« Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓ[¢ rsê*.
Should you go now ? (Yes / No Question)
qTe⁄« Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓ[¢rsê˝≤ ?
Why should you go now ? ('Wh' Question)
qTe⁄« Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT m+<äT≈£î yÓ[¢rsê* ?
9. Has to :
Example :
1. Keerthi has to write the book. (Assertive sentence)
ø°]Ô Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ Áyêj·÷*.
Does Keerthi have to write the book ? (Yes / No Question)
ø°]Ô Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ Áyêj·÷˝≤ ?
Who has to write the book ? ('Wh' Question)
Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ mes¡T Áyêj·÷* ?
10. Have to :
Example :
1. I have to make a kite. (Assertive sentence)
H˚qT >±*|ü≥+ ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚j·÷*.
265
Do I have to make a kite ? (Yes / No Question)
H˚qT >±*|ü≥+ ‘·j·÷s¡T#Ój·÷´˝≤ ?
How do I have to make a kite ? ('Wh' Question)
H˚qT >±*|ü≥+ m˝≤ ‘·j·÷s¡T#Ój·÷´*.
11. Had to :
Example :
1. Ravi had to attend the meeting. (Assertive sentence)
s¡$ Ä düe÷y˚X¯+≈£î Vü‰»s¡Tø±yê*‡ e∫Ã+~.
Did Ravi have to attend the meeting? (Yes / No Question)
s¡$ Ä düe÷y˚XÊìøÏ Vü‰»s¡Tø±yê*‡ e∫Ã+<ë ?
Why did Ravi have to attend the meeting ? ('Wh' Question)
s¡$ m+<äT≈£î Ä düe÷y˚XÊìøÏ Vü‰»s¡Tø±yê*‡ e∫Ã+~ ?
12. Ought to :
Example :
1. Kumari ought to enter into the darkroom. (Assertive sentence)
≈£îe÷] Ä Nø£{Ï>∑~˝ÀìøÏ Á|üy˚•+#ê*‡+~.
Ought Kumari to enter into the darkroom ? (Yes / No Question)
≈£îe÷] Ä Nø£{Ï>∑~˝ÀìøÏ Á|üy˚•+#ê*‡+<ë ?
Who ought to enter into the darkroom ? ('Wh' Question)
Ä Nø£{Ï>∑~˝ÀìøÏ mes¡T Á|üy˚•+#ê*‡+~ ?
13. Must :
Example :
1. She must play the game. (Assertive sentence)
ÄyÓT Ä Ä≥ Ä&Ü*.
Must she play the game ? (Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT Ä Ä≥ Ä&Ü˝≤ ?
Why must she play the game ? ('Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT Ä Ä≥qT m+<äT≈£î Ä&Ü* ?

266
14. Used to :
Example :
1. Sowjanya used to swim daily. (Assertive sentence)
kÂ»q´ Á|ü‹s√p á<˚~.
Used Sowjanya to swim daily ? (Yes / No Question)
kÂ»q´ Á|ü‹s√p á<˚<ë ?
Where used Sowjanya to swim daily ? ('Wh' Question)
kÂ»q´ Á|ü‹s√p mø£ÿ&É á<˚~ ?
NEGATIVE SENTENCES (Of Interrogative Sentences on Auxiliaries)
'Interrogative sentence' ˝Àì auxiliary verb ≈£î 'n't' ì

˝Ò<ë 'not' ì #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q negative sentence
@s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~. BìH˚ 'Negative Interrogative sentence' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Auxiliaries & their negative interrogative sentences :
1. Primary auxiliaries :
1. Is :
Example :
1. Is it a nice movie ? (Yes / No Question)
n~ #·ø£ÿì dæìe÷Hê ?
Isn't it a nice movie ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
n~ #·ø£ÿì dæìe÷ ø±<ë ?
2. Why is he in Delhi ? ('Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT &Ûç©¢˝À m+<äT≈£î ñHêï&ÉT ?
Why isn't he in Delhi ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT &Ûç©¢˝À m+<äT≈£î ˝Ò&ÉT ?
2. Am :
Example :
1. Am I handsome ? (Yes / No Question)
H˚qT n+<ä+>± ñHêïHê ?
Aren't I handsome ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
H˚qT n+<ä+>± ˝ÒHê ?
2. Why am I handsome ? ('Wh' Question)
H˚qT m+<äT≈£î n+<ä+>± ñHêïqT ?
Why aren't I handsome ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
H˚qT m+<äT≈£î n+<ä+>± ˝ÒqT ?
267
3. Are :
Example :
1. Are they friends ? (Yes / No Question)
yês¡T ùdïVæ≤‘·T˝≤ ?
Aren't they friends ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
yês¡T ùdïVæ≤‘·T\T ø±sê ?
2. Who are friends ? ('Wh' Question)
mes¡T ùdïVæ≤‘·T\T ?
Who aren't friends ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
mes¡T ùdïVæ≤‘·T\T ø±s¡T ?
4. Was :
Example :
1. Was he strong then ? (Yes / No Question)
n‘·&ÉT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ã\+>± ñ+&˚yê&Ü ?
Wasn't he strong then ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
n‘·&ÉT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ã\+>± ñ+&˚yê&ÉT ø±<ë ?
2. When was he strong ? ('Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ã\+>± ñ+&˚yê&ÉT ?
When wasn't he strong ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ã\+>± ñ+&˚yê&ÉT ø±<äT ?
5. Were :
Example :
1. Were we in Kolkata ? (Yes / No Question)
y˚TeTT ø√˝Ÿø£‘ê˝À ñ+&˚yêfi¯fle÷ ?
Weren't we in Kolkata ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
y˚TeTT ø√˝Ÿø£‘ê˝À ñ+&˚yêfi¯fl+ ø±<ë ?
2. How were we in Kolkata ? ('Wh' Question)
y˚TeTT ø√˝Ÿø£‘ê˝À m˝≤ ñ+&˚yêfi¯fl+ ?
How weren't we in Kolkata ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
y˚TeTT ø√˝Ÿø£‘ê˝À m˝≤ ñ+&˚yêfi¯fl+ ø±<äT ?
268
6. Shall be :
Example :
1. Shall I be with you tomorrow ? (Yes / No Question)
H˚qT πs|ü⁄ ˙‘√ ñ+{≤Hê ?
Shan't I be with you tomorrow ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
H˚qT πs|ü⁄ ˙‘√ ñ+&ÉHê ?
2. Where shall I be with you tomorrow ? ('Wh' Question)
H˚qT πs|ü⁄ ˙‘√ mø£ÿ&É ñ+{≤qT ?
Where shan't I be with you tomorrow ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
H˚qT πs|ü⁄ ˙‘√ mø£ÿ&É ñ+&ÉqT ?
7. Will be :
Example :
1. Will you be at my home after an hour ? (Yes / No Question)
>∑+≥ ‘·sê«‘· ˙e⁄ e÷ Ç+{À¢ ñ+{≤yê ?
Won't you be at my home after an hour ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
>∑+≥ ‘·sê«‘· ˙e⁄ e÷ Ç+{À¢ ñ+&Éyê ?
2. Why will you be at my home after an hour ? ('Wh' Question)
>∑+≥ ‘·sê«‘· ˙e⁄ e÷ Ç+{À¢ m+<äT≈£î+{≤e⁄ ?
Why won't you be at my home after an hour ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
>∑+≥ ‘·sê«‘· ˙e⁄ e÷ Ç+{À¢ m+<äT≈£î+&Ée⁄ ?
8. Has been :
Example :
1. Has he been here for ten hours ? (Yes / No Question)
n‘·&ÉT |ü~ >∑+≥\ qT+&ç Çø£ÿ&É ñHêï&Ü ?
Hasn't he been here for ten hours ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
n‘·&ÉT |ü~>∑+≥\ qT+&ç Çø£ÿ&É ˝Ò&Ü ?
2. How has he been here for ten hours ? ('Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT |ü~ >∑+≥\ qT+&ç Çø£ÿ&É m˝≤ ñHêï&ÉT ?
How hasn't he been here for ten hours ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT |ü~>∑+≥\ qT+&ç Çø£ÿ&É m˝≤ ˝Ò&ÉT ?
269
9. Have been :
Example :
1. Have they been in Vizag for ten days ? (Yes / No Question)
yês¡T |ü~s√E\ qT+&ç yÓ’C≤>¥˝À ñHêïsê ?
Haven't they been in Vizag for ten days ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
yês¡T |ü~s√E\ qT+&ç yÓ’C≤>¥˝À ˝Òsê ?
2. Who have been in Vizag for ten days ? ('Wh' Question)
|ü~s√E\ qT+&ç yÓ’C≤>¥˝À mes¡THêïs¡T ?
Who haven't been in Vizag for ten days ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
|ü~s√E\ qT+&ç yÓ’C≤>¥˝À mes¡T˝Òs¡T ?
10. Had been :
Example :
1. Had you been there till morning ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ ñ<äj·T+ es¡≈£L nø£ÿ&˚ ñ+&˚yê&çyê ?
Hadn't you been there till morning ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ ñ<äj·T+ es¡≈£L nø£ÿ&É ñ+&˚yê&ç$ ø±<ë ?
2. Where had you been till morning ? ('Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ ñ<äj·T+ es¡≈£L mø£ÿ&É ñ+&˚yê&ç$ ?
Where hadn't you been till morning ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ ñ<äj·T+ es¡≈£L mø£ÿ&É ñ+&˚yê&ç$ ø±<äT ?
11. Do :
Example :
1. Do you do the work well ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ Ä |üì u≤>± #˚kÕÔyê ?
Don't you do the work well ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ Ä |üì u≤>± #Ój·Týê ?
2. How do you do the work ? ('Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ Ä |üì m˝≤ #˚kÕÔe⁄ ?
How don't you do the work ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ Ä |üì m˝≤ #Ój·Té⁄ ?
12. Does :
Example :
1. Does she do dance nicely ? (Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT &ÜHé‡ #·ø£ÿ>± #˚k˛Ô+<ë ?
Doesn't she do dance nicely ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT &ÜHé‡ #·ø£ÿ>± #Ój·T´<ë ?
270
2. When does she do dance nicely ? ('Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT &ÜHé‡ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT #·ø£ÿ>± #˚düTÔ+~ ?
When doesn't she do dance nicely ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT &ÜHé‡ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT #·ø£ÿ>± #Ój·T´<äT ?
13. Did :
Example :
1. Did Raghava do that ? (Yes / No Question)
sê|òüTe n~ #˚XÊ&Ü ?
Didn't Raghava do that ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
sê|òüTe n~ #Ój·T´˝Ò<ë ?
2. Why did Raghava do that ? ('Wh' Question)
sê|òüTe n~ m+<äT≈£î #˚XÊ&ÉT ?
Why didn't Raghava do that ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
sê|òüTe n~ m+<äT≈£î #Ój·T´˝Ò<äT ?
14. Have :
Example :
1. Have you courage ? (or)
Do you have courage ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ <ÛÓ’s¡´+ ø£*Z ñHêïyê ?
Haven't you courage ? (or)
Don't you have courage ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ <ÛÓ’s¡´+ ø£*Z˝Òyê ?
2. What have you ? (or)
What do you have ? ('Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ @$T ø£*Z ñHêïe⁄ ?
What haven't you ? (or)
What don't you have ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ @$T ø£*Z ˝Òe⁄ ?
15. Has :
Example :
1. Has Latha great knowledge ? (or)
Does Latha have great knowledge ? (Yes / No Question)
\‘· >=|üŒ C≤„q+ ø£*Z ñ+<ë ?
Hasn't Latha great knowledge ? (or)
Doesn't Latha have great knowledge ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
\‘· >=|üŒ C≤„q+ ø£*Z ˝Ò<ë ?
271
2. Who has great knowledge ? ('Wh' Question)
>=|üŒ C≤„Hêìï mes¡T ø£*Z ñHêïs¡T ?
Who hasn't great knowledge ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
>=|üŒ C≤„Hêìï mes¡T ø£*Z˝Òs¡T ?
16. Had :
Example :
1. Had he two daughters ? (or)
Did he have two daughters ? (Yes / No Question)
n‘·&ÉT Ç<ä›s¡T ≈£îe÷¬sÔ*ï ø£*Z ñ+&˚yê&Ü ?
Hadn't he two daughters ? (or)
Didn't he have two daughters ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
n‘·&ÉT Ç<ä›s¡T ≈£îe÷¬sÔ*ï ø£*Zñ+&˚yê&ÉT ø±<ë ?
2. When had he two daughters ? (or)
When did he have two daughters ? ('Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT Ç<ä›s¡T ≈£îe÷¬sÔ*ï m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ø£*Z ñ+&˚yê&ÉT ?
When hadn't he two daughters ? (or)
When didn't he have two daughers ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT Ç<ä›s¡T ≈£îe÷¬sÔ*ï m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ø£*Z ñ+&˚yê&ÉT ø±<äT ?
1. Will :
Example :
1. Will you sing a song ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ ˇø£ bÕ≥ bÕ&É‘êyê ?
Won't you sing a song ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ ˇø£ bÕ≥ bÕ&Éyê ?
2. When will you sing a song ? ('Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ m|ü&ÉT ˇø£ bÕ≥ bÕ&É‘êe⁄ ?
When won't you sing a song ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ˇø£ bÕ≥ bÕ&Ée⁄ ?
2. Shall :
Example :
1. Shall I go now ? (yÓfi¯¢eT+{≤sê ?) (Yes / No Question)
H˚qT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓfi≤ÔHê ?
Shan't I go now ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
H˚qT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓfi¯¢Hê ? (yÓfi‚¢ neø±X¯+ ˝Ò<ë ?)
272
2. How shall I go now ? ('Wh' Question)
H˚qT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT m˝≤ yÓfi≤ÔqT ?
How shall n't I go now ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
H˚qT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT m˝≤ yÓfi¯fl˝ÒqT ?
3. Would :
Example :
1. Would you watch the movie ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ Ä dæìe÷ #·÷dæ ñ+&˚yê&çyê ?
Wouldn't you watch the movie ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ Ä dæìe÷ #·÷dæ ñ+&˚yê&ç$ ø±<ë ?
2. How would you watch the movie ? ('Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ Ä dæìe÷ m˝≤ #·÷dæ ñ+&˚yê&ç$ ø±<äT ?
How wouldn't you watch the movie ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ Ä dæìe÷ m˝≤ #·÷dæ ñ+&˚yê&ç$ ø±<äT ?
4. Can :
Example :
1. Can she climb the hill ? (Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT Ä ø=+&É mø£ÿ>∑\<ë ?
Can't she climb the hill ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT Ä ø=+&É mø£ÿ˝Ò<ë ?
2. How can she climb the tree ? ('Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT á #Ó≥Tº m˝≤ mø£ÿ>∑\<äT ?
How can't she climb the tree ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT á #Ó≥Tº m˝≤ mø£ÿ˝Ò<äT ?
5. Could ?
Example :
1. Could he draw the diagram ? (Yes / No Question)
n‘·&ÉT Ä u§eTà ^j·T>∑*>±&Ü ?
Couldn't he draw the diagram ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
n‘·&ÉT Ä u§eTà ^j·T˝Òø£b˛j·÷&Ü ?
2. Who could draw the diagram ? ('Wh' Question)
Ä u§eTà mes¡T ^j·T>∑*>±s¡T ?
Who couldn't draw the diagram ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
Ä u§eTà mes¡T ^j·T˝Òø£b˛j·÷s¡T ?
273
6. May :
Example :
1. May they come today ? (Yes / No Question)
yês¡T á s√E sêe#êÃ ?
Mayn't they come today ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
yês¡T á s√E sêø£b˛e#êÃ ?
2. Why may he come today ? ('Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT á s√E m+<äT≈£î sêe#·TÃ ?
Why mayn't he come today ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
n‘·&ÉT á s√E m+<äT≈£î sêø£b˛e#·TÃ ?
7. Might :
Example :
1. Might Rajesh do the work ? (Yes / No Question)
sêCÒwt Ä |üì #˚dæ ñ+&Ée#êÃ ?
Mightn't Rajesh do the work ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
sêCÒwt Ä |üì #˚dæ ñ+&Éø£b˛e#êÃ ?
2. How might Rajesh do the work ? ('Wh' Question)
sêCÒwt Ä |üì m˝≤ #˚dæ ñ+&Ée#·TÃ ?
How mightn't Rajesh do the work ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
sêCÒwt Ä |üì m˝≤ #˚dæ ñ+&Éø£b˛e#·TÃ ?
8. Should :
Example :
1. Should they give it ? (Yes / No Question)
yês¡T <ëìï ‘·|üŒø£ Çyê«˝≤ ?
Shouldn't they give it ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
yês¡T <ëìï Çe«≈£L&É<ë ?
2. Why should they give it ? ('Wh' Question)
yês¡T <ëìï m+<äT≈£î Ç∫Ãrsê* ?
Why shouldn't they give it ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
yês¡T <ëìï m+<äT≈£î Çe«≈£L&É<äT ?
9. Has to :
Example :
1. Does she have to do the work ? (Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT Ä |üì #Ój·÷´˝≤ ?
274
Doesn't she have to do the work ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
ÄyÓT Ä |üì #Ój·T´qø£ÿπs¢<ë ?

2. What does she have to do ? ('Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT @+ #Ój·÷´* ?
What doesn't she have to do ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
ÄyÓT @+ #Ój·T´qø£ÿπs¢<äT ?
10. Have to :
Example :
1. Do you have to go now ? (Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓfi≤¢˝≤ ?

Don't you have to go now ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
˙e⁄ Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓfi¯¢qø£ÿπs¢<ë ?

2. When do you have to go ? ('Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓfi≤¢* ?

When don't you have to go ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
˙e⁄ m|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓfi¯¢qø£ÿπs¢<äT ?

11. Had to :
Example :
1. Did Kamala have to open the door ? (Yes / No Question)
ø£eT\ Ä ‘·\T|ü⁄ ‘Ós¡yê*‡ e∫Ã+<ë ?

Didn't Kamala have to open the door ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
ø£eT\ Ä ‘·\T|ü⁄ ‘Ós¡yê*‡ sê˝Ò<ë ?

2. Which did Kamala have to open ? ('Wh' Question)
ø£eT\ @~ ‘Ós¡yê*‡ e∫Ã+~ ?

Which didn't Kamala have to open ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
ø£eT\ @~ ‘Ós¡yê*‡ sê˝Ò<äT ?

275
12. Ought to :
Example :
1. Ought I to help my mother ? (Yes / No Question)
H˚qT Hê ‘·*¢øÏ düVü‰j·T|ü&Ü*‡+<ë ?
Oughtn't I to help my mother ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
H˚qT Hê ‘·*¢øÏ düVü‰j·T|ü&Ü*‡+~ ø±<ë ?
2. Why ought I to help my mother ? ('Wh' Question)
H˚qT Hê ‘·*¢øÏ m+<äT≈£î düVü‰j·T|ü&Ü*‡+~ ?
Why oughtn't I to help my mother ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
H˚qT Hê ‘·*¢øÏ m+<äT≈£î düVü‰j·T|ü&Ü*‡+~ ø±<äT ?
13. Must :
Example :
1. Must I come there ? (Yes / No Question)
H˚qT nø£ÿ&çøÏ sêyê˝≤ ?
Mustn't I come there ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
H˚qT nø£ÿ&çøÏ sêqø£ÿπs¢<ë ?
2. How must I come there ? ('Wh' Question)
H˚qT nø£ÿ&çøÏ m˝≤ sêyê* ?
How mustn't I come there ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
H˚qT nø£ÿ&çøÏ m˝≤ sêqø£ÿπs¢<äT ?
14. Used to :
Example :
1. Used Ramu to read books heavily ? (Yes / No Question)
sêeTT |ü⁄düÔø±\T n~Ûø£+>± #·~y˚yê&Ü ?
Usedn't Ramu to read books heavily ? (Negative Yes / No Question)
sêeTT |ü⁄düÔø±\T n~Ûø£+>± #·~y˚yê&ÉT ø±<ë ?
2. How used Ramu to read books ? ('Wh' Question)
sêeTT |ü⁄düÔø±\T m˝≤ #·~y˚yê&ÉT ?
How usedn't Ramu to read books ? (Negative 'Wh' Question)
sêeTT |ü⁄düÔø±\T m˝≤ #·~y˚yê&ÉT ø±<äT ?
Q
276
20. Voice (¿£sÁï], ¿£sÁDì y¿£«eTT\T)
sÁÇ#áq+ : ÿ¿£ y¿£«+ 'Subject' ÔÃ yîTT<\eÚÔáT+< ýñ¿£ 'Object' ÔÃ yîTT<\eÚÔáT+< nHû< Ôî*jáTCñd<Hû
'Voice' n n+{²sÁT.
Definition : Voice states whether the sentence starts with either the subject or the object.
$esÁD : y¿£«+ tense jîTT¿£Ø sD² ¿£*Ð +< ýñ¿£ n<û ns#ûÌ yûs=¿£ sD² ¿£*Z +< nHû<
'Voice' Ôî*jáTCñdT +
ï ~. Voice nHû~ y¿£«+ jîTT¿£Ø structure MT< <ósÁ|&
+³T+~.
Examples :
1. Sumanjali killed the snake.
dTeÖ+È* bÍeTT #á+|¾+~.
2. The snake was killed by Sumanjali.

bÍeTT dTeÖ+È* #ûÔá #á+|&+~.
$esÁD : y¿±«* >·eT+ºq³¢sTTÔû s

Â +&+{ì jîTT¿£Ø nsÁ+
ÿ¿£Øfñ ¿± sD+ýË eÖçÔá+ yîTT<{y
ì ¿£«+
'Subject' ÔÃqÖ, s Â +&e y¿£«+ 'Object' ÔÃqÖ yîTT<\jáÖ«sTT. y¿±«\ýË »#á+|&+ µ nHû | #ûdq¾ +<Tq
'Sumanjali' nHû noun 'subject' nsTT+~. ný²¹> #á+|&q+<Tq nq>± »#á+|&+ µ nHû verb jîTT¿£Ø |*
Ô
nqTuó$+ºq+<Tq 'the snake' nHû noun 'object' nsTT+~. y¿±«* ÿ¿£< qT+º eTs=¿£{ì eÖ¹sÌ $<óH
'Voice' Ôî\T|ÚÔáT+~.
>·eT¿£ : Voice ýË eÖsÁTÎ#ûdq¾ |Ú&T nq>± y¿£«+qT sD+ýË eÖsÁTÎ #î+~+ºq|Ú&T y¿£«+ýË subject,
object \ kÍq+ýËHû ¿±¿£ verb jîTT¿£Ø sD+ýË Å£L& eÖsÁTÎ ÈsÁT>·TÔáT+~. 'Voice' nHû~ 'Doing verb' ¿ì eÖçÔáyTû
d++~ó+ºq~.
KINDS OF VOICE (Voice ýË sÁ¿±\T)

Voice Âs+&T sÁ¿±\T. n$ :
1. Active voice (¿£sÁï] y¿£«eTT)
2. Passive voice (¿£sÁDì y¿£«eTT)
1. Active voice :
sÁÇ#áq+ : sD+ýË Object ¿£+fñ subject eTT+<T ¿£*Z q y¿±« 'Active Voice' y¿£«+ n n+{²sÁT.
Definition : The sentence which has the subject before the object is an 'Active voice sentence'.
$esÁD : Assertive sentence nsTTq|ÚÎ&T subject ÔÃ yîTT<\eÚÔáT+~. Interrogative sentence
y¿£«+
nsTTq|ð&T y¿£«+ subject ÔÃ yîTT<\e¿£bþsTTH y¿£«+ýË object ¿£+fñ subject jûT eTT+<T +³T+~. Imperative
sentence ýË subject jûT +&<T.
Examples :
1. Praneetha came here yesterday. (S → Praneetha)
ç|DÔ
¡ á ¿£Ø&¿ì q eºÌ+~.
2. I can dance well. (S → I)

HûqT u²>± &Hà #îjáT«>·\qT.

277
Examples :
3. Could you do the work ? (S → you, O → the work)
úeÚ | #îjTá «>·*>±y ?
4. When did she meet you ? (S → she, O → you)
yîT qT m|ÚÎ&T ¿£*d¾+~ ?
5. Close the door. (No subject)
Ôá\T|Ú eTÖdsTT«.
$esÁD : y¿±«\qT >·eT+ºq³¢sTTÔû yîTT<{ì Âs+&Ö Assertive sentences nsTTq+<Tq y¿±«\T subject
\ÔÃ yî T T< \ já Ö «sTT. eTÖ& e , H\Z e y¿±«\T Interrogative sentences ¿±eÚq já Ö y¿±«\T
subjects ÔÃ yîTT<\e¿£bþsTTH subjects, objects ¿£+fñ eTT+<T>±Hû HsTT. ºe]y¿£«+ Imperative sentence
¿±eÚq subject Hû ýñ<T. y¿±«\ú Active voice jáTeÖ\Å£ ýË& q+<Tq eú 'Active voice' ¿ì #î+<sTT.
>·eT¿£ : 'Subject' ýñjîT&\ 'Active voice' +&<T. m+<T¿£q>± ç|ry¿£«+ jîTT¿£Ø kÍ<ósÁD sD+ýË
subject +³T+~. Imperative sentence ýË eÖçÔá+ subject ýñ y¿£«yûT 'Active voice' neÚÔáT+~.
2. Passive voice :
sÁÇ#áq+ : sD+ýË subect ¿£+fñ 'object' eTT+<T ¿£*Z q y¿±« 'Passive Voice' y¿£«+ n n+{²sÁT.
Definition : The sentence which has the object before the subject is called 'Passive voice sentence'.
$esÁD : y¿£«+ Assertive sentence nsTTq|ÚÎ&T subject ¿£+fñ object eTT+<T +³T+~. Imperative
sentence nsTTq|Ú&T eÖçÔá+ subject jûT y¿£« çbÍsÁ+uó+
ýË +³T+~. Being verbs, Having verbs ÔÃ q
y¿±«\Å£ Passive Voice sÁÖ|+ +&<T .
Examples :
1. Songs are sung by Sita well. (O → songs, S → Sita)
bÍ³\T dÓÔá #ûÔá u²>± bÍ&&ÔsTT.
2. The book should be written by Kumar. (O → the book, S → Kumar)
|Úd¿ï +£ Å£eÖsY #ûÔá çyjáT&rs*.
3. Can the game be played by Aravind ? (O → the game, S → Aravind)
³ nsÁ$+< #ûÔá &&>\
· < ?
4. Why were you scolded by Usha ? (O → you, S → Usha)
úeÚ w #ûÔá m+<TÅ£ Ü³¼u&¦eÚ ?
5. You are ordered to open the book. (S → you, O → the book)
úeÚ |Úd¿ï +£ Ôîse
Á eT C²ã|+¾ #á&T#áTHeÚ.
$esÁD : y¿±«\qT |]o*+ºq³¢sTTÔû yîTT<{ì sÂ +&T y¿±«\Ö Assertive sentences nsTTq+<Tq
y¿±«\T object ÔÃ yîTT<\jáÖ«sTT. eTÖ&e, H\Ze y¿±«\T interrogative sentences nsTTq+<Tq M{ìýË object
\T subject \ ¿£+fñ eTT+<T HsTT. eT]jáTT ºe] y¿£«+ imperative sentence nsTTq+<Tq y¿£«+
subject ÔÃ yîTT<\sTT+~. y¿±«\T Passive Voice jîTT¿£Ø jáTeÖ\qT nqTd]+ºq+<Tq eú 'Passive
Voice' ¿ì #î+<sTT.
>·eT¿£ : 'Object' ýñjîT&\ Passive voice +&<T. nq>± Intransitive verb Å£ object +&<T. ¿±eÚq
sÁ¿£yîT®q verb y¿£«+ýË q|ÚÎ&T y¿±«¿ì 'Passive Voice' +&<T . Imperative sentence jîTT¿£Ø Active
Voice sÁÖ|+ýË Subject ¿£Î+#á¿b £ þsTTH Passive Voice ýË eÖçÔá+ y¿£«çbÍsÁ+uó+ ýËHû +³T+~. Voice eÖ]q|Ú&T
'Verb' ýË ç|<ó qeÖsÁTÎ ¿£ÎdT+
ï ~.
278
VOICE ON TENSES (Assertive & Interrogative Sentences) & their Negative Sentences

Structure :
Active Voice : Subject + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object
Passive Voice : Object + is / am / are + V3 (Past participle verb) + by + Subject
Examples :
}
1. Praveen sings songs well. (A.V)
ç|MDY bÍ³\T u²>± bÍ&Ô&T.
Assertive Sentences
Songs are sung by praveen well. (P.V)
bÍ³\T ç|MDY #ûÔá u²>± bÍ&&ÔsTT.
}
2. I don't speak Hindi fluently. (A.V)
HûqT V¾²+B dÎw+
¼ >± eÖ{²¢&q
T.
Negative Assertive Sentences

Hindi is not spoken by me fluently. (P.V)
V¾²+B H#ûÔá dÎw+
¼ >± eÖ{²¢&
&<T
.
}
3. Do you play chess daily ? (A.V)
úeÚ ç|ÜsÃp #îdt &Ôy ?
Yes / No Questions
Is chess played by you daily ? (P.V)
}
#îdt ç|ÜsÃp ú#ûÔá &&TÔáT+< ?
4. Doesn't he read books ? (A.V)

nÔá&T |Údï¿±\T #á<e& ?
Negative Yes / No Questions

Aren't books read by him ? (P.V)
|Úd¿
ï ±\T nÔá#ûÔá #á<e
&y ?
}
5. How do you help the poor ? (A.V)
úeÚ |<\Å£ mý² dVä
jáT|&Ô
eÚ ?
'Wh' Questions
How is the poor helped by you ? (P.V)
}
|<\T ú#ûÔá mý² dVä
jáT+ bõ+<TÔsÁT ?
6. Why doesn't she scold me ? (A.V)
Negative 'Wh' Questions

yîT qqT m+<TÅ£ Ü³¼<T
?
Why aren't I scolded by her ? (P.V)

HûqT yîT#ûÔá m+<TÅ£ Ü³¼&qT ?
$esÁD : <V²sÁD\ýË yîTT<{ì <V²sÁDýË y¿±«\T Assertive sentences . M{ìýË yîTT<{~

ì Active
voice ¿ì #î+~q y¿£«+ ¿±>± B s
Â +&e y¿£«+>± nq>± Passive Voice ¿ì #î+~q~>± 'structure' |jÖ
î Ð+º

279
eÖsÁÌ&+ È]Ð+~. sÂ +&e <V²sÁD¿ì #î+~q y¿±«\T Assertive sentence ýË negative y¿±«\T. M{ìýË
yîTT<{~ì Active voice ¿ì #î+~q~ ¿±>± B structure |jÖî Ð+º Passive Voice ¿ì #î+~q~>± eÖsÁÌ&+
È]Ð+~. $<ó+ >± eÖsÁÌ&+ýË yîTT<{yì ¿£«+ýË n't q+<Tq sÂ +&e y¿£«+ýË Å£L& nq>± Passive Voice
ýËqÖ 'not' helping verb Å£ #ûsÌ*. eTÖ&e <V²sÁD¿ì #î+~q sÂ +&T y¿±«\Ö Å£L& Yes / No Questions.
M{ìýË yîTT<{~ì Active Voice ¿±>± B Passive Voice ýË¿ì eÖ]dï sÂ +&ey¿£«+ @sÁÎ&+~. eÖ¹sÌ $<óq+
Å£L& structure <ósÁ+>±Hû È]Ð+~. ¿±ú y¿±«\T Yes / No Questions ¿±eÚq helping verb qT
y¿£«çbÍsÁ+uó+ýË¿ì rdTÅ£se&yîT®q~. n<û$<ó+>± $TÐ*q n <V²sÁD\ýËqÖ Active Voice ¿ì #î+~q yîTT<{ì
y¿±«\qT Passive Voice ýË¿ì eÖsÁÌ>± sÂ +&e y¿±«\T @sÁÎ&¦sTT. nq>± Active Voice ýË sentence @
sÁ¿£yîT®q<sTTÔû Passive Voice ýË Å£L& n<û sÁ¿+£ >± sentence çyjáÖ*. çyd $<óH structure
|jîÖÐ+º çyjáÖ*. structure ÿ¿=Ø¿£Ø tense Å£ ÿ¿=Ø¿£ØsÁ¿+£ >± +³T+~.
Note : Active voice ýË y¿±« Passive Voice >± eÖ]Ìq|Ú&T yîTT<{yì ¿£«+ýË Object kÍq+ýË word
sÂ +&ey¿£«+ýË Subject kÍq+ýË¿ì eÖsÁTÔáT+~. n+<Te\q $<ó+ >± word kÍH eÖ¹sÌ³|Ú&T n~ pronoun
nsTTq³¢sTTÔû < subject kÍq+ýË +ºq³¢sTTÔû subjective case ýËqÖ, object kÍq+ýË +ºq³¢sTTÔû
objective case ýËqÖ |jÖ
î Ð+#*. pronoun case \qT Parts of speech ýË 'Pronoun' ýË Ôî\TdT¿Ãe&+
È]Ð+~. pronoun \qT subjective case, objective case \ýË mý² |jÖî Ð+#ýË eTs=¿£kÍ] topic ýË
eÇ&+ È]Ð+~. >·eT+#á>\· sÁT. Voice qT eÖ¹sÌ³|ÚÎ&T eTTK«+>± subject, object \ kÍq+ eÖsÁÌ&, verb
jîTT¿£Ø sÁÖbÍ eÖsÁÌ& eT]jáTT passive voice ýË 'by' nHû preposition jîTT¿£Ø |jîÖ>± Ôî\TdT¿Ãy*.
Voice eÖ]Ìq|Ú&T y¿£«+ýË complement ýË eÖsÁTÎ +&<T . Passive Voice ýË preposition >± 'by' Hû
¿±Å£+& 'Verb' qT {ì¼ eT]¿= prepositions Å£L& |jîÖÐkÍïsÁT.
Structure :
Active Voice : Subject + V2 (Past tense verb) + Object
Passive Voice : Object + was / were + V3 (Past participle verb) + by + Subject
Examples :
}
1. Ramesh sang songs. (A.V)
sÁyûTwt bÍ³\T bÍ&&T.
Assertive Sentences
Songs were sung by Ramesh. (P.V)
bÍ³\T sÁyûTwt #ûÔá bÍ&&¦sTT.
}
2. Rahul didn't write the book. (A.V)
sVQýÙ |Úd¿ï +£ çyjáTýñ<T .
The book was not written by Rahul. (P.V)
|Úd¿ï +£ sVQýÙ #ûÔá çyjáT&ý<ñ T .
280
}
3. Did you kill them ? (A.V)
úeÚ y] #á+bÍy ?
Yes / No Questions
Were they killed by you ? (P.V)
ysÁT ú#ûÔá #á+|&¦s ?
}
4. Didn't he play chess ? (A.V)
nÔá&T #îdt &ý<
ñ ?
Wasn't chess played by him ? (P.V)
#îdt nÔá#ûÔá &&ý<
ñ ?
}
5. Who did the work ? (A.V)
| mesÁT #ûXæsÁT ?
'Wh' Questions
By whom was the work done ? (P.V)
| me]#ûÔá #îjTá «&+~ ?
}
6. Why didn't they ring the bell ? (A.V)
ysÁT >·+³ m+<TÅ£ çyîÖÐ+#áý<
ñ T ?
Why wasn't the bell rung by them ? (P.V)
>·+³ y]#ûÔá m+<TÅ£ çyîÖÐ+#á&ý<
ñ T ?
$esÁD : <V²sÁD\ýË yîTT<{<ì ýË sÂ +&T y¿±«\Ö Assertive sentences. M{ìýË yîTT<{yì ¿±«
Passive Voice ýË¿ì 'structure' qT |jÖ î Ð+º eÖsÁÌ>± sÂ +&ey¿£«+ @sÁÎ&+~. sÂ +&e <V²sÁDýË yîTT<{ì
y¿±« Passive Voice ýË¿ì eÖsÁÌ>± sÂ +&ey¿£«+ @sÁÎ&+~. ~ Å£L& structure <ósÁ+>±Hû eÖsÁÌ&+~. ¿±ú
negative sentence Passive Voice ýË¿ì eÖ]Ìq+<Tq Passive Voice ýË sentence jîTT¿£Ø helping verb Å£
Å£L& not #ûsÌÁ &+ È]Ð+~. n<û$<ó+ >± eTÖ&e <V²sÁDýË Yes / No Question Passive Voice ýË¿ì
eÖ]Ìq+<Tq Passive Voice ýË y¿±« Å£L& Yes / No Question >±Hû çyjáT&+ È]Ð+~. ný²¹> H\Ze
<V²sÁDýË Negative Yes / No Question Passive Voice ýË¿ì eÖ]Ìq+<Tq @sÁÎ&q y¿±« Å£L&
Negative Yes / No Question >±Hû çyjáT&+ È]Ð+~. <û$<ó+>± ×<ey¿£«+ýË 'Wh' Question , sÁe
y¿£«+ýË negative 'Wh' Question Passive Voice ýË¿ì eÖ]Ìq+<Tq @sÁÎ&q y¿±«* Å£L& Ôá~ÔásÁ sÁÖbÍ\ýË
çyjáT&yîT®q~.
Structure :
Active Voice : Subject + will / shall + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object
Passive Voice : Object + will be / shall be / + V3 (Past participle) + by + subject
}
Examples :
1. I shall make tea. (A.V)
HûqT {¡ ÔájáÖsÁT#ûkÍïqT. Assertive Sentences
Tea will be made by me. (P.V)
{¡ H #ûÔá ÔájÖá sÁT#ûjTá &TÔÃ+~.
281
}
2. He won't speak Telugu. (A.V)
nÔá&T Ôî\T>·T eÖ{²¢&&T.
Telugu won't be spoken by him. (P.V)
Ôî\T>·T nÔá #ûÔá eÖ{²¢& &<T .
}
3. Will you complete the work ? (A.V)
úeÚ | |P]ï#kû Íïy ?
Yes / No Questions
Will the work be completed by you ? (P.V)
| ú#ûÔá |P]ï#j
û Tá &TÔÃ+< ?
4. Won't she beat me ?
yîT qqT ¿=³¼< ?
Shan't I be beaten by her ?
HûqT yîT#ûÔá ¿=³¼&H ?
(P.V)
(A.V)
} Negative Yes / No Questions
5. Why will Arun meet us ?

nsÁTDY eTq* m+<TÅ£ ¿£\TkÍï&T ?
Why shall we be met by Arun ?
(A.V)
(P.V) } 'Wh' Questions
}
eTq+ nsÁTDY #ûÔá m+<TÅ£ ¿£\e&ÔeTT ?
6. Why won't Kiran listen to music ? (A.V)
¿ìsD
Á Y d+^Ôá+ m+<TÅ£ $q&&T ? Negative 'Wh' Questions
Why won't music be listened by Kiran ? (P.V)

d+^Ôá+ ¿ìsD
Á Y #ûÔá m+<TÅ£ $q&<T ?
$esÁD : <V²sÁD\qT >·eTdï yîTT<{<ì ýË Active voice ýË Assertive sentence Passive Voice
ýË Assertive sentence >± eÖsÁÌ&+ È]Ð+~. sÂ +&e<ýË Active voice ýË Negative Assertive Sentence
Passive Voice ýË Negative Assertive Sentence >± eÖsÁÌ&+ È]Ð+~. <û$<ó+ >± eTÖ&e <V²sÁDýË
Yes / No Question H\Ze <V²sÁDýË Negative Yes / No Question, ×<e <V²sÁDýË 'Wh' Question
eT]jáTT sÁe <V²sÁDýË Negative 'Wh' Question \T Active Voice ýË qT+º jáÖsÁ¿±\ Passive Voice
y¿±«\T>± eÖsÁÌ&¦sTT. eÖ]Ìq $<óq+ yîTTÔá+ï structure <ósÁ+>±Hû È]Ð+~.
Structure :
Active Voice : Subject + is / am / are + V1 (Present tense verb) + ing + Object
Passive Voice : Object + is / am / are + being + V3 (Past participle) + by + Subject

282
}
Examples :
1. You are reading a book. (A.V)
Assertive Sentences
úeÚ |Úd¿ï +£ #á<T eÚÔáTHeÚ.
A book is being read by you. (P.V)
|Úd¿ï +£ ú #ûÔá #á<e
&TÔáÖ +~.
}
2. She is not watching TV. (A.V)
yîT TV #áÖ&&+ ýñ<T.
TV is not being watched by her. (P.V)
TV yîT#ûÔá #áÖ&&TÔáÖ ýñ<T .
}
10
F 3. Am I doing your work ? (A.V)
HûqT ú | #ûdT Hï H ?
Yes / No Questions
Is your work being done by me ? (P.V)
ú | H #ûÔá #îjTá «&TÔáT+< ?
}
4. Aren't you singing the songs ? (A.V)
úeÚ bÍ³\T bÍ&TÔáÖ ýñy ? Negative Yes / No Questions
Aren't the songs being sung by you ? (P.V)
bÍ³\T ú #ûÔá bÍ&&TÔáÖ ýñy ?
}
5. Which instrument is she playing ? (A.V)
yîT @ ysTT<«+ ysTTdÖï +~ ?
'Wh' Questions
Which instrument is being played by her ? (P.V)
@ ysTT<«+ yîT#ûÔá ysTT+#á&TÔáÖ +~ ?
}
6. Why aren't you scolding me ? (A.V)
úeÚ qqT m+<TÅ£ Ü³¼&+ ýñ<T ? Negative 'Wh' Questions
Why aren't I being scolded by you ? (P.V)
HûqT ú #ûÔá m+<TÅ£ Ü³¼&&+ ýñ<T ?
$esÁD : <V²sÁD\ýË yîTT<{<ì ýË Assertive sentence qT, sÂ +&e<ýË Negative Assertive Sentence
qT, eTÖ&e<ýË Yes / No Question qT, H\Ze<ýË Negative Yes / No Question qÖ, nsTT<e<ýË 'Wh'
Question qÖ eT]jáTT ºe]<ýË negative 'Wh' Question qÖ Active Voice qT+º Passive Voice ýË¿ì
eÖsÁÌ&+ È]Ð+~. nsTT<e <V²sÁDýË 'Which instrument' nHû phrase object >± |#ûd+¾ ~. eÖsÁTÎ\ú
structure dVäjáT+ÔÃHû È]>±sTT.
283
Structure :
Active Voice : Subject + was / were + V1 (Present tense verb) + ing + Object
Passive Voice : Object + was / were + being + V3 (Past participle) + by + Subject
}
Examples :
1. He was earning money. (A.V)
nÔá&T &TÒ d+bÍ~dÖï +&ûy&T. Assertive Sentences
Money was being earned by him. (P.V)
&TÒ nÔá#ûÔá d+bÍ~+#á&TÔáÖ +&û~.
}
2. They were not drinking water. (A.V)
ysÁT úsÁT çÔ>·TÔáÖ +&ûysÁT ¿±<T.
Water was not being drunk by them. (P.V)
úsÁT y]#ûÔá çÔ>·&TÔáÖ +&û~ ¿±<T.
}
3. Was she playing game ? (A.V)
yîT ³ &TÔáÖ +&û< ?
Yes / No Questions
Was game being played by her ? (P.V)
³ yîT#ûÔá &&TÔáÖ +&û< ?
4. Weren't you writing the exam ?
úeÚ |¯¿£ çydT+ï &ûy&$ ¿±< ?
Wasn't the exam being written by you ?
|¯¿£ ú #ûÔá çyjáT&TÔáT+&û~ ¿±< ?
(A.V)
(P.V) } Negative Yes / No Questions
5. Where was she watching the movie ?

yîT m¿£Ø& d¾eÖ #áÖdÖï +&û~ ?
Where was the movie being watched by her ? (P.V)
(A.V)
} 'Wh' Questions
}
d¾eÖ m¿£Ø& yîT#ûÔá #áÖ&&TÔáÖ +&û~ ?
6. Why weren't you reading the novel ? (A.V)
úeÚ m+<TÅ£ qe\ #á<T eÚÔáT+&ûy&$ ¿±<T ? Negative 'Wh' Questions
Why wasn't the novel being read by you ? (P.V)

qe\ ú#ûÔá m+<TÅ£ #á<e &TÔáT+&û~ ¿±<T ?
$esÁD : <V²sÁD\qT |]o*+ºq³¢sTTÔû yîTT<{<ì ýË Assertive sentence Active voice ýË qT+º
Passive Voice ýË¿ì structure qT |jÖ
î Ð+º eÖsÁÌ&+ È]Ð+~. n<û$<ó+ >± sÂ +&e<ýË Negative Assertive
sentence qT, eTÖ&e<ýË Yes / No Question , H\Ze<ýË negative Yes / No Question , nsTT<e
284
y¿£«+ýË 'Wh' Question eT]jáTT ºe]y¿£«+ýË negative 'Wh' Question Active voice ýË qT+º Passive
Voice ýË¿ì eÖsÁÌ&+ È]Ð+~. eÖsÁTÎ\ú structure Å£ nqT>·TD+>± È]>±sTT.

Structure :
Active Voice : Subject + will be / shall be + V1 (Present tense verb) + ing + Object
Passive Voice : No Passive Voice
Future continuous tense Å£ #î+~q y¿±«\Å£ Passive Voice +&<T.

Structure :
Active Voice : Subject + has / have + V3 (Past participle) + Object
Passive Voice : Object + has been / have been + V3 (Past participle) + by + Subject
Examples :
}
1. He has finished his work. (A.V)
nÔá&T nÔá | (|ÚÎ&û) |P]ï#Xû æ&T.
Assertive Sentences
His work has been finished by him. (P.V)
nÔá | nÔá#ûÔá (|ÚÎ&û) |P]ï#j
û Tá &+~.
}
2. I haven't written the letter. (A.V)
HûqT Ôásï +Á (|ÚÎ&û) çyjáTýñ<T .
The letter hasn't been written by me. (P.V) Negative Assertive Sentences
Ôásï +Á H #ûÔá (|ÚÎ&û) çyjáT&ý<ñ T .
}
3. Have you rung the bell ? (A.V)
úeÚ >·+³qT (|ÚÎ&û) çyîÖÐ+#y ?
Has the bell been rung by you ? (P.V) Yes / No Questions
>·+³ ú #ûÔá (|ÚÎ&û) çyîÖÐ+#á&+< ?
}
4. Hasn't she read the sentence ? (A.V)
yîT y¿£«+ (|ÚÎ&û) #á<e ýñ< ?
Hasn't the sentence been read by her ? (P.V)
y¿£«+ yîT#ûÔá |ÚÎ&û #á<e &ý<ñ ?
}
5. Where has she kept the book ? (A.V)
yîT |Úd¿ï +£ (|ÚÎ&û) m¿£Ø& +º+~ ?
'Wh' Questions
Where has the book been kept by her ? (P.V)
|Úd¿ï +£ (|ÚÎ&û) yîT#ûÔá m¿£Ø& +#á&+~ ?
285
}
6. Why haven't you called her ? (A.V)
úeÚ yîT (|ÚÎ&û) m+<TÅ£ |¾\Teýñ<T ?
Why hasn't she been called by you ? (P.V)
yîT ú#ûÔá (|ÚÎ&û) m+<TÅ£ |¾\e&ý<
ñ T ?
Structure :
Active Voice : Subject + had + V3 (Past participle verb) + Object
Passive Voice : Object + had been + V3 (Past participle verb) + by + Subject
}
Examples :
1. He had written the book. (A.V)
nÔá&T |Úd¿ï +£ çyd¾ +&ûy&T.
Assertive Sentences
The book had been written by him. (P.V)
|Úd¿ï +£ nÔá#ûÔá çyjáT& +&û~.
}
2. I hadn't watched the movie. (A.V)
HûqT d¾eÖ #áÖd¾ +&ý<
ñ T .
The movie hadn't been watched by me. (P.V) Negative Assertive Sentences
d¾eÖ H#ûÔá #áÖ&& +&ý<
ñ T .
}
3. Had you finished the work ? (A.V)
úeÚ | |P]ï#dû ¾ +&ûy&y ?
Had the work been finished by you ? (P.V) Yes / No Questions
| ú #ûÔá |P]ï#j
û Tá & +&û< ?
}
4. Hadn't she played chess ? (A.V)
yîT #îdt & +&û~¿±< ?
Hadn't chess been played by her ? (P.V)
#îdt yîT#ûÔá && +&û~ ¿±< ?
}
5. When had Raj read the novel ? (A.V)
sCÙ qe\ m|ÚÎ&T #á~$ +&ûy&T ?
'Wh' Questions
When had the novel been read by Raj ? (P.V)
qe\ sCÙ#Ô
û á m|ÚÎ&T #á<e
& +&û~ ?
}
6. Why hadn't we sung the songs ? (A.V)
eTq+ bÍ³\T m+<TÅ£ bÍ& +&ûyÞøßeTT ¿±<T ?
Why hadn't the songs been sung by us ? (P.V)
bÍ³\T eTq#ûÔá m+<TÅ£ bÍ&& +&û$ ¿±eÚ ?

286
$esÁD : <V²sÁD\ýË yîTT<{<ì ýË Active voice ýË >·\ Assertive sentence Passive Voice ýË
Assertie sentence >± eÖsÁÌ&+ È]Ð+~. n<û$<ó+ >± sÂ +&e <V²sÁDýË Negative Assertive Sentence ú,
eTÖ&e<ýË Yes / No Question ú, H\Ze<ýË Negative Yes / No Question ú, ×<e<ýË 'Wh' Question
eT]jáTT ºe]y¿£«+ýË Negative 'Wh' Question ú Active Voice ýË qT+º Passive Voice ýË¿ì eÖsÁÌ&+
È]Ð+~. Structure |jÖî Ð+º y¿±«\qT eÖsÁÌ&+ È]Ð+~.
Structure :
Active Voice : Subject + will have / shall have + V3 (Past participle) + Object
Passive Voice : Object + will have been / shall have been + V 3 (Past participle verb) + by + Subject
}
Examples :
1. She will have sung the song. (A.V)
yîT bÍ³ bÍ&ûd¾ +³T+~. Assertive Sentences
The song will have been sung by her. (P.V)

bÍ³ yîT#ûÔá bÍ&& +³T+~.
}
2. I shan't have read the book. (A.V)
HûqT |Úd¿ï +£ #á~yûd¾ +&qT.
The book won't have been read by me. (P.V)
|Úd¿ï +£ H #ûÔá #á<e & +&<T .
}
3. Will you have completed the work ? (A.V)
úeÚ | |P]ï#dû ¾ +{²y ?
Yes / No Questions
Will the work have been completed by you ? (P.V)
| ú#ûÔá |P]ï#jû Tá & +³T+< ?
}
4. Won't she have resigned the job ? (A.V)
yîT <Ã«>·eTTqÅ£ sJHeÖ #ûd¾ +&< ? Negative Yes / No Questions
Won't the job have been resigned by her ? (P.V)
<Ã«>·+ yîT#ûÔá sJHeÖ #ûjTá & +&< ?
}
5. How shall I have watched the movie ? (A.V)
d¾eÖqT HûqT mý² #áÖd¾ +{²qT ? 'Wh' Questions
How will the movie have been watched by me ? (P.V)
d¾eÖ H #ûÔá mý² #áÖ&& +³T+~ ?
287
}
6. Why won't he have written the novel ? (A.V)
nÔá&T qe\ m+<TÅ£ çyd¾ +&&T ?
Why won't the novel have been written by him ?(P.V)
qe\ nÔá#ûÔá m+<TÅ£ çyjáT& +&<T ?
$esÁD : <V²sÁD\qT |]o*+ºq³¢sTTÔû yîTT<{<ì ýË Active voice ¿ì #î+~q Assertive sentence
Passive voice ýË¿ì eÖsÁÌ&+ È]Ð+~. n<û$<ó+
>± sÂ +&e<ýË Negative Assertive sentence Active voice ýË
qT+º Passive voice ýË¿ì eÖsÁÌ&+ È]Ð+~. eTÖ&e<ýË Yes / No Question Active voice ýË qT+º Passive
voice ýË¿ì eÖsÁÌ&yTî q
® ~. <û$<ó+ >± H\Ze<ýË Negative Yes / No Question , ×<e<ýË 'Wh' Question
eT]jáTT ºe]<ýË Negative 'Wh' Question structure |jÖî Ð+º Passive voice ýË¿ì eÖsÁÌ&+ È]Ð+~.
Structure :
Active Voice : Subject + has been / have been + V1 (Present tense verb) + ing + Object
Present perfect continuous tense ¿ì #î+~q y¿±«\¿ì Passive Voice +&<T.

Structure :
Active Voice : Subject + had been + V1 (Present tense verb) + ing + Object
Past perfect continuous tense ¿ì #î+~q y¿±«\¿ì Passive Voice +&<T.

Structure :
Active Voice : Subject + will have been / shall have been + V1 (Present tense verb) + ing + Object
Future perfect continuous tense ¿ì #î+~q y¿±«\¿¡ Passive Voice +&<T.

VOICE ON AUXILIARIES (Assertive & Interrogative Sentences) & their Negative Sentences
Structure :
Active Voice : Subject + Auxiliary verb + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object
Passive Voice : Object + Auxiliary verb + be + V3 (Past participle) + by + subject
Voice nHû~ ¿¹ e\+ doing verbs Å£ eÖçÔáyTû d++~ó+ºq+<Tq, primary auxiliaries nHû$ being, having
verbs nsTTq+<Tq M{ì¿ì Passive Voice +&<T . ¿
¹ e\+ Modal auxiliaries eÖçÔáyTû doing verbs ¿±eÚq M{ì¿ì
Passive Voice +³T+~.

288
}
1. Will & Shall :
Eg :
1. I shall play cricket with you. (A.V)
HûqT úÔÃ ç¿ìÂ¿{Ù &ÔqT.
Assertive Sentences
Cricket will be played by me with you. (P.V)
ç¿ì¿Â {Ù H#ûÔá úÔÃ &&TÔÃ+~.
}
2. Ravi won't eat food today. (A.V)
sÁ$ sÃE uóËÈq+ Üq&T.
Food won't be eaten by Ravi today. (P.V)
sÃE uóËÈq+ sÁ$#ûÔá Üq&<T .
3. Will she do the work ?

yîT | #ûkþï+< ?
Will the work be done by her ?
| yîT#ûÔá #ûjTá &TÔÃ+< ?
(A.V)
(P.V) } Yes / No Questions
4. Shan't I complete the book ?

HûqT |Úd¿ï +£ |P]ï#j
î Tá «H ?
Won't the book be completed by me ?
|Úd¿ï +£ H #ûÔá |P]ï#j
î Tá «&< ?
(A.V)
}
5. When will kumar sing the song ? (A.V)
Å£eÖsY bÍ³qT m|ÚÎ&T bÍ&Ô&T ?
'Wh' Questions
When will the song be sung by kumar ? (P.V)
bÍ³ Å£eÖsY#Ô
û á m|ÚÎ&T bÍ&&TÔÃ+~ ?
}
6. Why won't they meet us ? (A.V)
ysÁT eTq* m+<TÅ£ ¿£\esÁT ?
Why shan't we be met by them ? (P.V)
eTq+ y]#ûÔá m+<TÅ£ ¿£\e&eTT ?
2. Would :
}
Eg :
1. You would meet me. (A.V)
úeÚ qqT ¿£*d¾ +&ûy&$.
Assertive Sentences
I would be met by you. (P.V)
HûqT ú #ûÔá ¿£\e& +&ûy&$.

289
}
2. He would not eat banana. (A.V)
nÔá&T nsÁ{ì|+&T Ü +&&T.
Banana would not be eaten by him. (P.V)
nsÁ{|ì + &T nÔá#ûÔá Üq& +&<T .
}
3. Would you sing the song ? (A.V)
úeÚ bÍ³ bÍ& +{²y ?
Yes / No Questions
Would the song be sung by you ? (P.V)
bÍ³ ú #ûÔá bÍ&& +³T+< ?
}
4. Wouldn't she ring the bell ? (A.V)
yîT >·+³ çyîÖÐ+º +&< ?
Wouldn't the bell be rung by her ? (P.V)
>·+³ yîT#ûÔá çyîÖÐ+#á& +&< ?
}
5. Who would complete the diagram ? (A.V)
u¤eT mesÁT |P]ï#dû ¾ +{²sÁT ?
'Wh' Questions
By whom would the diagram be completed ? (P.V)
u¤eT me]#ûÔá |P]ï#j
û Tá & +³T+~ ?
}
6. Why wouldn't you hide the money ? (A.V)
úeÚ &TÒ m+<TÅ£ <º +&eÚ ?
Why wouldn't the money be hidden by you ? (P.V)
&TÒ ú #ûÔá m+<TÅ£ <#á& +&<T ?
3. Can :
}
Eg :
1. She can draw the picture. (A.V)
yîT ºçÔá+ ^jáT>·\<T. Assertive Sentences
The picture can be drawn by her. (P.V)

ºçÔá+ yîT #ûÔá ^jáT&>\· <T.
2. He can't climb the wall.
nÔá&T >Ã& m¿£Øýñ&T.
The wall can't be climbed by him.
>Ã& nÔá #ûÔá m¿£Ø&ý<ñ T .
(A.V)
(P.V) } Negative Assertive Sentences

290
}
3. Can I help you ? (A.V)
HûqT úÅ£ dVäjáT|&>·\H ?
Yes / No Questions
Can you be helped by me ? (P.V)
úeÚ H#ûÔá dVä jáT+ bõ+<>\
· y ?
}
4. Can't you write a song ? (A.V)
úeÚ ÿ¿£ bÍ³ çyjáTýñy ?
Can't a song be written by you ? (P.V)
ÿ¿£ bÍ³ ú#ûÔá çyjáT&ý<
ñ ?
}
5. What can I do for you ? (A.V)
HûqT ú ¿=sÁÅ£ @$T #îjáT«>·\qT ?
What can be done by me for you ? (P.V) 'Wh' Questions
@$T ú ¿=sÁÅ£ H #ûÔá #îjTá «&>\
· <T ?
}
6. Why can't Ullas stitch the shirt ? (A.V)
ý²¢dt #=¿±Ø m+<TÅ£ Å£³¼ýñ&T ?
Why can't the shirt be stitched by Ullas ? (P.V) Negative 'Wh' Questions
#=¿±Ø ý²¢dt #ûÔá m+<TÅ£ Å£³¼&ýñ<T ?

4. Could :
}
Eg :
1. The police could catch the thief. (A.V)
bþ©dT <=+>· |³T¼¿Ã>·*>±&T.
Assertive Sentences
The thief could be caught by the police. (P.V)
<=+>· bþ©dT #ûÔá |³T¼¿Ã&>*
· >±&T.
2. Vishal could not do the work.
$XæýÙ | #îjáT«ýñ¿£bþjáÖ&T.
The work could not be done by Vishal.
| $XæýÙ #ûÔá #îjTá «&ý¿ñ b
£ þsTT+~.
(A.V)
3. Could you get the job ?

úeÚ <Ã«>·+ bõ+<>*
· >±y ?
Could the job be got by you ?
<Ã«>·+ ú #ûÔá bõ+<&>*
· Ð+< ?
(A.V)

291
}
4. Couldn't Swapna win the game ? (A.V)
dÇ| ³ >Â \eýñ¿b
£ þsTT+< ?
Couldn't the game be won by Swapna ? (P.V)
dÇ| #ûÔá ³ >Â \e&ý¿ñ b
£ þsTT+< ?
}
5. How could she learn English ? (A.V)
yîT +^¢w§ mý² HûsTÁ Ì¿Ã>·*Ð+~ ?
'Wh' Questions
How could English be learnt by her ? (P.V)
+^¢w§ yîT#ûÔá mý² HûsTÁ Ì¿Ã&>*
· Ð+~ ?
6. Why couldn't Sowmya read the book ?
kåeT« |Úd¿ï +£ m+<TÅ£ #á<e
ýñ¿b
£ þsTT+~ ?
Why could n't the book be read by Sowmya ?
|Úd¿ï +£ kåeT« #ûÔá m+<TÅ£ #á<e
5. May :
&ý¿ñ b
(A.V)
(P.V)
£ þsTT+~ ?
} Negative 'Wh' Questions
}
Eg :
1. She may give the book to you. (A.V)
yîT |Úd¿ï +£ úÅ£ eÇe#áTÌ.
Assertive Sentences
The book may be given by her to you. (P.V)
|Úd¿ï +£ yîT#ûÔá úÅ£ eÇ&e#áTÌ.
}
2. Ravi may not sing the song. (A.V)
sÁ$ bÍ³qT bÍ&¿£bþe#áTÌ.
The song may not be sung by Ravi. (P.V)
bÍ³ sÁ$#ûÔá bÍ&&¿b
£ þe#áTÌ.
}
3. May I take this pen ? (A.V)
HûqT |qT rdT¿Ãe#Ì ?
Yes / No Questions
May this pen be taken by me ? (P.V)
|qT H #ûÔá rdT¿Ã&e#Ì ?
4. Mayn't she open the window ?

yîT ¿ì{¿ì ¡ Ôîse
Á ¿£bþe#Ì ?
Mayn't the window be opened by her ?
¿ì{¿ì ¡ yîT#ûÔá Ôîse
Á &¿b
£ þe#Ì ?
(A.V)
(P.V)

292
}
5. How may you beat him ? (A.V)
úeÚ nÔá mý² ¿=³¼e#áTÌ ?
'Wh' Questions
How may he be beaten by you ? (P.V)
nÔá&T ú#ûÔá mý² ¿=³¼&e#áTÌ ?
}
6. Why may n't she meet you ? (A.V)
yîT qT m+<TÅ£ ¿£\e¿£bþe#áTÌ ?
Why may n't you be met by her ? (P.V)
úeÚ yîT#ûÔá m+<TÅ£ ¿£\e&¿b
£ þe#áTÌ ?
6. Might :
}
Eg :
1. Suma might call you. (A.V)
dTeT qT |¾*º +&e#áTÌ. Assertive Sentences
You might be called by Suma. (P.V)

úeÚ dTeT#ûÔá |¾\Te& +&e#áTÌ.
2. They might not receive the letter.
ysÁT Ôásï rdT¿= +&¿b
£ þe#áTÌ.
The letter might not be received by them.
Ôásï +Á y]#ûÔá rdT¿Ã& +&¿b
£ þe#áTÌ.
(A.V)
3. Might he read the newspaper ?

nÔá&T ysï|ç Ü¿£ #á~$ +&e#Ì ?
Might the newspaper be read by him ?
ysï|ç Ü¿£ nÔá #ûÔá #á<e
& +&e#Ì ?
(A.V)
4. Mightn't Uma scold us ?

eT eTeT* Ü{ì¼ +&¿b
£ þe#Ì ?
Mightn't we be scolded by Uma ?
yûTeTT eT #ûÔá Ü³¼& +&¿b
£ þe#Ì ?
(A.V)
}
5. Who might break the chair ? (A.V)
Å£¯Ì mesÁT $]º +&e#áTÌ ?
'Wh' Questions
By whom might the chair be broken ? (P.V)
Å£¯Ì me]#ûÔá $sÁ#
á & +&e#áTÌ ?
293
}
6. Which might not bite him ? (A.V)
nÔá @~ ¿£]º +&¿b£ þe#áTÌ ?
By which mightn't he be bitten ? (P.V)
nÔá&T <û #ûÔá ¿£seÁ & +&¿b£ þe#áTÌ ?
7. Should :
Eg :
}
1. You should invite your brother. (A.V)
úeÚ ú kþ<sTÁ &T VäÇ+º rs*. Assertive Sentences
Your brother should be invited by you. (P.V)
ú kþ<sTÁ &T ú #ûÔá VäÇ+#á& rs*.
}
2. Divya should not sing the song. (A.V)
~e« bÍ³qT bÍ&Å£L&<T. Negative Assertive Sentences
The song should not be sung by Divya. (P.V)

bÍ³ ~e«#ûÔá bÍ&&Å£L&<T.
}
3. Should I obey your order ? (A.V)
HûqT ú ÈãqT ¥sÁkÍeV¾²+º rsý² ?
Yes / No Questions
Should your order be obeyed by me ? (P.V)
ú Èã H #ûÔá ¥sÁkÍeV¾²+#á& rsý² ?
4. Shouldn't she tear the paper ?

yîT ¿±ÐÔ º+#áÅL£ &< ?
Shouldn't the paper be torn by her ?
¿±ÐÔá+ yîT#ûÔá º+#á&ÅL£ &< ?
(A.V)
(P.V)
}
5. Why should Lalitha win the game ? (A.V)
\*Ôá ³qT m+<TÅ£ >Â *ºrs* ?
'Wh' Questions
Why should the game be won by Lalitha ? (P.V)
³ \*Ôá#Ôû á m+<TÅ£ >Â \e&rs* ?
294
}
6. Whom shouldn't you call ? (A.V)
úeÚ me] |¾\TeÅ£L&<T ?
Who shouldn't be called by you ? (P.V)
mesÁT ú #ûÔá |¾\Te&ÅL£ &<T ?
8. Has to & Have to :
}
Eg :
1. She has to do her work. (A.V)
yîT Ôáq | #îjÖá «*.
Assertive Sentences
Her work has to be done by her. (P.V)
yîT| Ôáq#ûÔá #îjTá «&*.
}
2. You don't have to waste time. (A.V)
úeÚ deTjáÖ e<ó#îjáT«q¿£Ø¹s¢<T. Negative Assertive Sentences
Time doesn't have to be wasted by you. (P.V)
deTjáT+ ú#ûÔá e<ó#îjáT«&q¿£Ø¹s¢<T.
3. Do they have to read the book ?
ysÁT |Úd¿ï +£ #á<y
ý² ?
Does the book have to be read by them ?
|Úd¿ï +£ y]#ûÔá #á<e
&ý² ?
(A.V)
}
4. Doesn't she have to call them ? (A.V)
yîT y] |¾\Teq¿£Øs¹ <
¢ ?
Don't they have to be called by her ? (P.V)
ysÁT yîT #ûÔá |¾\Te&q¿£Øs¹ <
¢ ?
}
5. When does she have to play chess ? (A.V)
yîT #îdt m|ÚÎ&T &* ?
'Wh' Questions
When has chess to be played by her ? (P.V)
#îdt yîT#ûÔá m|ÚÎ&T &&* ?
}
6. Why don't I have to draw the diagram ? (A.V)
HûqT u¤eT m+<TÅ£ ^jáTq¿£Ø¹s¢<T ? Negative 'Wh' Questions
Why doesn't the diagram have to be drawn by me ? (P.V)
u¤eT H #ûÔá m+<TÅ£ ^jáT&q¿£Ø¹s¢<T ?
295
9. Had to :
}
Eg :
1. She had to bring water. (A.V)
yîT úsÁT Ôûy*à eºÌ+~. Assertive Sentences
Water had to be brought by her. (P.V)
úsÁT yîT#ûÔá Ôû&*à eºÌ+~.
}
2. I didn't have to kill a snake. (A.V)
HûqT ÿ¿£ bÍeTT #á+bÍ*àsýñ<T.
A snake didn't have to be killed by me. (P.V)
ÿ¿£ bÍeTT H#ûÔá #á+|&*à sýñ<T.
}
3. Did you have to buy the car ? (A.V)
úeÚ ¿±sÁT ¿=H*à eºÌ+< ?
Yes / No Questions
Did the car have to be bought by you ? (P.V)
¿±sÁT ú#ûÔá ¿=q&*à eºÌ+< ?
4. Didn't Kamesh have to do the work ?
¿±yûTwt | #îjÖá «*àsýñ< ?
(A.V)
Didn't the work have to be done by Kamesh ? (P.V)

| ¿±yûTwt #ûÔá #îjTá «&*àsýñ< ?
}
5. Why did you have to write the book ? (A.V)
úeÚ |Úd¿ï +£ m+<TÅ£ çyjáÖ*à eºÌ+~ ?
'Wh' Questions
Why did the book have to be written by you ? (P.V)
|Úd¿ï +£ ú #ûÔá m+<TÅ£ çyjáT&*à eºÌ+~ ?
}
6. Where hadn't they to play cricket ? (A.V)
ysÁT m+<TÅ£ ç¿ìÂ¿{Ù &*àsýñ<T ?
Why didn't cricket have to be played by them ? (P.V) Negative 'Wh' Questions
ç¿ì¿Â {Ù y]#ûÔá m+<TÅ£ &&*àsýñ<T ?
10. Ought to :
}
Eg :
1. You ought to present it to him. (A.V)
úeÚ < nÔá¿ì VA¿£]+#*à+~. Assertive Sentences
It ought to be presented by you to him. (P.V)
n~ ú#ûÔá nÔá¿ì VA¿£]+#á&*à+~.
296
2. She oughtn't to scold him.
yîT nÔá Ü³¼¿b£ þy*à+~.
He oughtn't to be scolded by her.
nÔáqT yîT#ûÔá Ü³¼&¿b£ þy*à+~.
(A.V)
}
3. Ought you to read the story ? (A.V)
úeÚ ¿£<¸ #á<y *à+< ? Yes / No Questions
Ought the story to be read by you ? (P.V)
¿£<¸ ú#ûÔá #á<e &*à+< ?
}
4. Oughtn't they to play the game ? (A.V)
ysÁT ³ &¿b£ þy*à+< ? Negative Yes / No Questions
Oughtn't the game to be played by them ? (P.V)
³ y]#ûÔá &&¿b£ þy*à+< ?
5. When ought she to eat apple ?
yîT |¾ýÙ m|ÚÎ&T ÜH*à+~ ?
When ought apple to be eaten by her ?
|¾ýÙ yîT#ûÔá m|ÚÎ&T Üq&*à+~ ?
(A.V)
(P.V) } 'Wh' Questions
}
6. Why oughtn't he to forgive her ? (A.V)
nÔá&T yîT m+<TÅ£ ¿£$ T+#á¿b£ þy*à+~ ? Negative 'Wh' Questions
Why oughtn't she to be forgiven by him ? (P.V)
yîT m+<TÅ£ nÔá#ûÔá ¿£$ T+#á&¿b£ þy*à+~ ?
11. Must :
}
Eg :
1. She must watch the movie. (A.V)
yîT d¾eÖ #áÖ&*. Assertive Sentences
The movie must be watched by her. (P.V)

d¾eÖ yîT#ûÔá #áÖ&&*.
2. You must not call me.
úeÚ qqT |¾\Teq¿£Ø¹s¢<T.
I must not be called by you.
HûqT ú#ûÔá |¾\Te&q¿£Ø¹s¢<T.
(A.V)
(P.V)
} Negative Assertive Sentences

297
}
3. Must he attend the class ? (A.V)
nÔá&T ¿±¢dt¿ì VäÈsÁyÇý² ?
Must the class be attended by him ? (P.V) Yes / No Questions
¿±¢dt nÔá#ûÔá VäÈsÁe&ý² ?
}
4. Mustn't Praveen sing the song ? (A.V)
ç|MDY bÍ³qT bÍ&q¿£Øs¹ <¢ ?
Mustn't the song be sung by Praveen. (P.V)
bÍ³ ç|MDY#Ôû á bÍ&&q¿£Øs¹ <¢ ?
}
5. When must he eat banana ? (A.V)
nÔá&T nsÁ{|ì + &T m|ÚÎ&T ÜH* ?
When must banana be eaten by him ? (P.V) 'Wh' Questions
nsÁ{|ì + &T nÔá#ûÔá m|ÚÎ&T Üq&* ?
}
6. Why mustn't we drink this water ? (A.V)
yûTeTT úsÁT m+<TÅ£ çÔ>·q¿£Ø¹s¢<T ?
Why mustn't this water be drunk by us ? (P.V) Negative 'Wh' Questions
úsÁT eÖ#ûÔá m+<TÅ£ çÔ>·&q¿£Øs¹ <¢ T ?
12. Used to :
Eg :
}
1. I used to watch two movies daily. (A.V)
HûqT ç|ÜsÃp sÂ +&T d¾eÖ* #áÖdy&.
Assertive Sentences
Two movies used to be watched by me daily. (P.V)
sÂ +&T d¾eÖ\T ç|ÜsÃp H#ûÔá #áÖ&&û$.
}
2. She used not to play the guitar. (A.V)
yîT Ð{²sÁT ysTT+#û~ ¿±<T.
The guitar used not to be played by her. (P.V) Negative Assertive Sentences
Ð{²sÁT yîT#ûÔá ysTT+#á&û~ ¿±<T.
}
3. Used you to do exercise ? (A.V)
úeÚ y«jáÖeT+ #ûdy&y ?
Yes / No Questions
Used exercise to be done by you ? (P.V)
y«jáÖeT+ ú#ûÔá #ûjTá &û< ?
298
}
4. Usedn't she to read books ? (A.V)
yîT |Úd¿ï ±\T #á~yû~ ¿±< ? Negative Yes / No Questions
Usedn't books to be read by her ? (P.V)
|Úd¿ï ±\T yîT#ûÔá #á<e &û$ ¿±y ?
}
5. When used he to eat apples regularly ? (A.V)
nÔá&T m|ÚÎ&T ç|ÜsÃp |¾ýÙà ÜHûy&T ?
'Wh' Questions
When used apples to be eaten by him regularly ?(P.V)
|¾ýÙà m|ÚÎ&T nÔá#ûÔá ç|ÜsÃp Üq&û$ ?
}
6. Why usedn't Satish to complete his works ? (A.V)
drwt nÔá |qT\T m+<TÅ£ |P]ï#û dy&T¿±<T ?
Why usedn't his works to be completed by Satish ? (P.V)
drwt |qT\T nÔá#ûÔá m+<TÅ£ |P]ï#j
û Tá &û$ ¿±eÚ ?
VOICE ON IMPERATIVE SENTENCES (Orders & Requests) & their Negative Sentences
1. Orders :
Direct orders :
Structure :
Active Voice : V1 (Present tense verb) + Object
Passive Voice : Let + object + be + V3 (Past participle)
Examples :
1. Close your book. (A.V)
ú |Úd¿ï ± eTÖd¾ysî TT«.
Let your book be closed. (P.V)
ú |Údï¿£+ eTÖjáT&eÚÇ.
2. Open the door. (A.V)
Ôá\T|Ú ÔîsTÁ eÚ.
Let the door be opened. (P.V)
Ôá\T|Ú ÔîseÁ &eÚÇ.
3. Play the game. (A.V)
³ &T.
Let the game be played. (P.V)
³ &&eÚÇ.
4. Sing a song. (A.V)
ÿ¿£ bÍ³qT bÍ&T.
Let a song be sung. (P.V)
ÿ¿£ bÍ³qT bÍ&&eÚÇ.
299
5. Complete the work. (A.V)
| |P]ï#sî TT«.
Let the work be completed. (P.V)
| |P]ï#j
î Tá «eÚÇ.
orders n+{ìýËqÖ objects HsTT. ¿±ú ¿= orders ýË objects +&eÚ. n{ì¼ y{ì Passive Voice
ýË¿ì eÖ¹sÌ $<óq+ eTs=¿£{ì >·\<T.
Structure :
Active Voice : V1 (Present tense verb) + Complement
Passive Voice : You are ordered/requested to + V1 (Present tense verb) + Complement
Examples :
1. Go straightly. (A.V)
Üq>± yîÞø .¢
You are ordered/requested to go straight. (P.V)
úeÚ Üq>± yîÞe¢ø T C²ã|+¾ #á/¿ÃsÁ&TÔáTHeÚ.
2. Walk slowly. (A.V)
HîeT~>± q&TeÚ.
You are ordered to walk slowly. (P.V)
úeÚ HîeT~>± q&eeT C²ã|+¾ #á&T#áTHeÚ.
3. Write neatly. (A.V)

#á¿£Ø>± çysTT.
You are ordered to write neatly. (P.V)
úeÚ #á¿Ø£ >± çyjáTeT C²ã|¾+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
4. Speak fluently. (A.V)

dÎw¼+>± eÖ{²¢&T.
You are ordered to speak fluently. (P.V)
úeÚ dÎw+¼ >± eÖ{²¢&e T C²ã|+¾ #á&T#áTHeÚ.
5. Listen to me. (A.V)
HûqT #î|Î¾ +~ $qT.
You are ordered to listen to me. (P.V)
HûqT #î|Î¾ +~ $qeT úeÚ C²ã|+¾ #á&TÔáTHeÚ.
300
Indirect orders :
Structure :
Active Voice : Let + object 1 + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object 2
Passive Voice : Let + object 2 + be + V3 (Past participle) + by + object 1
Examples :
1. Let him do his work. (A.V)
nÔá nÔá | #ûjTá eÚÇ.
Let his work be done by him. (P.V)
nÔá | nÔá#ûÔá #ûjTá &eÚÇ.
2. Let us help him. (A.V)
eTq+ nÔá¿ì kÍjáT|&<+.
Let him be helped by us. (P.V)
nÔá eTq#ûÔá dVä jáT+bõ+<<Ý+.
3. Let them speak English. (A.V)

y] +^¢w§ eÖ{²¢& eÇ+&.
Let English be spoken by them. (P.V)
+^¢w§ y]#ûÔá eÖ{²¢& &eÇ+&.
4. Let me watch the movie. (A.V)

qqT d¾eÖ #áÖ&eÚÇ.
Let the movie be watched by me. (P.V)
d¾eÖqT H #ûÔá #áÖ&&eÚÇ.
5. Let her take the money. (A.V)
yîT &TÒ rdT¿ÃeÚÇ.
Let the money be taken by her. (P.V)
&TÒ yîT#ûÔá rdT¿Ã&eÚÇ.
orders n+{ìýËqÖ sÂ +&e objects HsTT. ¿±ú ¿= orders ýË sÂ +&e objects +&eÚ. n³Te+{ì
y{ì passive voice ýË¿ì ç¿ì+~ structure |jÖî Ð+º eÖsÁTkÍïsTÁ .
Structure :
Active Voice : Let + Object + V1 (Present tense verb) + Complement
Passive Voice : You are ordered to allow + object + to + V1 (Present tense verb) + Complement

301
Examples :
1. Let him speak sincerely. (A.V)
nÔá C²sTTr>± eÖ{²¢& eÇ+&.
You are ordered to allow him to speak sincerely. (P.V)
nÔá C²sTTr>± eÖ{²¢& eÇeT MTsÁT C²ã|+¾ #á&TÔáTHsÁT.
2. Let them come here. (A.V)
y] ¿£Ø&¿ì seÇ+&.
You are ordered to allow them to come here. (P.V)
y] ¿£Ø&¿ì seÇeT MTsÁT C²ã|+¾ #á&TÔáTHsÁT.
3. Let us meet in the playground. (A.V)
eTeT* ³d\ +ýË ¿£\eeÚÇ.
You are ordered to allow us to meet in the playground. (P.V)
eTeT* ³d\ +ýË ¿£\eeÇeT úeÚ C²ã|+¾ #á&TÔáTHeÚ.
4. Let her read now. (A.V)
yîT |ÚÎ&T #á<e eÚÇ.
You are ordered to allow her to read now. (P.V)
yîT #á<e eÇeT úeÚ C²ã|+¾ #á&TÔáTHeÚ.
5. Let me go quickly. (A.V)
qqT yû>+· >± yîÞ¢ø eÚÇ.
You are ordered/requested to allow me to go quickly. (P.V)
qqT yû>+· >± yîÞ¢ø eÇeT úeÚ C²ã|+¾ #á/¿ÃsÁ&TÔáTHeÚ.
Negative orders
Direct orders
Structure :
Active Voice : Don't + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object
Passive Voice : Let + Object + not + be + V3 (Past participle)
Examples :
1. Don't watch the movie. (A.V)
d¾eÖ #áÖ&e<T.Ý
Let the movie not be watched. (P.V)
d¾eÖ #áÖ&&eÇ<T.Ý
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2. Don't shut your mouth. (A.V)
ú HÃsÁT eTTjáT«e<TÝ.
Let your mouth not be shut. (P.V)
ú HÃsÁT eTTjáT«&eÇ<TÝ.
3. Don't make a noise. (A.V)

<óÇ #îjáT«e<TÝ.
Let a noise not be made. (P.V)
<óÇ #îjáT«&eÇ<TÝ.
4. Don't kill the ant. (A.V)

NeT #á+|e<T.Ý
Let the ant not be killed. (P.V)
NeT #á+|&eÇ<T.Ý
5. Don't sing songs. (A.V)
bÍ³\T bÍ&e<TÝ.
Let songs not be sung. (P.V)
bÍ³* bÍ&&eÇ<T.Ý
orders n+{ìýËqÖ objects HsTT. ¿±ú objects ýñ orders passive voice ýË¿ì eÖ¹sÌ|<Ü
Æ
yûs=¿£{ì >·\<T.
Structure :
Active Voice : Don't + V1 (Present tense verb) + Complement
Passive Voice : You are ordered not to + V1 (Present tense verb) + Complement
Examples :
1. Don't talk foolishly. (A.V)
eTÖsÁ+>± eÖ{²¢&e<TÝ.
You are ordered not to talk foolishly. (P.V)

eTÖsÁ+ >± eÖ{²¢&e
<Ý úeÚ C²ã|+¾ #á&TÔáTHeÚ.
2. Don't behave indecently. (A.V)

nduó«+>± ç|e]ï+#áe<TÝ.
You are ordered not to behave indecently. (P.V)

ndu«ó +>± ç|e]ï+#áe<Ý úeÚ C²ã|+¾ #á&TÔáTHeÚ.

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3. Don't walk quickly. (A.V)
Ô=+<sÁ>± q&ee<TÝ.
You are ordered not to walk quickly. (P.V)
Ô=+<s>Á ± q&ee<Ý úeÚ C²ã|+¾ #á&TÔáTHeÚ.
4. Don't come straight. (A.V)

Üq>± se<T.Ý
You are ordered not to come straight. (P.V)
Üq>± se<Ý úeÚ C²ã|+¾ #á&TÔáTHeÚ.
5. Don't work slowly. (A.V)
HîeT~>± |#îjáT«e<TÝ.
You are ordered not to work slowly. (P.V)
HîeT~>± |#îjTá «e<Ý úeÚ C²ã|+¾ #á&TÔáTHeÚ.
Negative indirect orders :
Structure :
Active Voice : Let + object 1 + not + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object 2
Passive Voice : Let + object 2 + not + be + V3 (Past participle) + by + object 1
Examples :
1. Let him not eat sweets. (A.V)
nÔá dÓÇ³T¢ ÜqeÇ<T.Ý
Let sweets not be eaten by him. (P.V)
dÓÇ³¢qT nÔá#ûÔá Üq&eÇ<T.Ý
2. Let her not watch the movie. (A.V)
yîT d¾eÖ #áÖ&eÇ<T.Ý
Let the movie not be watched by her. (P.V)
d¾eÖ yîT#ûÔá #áÖ&&eÇ<T.Ý
3. Let them not do the work. (A.V)

y] | #îjTá «eÇ<T.Ý
Let the work not be done by them. (P.V)
| y]#ûÔá #îjTá «&eÇ<T.Ý
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4. Let me not sing a song. (A.V)
qqT ÿ¿£bÍ³ bÍ&eÇ<TÝ.
Let a song not be sung by me. (P.V)
ÿ¿£ bÍ³qT H #ûÔá bÍ&&eÇ<TÝ.
5. Let us not ring the bell. (A.V)
eTeT* >·+³ çyîÖÐ+#áeÇ<T.Ý
Let the bell not be rung by us. (P.V)
>·+³qT eÖ#ûÔá çyîÖÐ+#á&eÇ<T.Ý
orders n+{ìýËqÖ sÂ +&e objects HsTT. ¿±eÚq structure qT|jÖî Ð+º M{ì Passive Voice
ýË¿ì eÖsÁÌ&yTî q® ~. ¿±ú ¿= y¿±«\¿ì sÂ +&e objects +&eÚ. n³Te+{ì y{ì Passive Voice ýË¿ì ç¿ì+~
$<ó+>± eÖsÁTkÍïsÁT.
Structure :
Active Voice : Let + object + not + V1 (Present tense verb) + Complement
Passive Voice : You are ordered not to allow + object + to + V1 (Present tense verb) + Complement
Examples :
1. Let her not work. (A.V)
yîT |#îjáT«eÇe<TÝ.
You are ordered not to allow her to work. (P.V)
yîT |#îjTá «e<Ý úeÚ C²ã|+¾ #á&TÔáTHeÚ.
2. Let him not sleep. (A.V)
nÔá ç<bþeÇ<T.Ý
You are ordered not to allow him to sleep. (P.V)
nÔá ç<bþeÇe<Ý úeÚ C²ã|+¾ #á&TÔáTHeÚ.
3. Let them not play. (A.V)

y] &eÇ<T.Ý
You are ordered not to allow them to play. (P.V)
y] &eÇ<Ý úeÚ C²ã|+¾ #á&TÔáTHeÚ.
4. Let us not come. (A.V)

eTeT* seÇ<TÝ.
You are ordered not to allow us to come. (P.V)
eTeT* seÇ<Ý úeÚ C²ã|+¾ #á&TÔáTHeÚ.
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5. Let me not go now. (A.V)
qqT |ÚÎ&T yîÞø¢eÇ<TÝ.
You are ordered not to allow me to go now. (P.V)
qqT |ÚÎ&T yîÞ¢ø eÇ<Ý úeÚ C²ã|+¾ #á&TÔáTHeÚ.
2. Requests :
Direct requests :
Structure :
Active Voice : Please + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object / Complement
Passive Voice : You are requested to + V1 (Present tense) + Object / Complement
Examples :
1. Please help me. (A.V)
<jáT#ûd¾ HÅ£ dVäjáT+ #îsTT«.
You are requested to help me. (P.V)
HÅ£ dVäjáT+ #îjáT«eT úeÚ nuó«]+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
2. Please do the work. (A.V)
<jáT#ûd¾ | #îsTT«.
You are requested to do the work. (P.V)
| #îjTá «eT úeÚ nuó« ]+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
3. Please walk slowly. (A.V)

<jáT#ûd¾ HîeT~>± q&TeÚ.
You are requested to walk slowly. (P.V)
HîeT~>± q&eeT úeÚ nuó«]+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
4. Please leave me alone. (A.V)

<jTá #ûd¾ qqT ÿ+³]>± e~ýÉsTT«.
You are requested to leave me alone. (P.V)
qqT ÿ+³]>± e~ýÉjTá «eT úeÚ nuó« ]+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
5. Please sing a song. (A.V)
<jáT#ûd¾ ÿ¿£ bÍ³ bÍ&T.
You are requested to sing a song. (P.V)
ÿ¿£ bÍ³ bÍ&eT úeÚ nuó« ]+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
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Indirect requests :
Structure :
Active Voice : Please + Let + object 1 + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object 2 / complement
Passive Voice : You are requested to allow + object 1 + to + V1 (Present tense verb) + object 2 / complement
Examples :
1. Please let him go. (A.V)
<jTá #ûd¾ nÔá yîÞ¢ø eÚÇ.
You are requested to allow him to go. (P.V)
nÔá yîÞ¢ø eÇeT úeÚ nuó« ]+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
2. Please let her watch the movie. (A.V)
<jTá #ûd¾ yîT d¾eÖ #áÖ&eÚÇ.
You are requested to allow her to watch the movie. (P.V)
yîT d¾eÖ #áÖ&eÇeT úeÚ nuó« ]+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
3. Please let me come there. (A.V)

<jáT#ûd¾ qqT n¿£Ø&¿ì seÇ+&.
You are requested to allow me to come there. (P.V)
qqT n¿£Ø&¿ì seÇeT MTsÁT nuó«]+#á&TÔáTHsÁT.
4. Please let them say the truth. (A.V)

<jTá #ûd¾ y] È+ #î|Î eÇ+&.
You are requested to allow them to say the truth. (P.V)
y] È+ #î|Î eÇeT MTsÁT nuó« ]+#á&TÔáTHsÁT.
5. Please let it eat the grass. (A.V)
<jTá #ûd¾ < >·&¦ ÜqeÚÇ.
You are requested to allow it to eat the grass. (P.V)
< >·&¦ ÜqeÇeT úeÚ nuó« ]+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
Negative requests :
Direct requests :
Structure :
Active Voice : Please + Don't + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object / Complement
Passive Voice : You are requested not to + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object / Complement

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Examples :
1. Please don't play now. (A.V)
<jáT#ûd¾ |ÚÎ&T &e<TÝ.
You are requested not to play now. (P.V)
|ÚÎ&T &e<Ý úeÚ nuó« ]+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
2. Please don't watch the movie. (A.V)
<jTá #ûd¾ d¾eÖ #áÖ&e<T.Ý
You are requested not to watch the movie. (P.V)
d¾eÖ #áÖ&e<Ý úeÚ nuó« ]+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
3. Please don't walk fast. (A.V)

<jáT#ûd¾ yû>·+>± q&ee<TÝ.
You are requested not to walk fast. (P.V)
yû>+· >± q&ee<Ý úeÚ nuó« ]+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
4. Please don't waste my time. (A.V)

<jáT#ûd¾ H deTjáT+ e<ó #îjáT«e<TÝ.
You are requested not to waste my time. (P.V)
H deTjáT+ e<ó#îjáT«e<Ý úeÚ nuó«]+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
5. Please don't write now. (A.V)

<jáT#ûd¾ |ÚÎ&T çyjáTe<TÝ.
You are requested not to write now. (P.V)

|ÚÎ&T çyjáTe<Ý úeÚ nuó«]+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
Negative indirect requests :

Structure :
Active Voice : Please + Let + Object 1 + not + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object 2 / Complement
Passive Voice : You are requested not to allow + Object 1 + to + V1 (Present tense verb) + Object 2 / Complement
Examples :
1. Please let him not read the novel. (A.V)
<jTá #ûd¾ nÔá qe\ #á<e eÇ<T.Ý
You are requested not to allow him to read the novel. (P.V)
nÔá qe\ #á<e eÇ<Ý úeÚ nuó« ]+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
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2. Please let her not watch the movie. (A.V)
<jTá #ûd¾ d¾eÖ yîT #áÖ&eÇ<T.Ý
You are requested not to allow her to watch the movie. (P.V)
d¾eÖ yîT #áÖ&eÇ<Ý úeÚ nuó« ]+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
3. Please let him not come here. (A.V)

<jáT#ûd¾ nÔá ¿£Ø&¿ì seÇ<TÝ.
You are requested not to allow him to come here. (P.V)
nÔá ¿£Ø&¿ì seÇ<Ý úeÚ nuó« ]+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
4. Please let me not jump into the well. (A.V)

<jáT#ûd¾ qqT u²$ýË¿ì <Ö¿£eÇ<TÝ.
You are requested not to allow me to jump into the well. (P.V)
qqT u²$ýË¿ì <Ö¿£eÇ<Ý úeÚ nuó« ]+#á&TÔáTHeÚ.
5. Please let us not eat the cheese. (A.V)
<jTá #ûd¾ eTq+ EqT Üqe<T.Ý
You are requested not to allow us to eat the cheese. (P.V)
eTq+ EqT Üqe<Ý MTsÁT nuó« ]+#á&TÔáTHsÁT.
CHANGE OF PRONOUNS FROM ACTIVE VOICE TO PASSIVE VOICE
y¿±« Active voice ýË qT+º Passive voice ýË¿ì eÖ]Ìq|Ú&T ýñ< Passive voice ýËqT+º Active voice
ýË¿ì eÖ]Ìq|Ú&T Pronouns jîTT¿£Ø kÍq+ eÖsÁTÔáT+~. nq>± subject kÍq+ýË pronoun object kÍq+ýË¿ì,
object kÍq+ýË pronoun subject kÍq+ýË¿ì eÖsÁÔsTT. d+<sÒÁ +Û ýË pronoun jîTT¿£Ø case eÖsÁTÔáT+~.
Subjective case Objective case
I me
we us
you you
he him
she her
It It
they them
USAGE OF PASSIVE VOICE (Passive Voice jîTT¿£Ø |jÖî >·+)

k ÿ¿£ | mesÁT#ûXæsÃ Ôî*jáTq|Ú&T nq>± y¿£«+ýË 'Subject' ýñq|ÚÎ&T y¿±« Active voice ýË çyjáTýñeTT.
n+<Te\q n³Te+{ì y¿±«* çyjáT&¿ì Passive voice |jîÖÐkÍïsÁT.
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Examples :
1. Suman was killed. (P.V)
dTeTH #á+|&¦&T.
2. The thief was caught. (P.V)
<=+>· <=]¿ìbþjáÖ&T.
k ÿ¿£ y¿£«+ýË | #ûdq
¾ e«¿ìï ¿£+fñ nq>± subject ¿£+fñ | |*
Ô nqTuó$
+ºq < nq>± object
ç|<óq+>± dÖº+#á<\ºq|Ú&T Passive voice |jîÖÐkÍïsÁT.
Examples :
1. Mahatma Gandhi was killed in 1948. (P.V)
eTVäÔá>±+Bó 1948ýË #á+|&¦&T.
2. My friend was arrested (by the police.) (P.V)
H dV¾²ÔáT&T (bþ©dT\#ûÔ)á +~ó+#á&¦&T .
k ÿ¿£ | #ûdq
¾ e«¿ìï >·T]+º #î|Î <\ºq neds+Á ýñq|ÚÎ&T n³Te+{ì y¿±« Passive voice ýË #îbÍïsÁT.
Examples :
1. He was beaten in Vijayawada. (P.V)
nÔá&T $ÈjáTy&ýË ¿=³¼&¦&T.
2. The work could be completed yesterday. (P.V)
| q |P]ï#j
û Tá &>*
· Ð+~.
k ÿ¿£ | #ûdq
¾ e«¿ìï nq>± subject sÁV² d«+>± +#á<\
ºq|Ú&T n{ìy
¼ ¿±«* Passive voice ýË #îbÍïsÁT.
Examples :
1. The sin was committed by a thief. (P.V)
Q
bÍ|+ ÿ¿£ <=+>·#û #îjTá «&+~.
2. The item was prepared. (P.V)
|<sÁ+ ÔájáÖsÁT#îjáT«&+~.
$<ó+ >± Passive voice ³Te+{ì nkÍ<ósÁD d+<sÒÛ\ýË |jÖî ÐdT+ï {²sÁT.

310
21. Speech (ø£<∏äq+)
ìs¡«#·q+ : yêø£´+ H˚s¡T>± j·T<∏ë‘·<∏ä+>± #Ó|üŒã&ç+<ë ˝Ò<ë ns¡ú+ e÷s¡Ã≈£î+&Ü ìsêàD+ e÷]Ã #Ó|üŒã&ç+<ë
nH˚<ëìì 'Speech' ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~.
Definition : Speech states whether a sentence was said directly or indirectly with the same meaning.
$es¡D : ˇø£ e´øÏÔ #Ó|æŒq e÷≥*ï eTs=ø£e´øÏÔ‘√ Ä e÷≥\T $qï e´øÏÔ ny˚ e÷≥*ï $qï$ $qï≥T¢>± #ÓãT‘·THêï&Ü
˝Òø£ Ä uÛ≤yêìï ‘·q kı+‘·e÷≥˝À¢ #ÓãT‘·THêï&Ü nì 'Speech' ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~.
Examples :
1. Priya said to me, "I will meet you tomorrow."
Á|æj·T Hê‘√ #Ó|æŒ+~ ªªH˚qT ìqTï πs|ü⁄ ø£\TkÕÔqTμμ.
2. Priya told me that she would meet me the next day.
Á|æj·T ‘êqT Ä eTs¡Tdü{Ïs√E qqTï ø£\TkÕÔqì #Ó|æŒ+~.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ ¬s+&ç+{Ï˝Àq÷ ˇπø ns¡ú+ ñ+~. ø±˙ yÓTT<ä{Ïyêø£´+˝À Á|æj·T #Ó|æŒq
e÷≥*ï ÄyÓT m˝≤ #Ó|æŒ+<√ n˝≤π> #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. ø±˙ ¬s+&Éeyêø£´+˝À Á|æj·T #Ó|æŒq $wüj·÷ìï e÷]Ã n<˚ nsêúìï
Ç#˚Ã≥≥T¢ #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. á $<Ûä+>± á uÛÒ<ëìï speech düŒwüº+>± ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔ+~. eT]j·TT ˇø£ s¡ø£yÓTÆq yêø±´ìï
eTs=ø£ s¡ø£+>± e÷πsÃ $<ÛëHêìï 'speech' ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·T+~.
>∑eTìø£ : 'Speech' qT e÷s¡TŒ #Ó+~+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT yêø£´ ìsêàD+˝À e÷s¡TŒ »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. n˝≤π> verb ˝Àq÷,
pronoun ˝Àq÷ eT]j·TT Adverb ˝Àq÷ düŒwüºyÓTÆq e÷s¡TŒ ñ+≥T+~.
KINDS OF SPEECH (Speech ˝Àì s¡ø±\T)
'Speech' ¬s+&ÉT s¡ø±\T. n$ :
1. Direct speech (Á|ü‘·´ø£å ø£<∏äq+) 2. Indirect speech (|üs√ø£å ø£<∏äq+)
1. Direct speech :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ e´øÏÔ e÷≥*ï Á|ü‘·´ø£å+>± nq>± $qï$ $qï≥T¢>± m<äT{Ïe´øÏÔøÏ #Ó|æŒq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä yêø±´ìï dü÷∫+#˚<˚
'Direct Speech'.
The speech which shows the same words of someone is called the 'Direct speech'.
$es¡D : yêø£´+˝À ˇø£ e´øÏÔ jÓTTø£ÿ e÷≥*ï Inverted commas ˝À Ä e´øÏÔ |ü*øÏq |ü<ë\‘√H˚ Áyêdæ, Ä e÷≥*ï
mes¡T me]‘√ #ÓbÕŒs√ ‘Ó*ù| yêø±´ìï ãj·T≥ Áyêdæ ñ+∫q ìsêàD≤ìï 'Direct speech' ø£*Z ñ+≥T+~.
Examples :
1. Aruna said to him,"I played chess yesterday."

ns¡TD n‘·ì‘√ #Ó|æŒ+~, ªªH˚qT ìqï #Ódt Ä&ÜqT.μμ
2. She said, "We can sing well."
ÄyÓT #Ó|æŒ+~, ªªy˚TeTT u≤>± bÕ&É>∑\eTT.μμ

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Examples :
3. Ramesh said to you, "Where did you go ?"
s¡y˚Twt ˙‘√ nHêï&ÉT, ªª˙e⁄ mø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓfi≤fle⁄ ?μμ
4. I said, "Mind your business".
H˚qT nHêïqT, ªª˙ |üì #·÷düTø√μμ.
5. They said to me, "What a nice film it is !"
yês¡T Hê‘√ #ÓbÕŒs¡T, ªªÄ dæìe÷ m+‘· #·ø£ÿì~ !μμ
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ M{Ï˝À Äj·÷ e´≈£îÔ\T #Ó|æŒq e÷≥*ï n<˚$<Ûä+>± #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~.
n$ Inverted commas ˝À ñ+#·ã&Ü¶sTT. á e÷≥*ï mes¡T me]‘√ #ÓbÕŒs√ Inverted commas øÏ ãj·T≥ yêø±´\T
‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔHêïsTT. nq>± á yêø±´\˝À ˇø£] e÷≥*ï n<˚$<Ûä+>± #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. n+<äTe\q Bìì 'Direct
speech' nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Direct speech ˝À m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ Inverted commas ñ+{≤sTT. Á|ü‘·´ø£å+>± #Ó|üŒã&çq e÷≥\T M{Ï˝À
ñ+#·ã&É‘êsTT. eT]j·TT yÓTT<ä{Ï clause øÏ ∫es¡q comma ñ+≥T+~.
2. Indirect Speech :
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ e´øÏÔ e÷≥*ï Á|ü‘·´ø£å+>± ø±ø£ |üs√ø£å+>± nq>± n<˚ uÛ≤e+ e#˚Ã≥≥T¢ e÷]Ã #Ó|æŒq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä yêø±´ìï
Indirect speech ˝À ÁyêkÕÔs¡T.
Definition : The speech which gives the meaning of someone's words indirectly is called the 'Indirect
speech'.
$es¡D : yêø£´+˝À ˇø£ e´øÏÔ e÷≥*ï dü÷∫+#˚ clause ì Ä e÷≥*ï mes¡T me]‘√ nHêïs√ ‘Ó*ù| clause ì ˇø£
conjunction ø£\T|ü⁄‘·T+~. Bì˝À e÷≥*ï H˚s¡T>± #Ó|üŒq+<äTq Inverted commas ñ+&Ée⁄. Ç≥Te+{Ï ìsêàD≤ìï
Indirect speech ø£*– ñ+≥T+~.
Examples :
1. Aruna told him that she had played chess the previous day.
ns¡TD n‘·ì‘√ #Ó|æŒ+~ @$T≥+fÒ ÄyÓT Ä eTT+<äTs√E #Ódt Ä&ç+<äì.
2. She said that they could sing well.
ÄyÓT #Ó|æŒ+~ @+≥+fÒ yês¡T u≤>± bÕ&É>∑*– ñ+&˚yês¡ì.
3. Ramesh asked you where you had gone.
s¡y˚Twt ìqTï n&ç>±&ÉT ˙e⁄ mø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓ[¢ñHêïeì.
4. I ordered him to mind his business.
H˚qT n‘·ìï n‘·ì |üì #·÷düTø√eTì ÄC≤„|æ+#êqT.
5. They exclaimed (at me) that it was very nice film.
yês¡T (Hê e<ä›) ÄX¯Ãs¡´b˛j·÷s¡T @eTq+fÒ Ä dæìe÷ #ê˝≤ #·ø£ÿì<äì.
$es¡D : á yêø±´\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ M{Ï˝À Äj·÷e´≈£îÔ\T #Ó|æŒq e÷≥*ï Á|ü‘·´ø£å+>± ø±ø£ Ä dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À
#Óù|Œyê] <äècÕº´ #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. M{Ï˝À ¬s+&Ée clause \T Äj·÷ e´≈£îÔ\ e÷≥*ï dü÷∫+#·>± yÓTT<ä{Ï$ mes¡T
me]‘√ #ÓbÕŒs¡H˚ <ëìì dü÷∫düTÔHêïsTT. á $<Ûä+>± ˇø£] e÷≥*ï |üs√ø£å+>± ‘Ó*j·TCÒdüTÔqï+<äTq á yêø±´\qT
'Indirect speech' ˝À Áyêj·T&É+ »]–+~.
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>∑eTìø£ : Indirect Speech ˝À Inverted commas ñ+&Ée⁄. Bì˝À ¬s+&ÉT clause \T m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ @<√ ˇø£
conjunction jÓTTø£ÿ düVü‰j·T+‘√ ø£\T|üã&ç ñ+{≤sTT. Direct speech ˝Àì ¬s+&Ée clause nq>± inverted commas
˝Àì sentence @ s¡øy£ TÓ qÆ <Óq’ |üŒ{Ïø° n~ Indirect speech ˝ÀìøÏ e÷s¡Ãã&çq|ü⁄&ÉT Assertive sentence >± e÷]b˛‘·T+~.
DIRECT SPEECH qT –INDIRECT SPEECH ˝ÀìøÏ e÷πsÃ≥|ü⁄&ÉT >∑Ts¡TÔ+#·Tø√<ä–q n+XÊ\T
F Direct speech ˝Àì inverted commas ˝À >∑\ yêø±´ìï 'inner sentence' nì, ãj·T≥qTqï yêø±´ìï 'outer
sentence' nì n+{≤s¡T.
F Outer sentence ˝À ñ+&˚ verb ì 'Reporting verb' nì n+{≤s¡T.
F Inner sentence ˝À ñ+&˚ verb ì 'Reported Verb' n+{≤s¡T.
F Speech qT e÷s¡TŒ #Ó+~+#˚≥|ü⁄&ÉT yÓTT≥ºyÓTT<ä{Ï>± Reporting verb qT e÷sêÃ*.
F ‘·s¡Tyê‘· Inverted commas ì, outer sentence ∫es¡q >∑\ comma ì ‘=\–+∫ yê{Ï kÕúH˚ ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´\q÷
ø£\T|ü&ÜìøÏ dü]nsTTq conjunction ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#ê*.
F Outer sentence ˝Àì subject, object \ Ä<Ûës¡+>± inner sentence ˝Àì pronoun \qT e÷s¡TŒ#Ój·÷´*.
F Outer sentence ˝Àì tense Ä<Ûës¡+>± innersentence ˝Àì tense qT ˝Ò<ë helping verb \qT e÷s¡TŒ#Ój÷
· ´*.
F Inner sentence ˝Àì Adverb \qT e÷s¡TŒ#Ój·÷´*.
F Direct speech ˝Àì inner sentence ˝Àì Interrogative sentence qT indirect speech ˝ÀìøÏ e÷]Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT
n~ Assertive sentence >± e÷s¡T‘·T+~.
F Direct speech ˝Àì inner sentence ˝Àì Exclamatory sentence qT indirect speech ˝ÀìøÏ e÷]Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT
≈£L&Ü n~ Assertive sentence >± e÷s¡T‘·T+~.
F Inner sentence ˝Àì $X¯«dü‘ê´\T, kÕyÓT‘·\T e+{Ï$ speech e÷]Hê düπs e÷s¡e⁄.
F Direct speech ˝À >∑\ yêø±´ìï Indirect speech ˝ÀìøÏ e÷]Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT Reporting verbs ˝Àq÷, Helping
verbs ˝Àq÷, tenses ˝Àq÷, Adverbs ˝Àq÷ eT]j·TT Pronouns ˝Àq÷ e÷s¡TŒ\T ø£\T>∑T‘êsTT. eT]j·TT
Conjunctions ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&É‘êsTT. á e÷s¡TŒ\T ÁøÏ+~ $<Ûä+>± ñ+{≤sTT.
1. Changes in Reporting verbs
i) Inner sentence 'Assertive sentence' nsTTq|ü&ÉT ...
Direct speech Indirect speech
1. said to – told
2. said – said
3. say to – tell
4. say – say
5. says to – tells
6. says – says
ii) Inner sentence 'Interrogative sentence' nsTTq|ü&ÉT ...

1. said to – asked / enquired / inquired
2. said – asked / enquired / inquired
3. say to – ask / enquire / inquire
4. say – ask / enquire / inquire
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5. says to – asks / enquires / inquires
6. says – asks / enquires / inquires
iii) Inner sentence 'Imperative sentence' nsTTq|ü&ÉT ...
For order For request
1. said to – ordered requested
2. said – ordered requested
3. say to – order request
4. say – order request
5. says to – orders requests
6. says – orders requests
iv) Inner sentence 'Exclamatory sentence' nsTTq|ü&ÉT ...

1. said to – exclaimed at
2. said – exclaimed
3. say to – exclaim at
4. say – exclaim
5. says to – exclaims at
6. says – exclaims
2. Conjunctions added
1. Assertive sentences – that
2. Yes / No Questions – if / whether
3. 'Wh' Questions – 'Wh' word (In the question)
4. Imperative sentences – to
5. Exclamatory sentences – that
3. Changes in Helping verbs

F Outer sentence Past tense nsTT´, inner sentence q+<äT Present tense qT dü÷∫+#˚ helping verbs
ñqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ....
1. is – was
2. am – was
3. are – were
4. has – had
5. have – had
6. will – would
7. shall – should
8. will be – would be

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9. shall be – should be
10. has been – had been
11. have been – had been
12. can – could
13. may – might
14. has to – had to
15. have to – had to
16. must – had to
M{Ï˝Àì is, am, are, has, have e+{Ï$ H˚s¡T>± past tense >± e÷s¡≈£î+&Ü, Ä verb \ eTT+<äT >∑\ subject øÏ
nqT>∑TDyÓTÆq past tense verb >± e÷s¡‘êsTT.
F Outer sentence eT]j·TT inner sentence \T s ¬ +&É÷ Present tense ˝Ò<ë Past tense ˝À ñ+fÒ @ $<ÛäyÓTÆq
e÷s¡÷Œ ñ+&É<äT.
F Outer sentence present tense ˝À ñ+&ç inner sentence Past tense ˝À ñHêï @ $<ÛäyÓTÆq e÷s¡TŒ ø£ìŒ+#·<äT.
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F 4. Changes in tenses
F Outer sentence 'Simple past tense' nsTT´, inner sentence 'past continuous tense' nsTT‘˚ n~ 'past
perfect continuous tense' >± e÷s¡T‘·T+~.
F Outer sentence eT]j·TT inner sentence \T ¬s+&É÷ 'simple past tense' ˝Ò nsTT‘˚ inner sentence ˝Àì
simple past tense 'past perfect tense' >± e÷s¡T‘·T+~.
F Inner sentence present tense nsTT´, outer sentence past tense nsTT‘˚ Ä present tense <ëì dü+ã+~Û‘·
past tense >± e÷s¡TŒ #Ó+<äT‘·T+~.
F Inner sentence eT]j·TT outer sentence \T ¬s+&É÷ present tense ˝Ò nsTT‘˚ e÷s¡TŒ ñ+&É<äT.
F Inner sentence ˝À simple past, past continuous tense \T ø±≈£î+&Ü $T–*q past tense \T ñ+&ç outer
sentence ≈£L&Ü past tense ˝ÀH˚ ñ+fÒ e÷s¡TŒ ñ+&É<äT.
5. Changes in Adverbs, Pronouns & Adjectives
1. now (Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT) – then (n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT)

2. here (Çø£ÿ&É) – there (nø£ÿ&É)
3. ago (>∑‘·+˝À) – before (eTT+<äT)
4. just now (Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚) – just then (n|ü⁄Œ&˚)
5. just (Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚) – then (n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT)
6. thus (á $<Ûä+>±) – so (ø±ã{Ïº)
7. this (Ç~) – that (n~)

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8. these (Ç$) – those (n$)
9. today (á s√E) – that day (Ä s√E)

10. tomorrow (πs|ü⁄) – the next day / The following day (Ä eTs¡Tdü{Ï s√E)
11. yesterday (ìqï) – the previous day / The day before (Ä eTT+<äTs√E)
12. last night (>∑‘·sêÁ‹) – the previous night / The night before (ÁøÏ‘·+ sêÁ‹)
13. tonight (á sêÁ‹) – that night (Ä sêÁ‹)
6. Changes in pronouns
F Indirect speech ˝ÀìøÏ e÷]Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT inner sentence ˝Àì 'I person' ≈£î #Ó+~q pronouns outer sentence
˝Àì 'subject' jÓTTø£ÿ person ì bı+<äT‘êsTT.
F Indirect speech ˝ÀìøÏ e÷]Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT inner sentence ˝Àì 'II person' ≈£î #Ó+~q pronouns outer sentence
˝Àì 'object' jÓTTø£ÿ person ì bı+<äT‘êsTT.
F Indirect speech ˝ÀìøÏ e÷]Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT inner sentence ˝Àì 'III person' ≈£î #Ó+~q pronouns ˝À @ $<ÛäyÓTÆq
e÷s¡÷Œ »s¡>∑<äT.
á $<ÛäyÓTÆq e÷s¡TŒ\T πøe\+ pronouns ˝ÀH˚ ø±≈£î+&Ü yê{Ï jÓTTø£ÿ possessive forms ˝À ≈£L&Ü ø£ìŒkÕÔsTT.
I. Assertive Sentences :
Examples :
1. Usha said to me, "I can do this work now." (D.S)
ñwü Hê≈£î #Ó|æŒ+~ ªªH˚qT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT á |üì #Ój·T´>∑\qT.μμ
Usha told me that she could do the work then. (I.S)
ñwü n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä |üìì #Ój·T´>∑\<äì Hê≈£î #Ó|æŒ+~.
2. I said, "He won't scold me." (D.S)

H˚qT #ÓbÕŒqT ªªn‘·&ÉT qqTï ‹≥º&ÉT.μμ
I said that he would not scold me. (I.S)

H˚qT n‘·&ÉT qqTï ‹≥º&Éì #ÓbÕŒqT.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À 'said to' nH˚ reporting verb ì inner sentence Assertive ø±e⁄q told nì
e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. 'Can' nH˚ helping verb ì outer sentence past tense ø±e⁄q 'Could' >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~.
'I' nH˚ pronoun ì subject feminine gender ø±e⁄q 'she' nì, this qT that nì eT]j·TT now qT then nì
e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. yêø£´+ Assertive ø±e⁄q 'that' nH˚ conjunction ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT.
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¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À 'will' nH˚ helping verb qT outer sentence past tense ø±e⁄q would nì e÷]Ã n't
ñqï+<äTq 'not' ì #˚sêÃeTT. yêø£´+ Assertive ø±e⁄q 'that' nH˚ conjunction ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT. 'me' nH˚
pronoun ì subject first person ø±e⁄q e÷s¡Ã˝Ò<äT. 'He' nH˚ pronoun third person ø±e⁄q, reporting verb
'said' ø±e⁄q Ç$ e÷s¡˝Ò<äT.
3. They said to you, "We went there yesterday." (D.S)

yês¡T ˙‘√ nHêïs¡T, ªªy˚TeTT nø£ÿ&çøÏ ìqï yÓfi≤¢eTT.
They told you that they had gone there the previous day. (I.S)
yês¡T ˙‘√ yês¡T Ä eTT+<äTs√E nø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓ[¢ ñHêïs¡ì #ÓbÕŒs¡T.
4. She said to me, "You were not writing then." (D.S)
ÄyÓT Hê‘√ n+~, ªª˙e⁄ n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Áyêdü÷Ô+&˚yê&ç$ ø±<äT.μμ
She told me that I had not been writing then. (I.S)
ÄyÓT Hê‘√ H˚qT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Áyêdü÷Ô ñ+&Ó&çyê&çì ø±<äì #Ó|æŒ+~.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À reporting verb qT 'told' >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. 'we' nH˚ pronoun qT
subject øÏ nqT>∑TD+>± 'they' nì e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. Outer sentence simple past nsTTq+<äTq inner sentence
˝Àì simple past tense qT past perfect tense >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. eT]j·TT yesterday nH˚ adverb qT the
previous day nì e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. Conjunction >± 'that' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&ÉyÓTÆq~.
¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À reporting verb qT told >±, 'you' nH˚ pronoun ì object øÏ nqT>∑TD+>± 'I' nì e÷s¡Ã&É+
»]–+~. Outer sentence simple past nsTTq+<äTq inner sentence ˝Àì Past continuous tense qT past
perfect continuous tense >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. Inner sentence negative sentence ø±e⁄q past perfect
continuous tense ì ≈£L&Ü negative sentence >±H˚ Áyêj·T&É+ »]–+~.
5. Arun said, "She has completed my work." (D.S)

ns¡TDY #Óô|ŒqT, ªªÄyÓT Hê |üì |üP]Ô#˚dæ ñ+~.μμ
Arun said that she had completed his work. (I.S)
ns¡TDY n‘·ì |üìì ÄyÓT |üP]Ô#˚dæ ñqï<äì #ÓbÕŒ&ÉT.
6. Swathi said to me, "I don't play games." (D.S)
kÕ«‹ Hê≈£î #Óô|ŒqT, ªªH˚qT Ä≥\T Ä&ÉqT.μμ
Swathi told me that she didn't play games. (I.S)
kÕ«‹ ÄyÓT Ä≥\T Ä&˚~ø±<äì Hê≈£î #Ó|æŒ+~.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À inner sentence ˝À present perfect tense ñqï+<äTq, outer sentence
past tense nsTTq+<äTq inner sentence ˝Àì tense <ëì dü+ã+~Û‘· past tense nsTTq past perfect tense >±
e÷s¡Ãã&ç+~. n<˚$<Ûä+>± 'my' nH˚ I (pronoun) jÓTTø£ÿ possessive form qT subject øÏ nqT>∑TD+>± 'his' nì
e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. Sentence Assertive ø±e⁄q 'said' qT e÷s¡Ã˝Ò<äT, 'that' ì #˚sêÃeTT.
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¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À 'said to' nH˚ reporting verb qT 'told' >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. Outer sentence past tense
ø±e⁄q inner sentence ˝Àì simple present tense jÓTTø£ÿ negative sentence ì simple past tense jÓTTø£ÿ
negative sentence >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. 'I' nH˚ pronoun ì outer sentence ˝Àì subject feminine gender
ø±e⁄q 'she' nì e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. yêø£´+ Assertive sentence nsTTq+<äTq 'that' nH˚ conjunction ì
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~.
7. He says to me, "I love music." (D.S)
n‘·&ÉT Hê≈£î #Ó|ü⁄Ô+{≤&ÉT, ªªH˚qT dü+^‘êìï Áù|$TkÕÔqT.μμ
He tells me that he loves music. (I.S)
n‘·&ÉT ‘êqT dü+^‘êìï Áù|$TkÕÔ&Éì Hê≈£î #Ó|ü⁄Ô+{≤&ÉT.
8. You say to him, "You don't speak fluently." (D.S)
˙e⁄ n‘·ì‘√ #Ó|ü⁄Ô+{≤e⁄,μμ ˙e⁄ düŒwüº+>± e÷{≤¢&Ée⁄.μμ
You tell him that he doesn't speak fluently. (I.S)
˙e⁄ n‘·ì‘√ n‘·&ÉT düŒwüº+>± e÷{≤¢&É&Éì #Ó|ü⁄Ô+{≤e⁄.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À yêø£´+ Assertive sentence nsTTq+<äTq 'says to' nH˚ reporting verb qT
'tells' nì e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. Inner sentence ˝Àì 'I' nH˚ pronoun ì 'he' nì e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. Inner
sentence eT]j·TT Outer sentence \T ¬s+&É÷ present tense ˝Ò nsTTq+<äTq tense ˝À e÷s¡TŒ˝Ò<äT. Inner
sentence ˝Àì 'I' nH˚ pronoun ì 'he' >± e÷]Ãq+<äTq verb øÏ 's' #˚s¡Ãã&ç+~. yêø£´+ Assertive ø±e⁄q 'that'
nH˚ conjunction ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+~.
¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À yêø£´+ Assertive sentence nsTTq+<äTq 'say to' nH˚ reporting verb qT 'tell' nì e÷s¡Ã&É+
»]–+~ eT]j·TT 'that' nH˚ conjunction ì s¬ +&ÉT yêø±´\qT ø£\T|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·&+É »]–+~. Inner sentence
˝Àì 'you' nH˚ pronoun ì object øÏ nqT>∑TD+>± 'he' nì e÷s¡Ã&ÉyÓTÆq~. Inner sentence eT]j·TT outer
sentence \T ¬s+&É÷ Present tense ˝Ò nsTTq+<äTq tense ˝À e÷s¡TŒ »s¡>∑˝Ò<äT. yêø£´+ negative nsTTq+<äTe\q
Is ˝Àq÷ negative >±q÷, Inner sentence ˝Àì subject 'he' >± @s¡Œ&çq+<äTq 'does' qT helping verb >±q÷
Áyêj·T&É+ »]–+~.
9. The teacher said, "The sun rises in the east." (D.S)
Ä ñbÕ<Ûë´j·TT&ÉT #Óô|ŒqT, ªªdü÷s¡T´&ÉT ‘·÷s¡TŒq ñ<äsTT+#·TqT.μμ
The teacher said that the sun rises in the east. (I.S)
Ä ñbÕ<Ûë´j·TT&ÉT dü÷s¡T´&ÉT ‘·÷s¡TŒq ñ<äsTT+#·Tqì #Óô|ŒqT.
10. Suma said to me, "Man is not immortal." (D.S)
düTeT Hê≈£î #Ó|æŒ+~, ªªeTìwæ XÊX¯«‘·yÓTÆqyê&ÉT ø±<äT.μμ
Suma told me that man is not immortal. (I.S)
düTeT Hê≈£î eTìwæ XÊX¯«‘·yÓTÆqyê&ÉT ø±<äì #Ó|æŒ+~.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À inner sentence ˝À ˇø£ $X¯«dü‘·´+ #Ó|üŒã&ç+~. n+<äTe\q
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<ëìjÓTTø£ÿ tense indirect speech˝ÀìøÏ e÷]ÃHêdüπs e÷s¡˝Ò<äT. eT]j·TT yêø£´+ Assertive ø±e⁄q 'said' nH˚
reporting verb ˝À e÷s¡TŒ sê˝Ò<äT. eT]j·TT Assertive sentence nsTTq+<äTe\qH˚ 'that' nH˚ conjunction
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+~.
¬s+&Ée ñ<ëVü≤s¡D˝Àì inner sentence ˝À ≈£L&Ü ˇø£ ñ<ës¡ $wüj·÷ìï >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\|ü&É+ »]–+~. n+<äTe\q
indirect speech ˝À e÷]Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT á yêø£´+˝À e÷s¡TŒsê˝Ò<äT eT]j·TT inner sentence Assertive nsTTq+<äTq
Reporting verb nsTTq 'said to' qT told >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~ eT]j·TT 'that' nH˚ conjunction ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´\q÷
ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+~. Direct speech ˝Àì inner sentence negative sentence ø±e⁄q n~ indirect
speech ˝Àq÷ negative >±H˚ e÷s¡Ãã&ç+~.
II. Interrogative sentences ('Wh' Questions & Yes / No Questions) :

Examples :
1. She said to him, "Where are you ?" (D.S)
ÄyÓT n‘·ì‘√ n+~ ªª˙e⁄ mø£ÿ&É ñHêïe⁄ ?μμ
She asked him where he was. (I.S)
ÄyÓT n‘·ìï ‘êqT mø£ÿ&ÉTHêï&Éì n&ç–+~.
2. Madan said to me, "Why weren't you here yesterday ?" (D.S)
eT<äHé Hê‘√ nHêï&ÉT, ªª˙e⁄ ìqï Çø£ÿ&É m+<äT≈£î ˝Òe⁄?
Madan asked me why I wasn't there the previous day. (or)
Madan asked me why I hadn't been there the previous day. (I.S)
eT<äHé qqTï H˚qT Ä eTT+<äTs√E nø£ÿ&É m+<äT≈£î ˝Òqì n&ç>±&ÉT.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{<Ï ëì˝À inner sentence ˝À ˇø£ 'wh' Question ñ|üj÷Ó –+#·ã&ç+~.
n+<äTe\q reporting verb qT 'asked' nì e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. eT]j·TT Ç~ 'wh' Question ø±e⁄q conjunction >±
á Question ˝Àì 'wh' word j˚T ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+~. Outer sentence ˝À simple past tense ñqï+<äTq inner
sentence ˝Àì auxiliary verb nsTTq 'are' qT past tense >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. ø±˙ 'you' nH˚ pronoun outer
sentence ˝Àì object øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q~ ø±e⁄q 'he' >± e÷s¡&É+ e\q 'are' ì 'were' >± ø±≈£î+&Ü 'he' øÏ
dü+ã+~Û+∫q past tense ì dü÷∫+#˚ 'was' nH˚ auxiliary verb >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. eT]j·TT inner sentence
qT interrogative s¡÷|ü+ qT+∫ assertive s¡÷|ü+˝ÀìøÏ e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~.
¬s+&Ée ñ<ëVü≤s¡D˝À inner sentence ≈£L&Ü interrogative ˝Àì 'wh' Question j˚T nsTTq+<äTq reporting
verb ì 'asked' nì e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. 'Wh' word H˚ conjunction >± yê&É&É+ »]–+~. 'You' nH˚ pronoun ì
Object øÏ nqT>∑TD+>± 'I" n˙ eT]j·TT adverb \q÷ e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. Inner sentence ˝Àì negative 'wh'
Question ì negative assertive sentence >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. Reporting sentence ˝À verb past tense ˝À
ñ+fÒ, Reported sentence ˝À verb past tense ˝Àì ˝Ò<ë past perfect tense ˝ÀøÏ e÷s¡T‘·T+~. Pronoun 'I' >±
e÷]q+<äTq weren't ø±kÕÔ wasn't >± ˝Ò<ë hadn't been >± e÷]+~.
3. We said to you, "Did you take this ?" (D.S)
y˚TeTT ˙‘√ nHêïeTT, ªª˙e⁄ Ç~ rdüT≈£îHêïyê ?μμ
We asked you if you had taken that. (I.S)
y˚TeTT ìqTï ˙e⁄ n~ rdüTø=Hêïy˚yÓ÷qì n&ç>±eTT.
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4. Raja said, "Weren't you watching TV then ?" (D.S)
sêC≤ nHêï&ÉT, ªª˙e⁄ n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT TV #·÷dü÷Ô˝Òyê ?μμ
Raja asked me if I had not been watching TV then. (I.S)
sêC≤ H˚qT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT TV #·÷düTÔ+&˚yêìï ø±<˚yÓ÷qì qqTï n&ç>±&ÉT.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D*ï >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{<Ï ëì˝Àì inner sentence ˝À 'Yes / No' Question ñ+~. n+<äTe\q
'said to' qT asked >± e÷s¡Ã&ÉyÓTÆq~ eT]j·TT 'if' nH˚ conjunction ì ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´*ï ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+
»]–+~. Inner sentence ˝Àì simple past tense øÏ #Ó+~q Yes / No Question ì past perfect øÏ #Ó+~q
Assertive sentence >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. eT]j·TT 'you' nH˚ pronoun object øÏ #Ó+~q~ ø±e⁄q eT]j·TT object
≈£L&Ü 'you' j˚T ø±e&É+ #˚‘· pronoun e÷s¡˝Ò<äT. Pronoun nsTTq this qT that >± e÷s¡Ã&ÉyÓTÆq~.
s¬ +&Ée ñ<ëVü≤s¡D˝À inner sentence >± negative Yes / No Question ñ+~. n+<äTe\q 'said' qT 'asked' >±
e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. eT]j·TT 'if' nH˚ conjunction ì yê&É&É+ »]–+~. Inner sentence ˝Àì negative Yes / No
Question ì Past continuous qT+∫ Past perfect continuous tense ˝Àì negative Assertive sentence >±
e÷s¡Ã&ÉyÓTÆq~. á yêø£´+˝À outer sentence ˝À object ˝Òq+<äTq, inner sentence ˝À object øÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q<Ó’q
'you' nH˚ second person ñqï+<äTq object >± I person H˚ rdüTø√e&É+ »]–+~.
5. Kamal said, "Has she gone just now ?" (D.S)

ø£eT˝Ÿ nHêï&ÉT, ªªÄyÓT Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ yÓ[¢b˛sTT+<ë ?μμ
Kamal asked if she had gone just then. (I.S)
ÄyÓT n|ü⁄Œ&˚ yÓ[¢b˛sTT+<˚yÓ÷qì ø£eT˝Ÿ n&ç>±&ÉT.
6. I said to you, "Why aren't they reading ?" (D.S)
H˚qT ˙‘√ nHêïqT, ªªyês¡T m+<äT≈£î #·<äe&É+ ˝Ò<äT ?μμ
I asked you why they were not reading. (I.S)
yês¡T m+<äT≈£î #·<äe&É+˝Ò<äì H˚qT ìqTï n&ç>±qT.
á ¬s+&ÉT ñ<ëVü≤s¡D*ï |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À present perfect tense ˝Àì Yes / No Question
inner sentence >± ñ+~. n+<äTe\q reporting verb qT asked >± e÷s¡Ã&ÉyÓTÆq~. Outer sentence past tense
nsTTq+<äTq inner sentence qT past perfect tense ˝Àì Assertive sentence >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. ¬s+&ÉT
yêø±´*ï ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ 'if' qT conjunction >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&ÉyÓTÆq~. Adverb ì e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~.
¬s+&Ée ñ<ëVü≤s¡D˝À inner sentence >± negative 'wh' Question ñ+~. n+<äTe\q 'asked' >± reporting
verb ì e÷s¡Ã&É+, 'wh' word H˚ conjunction >± yê&É&É+ »]–+~. Outersentence past tense ø±e⁄q inner
sentence nsTTq present continuous tense jÓTTø£ÿ negative 'wh' Question ì past continuous jÓTTø£ÿ
negative assertive sentence >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~.

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III. Imperative sentences : (Orders & Requests)
Examples :
1. Ravi said to you, "Shut up your mouth." (D.S)
s¡$ ˙‘√ nHêï&ÉT, ªª˙ H√s¡T eT÷düTø√.μμ
Ravi ordered you to shut up your mouth. (I.S)
s¡$ ìqTï ˙ H√s¡T eT÷düTø√eTì ÄC≤„|æ+#ê&ÉT.
2. Sita said, "Don't waste my time." (D.S)
d”‘· #Óô|ŒqT, ªªHê düeTj·÷ìï eè<Ûë #Ój·Té<äT›.μμ
Sita ordered not to waste her time. (I.S)
d”‘· ‘·q düeTj·÷ìï eè<Ûë #Ój·Té<ä›ì ÄC≤„|æ+∫+~.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À inner sentence >± 'order' ñ+~. n+<äTe\q reporting verb ì 'ordered'
nì e÷]Ã conjunction >± 'to' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~.
s¬ +&Ée<ëì˝À innersentence >± negative order ñ+~. n+<äTe\q reporting verb ì ordered nì e÷s¡Ã&É+
»]–+~. á order negative sentence ø±e⁄q 'to' øÏ eTT+<äT not ì #˚]Ã 'not to' qT conjunction >±
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~. á sentence ˝Àì 'my' nH˚ possessive form ì subject nsTTq 'sita' ≈£î nqT>∑TD+>±
'her' nH˚ possesive form >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~.
3. Kalyani said, "Please help me." (D.S)

ø£fi≤´DÏ #Ó|æŒ+~, ªª<äj·T#˚dæ Hê≈£î düVü‰j·T+#ÓsTT´.μμ
Kalyani requested to help her. (I.S)
ø£fi≤´DÏ ÄyÓT≈£î düVü‰j·T+ #Ój·TéTì nuÛÑ´]ú+∫+~.
4. Shankar said to us, "Please don't write now." (D.S)
X¯+ø£sY e÷‘√ #Óô|ŒqT, ªª<äj·T#˚dæ Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Áyêj·Te<äT›.μμ
Shankar requested us not to write then. (I.S)
X¯+ø£sY eTeTà*ï n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Áyêj·Te<ä›ì nuÛÑ´]ú+#ê&ÉT.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À inner sentence >± request ñ+~. n+<äTe\q reporting verb ì
'requested' >± e÷sêÃeTT. eT]j·TT 'to' nH˚ conjunction ì ¬s+&ÉT yêø±´*ï ø£\|ü&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT. Inner
sentence ˝Àì 'me' nH˚ pronoun ì subject øÏ nqT>∑TD+>± 'her' nì e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~.
¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À inner sentence >± negative request ñ+~. n+<äTe\q reporting verb ì 'requested' nì
e÷sêÃeTT. eT]j·TT 'not to' qT conjunction >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT. Adverb qT e÷sêÃeTT.
5. He said to me, "Let me sing now." (D.S)
n‘·&ÉT Hê≈£î #Óô|ŒqT ªªqqTï Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT bÕ&Éìe⁄«.μμ
He ordered me to let him sing then. (I.S)
‘·qqT n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT bÕ&Éìe«eTì n‘·&ÉT qqTï ÄC≤„|æ+#ê&ÉT.
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6. Shalini said, "Let him not watch this movie." (D.S)
cÕ*ì #Óô|ŒqT ªªn‘·ìï á dæìe÷ì #·÷&Éìe«<äT›.μμ
Shalini ordered not to let him watch that movie. (I.S)
cÕ*ì n‘·ìï Ä dæìe÷ì #·÷&Éìe«<ä›ì ÄC≤„|æ+∫+~.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À inner sentence >± 'order' ñ+~. n+<äTe\q reporting
verb ì ordered nì e÷]Ã 'to' nH˚ conjunction ì yê&É&É+ »]–+~. 'me' nH˚ pronoun ì 'him' nì subject øÏ
nqT>∑TD+>± e÷s¡Ã&ÉyÓTÆq~. Adverb qT 'then' nì e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~.
¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À inner sentence >± negative order ñ+~. n+<äTe\q 'not to' ì conjunction >± yê&ç
'ordered' ì reporting verb >± Áyêj·T&ÉyÓTÆq~. 'This' qT 'that' >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. 'not' ì conjunction ‘√
ø£*|æq+<äTq sentence ˝À ‘=\–+#êeTT.
7. You said to her, "Please let me go straight". (D.S)
˙e⁄ ÄyÓT‘√ #ÓbÕŒe⁄, ªª<äj·T#˚dæ qqTï ‹qï>± yÓfi¯¢ìe⁄«.μμ
You requested her to let you go straight. (I.S)
˙e⁄ ìqTï ‹qï>± yÓfi¯¢ìe«eTì ÄyÓTì ÁbÕ]ú+#êe⁄.
8. Urvasi said, "Please let me not wait." (D.S)
}s¡«• #Ó|æŒ+~, ªª<äj·T#˚dæ qqTï y˚∫ñ+&Éìe«<äT›μμ.
Urvasi requested not to let her wait. (I.S)
}s¡«• ‘·qqT y˚∫ ñ+&Éìe«<ä›ì ÁbÕ]ú+∫+~.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À inner sentence >± Request ñ+~. n+<äTe\q reporting verb >±
'requested' qT Áyêdæ 'to' qT conjunction >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~. Request jÓTTø£ÿ ns¡ú+ requested nH˚
verb ˝ÀH˚ ñqï+<äTq á yêø£´+˝Àì 'please' nH˚ word ì eTs¡\ Áyêj·Tqedüs¡+ ˝Ò<äT. 'me' nH˚ pronoun ì
subject øÏ nqT>∑TD+>± 'you' nì e÷s¡Ã&ÉyÓTÆq~.
¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À inner sentence >± negative request ñ+~. n+<äTe\q 'not to' qT conjunction >± yê&ç
reporting verb qT requested nì e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. 'me' nH˚ pronoun ì outer sentence ˝Àì subject øÏ
nqT>∑TD+>± 'her' nì e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. 'Not' dü÷∫+#˚ negative ns¡ú+ 'not to' ˝Àq÷, please dü÷∫+#˚
request ns¡+
ú 'requested' ˝Àq÷ ñqï+<äTq á not, please \qT eTs¡\ Áyêj·Tqedüs¡+ ˝Ò<äT.
IV. Exclamatory Sentences :
Examples :
1. Suhasini said to me, "What brilliant you are !" (D.S)
düTVü‰dæì Hê‘√ n+~ ªª˙e⁄ m+‘·{Ï y˚T<Ûë$$ !μμ
Suhasini exclaimed (at me) that I was very brilliant. (I.S)
H˚qT m+‘√ y˚T<Ûë$qì düTVü‰dæì (Hê e<ä›) ÄX¯Ãs¡´+ e´ø£Ô|üs¡∫+~.
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2. Raghu said, "What a pity it is !" (D.S)
s¡|òüTT #Óô|ŒqT, ªªÇ~ m+‘·{Ï <äj·T˙j·T+ !μμ
Raghu exclaimed that it was very pity. (I.S)
s¡|òüTT n~ #ê˝≤ <äj·T˙j·TyÓTÆq<äì u≤<Ûä e´ø£Ô|ü]#ê&ÉT.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À inner sentence >± exclamatory sentence ñ+~. n+<äTe\q reporting
verb qT 'exclaimed at' nì e÷s¡Ã&ÉyÓTÆq~ eT]j·TT 'that' nH˚ conjunction ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~. Outer
sentence past tense ø±e⁄q inner sentence ˝Àì present tense qT dü÷∫+#˚ exclamatory sentence ì past
tense qT dü÷∫+#˚ Assertive sentence >± e÷s¡Ã&ÉyÓTÆq~. 'You' nH˚ pronoun ì object øÏ nqT>∑TD+>± 'I' nì
e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~.
¬s+&Ée<ëì˝Àq÷ inner sentence >± exclamatory sentence j˚T ñ+~. n+<äTe\q reporting verb qT
exclaimed nì e÷]Ã, 'that' nH˚ conjunction yê&É&É+ »]–+~. Outer sentence past tense ø±e⁄q inner
sentence ˝Àì exclamatory sentence ì indirect speech ˝ÀìøÏ past tense ≈£î #Ó+~q Assertive >± e÷s¡Ã&ÉyTÓ q
Æ ~.
V. Passive Voice sentences :
Examples :
1. Swathi said to me, "I was scolded by you." (D.S)
kÕ«‹ Hê‘√ #Ó|æŒ+~, ªªH˚qT ˙ #˚‘· ‹≥ºã&Ü¶qT.μμ
Swathi told me that she had been scolded by me. (I.S)
kÕ«‹ ÄyÓT Hê#˚‘· ‹≥ºã&ç+<äì Hê≈£î #Ó|æŒ+~.
2. He said to you, "The dog has been beaten." (D.S)
n‘·&ÉT ˙≈£î #ÓbÕŒ&ÉT, ªªÄ ≈£îø£ÿ ø=≥ºã&ç+~μμ.
He told you that the dog had been beaten. (I.S)
Ä ≈£îø£ÿ ø=≥ºã&ç+<äì n‘·&ÉT ˙≈£î #ÓbÕŒ&ÉT.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À inner sentence simple past tense jÓTTø£ÿ Passive voice s¡÷|ü+˝À
ñ+~. Ç~ ˇø£ Assertive sentence ø±e⁄q reporting verb qT told >± e÷s¡Ã&ÉyÓTÆq~. Outer sentence past
tense ø±e⁄q inner sentence qT past perfect tense jÓTTø£ÿ passive voice >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. 'I' qT subject øÏ
nqT>∑TD+>± 'she' n˙, 'you' qT object øÏ nqT>∑TD+>± 'me' n˙ e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. Conjunction >± 'that' qT
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~.
s¬ +&Ée<ëì˝À inner sentence >± Present perfect tense jÓTTø£ÿ passive voice ñ+~. Ç~ Assertive sentence
ø±e⁄q reporting verb ì told nì e÷]Ã 'that' qT conjunction >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~. Outer sentence
past tense ø±e⁄q inner sentence ˝Àì present perfect tense ì past perfect tense >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~.
3. Swapna said, "The work could be completed." (D.S)
dü«|üï n+~, ªªÄ |üì |üP]Ô#˚j·Tã&É>∑*–+~μμ.
Swapna said that the work could be completed. (I.S)
dü«|üï Ä |üì |üP]Ô#˚j·Tã&É>∑*–+<äì #Ó|æŒ+~.
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4. Padmini said to me, "You may be praised today." (D.S)
|ü~àì Hê‘√ n+~, ªª˙e⁄ á s√E bı>∑&Éã&Ée#·TÃ.μμ
Padmini told me that I might be praised that day. (I.S)
|ü~àì H˚qT Ä s√E bı>∑&Éã&Ée#·Ãì Hê‘√ n+~.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À inner sentence >± passive voice ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+~. Ç~ Assertive
sentence ø±e⁄q reporting verb ì e÷s¡Ã˝Ò<äT eT]j·TT 'that' qT conjunction >± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT. Inner
sentence past tense ì dü÷∫düTÔqï+<äTq outer sentence past tense nsTTHê <ëì˝Àì helping verb nsTTq
could e÷s¡˝Ò<äT.
¬s+&Ée<ëì˝Àq÷ inner sentence >± passive voice j˚T ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&ç+~. Ç~ ≈£L&Ü Assertive sentence
nsTTq+<äTq reporting verb qT 'told' nì e÷s¡Ã&ÉyÓTÆq~. eT]j·TT 'that' nH˚ conjunction ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+
»]–+~. Inner sentence ˝Àì 'may' ì outer sentence past tense ø±e⁄q might nì e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~.
Adverb qT 'that day' >± e÷sêÃeTT. 'You' nH˚ pronoun ì object øÏ nqT>∑TD+>± 'I' nì e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~.
5. Rahul said to me, "Was your book completed?" (D.S)

sêVüQ˝Ÿ Hê≈£î #Óô|ŒqT, ªª˙ |ü⁄düÔø£+ |üP]Ô#Ój·T´ã&ç+<ë ?μμ
Rahul asked me if my book had been completed. (I.S)
sêVüQ˝Ÿ qqTï Hê |ü⁄düÔø£+ |üP]Ô#˚j·Tã&ç+<˚yÓ÷qì n&ç>±&ÉT.
6. I said to you, "Won't she be allowed here ?" (D.S)
H˚qT ˙‘√ nHêïqT, ªªÄyÓT Çø£ÿ&çøÏ nqTeT‹+#·ã&É<ë ?μμ
I asked you if she would not be allowed there. (I.S)
H˚qT ìqTï ÄyÓT nø£ÿ&çøÏ nqTeT‹+#·ã&É<˚yÓ÷qì n&ç>±qT.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À inner sentence >± passive voice øÏ #Ó+~q interrogative sentence ˝Àì
'Yes / No' question ñ+~. n+<äTe\q reporting verb ì 'asked' nì e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. Ç~ 'Yes / No'
question ø±e⁄q conjunction >± 'if' qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#êeTT. Inner sentence simple past, outer sentence
simple past ø±e⁄q inner sentence qT past perfect tense jÓTTø£ÿ Assertive sentence >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~.
'Your' nH˚ possessive form ì 'my' nì e÷sêÃeTT. á e÷s¡TŒ object qT ã{Ïº »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~.
¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À innersentence >± negative interrogative passive voice sentence ñ+~. Ç~ Yes / No
Question ø±e⁄q reporting verb ì 'asked' >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~ eT]j·TT 'if' qT conjunction >± ñ|üj÷
Ó –+#êeTT.
Inner sentence qT negative Assertive sentence >± e÷sêÃeTT. Outer sentence past tense nsTTq+<äTq
inner sentence ˝Àì 'will' qT would >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. Adverb qT 'there' nì e÷sêÃeTT.
7. Preethi said, "Why is Ranga being punished by his father ?" (D.S)
Á|”‹ n+~, ªªs¡+>∑ n‘·ì ‘·+Á&ç#˚‘· m+<äT≈£î •øÏå+#·ã&ÉT‘·THêï&ÉT ?μμμ
Preethi asked why Ranga was being punished by his father. (I.S)
Á|”‹ s¡+>∑ n‘·ì ‘·+Á&ç‘√ m+<äT≈£î •øÏå+#·ã&ÉT‘·THêï&√qì n&ç–+~.
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8. Suhani said to me, "Why couldn't they be allowed ?" (D.S)
düTVü‰ì Hê‘√ n+~, ªªyês¡T m+<äT≈£î nqTeT‹+#·˝Òø£b˛j·÷s¡T ?μμ
Suhani asked me why they couldn't be allowed. (I.S)
düTVü‰ì yês¡T m+<äT≈£î nqTeT‹+|üã&É˝Òø£b˛j·÷s√ qqTï n&ç–+~.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À inner sentence >± 'Wh' Question ñ+~. n+<äTe\q reporting verb ì
'asked' >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~. eT]j·TT 'wh' word H˚ conjunction >± yê&É&É+ »]–+~. Outer sentence past
tense nsTTq+<äTq inner sentence ˝Àì present continuous tense jÓTTø£ÿ passive voice question qT past
continuous tense jÓTTø£ÿ passive voice ˝Àì Assertive sentence >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~.
¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À inner sentence >± 'wh' Question ñqï+<äTq reporting verb qT asked nì e÷]Ã á
Question ˝Àì 'wh' word nsTTq 'why' H˚ conjunction >± yê&É&ÉyÓTÆq~. Inner sentence >± 'could' nH˚
helping verb ≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫q passive voice ˝Àì negative question ñ+~. 'Could' nH˚~ past tense eT]j·TT
outer sentence ≈£L&Ü past tense j˚T ø±e⁄q tense ˝À e÷s¡TŒ sê˝Ò<äT. Inner sentence ˝Àì negative passive
voice question ì negative assertive sentence >± e÷s¡Ã&ÉyÓTÆq~.
9. Sudha said to me "Let the door be closed." (D.S)

düT<Ûä Hê‘√ n+~, ªªÄ ‘·\T|ü⁄ì eT÷j·Tã&Éìe⁄«.μμ
Sudha ordered me to let the door be closed. (I.S)
düT<Ûä qqTï Ä ‘·\T|ü⁄ì eT÷j·Tã&É˙j·TeTì ÄC≤„|æ+∫+~.
10. Lalitha said to him "You are requested not to waste my time." (D.S)
\*‘· n‘·ìøÏ #Ó|æŒ+~, ªª˙e⁄ Hê düeTj·÷ìï eè<Ûë#Ój·Té<ä›ì nuÛÑ´]ú+#·ã&ÉT‘·THêïe⁄.μμ
Lalitha told him that he was requested not to waste her time. (I.S)
\*‘· n‘·ì‘√ ÄyÓT düeTj·T+ eè<∏ë#Ój·Té<ä›ì n‘·&ÉT nuÛÑ´]ú+#·ã&ÉT‘·THêï&Éì #Ó|æŒ+~.
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À Inner sentence >± passive voice øÏ #Ó+~q ˇø£ order ñ+~. n+<äTe\q
reporting verb ì 'ordered" >± e÷]Ã conjunction >± 'to' qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&ÉyÓTÆq~.
¬s+&Ée ñ<ëVü≤s¡D˝À inner sentence qT assertive sentence structure ˝À ñqï+<äTq Assertive >± uÛ≤$+∫
conjunction >± 'that' Áyêdæ, reporting verb 'told' >± e÷s¡Ã&ÉyÓTÆq~. eT]j·TT outer sentence past tense ˝À
ñqï+<äTq inner sentence ˝Àì 'are' qT past tense >± e÷]Ã <ëìøÏ eTT+<äT subject >± 'he' ñqï+<äTq 'was' qT
helping verb >± yê&É&É+ »]–+~. á 'he' nH˚ pronoun 'you' qT+∫ outer sentence ˝Àì object Ä<Ûës¡+>±
@s¡Œ&ç+~. n<˚$<Ûä+>± 'my' nH˚ possessive form qT outer sentence ˝Àì subject ≈£î Ä<Ûës¡+>± 'her' nH˚
possessive form >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ »]–+~.
Q
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22. Question Tag (Á|üXÊï X‚wüeTT)
ìs¡«#·q+ : ˇø£ Assertive sentence jÓTTø£ÿ ∫es¡q verb ˝Àì e´‹πsø±sêúìï Çdü÷Ô Áyêj·Tã&çq uÛ≤>±ìï 'Question
tag' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The part which was written at the end of a sentence with negative meaning of verb is
called 'Question tag'.
$es¡D : Question tag nH˚~ yêø£éTTq≈£î e´‹πsø±s¡eú TT˝À Ä yêø£´+ ∫es¡q Question ìsêàD+˝À ñ+#·ã&ÉT‘·T+~.
Ç~ yêø±´ìøÏ tag >± ñqï+<äTq, Question s¡÷|ü+˝À ñqï+<äTq Bìì 'Question tag' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Prakash is a policeman, isn't he ?
Á|üø±wt ˇø£ b˛©düTe´øÏÔ, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. Sita is singing songs, isn't she ?
d”‘· bÕ≥\T bÕ&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+~, @+ ø±<ë ?
3. I could not do the work, could I ?
H˚qT Ä |üì #Ój·T´˝Òø£b˛j·÷qT, @+ #Ój·T´>∑*>±Hê ?
4. She has a car, hasn't she ?
ÄyÓTøÏ ˇø£ ø±s¡T ñ+~, @+ ˝Ò<ë ?
5. They have no work, have they ?
yê]øÏ |üì˝Ò<äT, @+ ñ+<ë ?
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT >∑eTìùdÔ nìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ ≈£L&Ü verb jÓTTø£ÿ e´‹πsø±sêúìïdü÷Ô ñqï Question
s¡÷|ü+˝Àì tag \qT Äj·÷ yêø£éTT\ ∫es¡q Áyêj·T&É+ »]–+~. M{ÏH˚ Question tags nì n+{≤s¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : yêø£´+˝Àì verb kÕ<Ûës¡D s¡÷|ü+˝À ñ+fÒ n~ Question tag ˝À negative s¡÷|ü+˝À ñ+≥T+~. n˝≤
ø±≈£î+&Ü verb yêø£´+˝ÀH˚ negative s¡÷|ü+˝À ñ+fÒ 'Question tag' ˝À n~ kÕ<Ûës¡D s¡÷|ü+˝À ñ+≥T+~. yêø£´+˝À
negative meaning qT Ç#˚Ã not, n't \T verb q≈£î #˚s¡Ãã&ç˝Ò≈£îqï object ≈£î no e+{Ï$ #˚s¡Ãã&ç ñHêï ˝Ò<ë
yêø£´+˝À never e+{Ï$ ñHêï Ä yêø£´+ negative sentence j˚T ne⁄‘·T+~. n≥Te+{Ï dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À Question tag
positive >± ñ+≥T+~. 'Question tag' nqTq~ Assertive sentences eT]j·TT Imperative sentences ≈£î e÷Á‘·y˚T
#Ó+~q topic.
F Question tag qT Áyêùd $<Ûëq+ :
1. Ç∫Ãq yêø±´ìï n<˚$<Ûä+>± ÁøÏ+<ä Áyêdæ Ä yêø£´+ ∫es¡q ',' qT ñ+#ê*.
2. yêø£´+˝Àì Auxiliary verb qT >∑T]Ô+∫ <ëìì eTs=ø£kÕ] ',' øÏ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· Áyêj·÷*.

3. Auxiliary verb (Helping verb) ˝Òì yêø±´\≈£î 'Question tag' qT Áyêùd≥|ü⁄&ÉT main verb ˝Àì 'do' form
verb qT ãj·T{ÏøÏ rdüT≈£îì e∫Ã <ëìì yêø£´+ ∫es¡˝À ',' ‘·sê«‘· Áyêj·÷*.

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4. yêø£´+˝À ˇø£{Ï ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe helping verbs ñ+fÒ Á|ü<Ûëq verb qT nq>± yÓTT<ä{Ï verb qT e÷Á‘·y˚T yêø£´+
∫e]øÏ ‘Ó∫Ã n˙ï yêø£´+ ∫e]øÏ ‘Ó∫Ã <ëìøÏ n't #˚sêÃ*.
5. yêø£´+ positive sentence nsTT‘˚ á ∫es¡q Áyêdæq Auxiliary verb ≈£î 'n't' qT #˚sêÃ*.
6. yêø£´+ negative sentence nsTT‘˚ Auxiliary verb ≈£î n't qT #˚s¡Ãqø£ÿπs¢<äT.
7. Ä ‘·sê«‘· yêø£´+˝Àì subject >± ñqï pronoun ì >∑T]Ô+∫ <ëìì n't #˚]Ãq ˝Ò<ë #˚s¡Ãì á Auxiliary verb
‘·s¡Tyê‘· eTs=ø£kÕ] Áyêj·÷*.
8. yêø£´+˝À subject >± Noun ñqï≥¢sTT‘˚ <ëìøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q pronoun ì Ç#·≥ Áyêj·÷*.
9. ∫e]>± á ìsêàD≤ìøÏ ˇø£ Question mark qT #˚sêÃ*.
F Main verb ˝À qT+∫ 'Do' form verb qT ãj·T{ÏøÏ rj·T&É+ :
F Verb 'V1' s¡÷|ü+˝À ñ+fÒ <ëì˝À 'do' ñ+≥T+~.
F Verb 'V2' s¡÷|ü+˝À ñ+fÒ <ëì˝À 'did' ñ+≥T+~.
F Verb 'V1 + s' s¡÷|ü+˝À ñ+fÒ <ëì˝À 'does' ñ+≥T+~.
TENSES & THEIR QUESTION TAGS

Examples :
1. Kumar draws diagrams well. (Ordinary sentence)
≈£îe÷sY u§eTà\T u≤>± ^kÕÔ&ÉT.
Kumar draws diagrams well, doesn't he ? (Question tag sentence)
≈£îe÷sY u§eTà\T u≤>± ^kÕÔ&ÉT, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. She doesn't play chess. (O.S)
ÄyÓT #Ódt Ä&É<äT.
She does n't play chess, does she ? (Q.S)
ÄyÓT #Ódt Ä&É<äT, @+ Ä&ÉT‘·T+<ë ?
3. They watch movies daily. (O.S)
yês¡T Á|ü‹s√p dæìe÷\T #·÷kÕÔs¡T.
They watch movies daily, don't they ? (Q.S)
yês¡T Á|ü‹s√p dæìe÷\T #·÷kÕÔs¡T, @+ ø±<ë ?
4. Sowmya and Giri don't come to school daily. (O.S)
kÂeT´ eT]j·TT –]\T Á|ü‹s√p ã&çøÏ sês¡T.
Sowmya and Giri don't come to school daily, do they ? (Q.S)
kÂeT´ eT]j·TT –]\T Á|ü‹s√p ã&çøÏ sês¡T, @+ ekÕÔsê ?
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Examples :
1. The boys came here yesterday. (O.S)
Ä u≤\Ts¡T ìqï Çø£ÿ&çøÏ e#êÃs¡T.
The boys came here yesterday, didn't they ? (Q.S)
Ä u≤\Ts¡T ìqï Çø£ÿ&çøÏ e#êÃs¡T, @+ ˝Ò<ë ?
2. I didn't do the mistake. (O.S)
H˚qT Ä ‘·|ü⁄Œ #Ój·T´˝Ò<äT.
I didn't do the mistake, did I ? (Q.S)
H˚qT Ä ‘·|ü⁄Œ #Ój·T´˝Ò<äT, @+ #˚XÊHê ?
Examples :
1. I shall meet you tomorrow. (O.S)
H˚qT ìqTï πs|ü⁄ ø£\TkÕÔqT.
I shall meet you tomorrow, shan't I ? (Q.S)
H˚qT ìqTï πs|ü⁄ ø£\TkÕÔqT, @+ ø£\eHê ? (shan't → shall not)
2. You won't read the book. (O.S)
˙e⁄ Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äee⁄.
You won't read the book, will you ? (Q.S)
˙e⁄ Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ #·<äee⁄, @+ #·<äTe⁄‘êyê ?
3. They shall not play now. (O.S)
yês¡T Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä&És¡T.
They shall not play now, shall they ? (Q.S)
yês¡T Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä&És¡T, @+ Ä&É‘êsê ?
4. Uday will sing the song. (O.S)
ñ<äjYT Ä bÕ≥qT bÕ&É‘ê&ÉT.
Uday will sing the song, won't he ? (Q.S)
ñ<äjYT Ä bÕ≥qT bÕ&É‘ê&ÉT, @+ bÕ&É&Ü ?
Examples :
1. She is playing with you. (O.S)
ÄyÓT ˙‘√ Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+~.
She is playing with you, isn't she ? (Q.S)
ÄyÓT ˙‘√ Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+~, @+ ø±<ë ?
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2. Sudha is not waiting now. (O.S)
düT<Ûä Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT y˚∫ ñ+&É˝Ò<äT.
Sudha is not waiting now, is she ? (Q.S)
düT<Ûä Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT y˚∫ ñ+&É˝Ò<äT, @+ ñ+<ë ?
3. I am writing a novel. (O.S)
H˚qT z qe\ ÁyêdüTÔHêïqT.
I am writing novel, aren't I ? (Q.S)
H˚qT qe\ ÁyêdüTÔHêïqT, @+ ø±<ë ?
4. I am not working here. (O.S)
H˚qT Çø£ÿ&É |üì#˚j·T&É+ ˝Ò<äT.
I am not working here, am I ? (Q.S)
H˚qT Çø£ÿ&É |üì#˚j·T&É+ ˝Ò<äT, @+ #˚düTÔHêïHê ?
5. The cows are eating grass. (O.S)
Ä Äe⁄\T >∑&ç¶ ‹+≥THêïsTT.
The cows are eating grass, aren't they ? (Q.S)
Ä Äe⁄\T >∑&ç¶ ‹+≥THêïsTT, @+ ø±<ë ?
6. The dog is not barking. (O.S)
Ä ≈£îø£ÿ yÓTTs¡T>∑T‘·÷ ˝Ò<äT.
The dog is not barking, is it ? (Q.S)
Ä ≈£îø£ÿ yÓTTs¡T>∑T‘·÷ ˝Ò<äT, @+ ñ+<ë ?
Examples :
1. Kusuma was watching movie. (O.S)
≈£îdüTeT dæìe÷ #·÷dü÷Ô ñ+&˚~.
Kusuma was watching movie. was n't she ? (Q.S)
≈£îdüTeT dæìe÷ #·÷dü÷Ô ñ+&˚~, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. Pooja was not sleeping then. (O.S)
|üP» n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ìÁ<äb˛‘·÷ ñ+&˚~ ø±<äT.
Pooja was not sleeping then, was she ? (Q.S)
|üP» n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ìÁ<äb˛‘·÷ ñ+&˚~ ø±<äT, @+ ñ+&˚<ë ?
3. We were dancing there. (O.S)
y˚TeTT nø£ÿ&É &ÜHé‡ #˚dü÷Ô ñ+&˚yêfi¯fleTT.
We were dancing there, weren't we ? (Q.S)
y˚TeTT nø£ÿ&É &ÜHé‡ #˚dü÷Ô ñ+&˚yêfi¯fleTT, @+ ø±<ë ?
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4. The children were not reading. (O.S)
Ä |æ\¢\T #·<äTe⁄‘·÷ ñ+&˚yês¡T ø±s¡T.
The children were not reading, were they ? (Q.S)
Ä |æ\¢\T #·<äTe⁄‘·T+&˚yês¡T ø±s¡T, @+ ñ+&˚yêsê ?
Examples :
1. We shall be dancing. (O.S)
y˚TeTT &ÜHé‡ #˚dü÷Ô ñ+{≤eTT.
We shall be dancing, shan't we be ? (Q.S)
y˚TeTT &ÜHé‡ #˚dü÷Ô ñ+{≤eTT. @+ ø±<ë ?
2. I shall not be preparing food. (O.S)
H˚qT ÄVü‰s¡+ ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚dü÷Ô ñ+&ÉqT.
I shall not be preparing food, shall I ? (Q.S)
H˚qT ÄVü‰s¡+ ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚dü÷Ô ñ+&ÉqT, @+ ñ+{≤Hê ?
3. She will be drinking water. (O.S)
ÄyÓT ˙s¡T Á‘ê>∑T‘·÷ ñ+{À+~.
She will be drinking water, won't she ? (Q.S)
ÄyÓT ˙s¡T Á‘ê>∑T‘·÷ ñ+{À+~, @+ ñ+&É<ë ?
4. Ravi won't be talking. (O.S)
s¡$ e÷{≤¢&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+&É&ÉT.
Ravi won't be talking, will he ? (Q.S)
s¡$ e÷{≤¢&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+&É&ÉT, @+ ñ+{≤&Ü ?
Examples :
1. They have finished their work. (O.S)
yês¡T yê] |üìì Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ |üP]Ô#˚XÊs¡T.
They have finished their work, haven't they ? (Q.S)
yês¡T yê] |üìì Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ |üP]Ô#˚XÊs¡T, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. I have n't received your letter. (O.S)
H˚qT ˙ ñ‘·Ôs¡+ n+<äTø√˝Ò<äT.
I haven't received your letter, have I ? (Q.S)
H˚qT ˙ ñ‘·Ôs¡+ n+<äTø√˝Ò<äT, @+ n+<äT≈£îHêïHê ?
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3. Padmini has read the book. (O.S)
|ü~àì Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ #·~$+~.
Padmini has read the book, hasn't she ? (Q.S)
|ü~àì Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ #·~$+~, @+ ø±<ë ?
4. The tiger has not killed the fox. (O.S)
Ä |ü⁄* Ä qø£ÿì Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ #·+|ü˝Ò<äT.
The tiger has not killed the fox, has it ? (Q.S)
Ä |ü⁄* Ä qø£ÿì Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ #·+|ü˝Ò<äT, @+ #·+|æ+<ë ?
Examples :
1. They had reached station. (O.S)
yês¡T ùdºwüHéqT #˚s¡Tø=ì ñHêïs¡T.
They had reached station, hadn't they ? (Q.S)
yês¡T ùdºwüHéqT #˚s¡Tø=ì ñHêïs¡T, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. Roja had not done the work. (O.S)
s√C≤ Ä |üìì #Ój·T´˝Ò<äT.
Roja had not done the work, had she ? (Q.S)
s√C≤ Ä |üìì #Ój·T´˝Ò<äT, @+ #˚dæ+<ë ?
Examples :
1. We shall have written the book. (O.S)
y˚TeTT Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ Áyêdæ ñ+{≤eTT.
We shall have written the book, shan't we ? (Q.S)
y˚TeTT Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ Áyêdæ ñ+{≤eTT, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. I shall not have bought the pen. (O.S)
H˚qT Ä ô|qTïqT ø=ì ñ+&ÉqT.
I shall not have bought the pen, shall I ? (Q.S)
H˚qT Ä ô|qTïì ø=ì ñ+&ÉqT, @+ ñ+{≤Hê ?
3. Kavya will have joined in the job. (O.S)
ø±e´ Ä ñ<√´>∑+˝À #˚] ñ+≥T+~.
Kavya will have joined in the job, won't she ? (Q.S)
ø±e´ Ä ñ<√´>∑+˝À #˚] ñ+≥T+~, @+ ø±<ë ?
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4. Kowsik will not have met me. (O.S)
øö•ø˘ qqTï ø£*dæ ñ+&É&ÉT.
Kowsik will not have met me, will he ? (Q.S)
øö•ø˘ qqTï ø£*dæ ñ+&É&ÉT, @+ ñ+{≤&Ü ?
Examples :
1. She has been reading for two hours. (O.S)
ÄyÓT ¬s+&ÉT >∑+≥\T>± #·<äTe⁄‘·÷ ñ+~.
She has been reading for two hours, hasn't she ? (Q.S)
ÄyÓT ¬s+&ÉT >∑+≥\T>± #·<äTe⁄‘·÷ ñ+~, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. It hasn't been working for ten years. (O.S)
Ç~ |ü~ dü+e‘·‡sê\T>± |üì#˚dü÷Ô ˝Ò<äT.
It hasn't been working for ten years, has it ? (Q.S)
Ç~ |ü~ dü+e‘·‡sê\T>± |üì#˚dü÷Ô ˝Ò<äT, @+ ñ+<ë ?
3. I have been waiting for two hours. (O.S)
H˚qT ¬s+&ÉT >∑+≥\T>± y˚∫ñHêïqT.
I have been waiting for two hours, haven't I ? (Q.S)
H˚qT ¬s+&ÉT >∑+≥\T>± y˚∫ñHêïqT, @+ ø±<ë ?
4. They haven't been playing since morning. (O.S)
yês¡T ñ<äj·T+ qT+∫ Ä&ÉT‘·÷˝Òs¡T.
They haven't been playing since morning, have they ? (Q.S)
yês¡T ñ<äj·T+ qT+∫ Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ˝Òs¡T, @+ ñHêïsê ?
Examples :
1. Laxmi had been doing the job for ten years. (O.S)
\øÏÎ |ü<˚fi¯ófl>± Ä ñ<√´>∑+ #˚dü÷Ô ñ+&˚~.
Laxmi had been doing the job for ten years, hadn't she ? (Q.S)
\øÏÎ |ü<˚fi¯ófl>± Ä ñ<√´>∑+ #˚dü÷Ô ñ+&˚~, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. You hadn't been eating since that morning. (O.S)
˙e⁄ Ä ñ<äj·T+ qT+∫ ‹+≥T&˚yê&ç$ ø±<äT.
You hadn't been eating since that morning, had you ? (Q.S)
˙e⁄ Ä ñ<äj·T+ qT+∫ ‹+≥T+&˚yê&ç$ ø±<äT, @+ ñ+&˚yê&çyê ?
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Examples :
1. I shall have been playing for three hours. (O.S)
H˚qT eT÷&ÉT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+{≤qT.
I shall have been playing for three hours, shalln't I ? (Q.S)
H˚qT eT÷&ÉT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç Ä&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+{≤qT. @+ ñ+&ÉHê ?
2. We shall not have been painting since monday. (O.S)
y˚TeTT k˛eTyês¡+ qT+&ç ∫Árø£]dü÷Ô ñ+&ÉeTT.
We shall not have been painting since monday, shall we have been ? (Q.S)
y˚TeTT k˛eTyês¡+ qT+&ç ∫Árø£]dü÷Ô ñ+&ÉeTT, @+ ñ+{≤e÷ ?
3. Radha will have been writing for two days. (O.S)
sê<Ûä ¬s+&ÉT s√E\ qT+&ç Áyêdü÷Ô ñ+{À+~.
Radha will have been writing for two days, won't she have been ? (Q.S)
sê<Ûä ¬s+&ÉT s√E\ qT+&ç Áyêdü÷Ô ñ+{À+~, @+ ñ+&É<ë ?
4. He will not have been watching TV for five hours. (O.S)

n‘·&ÉT nsTT<äT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç {Ï.$. #·÷dü÷Ô ñ+&É&ÉT.
He will not have been watching TV for five hours, will he ? (Q.S)
n‘·&ÉT nsTT<äT >∑+≥\ qT+&ç {Ï.$ #·÷dü÷Ô ñ+&É&ÉT, @+ ñ+{≤&Ü ?
AUXILIARIES & THEIR QUESTION TAGS
1. Is :
1. He is an actor. (Ordinary sentence)
n‘·&ÉT ˇø£ q≥T&ÉT.
He is an actor, isn't he ? (Question tag sentence)
n‘·&ÉT ˇø£ q≥T&ÉT, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. She is not honest. (O.S)
ÄyÓT ìC≤sTTr >∑\~ ø±<äT.
She is not honest, is she ? (Q.S)
ÄyÓT ìC≤sTTr >∑\~ ø±<äT. @+ ìC≤sTTr >∑\<ë ?
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2. Am :
1. I am a typist. (O.S)
H˚qT ˇø£ f…Æ|ædüTºì.
I am a typist, aren't I ? (Q.S)
H˚H=ø£ f…Æ|ædüTºì, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. I am not cheater. (O.S)
H˚qT yÓ÷dü>±ìï ø±<äT.
I am not cheater, am I ? (Q.S)
H˚qT yÓ÷dü>±ìï ø±<äT, @+ yÓ÷dü>±Hêï ?
3. Are :
1. They are soldiers. (O.S)
They are soldiers, aren't they ? (Q.S)
yês¡T ôd’ì≈£î\T, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. Ravi and Hari are not friends. (O.S)
s¡$ eT]j·TT Vü≤]\T ùdïVæ≤‘·T\T ø±s¡T.
Ravi and Hari are not friends, are they ? (Q.S)
s¡$ eT]j·TT Vü≤]\T ùdïVæ≤‘·T\T ø±s¡T, @+ ùdïVæ≤‘·T˝≤ ?
4. Was :
1. It was fresh then. (O.S)
Ç~ n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ‘êC≤>± ñ+&˚~.
It was fresh then, wasn't it ? (Q.S)
Ç~ n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ‘êC≤>± ñ+&˚~, @+ ñ+&˚~ ø±<ë ?
2. He was not in job. (O.S)
n‘·&ÉT ñ<√´>∑+˝À ñ+&˚yê&ÉT ø±<äT.
He was not in job, was he ? (Q.S)
n‘·&ÉT ñ<√´>∑+˝À ñ+&˚yê&ÉT ø±<äT, @+ ñ+&˚yê&Ü ?
5. Were :
1. We were courageous. (O.S)
y˚TeTT <ÛÓ’s¡´+ ø£\yês¡eTT>± ñ+&˚yês¡eTT.
We were courageous, weren't we ? (Q.S)
y˚TeTT <ÛÓ’s¡´+ ø£\yês¡eTT>± ñ+&˚yês¡eTT, @+ ø±<ë ?
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2. The bananas were not good. (O.S)
Ä ns¡{Ï|ü+&ÉT¢ eT+∫>± ñ+&˚$ ø±e⁄.
The bananas were not good, were they ? (Q.S)
Ä ns¡{Ï|ü+&ÉT¢ eT+∫>± ñ+&˚$ ø±e⁄, @+ ñ+&˚yê ?
6. Has :
1. She has two cars. (O.S)
ÄyÓT ¬s+&ÉT ø±s¡T¢ ø£*Z ñ+~.
She has two cars, hasn't she ? (or) doesn't she ? (Q.S)
ÄyÓT ¬s+&ÉT ø±s¡T¢ ø£*Z ñ+~, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. Preethi has no work to do. (O.S)
Á|”‹øÏ #Ój·T´&ÜìøÏ |üì˝Ò<äT.
Preethi has no work to do, has she ? (or) does she ? (Q.S)
Á|”‹øÏ #Ój·T´&ÜìøÏ |üì˝Ò<äT, @+ ñ+<ë ?
7. Have :
1. They have some work. (O.S)
yê]øÏ ø=+‘·|üì ñ+~.
They have some work, haven't they ? (or) don't they ? (Q.S)
yê]øÏ ø=+‘·|üì ñ+~, @+ ˝Ò<ë ?
2. I have no money. (O.S)
Hê≈£î &ÉãT“ ˝Ò<äT.
I have no money, have I ? or do I ? (Q.S)
Hê≈£î &ÉãT“ ˝Ò<äT, @+ ñ+<ë ?
8. Had :
1. She had two brothers once. (O.S)
ÄyÓT ˇø£|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ç<ä›s¡T k˛<äs¡T*ï ø£*Z ñ+&˚~.
She had two brothers once, had n't she ? (or) didn't she ? (Q.S)
ÄyÓT ˇø£|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ç<ä›s¡T k˛<äs¡T*ï ø£*Z ñ+&˚~, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. We had no knowledge. (O.S)
y˚TeTT C≤„q+ ø£*Zñ+&˚yês¡eTT ø±<äT.
We had no knowledge, had we ? (or) did we ? (Q.S)
y˚TeTT C≤„q+ ø£*Z ñ+&˚yês¡eTT ø±<äT, @+ ø£*Z ñ+&˚yês¡e÷ ?
335
9. Would :
1. You would get the chance. (O.S)
˙e⁄ Ä neø±XÊìï bı+~ ñ+&˚yê&ç$.
You would get the chance, wouldn't you ? (Q.S)
˙e⁄ Ä neø±XÊìï bı+~ ñ+&˚yê&ç$, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. They would not pass their exams. (O.S)
yês¡T yê] |üØø£å\T ñrÔs¡Tí˝…’ ñ+&˚yês¡T ø±s¡T.
They would not pass their exams, would they ? (Q.S)
yês¡T yê] |üØø£å\T ñrís¡Tí˝…’ ñ+&˚yês¡T ø±s¡T, @+ ñ+&˚yêsê ?
10. Can :
1. You can do the work. (O.S)
˙e⁄ Ä |üìì #Ój·T´>∑\e⁄.
You can do the work, can't you ? (Q.S)
˙e⁄ Ä |üìì #Ój·T´>∑\e⁄, @+ #Ój·T´˝Òyê ?
2. She can't help you. (O.S)
ÄyÓT ˙≈£î düVü‰j·T|ü&É˝Ò<äT.
She can't help you, can she ? (Q.S)
ÄyÓT ˙≈£î düVü‰j·T|ü&É˝Ò<äT, @+ düVü‰j·T|ü&É>∑\<ë ?
11. Could :
1. They could win the match. (O.S)
yês¡T Ä e÷´#Y ¬>\e>∑*>±s¡T.
They could win the match, couldn't they ? (Q.S)
yês¡T Ä e÷´#Y ¬>\e>∑*>±s¡T, @+ ˝Ò<ë ?
2. Swapna could not sing the song. (O.S)
dü«|üï Ä bÕ≥ bÕ&É˝Òø£b˛sTT+~.
Swapna could not sing the song, could she ? (Q.S)
dü«|üï Ä bÕ≥ bÕ&É˝Òø£b˛sTT+~, @+ bÕ&É>∑*–+<ë ?
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12. May :
1. She may come now. (O.S)
ÄyÓT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT sêe#·TÃ.
She may come now, mayn't she ? (Q.S)
ÄyÓT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT sêe#·TÃ, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. Aasha may not forgive you. (O.S)
ÄX¯ ìqTï ø£å$T+#·ø£b˛e#·TÃ.
Aasha may not forgive you, may she ? (Q.S)
ÄX¯ ìqTï ø£å$T+#·ø£b˛e#·TÃ, @+ ø£å$T+#·e#êÃ ?
15. Might :
1. They might complete their work. (O.S)
yês¡T yê] |üìì |üP]Ô#˚dæ ñ+&Ée#·TÃ.
They might complete their work, mightn't they ? (Q.S)
yês¡T yê] |üìì |üP]Ô#˚dæ ñ+&Ée#·TÃ. @+ ø±<ë ?
2. The staff might not resign their jobs. (O.S)
Ä dæã“+~ yê] ñ<√´>±\≈£î sêJHêe÷ #˚dæ ñ+&Éø£b˛e#·TÃ.
The staff might not resign their jobs, might they ? (Q.S)
Ä dæã“+~ yê] ñ<√´>±\≈£î sêJHêe÷#˚dæ ñ+&Éø£b˛e#·TÃ, @+ ñ+&Ée#êÃ ?
11. Should :
1. You should study well. (O.S)
˙e⁄ u≤>± #·~$rsê*.
You should study well, shouldn't you ? (Q.S)
˙e⁄ u≤>± #·~$rsê*, @+ #·<äe≈£L&É<ë ?
2. She should not come there. (O.S)
ÄyÓT nø£ÿ&çøÏ sê≈£L&É<äT.
She should not come there, should she ? (Q.S)
ÄyÓT nø£ÿ&çøÏ sê≈£L&É<äT, @+ sêyê˝≤ ?
15. Has to :
1. She has to play with us. (O.S)
ÄyÓT eTq‘√ Ä&Ü*.
she has to play with us, doesn't she ? (Q.S)
ÄyÓT eTq‘√ Ä&Ü*, @+ Ä&Éqedüs¡+ ˝Ò<ë ?
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2. Rahul does not have to complete his degree. (O.S)
sêVüQ˝Ÿ n‘·ì &çÁ^ì |üP]Ô#Ój·T´qø£ÿπs¢<äT.
Rahul does not have to complete his degree, does he ? (Q.S)
sêVüQ˝Ÿ n‘·ì &çÁ^ì |üP]Ô#Ój·T´qø£ÿπs¢<äT, @+ #Ój·÷´˝≤ ?
16. Have to :
1. I have to go now. (O.S)
H˚qT Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT yÓfi≤¢*.
I have to go now, don't I ? (Q.S)
H˚qT Ç|üŒ&ÉT yÓfi≤¢*, @+ yÓfi¯¢qedüs¡+ ˝Ò<ë ?
2. You don't have to write the sentence. (O.S)
˙e⁄ Ä yêø£´+ Áyêj·Tqø£ÿπs¢<äT.
You don't have to write the sentence, do you ? (Q.S)
˙e⁄ Ä yêø£´+ Áyêj·Tqø£ÿπs¢<äT, @+ Áyêj·÷˝≤ ?
17. Had to :
1. She had to complete the work. (O.S)
ÄyÓT Ä |üìì |üP]Ô#Ój·÷´*‡ e∫Ã+~.
She had to complete the work, didn't she ? (Q.S)
ÄyÓT Ä |üìì |üP]Ô#Ój·÷´*‡ e∫Ã+~, @+ ˝Ò<ë ?
2. Gita did not have to pay fine. (O.S)
^‘· n|üsê<Ûäs¡TdüTeTT #Ó*¢+#ê*‡sê˝Ò<äT.
Gita had not to pay fine, did she ? (Q.S)
^‘· n|üsê<Ûäs¡TdüTeTT #Ó*¢+#ê*‡ sê˝Ò<äT, @+ #Ó*¢+#ê*‡ e∫Ã+<ë ?
18. Ought to :
1. Raja ought to sing a song. (O.S)
sêC≤ ˇø£ bÕ≥ bÕ&Ée\dæ+~.
Raja ought to sing a song, oughtn't he ? (Q.S)
sêC≤ ˇø£bÕ≥ bÕ&Ée\dæ+~, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. Krupa ought not to go there. (O.S)
ø£è|ü nø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓfi¯¢≈£î+&Ü ñ+&Ü*‡+~.
Krupa ought not to go there, ought she ? (Q.S)
ø£è|ü nø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓfi¯¢≈£î+&Ü ñ+&Ü*‡+~, @+ yÓfi≤¢*‡+<ë ?
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19. Must :
1. You must come now. (O.S)
qTe⁄« Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT sêyê*.
You must come now, mustn't you ? (Q.S)
qTe⁄« Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT sêyê*, @+ nedüs¡+ ˝Ò<ë ?
2. They must not watch it. (O.S)
yês¡T Ç~ #·÷&Éqedüs¡+ ˝Ò<äT.
They must not watch it, must they ? (Q.S)
yês¡T Ç~ #·÷&Éqedüs¡+ ˝Ò<äT, @+ #·÷&Ü˝≤ ?
20. Used to :
1. Aruna used to sing songs. (O.S)
ns¡TD bÕ≥\T bÕ&˚~.
Aruna used to sing songs, usedn't she ? (Q.S)
ns¡TD bÕ≥\T bÕ&˚~, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. They used not to play cricket. (O.S)
yês¡T Á|ü‹s√p ÁøÏ¬ø{Ÿ Ä&˚yês¡T ø±s¡T.
They used not to play cricket, used they ? (Q.S)
yês¡T Á|ü‹s√p ÁøÏ¬ø{Ÿ Ä&˚yês¡T ø±s¡T, @+ Ä&˚yêsê ?
QUESTION TAG ON PASSIVE VOICE
Eg :
1. Ramesh was praised. (Ordinary sentence)
s¡y˚TwtqT bı&ç>±s¡T.
Ramesh was praised, wasn't he ? (Question tag sentence)
s¡y˚TwtqT bı–&Üs¡T, @+ ø±<ë ?
2. Apples are eaten by me. (O.S)
Ä|æ˝Ÿ‡ Hê #˚‘· ‹qã&É‘êsTT.
Apples are eaten by me, aren't they ? (Q.S)
Ä|æ˝Ÿ‡ Hê #˚‘· ‹qã&É‘êsTT, @+ ø±<ë ?
3. She is being scolded. (O.S)
ÄyÓT ‹≥ºã&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+~.
She is being scolded, isn't she ? (Q.S)
ÄyÓT ‹≥ºã&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+~, @+ ˝Ò<ë ?
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4. The games were played by them. (O.S)
Ä Ä≥\T yê]#˚‘· Ä&Éã&Ü¶sTT.
The games were played by them, weren't they ? (Q.S)
Ä Ä≥\T yê]#˚‘· Ä&Éã&Ü¶sTT, @+ ˝Ò<ë ?
5. The dog has been beaten by the boy. (O.S)
Ä ≈£îø£ÿ Ä u≤\Tì #˚‘· ø=≥ºã&ç+~.
The dog has been beaten by the boy, hasn't it ? (Q.S)
Ä ≈£îø£ÿ Ä u≤\Tì #˚‘· ø=≥ºã&ç+~, @+ ø±<ë ?
6. The work could be completed by him. (O.S)
Ä |üì n‘·ì#˚‘· |üP]Ô#˚j·Tã&É>∑*Z+~.
The work could be completed by him, couldn't it ? (Q.S)
Ä |üì n‘·ì #˚‘· |üP]Ô#˚j·T>∑*Z+~, @+ ø±<ë ?
7. The girl can be brought up. (O.S)
Ä u≤*ø£ ô|+#·ã&É>∑\<äT.
The girl can be brought up, can't she ? (Q.S)
Ä u≤*ø£ ô|+#·ã&É>∑\<äT, @+ ø±<ë ?
8. Gita might be invited to the party. (O.S)
^‘· Ä bÕØºøÏ ÄVü‰«ì+#·ã&ç ñ+&Ée#·TÃ.
Gita might be invited to the party, mightn't she ? (Q.S)
^‘· Ä bÕØºøÏ ÄVü‰«ì+#·ã&ç ñ+&Ée#·TÃ, @+ ø±<ë ?
9. The book had been written. (O.S)
Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ Áyêj·Tã&ç ñ+~.
The book had been written, hadn't it ? (Q.S)
Ä |ü⁄düÔø£+ Áyêj·Tã&ç ñ+~, @+ ø±<ë ?
10. The gift may be given by him. (O.S)
Ä ãVüQeT‹ n‘·ì#˚‘· Çe«ã&Ée#·TÃ.
The gift may be given by him, mayn't ? (Q.S)
Ä ãVüQeT‹ n‘·ì#˚‘· Çe«ã&Ée#·TÃ, @+ ø±<ë ?
11. The pen won't be bought by her. (O.S)
Ä ô|qTï ÄyÓT #˚‘· ø=qã&É<äT.
The pen won't be bought by her, will it ? (Q.S)
Ä ô|qTï ÄyÓT#˚‘· ø=qã&É<äT, @+ ø=qã&ÉT‘·T+<ë ?
12. The cash was not stolen. (O.S)
Ä &ÉãT“ <=+–*+#·ã&É˝Ò<äT.
The cash was not stolen, was it ? (Q.S)
Ä &ÉãT“ <=+–*+#·ã&É˝Ò<äT, @+ <=+–*+#·ã&ç+<ë ?
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13. His work is not being done. (O.S)
n‘·ì |üì #˚j·Tã&ÉT‘·÷ ˝Ò<äT.
His work is not being done, is it ? (Q.S)
n‘·ì |üì #˚j·Tã&ÉT‘·÷ ˝Ò<äT, @+ #˚j·Tã&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+<ë ?
14. A novel has not been written. (O.S)
ˇø£ qe\ Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ Áyêj·Tã&É˝Ò<äT.
A novel has not been written, has it ? (Q.S)
ˇø£ qe\ Ç|ü⁄Œ&˚ Áyêj·Tã&É˝Ò<äT, @+ Áyêj·Tã&ç+<ë ?
15. He was not beaten by her. (O.S)
n‘·&ÉT ÄyÓT#˚‘· ø=≥ºã&É˝Ò<äT.
He was not beaten by her, was he ? (Q.S)
n‘·&ÉT ÄyÓT#˚‘· ø=≥ºã&É˝Ò<äT, @+ ø=≥ºã&Ü¶&Ü ?
16. A book could not be written by me. (O.S)
ˇø£ |ü⁄düÔø£+ Hê #˚‘· Áyêj·Tã&É˝Òø£b˛sTT+~.
A book could not be written by me, could it ? (Q.S)
ˇø£ |ü⁄düÔø£+ Hê#˚‘· Áyêj·Tã&É˝Òø£b˛sTT+~, @+ Áyêj·Tã&É>∑*–+<ë ?
17. Swathi may not be called by me. (O.S)
kÕ«‹ Hê #˚‘· |æ\Teã&Éø£b˛e#·TÃ.
Swathi may not be called by me, may she ? (Q.S)
kÕ«‹ Hê#˚‘· |æ\Teã&Éø£b˛e#·TÃ, @+ |æ\Teã&Ée#êÃ ?
18. A car can not be driven by you. (O.S)
ˇø£ ø±s¡T ˙#˚‘· q&É|üã&É˝Ò<äT.
A car can not be driven by you, can it ? (Q.S)
ˇø£ ø±s¡T ˙ #˚‘· q&É|üã&É˝Ò<äT, @+ q&É|üã&É>∑\<ë ?
19. The ant might not be killed. (O.S)
Ä NeT #·+|üã&ç ñ+&Éø£b˛e#·TÃ.
The ant might not be killed, might it ? (Q.S)
Ä NeT #·+|üã&ç ñ+&Éø£b˛e#·TÃ, @+ #·+|üã&ç ñ+&Ée#êÃ ?
20. The work does not have to be done by you. (O.S)
Ä |üì ˙#˚‘· #Ój·T´ã&Éqes¡+ ˝Ò<äT.
The work does not have to be done by you, does it ? (Q.S)
Q
Ä |üì ˙#˚‘· #Ój·T´ã&Éqedüs¡+ ˝Ò<äT, @+ #Ój·T´ã&Ü˝≤ ?

341
23. Degrees of Comparison
(b˛*ø£ jÓTTø£ÿ ‘·s¡>∑‘·T\T)
ìs¡«#·q+ : Adjective jÓTTø£ÿ ‘·s¡>∑‘·T\qT >∑T]+∫ $e]+#˚ <ëìH˚ 'degrees of comparison' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Definition : The topic which describes about the degrees of adjective is called 'Degrees of
Comparison'.
$es¡D : Adjective qT nq>± >∑TDeTT\qT ø=+<ä] eT<Ûä´q b˛*Ã #Óù|Œ≥≥Te+{Ï dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À Adjectives ˝À
ø£*π> e÷s¡TŒ\qT eT]j·TT Äj·÷ yêø±´\qT >∑T]+∫ 'Degrees of comparison' nqTq~ $e]düTÔ+~.
Examples :
1. Suma is a tall girl.
düTeT ˇø£ bı&ÉyÓ’q u≤*ø£.
2. Padmini is taller than Sudha.
|ü~àì düT<Ûä ø£+fÒ bı&ÉyÓ’q~.
3. Yamuna is the tallest girl in her family.
j·TeTTq ‘·q ≈£î≥T+ã+˝ÀH˚ n‹ bı&ÉyÓ’q u≤*ø£.
$es¡D : á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\qT |ü]o*+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ eT÷&ç+{Ï˝Àq÷ ≈£L&Ü ªbı&Ée⁄>± ñ+&É&+É μ nH˚ >∑TD≤ìï (Adjective)
‘Ó\T|ü&É+ »]–+~. ø±˙ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëì˝À á Adjective qT @ ˇø£ÿ]‘√q÷ b˛\Ã≈£î+&Ü ˇø£ e´øÏÔøÏ dü+ã+~Û+∫q~>±
#Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. ¬s+&Ée<ëì˝À á Adjective qT Ç<ä›s¡T e´≈£îÔ\ eT<Ûä´ b˛*ø£qT >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+
»]–+~. ∫e]<ëì˝À á Adjective qT n+<ä]‘√q÷ b˛*Ã ˇø£] >∑TD≤ìï >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+
»]–+~. á $<Ûä+>± Adjective jÓTTø£ÿ $$<Ûä s¡÷bÕ\qT $$<Ûä dü+<äsê“¤\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
>∑eTìø£ : Á|ür Adjective ≈£î ≈£L&Ü eT÷&ÉTs¡ø±\ s¡÷bÕ\T ñ+{≤sTT. M{Ïì Positive, Comparitive eT]j·TT
Superlative forms nì n+{≤s¡T. M{ÏH˚ es¡Tdü>± Adj 1, Adj 2 eT]j·TT Adj 3 nì n+{≤s¡T.
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVE
Adjective ≈£î '3' degrees ñ+{≤sTT. n$ :

1. Positive degree 2. Comparative degree 3. Superlative degree
1. Positive degree :
Bìì Adjective qT dü«‘·+Á‘·+>± ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&ÜìøÏ nq>± @ Ç‘·s¡ e´≈£îÔ\‘√ ˝Ò<ë edüTÔe⁄\‘√ b˛*ø£˝Ò≈£î+&Ü
>∑TD≤ìï >∑T]+∫ #Ó|üŒ&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. Uha is a clever girl.

}Vü≤ ˇø£ ‘Ó*yÓ’q u≤*ø£.
2. Ram is a handsome boy.
sêyéT ˇø£ n+<äyÓTÆq u≤\T&ÉT.

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Examples :
3. She is short lady.
ÄyÓT bı{Ïº Åd”Ô.
4. Hyderabad is a big city.
ôV’≤<äsêu≤<é ˇø£ ô|<ä› q>∑s¡eTT.
5. It is a strong chair.
Ç~ ˇø£ >∑{Ïº ≈£îØÃ.
á yêø±´\ìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ Äj·÷ >∑TD≤\T Äj·÷ Noun \≈£î dü+ã+~Û+∫qeì Äj·÷ Adjectives ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·THêïsTT.
Çe˙ï dü«‘·+Á‘·+>± ˇøÏÿ+{Ïì >∑T]+#˚ ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘·THêïsTT. n+<äTe\q á yêø±´\T positive degree øÏ #Ó+~qeì
n+{≤s¡T. á degree ì dü÷∫+#˚ yêø±´\˝À Adjective jÓTTø£ÿ eT÷&ÉT s¡÷bÕ\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï<Ó’q positive form ì
2. Comparative degree :
Adjective qT b˛*Ã #Ó|Œü &ÜìøÏ nq>± ˇø£ e´øÏÔ >∑TD≤ìï eTs=ø£e´øÏ‘
Ô √ b˛*Ã#Ó|Œü &ÜìøÏ á degree ì ñ|üj÷Ó –kÕÔsT¡ .
Examples :
1. Bhavani is taller than Anjali.
uÛÑyêì n+»* ø£+fÒ bı&ÉyÓ’q~.
2. Tiger is bigger than cat.
|ü⁄* |æ*¢ ø£+fÒ ô|<ä›~.
3. Lalitha is more beautiful than Latha.
\*‘· \‘· ø£+fÒ n+<äyÓTÆq~.
4. Kiran is more courageous than Arun.
øÏs¡DY ns¡TDY ø£+fÒ <ÛÓ’s¡´+>∑\yê&ÉT.
5. Vizag is larger than Vijayawada.
yÓ’C≤>¥ $»j·Tyê&É ø£+fÒ ô|<ä›~.
á yêø±´\ìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ Äj·÷ >∑TD≤\qT Ç<ä›s¡T e´≈£îÔ\ eT<Ûä´q ˝Ò<ë ¬s+&ÉT edüTÔe⁄\ eT<Ûä´q b˛*Ã #Ó|üŒ&É+
»]–+~. á dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À Adjective qT Comparative degree ˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~. n+<äTe\q Adjective
jÓTTø£ÿ second form nsTTq comparative form qT á yêø±´\˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·&É+ »]–+~.
3. Superlative degree :
ˇø£ e´øÏÔ jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï ˝Ò<ë edüTÔe⁄ jÓTTø£ÿ >∑TD≤ìï eT]ø=ìï+{Ï‘√ b˛*Ã nìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ n<˚ ª$Tqïμ nì #Óù|Œ
dü+<äs¡“¤+˝À 'Superlative degree' ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. Swami Vivekananda was the cleverest person in the world.
á Á|ü|ü+#·+˝ÀH˚ kÕ«$T $y˚ø±q+<ä n‘·´+‘· ‘Ó*yÓ’q e´øÏÔ.
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Examples :
2. Kumar is the most handsome person in his college.
≈£îe÷sY n‘·ì ø±˝ÒJ˝ÀH˚ n‘·´+‘· n+<äyÓTÆq e´øÏÔ.
3. He is the shortest person in his village.
n‘·ì Á>±eT+˝À n‘·&˚ n‹ bı{Ïº e´øÏÔ.
4. This is the narrowest road in this town.
Ç<˚ á |ü≥ºD+˝Àì n‘·´+‘· Çs¡T¬ø’q s¡Vü≤<ë].
5. The story is the most interesting one among these stories.
á ø£<∏ä\˝À á ø£<∏ä n‘·´+‘· ÄdüøÏÔø£s¡yÓTÆq~.
á yêø±´\ìï+{Ï˝Àq÷ Äj·÷ >∑TD≤\qT m≈£îÿeeT+~øÏ, ˇø£ e´øÏÔøÏ ˝Ò<ë edüTÔe⁄øÏ eT<Ûä´q b˛*Ã #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~.
n+<äT#˚‘· á yêø±´\ìï+{Ï˙ Superlative degree ˝À #Ó|üŒ&É+ »]–+~. 'Superlative degree' øÏ #Ó+~q yêø±´\˝À
Adjective jÓTTø£ÿ eT÷&Ées¡÷|üyÓTÆq Superlative form ì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
CHANGING OF DEGREES FROM ONE TO ANOTHER
Adjective jÓTTø£ÿ eT÷&ÉTs¡ø±\ degree \q÷ ≈£L&Ü ˇø£<ëì qT+∫ eTs=ø£<ëì˝ÀìøÏ e÷s¡Ãe#·TÃ. á $<Ûä+>±
e÷s¡TÃ≥≈£î ˇø=ÿø£ÿs¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~q yêø±´\≈£î ˇø=ÿø£ÿ ì]›wüºyÓTÆq structure >∑\<äT. Ä structures eT]j·TT e÷s¡TŒ\T á
ÁøÏ+~ $<Ûä+>± ñ+{≤sTT.
Model - I :
Structure :
Noun 1 + verb + the + Adj 3 + Noun 2 + Remaining (Superlative degree)
Noun 1 + verb + Adj 2 + than + any other + Noun 2 + Remaining (Comparative degree)
No other + Noun 2 + verb + so + Adj 1 + as + Noun 1 + Remaining (Positive degree)
Examples :
1. Padmini is the cleverest girl in her class. (S.D)
|ü~àì ‘·q ‘·s¡>∑‹˝Àì n‘·´+‘· ‘Ó*yÓ’q u≤*ø£.
Padmini is cleverer than any other girl in her class. (C.D)
|ü~àì ‘·q ‘·s¡>∑‹˝Àì @ Ç‘·s¡ u≤*ø£ ø£+fÒ ≈£L&Ü ‘Ó*yÓ’q~.
No other girl in her class is so clever as Padmini. (P.D)
‘·q ‘·s¡>∑‹˝Àì @ Ç‘·s¡ u≤*ø£ ≈£L&Ü |ü~àì n+‘·{Ï ‘Ó*yÓ’q~ ø±<äT.
2. The elephant is the biggest animal. (S.D)
@qT>∑T n‹ ô|<ä› »+‘·Te⁄.
The elephant is bigger than any other animal. (C.D)
@qT>∑T @ Ç‘·s¡ »+‘·Te⁄ ø£+fÒ ≈£L&Ü ô|<ä›~.
No other animal is so big as the elephant. (P.D)
@ Ç‘·s¡ »+‘·Te⁄ ≈£L&Ü @qT>∑T n+‘·{Ï ô|<ä›~ ø±<äT.
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3. Vinay is the worst person in this village. (S.D)
á Á>±eT+˝ÀH˚ $qjYT n‘·´+‘· #Ó&É¶ e´øÏÔ.
Vinay is worse than anyother person in this village. (C.D)
á Á>±eT+˝ÀH˚ @ Ç‘·s¡ e´øÏÔ ø£+fÒ ≈£L&Ü $qjYT #Ó&É¶yê&ÉT.
No other person in this village is so bad as Vinay. (P.D)
á Á>±eT+˝ÀH˚ @ Ç‘·s¡ e´øÏÔ ≈£L&Ü $qjYT n+‘·{Ï #Ó&É¶yê&ÉT ø±<äT.
4. Viswa is the most handsome boy. (S.D)
$X¯« n‘·´+‘· n+<äyÓTÆq u≤\T&ÉT.
Viswa is more handsome than any other boy. (C.D)
$X¯« @ Ç‘·s¡ u≤\T&çø£+fÒ ≈£L&Ü n+<äyÓTÆqyê&ÉT.
No other boy is so handsome as Viswa. (P.D)
@ Ç‘·s¡ u≤\T&ÉT ≈£L&Ü $X¯« n+‘·{Ï n+<äyÓTÆqyê&ÉT ø±<äT.
5. Swapna is the most genius girl in her school. (S.D)
dü«|üï ‘·q ã&ç˝ÀH˚ n‘·´+‘· y˚T<Ûë$ nsTTq u≤*ø£.
Swapna is more genius than anyother girl in her school. (C.D)
dü«|üï ‘·q ã&ç˝Àì @ Ç‘·s¡ u≤*ø£ ø£+fÒ ≈£L&Ü y˚T<Ûë$ nsTTq~.
No other girl in her school is so genius as Swapna. (P.D)
‘·q ã&ç˝ÀH˚ dü«|üï n+‘·{Ï y˚T<ÛëyÓ’q u≤*ø£ eTs=ø£s¡T ˝Òs¡T.
6. Mumbai is the largest city in South India. (S.D)
eTT+u≤sTT <äøÏåD uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝ÀH˚ n‹ô|<ä› q>∑s¡eTT.
Mumbai is larger than any other city in South India. (C.D)
eTT+u≤sTT <äøÏåDuÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì @ Ç‘·s¡ q>∑sêìø£+fÒ ≈£L&Ü ô|<ä›~.
No other city in South India is so large as Mumbai. (P.D)
<äøÏåD uÛ≤s¡‘·<˚X¯+˝Àì @ Ç‘·s¡ q>∑s¡+ ≈£L&Ü eTT+u≤sTT n+‘·{Ï ô|<ä›~ ø±<äT.
7. Bhaskar is the strongest man in his street. (S.D)
uÛ≤düÿsY ‘·q M~Û˝ÀH˚ n‘·´+‘· ã\e+‘·T&Ó’q eTìwæ.
Bhaskar is stronger than anyother man in his street. (C.D)
uÛ≤düÿsY ‘·q M~Û˝ÀH˚ @ Ç‘·s¡ eTìwæø£+fÒ ≈£L&Ü ã\e+‘·T&ÉT.
No other man in his street is so strong as Bhaskar. (P.D)
‘·q M~Û˝ÀH˚ @ Ç‘·s¡ eTìwæ ≈£L&Ü uÛ≤düÿsY n+‘·{Ï ã\yÓTÆq eTìwæ ø±<äT.
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8. Sita is the weakest lady. (S.D)
d”‘· n‘·´+‘· ã\V”≤qyÓTÆq Åd”Ô.
Sita is weaker than anyother lady. (C.D)
d”‘· @ Ç‘·s¡ Åd”Ô ø£+fÒ ≈£L&Ü ã\V”≤qyÓTÆq~.
No other lady is so weak as sita. (P.D)
@ Ç‘·s¡ Åd”Ô ≈£L&Ü d”‘· n+‘·{Ï ã\V”≤qyÓTÆq~ ø±<äT.
9. Tajmahal is the most wonderful construction in India. (S.D)
‘êCŸeTVü≤˝Ÿ Ç+&çj·÷˝ÀH˚ n‘·´+‘· n<äT“¤‘·yÓTÆq ìsêàD+.
Tajmahal is more wonderful than any other construction in India. (C.D)
‘êCŸeTVü≤˝Ÿ Ç+&çj·÷˝Àì @ Ç‘·s¡ ìsêàD+ ø£+fÒ ≈£L&Ü n<äT“¤‘·yÓTÆq~.
No other construction in India is so wonderful as Taj Mahal. (P.D)
Ç+&çj·÷˝Àì @ Ç‘·s¡ ìsêàD+ ≈£L&Ü ‘êCŸeTVü≤˝Ÿ n+‘·{Ï n<äT“¤‘·yÓTÆq~ ø±<äT.
10. Priya is the thinnest one in her family. (S.D)
Á|æj·T ‘·q ≈£î≥T+ã+˝ÀH˚ n‘·´+‘· düqïì~.
Priya is thinner than any other one in her family. (C.D)
Á|æj·T ‘·q ≈£î≥T+ã+˝Àì @ Ç‘·s¡T\ø£+fÒ düqïì~.
No other one in her family is so thin as Priya. (P.D)
‘·q ≈£î≥T+ã+˝Àì @ Ç‘·s¡ e´øÏÔ ≈£L&Ü Á|æj·T n+‘·{Ï düqïìyês¡T ø±s¡T.
Model - II :
Structure :
Noun 1 + verb + one of the + Adj 3 + Noun 2 (plural) + Remaining (Superlative degree)
Noun 1 + verb + Adj 2 + than + many other + Noun 2 (plural) + Remaining (Comparative degree)
Very few + Noun 2 (plural) + verb + as + Adj 1 + as + Noun 1 + Remaining (Positive degree)
Examples :
1. The Indian Ocean is one of the deepest oceans. (S.D)
Væ≤+<ä÷ eTVü‰düeTTÁ<ä+ nH˚~ n‘·´+‘· ˝À‘Ó’q eTVü‰düeTTÁ<ë\˝À ˇø£{Ï.
The Indian Ocean is deeper than many other oceans. (C.D)
Væ≤+<ä÷ eTVü‰düeTTÁ<ä+ nH˚~ #ê˝≤ Ç‘·s¡ eTVü‰düeTTÁ<ë\ ø£+fÒ ˝À‘Ó’q~.
Very few oceans are as deep as the Indian Ocean. (P.D)
n‹‘·≈£îÿe eTVü‰düeTTÁ<ë\T Væ≤+<ä÷ n+‘·{Ï ˝À‘Ó’q$.
2. The lion is one of the most dangerous animals. (S.D)
dæ+Vü≤+ n‘·´+‘· Á|üe÷<äø£s¡yÓTÆq »+‘·Te⁄\˝À ˇø£{Ï.
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The lion is more dangerous than many other animals. (C.D)
dæ+Vü≤+ #ê˝≤ Ç‘·s¡ »+‘·Te⁄\ ø£+fÒ Á|üe÷<äø£s¡yÓTÆq~.
Very few animals are as dangerous as the lion. (P.D)
#ê˝≤ ‘·≈£îÿe »+‘·Te⁄\T dæ+Vü≤+ e˝Ò Á|üe÷<äø£s¡yÓTÆq$.
3. Padmini is one of the tallest girls in her room. (S.D)
|ü~àì ‘·q >∑~˝Àì n‘·´+‘· bı&ÉyÓ’q u≤*ø£\˝À ˇø±yÓT.
Padmini is taller than many other girls in her room. (C.D)
|ü~àì ‘·q >∑~˝Àì #ê˝≤ Ç‘·s¡ u≤*ø£\ ø£+fÒ ≈£L&Ü bı&ÉyÓ’q~.
Very few girls in her room are as tall as Padmini. (P.D)
‘·q >∑~˝Àì #ê˝≤ ‘·≈£îÿe u≤*ø£\T |ü~àì n+‘·{Ï bı&ÉyÓ’qyês¡T.
4. Swapna is one of the shortest girls. (S.D)
dü«|üï n‘·´+‘· bı{Ïº u≤*ø£\˝À ˇø±yÓT.
12 Swapna is shorter than many other girls. (C.D)
F dü«|üï #ê˝≤ Ç‘·s¡ u≤*ø£\ ø£+fÒ bı{Ïº~.
Very few girls are as short as Swapna. (P.D)
n‹ ‘·≈£îÿe eT+~ u≤*ø£\T dü«|üï n+‘·{Ï bı{Ïºyês¡T.
5. China is one of the nearest countries to us. (S.D)
eTq≈£î n‘·´+‘· #˚s¡Te˝Àì <˚XÊ\˝À #Ó’Hê ˇø£{Ï.
China is nearer than many other countries to us. (C.D)
#Ó’Hê #ê˝≤ Ç‘·s¡<˚XÊ\ ø£+fÒ eTq≈£î #˚s¡TyÓ’q~.
Very few countries are as near as China to us. (P.D)
#ê˝≤ ‘·≈£îÿe <˚XÊ\T eTq≈£î #Ó’Hê e˝Ò #˚s¡TyÓ’q$.
6. Steel is one of the hardest materials. (S.D)
ñ≈£îÿ n‘·´+‘· >∑{Ïº |ü<ësêú\˝À ˇø£{Ï.
Steel is harder than many other materials. (C.D)
ñ≈£îÿ #ê˝≤ Ç‘·s¡ |ü<ësêú\ ø£+fÒq÷ >∑{Ïº~.
Very few materials are as hard as steel. (P.D)
n‹ ‘·≈£îÿe |ü<ësêú\T ñ≈£îÿe˝Ò >∑{Ïº$.
7. Nirosha is one of the simplest women. (S.D)
ìs√cÕ n‘·´+‘· kÕ<Ûës¡D Åd”Ô\˝À ˇø±yÓT.
Nirosha is simpler than many other women. (C.D)
ìs√cÕ #ê˝≤ Ç‘·s¡ Åd”Ô\ ø£+fÒ kÕ<Ûës¡DyÓTÆq~.
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Very few women are as simple as Nirosha. (P.D)
#ê˝≤ ‘·≈£îÿeeT+~ Åd”Ô\T ìs√cÕ e˝Ò kÕ<Ûës¡DyÓTÆqyês¡T.
8. Karthik is one of the most cunning persons. (S.D)
ø±ØÔø˘ n‘·´+‘· ø£|ü≥yÓTÆq e´≈£îÔ\˝À ˇø£&ÉT.
Karthik is more cunning than many other persons. (C.D)
ø±ØÔø˘ #ê˝≤ Ç‘·s¡ e´≈£îÔ\ø£+fÒ ø£|ü≥yÓTÆqyê&ÉT.
Very few persons are as cunning as Karthik. (P.D)
#ê˝≤ ‘·≈£îÿe e´≈£îÔ\T ø±ØÔø˘ e˝Ò ø£|ü≥yÓTÆqyês¡T.
9. Balu is one of the most famous singers. (S.D)
u≤\T n‘·´+‘· ù|sêZ+∫q >±j·T≈£î\˝À ˇø£&ÉT.
Balu is more famous than many other singers. (C.D)
u≤\T #ê˝≤ Ç‘·s¡ >±j·T≈£î\ ø£+fÒ ù|sêZ+∫q yê&ÉT.
Very few singers are as famous as Balu. (P.D)
#ê˝≤ ‘·≈£îÿeeT+~ >±j·T≈£î\T u≤\T e˝Ò ù|sêZ+∫qyês¡T.
10. The ant is one of the smallest living beings. (S.D)
NeT n‘·´+‘· ∫qï düJe⁄\˝À ˇø£{Ï.
The ant is smaller than many other living beings. (C.D)
NeT #ê˝≤ Ç‘·s¡ düJe⁄\ ø£+f…q÷ ∫qï~.
Very few living beings are as small as the ant. (P.D)
#ê˝≤ ‘·≈£îÿe düJe⁄\T NeT e˝Ò ∫qï$.
Model - III :
Structure :
Noun 1 + verb + not + the + Adj 3 + Noun 2 + Remaining (Superlative degree)
Noun 1 + verb + not + Adj 2 + than + some other + Noun 2 (plural) + Remaining (Comparative degree)
Some other + Noun 2 (plural) + verb + at least as + Adj 1 + as + Noun 1 + Remaining (Positive degree)
Examples :
1. Keerthi is not the wisest girl among her friends. (S.D)
‘·q ùdïVæ≤‘·T\+<ä]˝À ø°]Ôj˚T n‘·´+‘· ‘Ó*yÓ’q u≤*ø£ ø±<äT.
Keerthi is not wiser than some other girls among her friends. (C.D)
ø°]Ô ‘·q ùdïVæ≤‘·T\+<ä]˝À ø=+<äs¡T u≤*ø£\ ø£+fÒ ‘Ó*yÓ’q~ ø±<äT.
Some other girls are at least as wise as Keerthi among her friends. (P.D)
‘·q ùdïVæ≤‘·T\+<ä]˝À ø=+<äs¡T u≤*ø£\T ø£˙dü+ ø°]Ô n+‘·{Ï ‘Ó*yÓ’qyês¡T.
348
2. Sai is not the naughtiest boy. (S.D)
kÕsTTj˚T n‘·´+‘· ∫*|æ u≤\T&ÉT ø±<äT.
Sai is not naughtier than some other boys. (C.D)
kÕsTT eT]ø=+<äs¡T u≤\Ts¡T ø£+fÒ ∫*|æyê&ÉT ø±&ÉT.
Some other boys are at least as naughty as Sai. (P.D)
eT]ø=+<äs¡T u≤\Ts¡T ø£˙dü+ kÕsTT n+‘·{Ï ∫*|æyês¡T.
3. Karuna is not the most graceful teacher in the school. (S.D)
Ä ã&ç˝ÀH˚ n‘·´+‘· <äj·T>∑\ {°#·s¡T ≈£s¡TDÒ ø±<äT.
Karuna is not more graceful than some other teachers in the school.(C.D)
ø£s¡TD Ä ã&ç˝Àì ø=+<äs¡T {°#·s¡¢ ø£+fÒ <äj·T>∑\~ ø±<äT.
Some other teachers in the school are at least as graceful as Karuna. (P.D)
Ä ã&ç˝Àì ø=+<äs¡T {°#·s¡T¢ ø£˙dü+ ø£s¡TD n+‘·{Ï <äj·T>∑\ yês¡T.
4. Latha is not the most beautiful actress. (S.D)
\‘·j˚T n‘·´+‘· n+<äyÓTÆq q{Ï ø±<äT.
Latha is not more beautiful than some other actresses. (C.D)
\‘· eT]ø=+<äs¡T q≥T\ ø£+fÒ n+<äyÓTÆq~ ø±<äT.
Some other actresses are at least as beautiful as Latha. (P.D)
eT]ø=+<äs¡T q≥T\T ø£˙dü+ \‘· n+‘·{Ï n+<äyÓTÆqyês¡T.
5. Laddu is not the sweetest item. (S.D)
\&ÉT¶j˚T n‘·´+‘· ‹j·T´ì |ü<ës¡ú+ ø±<äT.
Laddu is not sweeter than some other items. (C.D)
\&ÉT¶ eT]ø=ìï |ü<ësêú\ ø£+fÒ ‹j·T´ì~ ø±<äT.
Some other items are at least as sweet as Laddu. (P.D)
eT]ø=ìï |ü<ësêú\T ø£˙dü+ \&ÉT¶ n+‘·{Ï ‹j·T´ì$.
6. The cheetah is not the cruelest animal. (S.D)
∫s¡T‘·|ü⁄*j˚T n‘·´+‘· Á≈£Ls¡yÓTÆq »+‘·Te⁄ ø±<äT.
The cheetah is not crueler than some other animals. (C.D)
∫s¡T‘·|ü⁄* eT]ø=ìï »+‘·Te⁄\ ø£+fÒ Á≈£Ls¡yÓTÆq~ ø±<äT.
Some other animals are at least as cruel as the cheetah. (P.D)
eT]ø=ìï »+‘·Te⁄\T ø£˙dü+ ∫s¡T‘·|ü⁄* n+‘·{Ï Á≈£Ls¡yÓTÆq$.
349
7. Vanaja is not the weakest woman. (S.D)
eq»j˚T n‘·´+‘· ã\V”≤qyÓTÆq Åd”Ô ø±<äT.
Vanaja is not weaker than some other women. (C.D)
eq» eT]ø=+<äs¡T Åd”Ô\ ø£+fÒ ã\V”≤qyÓTÆq~ ø±<äT.
Some other women are at least as weak as Vanaja. (P.D)
eT]ø=+<äs¡T Åd”Ô\T ø£˙dü+ eq» n+‘·{Ï ã\V”≤qyÓTÆqyês¡T.
8. Suresh is not the cleverest student. (S.D)
düTπswtj˚T n‘·´+‘· ‘Ó*yÓ’q $<ë´]ú ø±&ÉT.
Suresh is not cleverer than some other students. (C.D)
düTπswt eT]ø=+<äs¡T $<ë´s¡Tú\ ø£+fÒ ‘Ó*yÓ’qyê&ÉT ø±&ÉT.
Someother students are at least as clever as Suresh. (P.D)
eT]ø=+<äs¡T $<ë´s¡Tú\T ø£˙dü+ düTπswt n+‘·{Ï ‘Ó*yÓ’qyês¡T.
9. The tiger is not the biggest animal. (S.D)
|ü⁄*j˚T n‘·´+‘· ô|<ä› »+‘·Te⁄ ø±<äT.
The tiger is not bigger than some other animals. (C.D)
|ü⁄* eT]ø=ìï »+‘·Te⁄\ ø£+fÒ ô|<ä›~ ø±<äT.
Someother animals are at least as big as the tiger. (P.D)
eT]ø=ìï »+‘·Te⁄\T ø£˙dü+ |ü⁄* n+‘·{Ï ô|<ä›$.
10. Swetha is not the most industrious worker. (S.D)
X‚«‘·j˚T n‘·´+‘· ø£wüº|ü&˚ |üì>∑‘ÓÔ ø±<äT.
Swetha is not more industrious than some other workers. (C.D)
X‚«‘· eT]ø=+<äs¡T |üìyêfi¯fl ø£+fÒ ø£wüº|ü&˚~ ø±<äT.
Some other workers are at least as industrious as Swetha. (P.D)
eT]ø=+<äs¡T |üìyêfi¯ófl ø£˙dü+ X‚«‘· n+‘·>± ø£wüº|ü&É‘ês¡T.
Model - IV :
Structure :
Noun 1 + verb + Adj 2 + than + Noun 2 (Comparative degree)
Noun 2 + verb + not + so + Adj 1 + as + Noun 1 (Positive degree)
á model ˝À Superlative degree ñ+&É<äT.
Examples :
1. Rajesh is finer than Ramesh. (C.D)
sêCÒwt s¡y˚Twt ø£+fÒ #·ø£ÿìyê&ÉT.
Ramesh is not so fine as Rajesh. (P.D)
s¡y˚Twt sêCÒwt n+‘·{Ï #·ø£ÿìyê&ÉT ø±&ÉT.
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2. Padmini is cleverer than Aswini. (C.D)
|ü~àì n•«ì ø£+fÒ ‘Ó*yÓ’q~.
Aswini is not so clever as Padmini. (P.D)
n•«ì |ü~àì n+‘·{Ï ‘Ó*yÓ’q~ ø±<äT.
3. Yamuna is more beautiful than Jamuna. (C.D)
j·TeTTq »eTTq ø£+fÒ n+<äyÓTÆq~.
Jamuna is not so beautiful as Yamuna. (P.D)
»eTTq j·TeTTq n+‘·{Ï n+<äyÓTÆq~ ø±<äT.
4. Meena is more famous than Roja. (C.D)
MTHê s√C≤ ø£+fÒ ù|sêZ+∫q~.
Roja is not so famous as Meena. (P.D)
s√C≤ MTHê n+‘·{Ï ù|sêZ+∫q~ ø±<äT.
5. The lion is heavier than the fox. (C.D)
dæ+Vü≤+ qø£ÿ ø£+fÒ ãs¡TyÓ’q~.
The fox is not so heavy as the lion. (P.D)
qø£ÿ dæ+Vü≤+ n+‘·{Ï ãs¡TyÓ’q~ ø±<äT.
6. Sudha is more courageous than Supriya. (C.D)
düT<Ûä düTÁ|æj·T ø£+fÒ <ÛÓ’s¡´+ø£\~.
Supriya is not so courageous as Sudha. (P.D)
düTÁ|æj·T düT<Ûä n+‘·{Ï <ÛÓ’s¡´+ø£\~ ø±<äT.
7. Ravi is taller than Hari. (C.D)
s¡$ Vü≤] ø£+fÒ bı&ÉyÓ’qyê&ÉT.
Hari is not so tall as Ravi. (P.D)
Vü≤] s¡$ n+‘·{Ï bı&ÉyÓ’qyê&ÉT ø±&ÉT.
8. Vima is more intelligent than Uma. (C.D)
$eT ñeT ø£+fÒ ‘Ó*yÓ’q~.
Uma is not so intelligent as Vima. (P.D)
ñeT $eT n+‘·{Ï ‘Ó*yÓ’q~ ø±<äT.
9. Shilpa is shorter than Rupa. (C.D)
•\Œ s¡÷|ü ø£+fÒ bı{Ïº~.
Rupa is not so short as Shilpa. (P.D)
s¡÷|ü •\Œ n+‘·{Ï bı{Ïº~ ø±<äT.
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10. Praveen is better than Praneeth. (C.D)
Á|üMDY Á|üD°‘Y ø£+fÒ eT+∫yê&ÉT.
Praneeth is not so good as Praveen. (P.D)
Á|üD°‘Y Á|üMDY n+‘·{Ï eT+∫yê&ÉT ø±&ÉT.
Model - V :
Structure :
Noun 1 + verb + not + Adj 2 + than + Noun 2 (Comparative degree)
Noun 2 + verb + at least + as + Adj 1 + as + Noun 1 (Positive degree)
á model ˝À ≈£L&Ü Superlative degree ñ+&É<äT.
Examples :
1. Grapes are not sweeter than mangoes. (C.D)
Á<ëø£å|ü+&ÉT¢ e÷$T&ç|ü+&É¢ ø£+fÒ ‹j·T´ì$ ø±e⁄.
Mangoes are at least as sweet as grapes. (P.D)
e÷$T&ç|ü+&ÉT¢ ø£˙dü+ Á<ëø£å|ü+&ÉT¢ n+‘·{Ï ‹j·T´ì$.
2. Sruthi is not cleverer than Keerthi. (C.D)
X¯è‹ ø°]Ô ø£+fÒ ‘Ó*yÓ’q~ ø±<äT.
Keerthi is at least as clever as Sruthi. (P.D)
ø°]Ô ø£˙dü+ X¯è‹ n+‘·{Ï ‘Ó*yÓ’q~.
3. Rajahmundry is not bigger than Vizag. (C.D)
sê»eT+Á&ç yÓ’C≤>¥ ø£+fÒ ô|<ä›~ ø±<äT.
Vizag is at least as big as Rajahmundry. (P.D)
yÓ’C≤>¥ ø£˙dü+ sê»eT+Á&ç n+‘·{Ï ô|<ä›~.
4. English is not easier than Hindi. (C.D)
Ç+^¢wüß Væ≤+B ø£+fÒ düT\TyÓ’q~ ø±<äT.
Hindi is at least as easy as English. (P.D)
Væ≤+B ø£˙dü+ Ç+^¢wüß n+‘·{Ï düT\TyÓ’q~.
5. Jhansi is not kinder than Usha. (C.D)
s¡a≤˙‡ ñwü ø£+fÒ <äj·T>∑\~ ø±<äT.
Usha is at least as kind as Jhansi. (P.D)
ñwü ø£˙dü+ s¡a≤˙‡ n+‘·{Ï <äj·T>∑\~.
6. Kumar is not fatter than Amar. (C.D)
≈£îe÷sY neTsY ø£+fÒ ˝≤e⁄bÕ{Ïyê&ÉT ø±<äT.
Amar is at least as fat as kumar. (P.D)
neTsY ø£˙dü+ ≈£îe÷sY n+‘·{Ï ˝≤e⁄bÕ{Ïyê&ÉT.
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7. Ashokara is not greater than Ashoka. (C.D)
nXÀø£s¡T&ÉT nXÀ≈£î&ç ø£+fÒ >=|üŒyê&ÉT ø±<äT.
Ashoka is at least as great as Ashokara. (P.D)
nXÀ≈£î&ÉT ø£˙dü+ nXÀø£s¡T&ç n+‘·{Ï >=|üŒyê&ÉT.
8. Sandhya is not more beautiful than Vindhya. (C.D)
dü+<Ûä´ $+<Ûä´ ø£+fÒ n+<äyÓTÆq~ ø±<äT.
Vindhya is at least as beautiful as Sandhya. (P.D)
$+<Ûä´ ø£˙dü+ dü+<Ûä´ n+‘·{Ï n+<äyÓTÆq~.
9. Curd is not whiter than milk. (C.D)
ô|s¡T>∑T bÕ\ø£+fÒ ‘Ó\¢ì~ ø±<äT.
Milk is at least as white as curd. (P.D)
bÕ\T ø£˙dü+ ô|s¡T>∑T n+‘·{Ï ‘Ó\¢ì$.
10. Bobby is not younger than Baby. (C.D)
u≤; uÒ_ ø£+fÒ ∫qïyê&ÉT ø±&ÉT.
Baby is at least as young as Bobby. (P.D)
uÒ_ ø£˙dü+ u≤; n+‘·{Ï ∫qï~.
THREE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES
Positive form (Adj 1) – Comparative form (Adj 2) – Superlative form (Adj 3)

3. evil (ne÷qTwü) – worse – worst
4. far (<ä÷s¡yÓTÆq) – farther – farthest
5. fore (eTT+<äTuÛ≤>∑+˝À) – former – foremost, first
6. in (˝À|ü\) – inner – inmost, Innermost
7. ill (ø°&ÉT nsTTq) – worse – worst
8. late (Ä\dü´+ nsTTq) – later, latter – latest, last
9. little (∫qï) – less, Lesser – least
10. much (n~Ûø£) – more – most (Quantity)
11. many (#ê˝≤) – more – most (Number)
12. nigh (<ä>∑Zs¡) – nigher – nighest, next
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13. old (ej·TdüT eT[flq) – older, elder – oldest, eldest
14. out (yÓ\T|ü\, ãj·T{Ï) – outer, utter – utmost, uttermost
15. well (dü]>± ñ+&É&É+) – better – best
18. short (bı{Ïº nsTTq) – shorter – shortest
19. high (m‘ÓÔÌq) – higher – highest
20. sweet (‹j·T´ì) – sweeter – sweetest
21. long (bı&ÉyÓ’q) – longer – longest
22. near (<ä>∑Z¬s’q) – nearer – nearest
23. big (ô|<ä›<Ó’q) – bigger – biggest
24. small (∫qïì) – smaller – smallest
26. fast (y˚>∑yÓTÆq) – faster – fastest
27. slow (HÓeTà<äsTTq) – slower – slowest
29. pure (dü«#·Ã¤yÓTÆq) – purer – purest
30. smart (#·÷&ÉeTT#·Ãf…Æq) – smarter – smartest
31. hard (>∑{Ïº<Ó’q) – harder – hardest
32. strong (ã\yÓTÆq) – stronger – strongest
33. weak (ã\V”≤qyÓTÆq) – weaker – weakest
36. famous (ù|sêZ+∫q) – more famous – most famous
37. extraordinary (nkÕ<Ûës¡DyÓTÆq) – more extraordinary – most extraordinary
38. wonderful (n<äT“¤‘·yÓTÆq) – more wonderful – most wonderful
39. deep (˝À‘Ó’q) – deeper – deepest
40. interesting (ÄdüøÏÔø£s¡yÓTÆq) – more interesting – most interesting
41. genius (‘Ó*yÓ’q) – more genius – most genius
42. thin (|ü\T#·ì) – thinner – thinnest
43. naughty (∫*|æ nsTTq) – naughtier – naughtiest
44. cute (#·ø£ÿHÓ’q) – cuter – cutest
45. powerful (X¯øÏÔe+‘·yÓTÆq) – more powerful – most powerful
46. energetic (ã\yÓTÆq) – more energetic – most energetic
47. memorable (>∑Ts¡TÔ+#·Tø√<ä–q) – more memorable – most memorable
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48. pity (C≤* #·÷|ü<ä–q) – pitier – pitiest
49. graceful (<äj·T>∑\) – more graceful – most graceful
50. sorrowful ($#ê]+#·<ä–q) – more sorrowful – most sorrowful
51. cheap (V”≤qyÓTÆq) – cheaper – cheapest
52. fine (u≤>∑Tqï{Ïº) – finer – finest
53. cruel (Á≈£Ls¡yÓTÆq) – crueler – cruelest
54. domestic (kÕ<ÛäT nsTTq) – more domestic – most domestic
55. severe (rÁeyÓTÆq) – more severe – most severe
56. smooth (düqïì) – smoother – smoothest
57. plane (düeT‘·\yÓTÆq) – planer – planest
58. narrow (Çs¡T¬ø’q) – narrower – narrowest
59. shine (yÓTs¡T|ü⁄>∑\) – shiner – shinest
60. large (ô|<ä›<Ó’q) – larger – largest
61. thick (eT+<äyÓTÆq) – thicker – thickest
62. talented (Á|ü‹uÛÑ ø£*Zq) – more talented – most talented
FORMATION OF THREE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES
F Adjective mono syllabic word nsTTq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT nq>± Ä word ˝À n#·TÃ X¯ã›+ πøe\+ ˇø£ÿkÕ] e÷Á‘·y˚T
|ü\ø£ã&çq|ü⁄&ÉT Ä Adjective jÓTTø£ÿ $T–*q ¬s+&ÉTs¡÷bÕ\÷ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëìøÏ _Ûqï+>± ñ+{≤sTT.
Examples :
3. much (n~Ûø£) – more – most
4. in (˝À|ü\) – inner – inmost
5. fore (eTT+<äTuÛ≤>∑+˝À) – former – foremost
F Adjective disyllabic word nsTTq|ü⁄&ÉT nq>± Ä word ˝À n#·TÃX¯ã›+ ¬s+&ÉTkÕs¡T¢ |ü\ø£ã&çq|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä Adjective
jÓTTø£ÿ ¬s+&Ées¡÷|ü+ yÓTT<ä{Ïs¡÷bÕìøÏ 'er' qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q, eT÷&Ée s¡÷|ü+ yÓTT<ä{Ï<ëìøÏ 'est' #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q
@s¡Œ&É‘êsTT.
Examples :
2. near (<ä>∑Z¬s’q) – nearer – nearest
5. narrow (Çs¡T¬ø’q) – narrower – narrowest

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F Adjective trisyllabic word˝Ò<ë poly syllabic word nsTT‘˚ s¬ +&Ées¡÷bÕìï yÓTT<ä{sÏ ÷¡ bÕìøÏ eTT+<äT 'more' qT
#˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q, eT÷&Ées¡÷bÕìï yÓTT<ä{Ïs¡÷bÕìøÏ eTT+<äT 'most' qT #˚s¡Ã&É+ e\q bı+<äe#·TÃ.
Examples :
1. genius (y˚T<Ûë$ nsTTq) – more genius – most genius
2. wonderful (n<äT“¤‘·yÓTÆq) – more wonderful – most wonderful
3. talented (Á|ü‹uÛÑ ø£*–q) – more talented – most talented
>∑eTìø£ : á $<ÛäyÓTÆq ìj·Te÷\T nìï Adjectives ≈£L e]Ô+#·e⁄. m≥¢q>± ....

Examples :

2. sweet (‹j·T´HÓ’q) – sweeter – sweetest
3. famous (ù|sêZ+∫q) – more famous – most famous
4. graceful (<äj·T>∑\) – more graceful – most graceful
á ñ<ëVü≤s¡D\˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï ¬s+&É÷ monosyllabic words nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø° M{ÏøÏ $T–*q Adjective s¡÷bÕ\qT
bı+<ä&ÜìøÏ disyllabic words jÓTTø£ÿ ìj·TeT+ e]Ô+#·ã&ç+~. n˝≤π> ∫e] s¬ +&ÉT words disyllabic words nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø°
M{ÏøÏ eT÷&Ées¡ø£yÓTÆq Trisyllabic words jÓTTø£ÿ ìj·TeT+ nqTe]Ô+#·ã&ç+~.

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24. Simple, Complex and Compound Sentences
(kÕ<Ûës¡D, dü+•¢wüº eT]j·TT dü+j·TTø£Ô yêø£éTT\T)
ìs¡«#·q+ : Sentence jÓTTø£ÿ eT÷&ÉTs¡ø±\ s¡÷bÕ\qT á topic $e]düTÔ+~.
Definition : It describes about three forms of the sentence.
$es¡D : yêø£´+˝Àì phrase eT]j·TT clause \ jÓTTø£ÿ ìsêàD≤ìï á simple, complex and compound
sentences nqTq$ $e]kÕÔsTT. Ç$ á eT÷&ÉTs¡ø±\ yêø±´\ ìsêàD≤ìï, ˇø£ s¡ø£+ qT+&ç eTs=ø£ s¡ø£+˝ÀìøÏ e÷πsÃ
|ü<äΔ‹ì ‘Ó\T|ü⁄‘êsTT.
Examples :
1. Being clever, Hanuman can solve any sum.
‘Ó*yÓ’qyê&Ó’q+<äTq Vü≤qTe÷Hé @ ˝…ø£ÿHÓ’Hê |ü]wüÿ]+#·>∑\&ÉT.
2. As Hanuman is clever, he can solve any sum.
Vü≤qTe÷Hé, ‘Ó*yÓ’yê&Ó’q+<äTq n‘·&ÉT @ ˝…ø£ÿHÓ’Hê |ü]wüÿ]+#·>∑\&ÉT.
3. Hanuman is clever so he can solve any sum.
Vü≤qTe÷Hé ‘Ó*yÓ’q e´øÏÔ ø±e⁄q n‘·&ÉT @ düeTdü´HÓ’Hê |ü]wüÿ]+#·>∑\&ÉT.
$es¡D : á yêø±´*ï >∑eTì+∫q≥¢sTT‘˚ nìï yêø±´\÷ ≈£L&Ü ˇπø $<ÛäyÓTÆq nsêúìï ø£*– ñHêïsTT. ø±ì M{Ï jÓTTø£ÿ
ìsêàD+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&çq phrases, clauses ˝À e÷s¡TŒ\T ñHêïsTT.
>∑eTìø£ : yêø±´\qT ˇø£ s¡ø£+ qT+∫ eTs=ø£ s¡ø£+ ˝ÀìøÏ e÷s¡TŒ#˚dæq|ü⁄&ÉT yê{Ï ìsêàD+˝Àì clauses, phrases
˝ÀH˚ ø±ø£ verb, subject eT]j·TT predicate ˝˝À ≈£L&Ü düŒwüºyÓTÆq e÷s¡TŒ\T ø£ìŒkÕÔsTT.
I. Simple sentence :
F Simple sentence ˝À ˇø£ subject eT]j·TT ˇø£ predicate ñ+{≤sTT. Predicate ˝À verb ˇø£ÿfÒ ñ+≥T+~.
Bì‘√ bÕ≥T>± 'to infinitive verbs' ≈£L&Ü ñ+&Ée#·TÃ. Simple sentence ˝À subject, predicate \‘√ bÕ≥T>±
phrase ≈£L&Ü ñ+&Ée#·TÃ.
Examples :
1. Sudha went to Vizag.
düT<Ûä yÓ’C≤>¥≈£î yÓ[¢+~.
2. Being rich, she could buy the house.
ÄyÓT <Ûäqe+‘·Tsê˝…’q+<äTq, Ä Ç\T¢ ø=q>∑*–+~.
3. Having two, he gave one pen to me.
¬s+&ÉT ñqï+<äTq, n‘·&ÉT ˇø£ ô|qTïì Hê≈£î Ç#êÃ&ÉT.
4. Because of his hard work, he won the bet.
n‘·ì ÁX¯eT e\q n‘·&ÉT Ä |ü+<Ó+ ¬>*#ê&ÉT.
5. In spite of her poverty, she paid the fee in time.
ÄyÓT ù|<ä]ø£+‘√ ñqï|üŒ{Ïø°, ÄyÓT Ä |ò”Eì düø±\+˝À #Ó*¢+∫+~.
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2. Complex sentence :
F Complex sentence ˝À ˇø£ Main clause eT]j·TT ˇø£{Ï ˝Ò<ë ˇø£{Ï ø£+fÒ m≈£îÿe subordinate clauses
ñ+{≤sTT. Bì˝À Main clause ˝À ˇø£ verb, subordinate clause øÏ ˇø=ÿ<ëìøÏ ˇø=ÿø£ÿ verb #=|ü⁄Œq
ñ+{≤sTT. Ç$ ø±≈£î+&Ü yêø£´+˝À 'to infinitive verbs ≈£L&Ü ñ+&Ée#·TÃ. Bì˝À sub-ordinating conjunctions
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&É‘êsTT.
Examples :
1. Suman who is a scooterist met with an accident.
düTeTHé, me¬s’‘˚ dü÷ÿ≥sYô|’ yÓfi‚¢ e´ø√Ô n‘·&çøÏ Á|üe÷<ä+ dü+uÛÑ$+∫+~.
2. She said that her friend had met her.
ÄyÓT #Ó|æŒ+~ @eTq>± ‘·q ùdïVæ≤‘·Tsê\T ÄyÓTì ø£*dæ+<äì.
3. The chain which was made of silver was bought by me.
Ä >=\TdüT, @<Ó’‘˚ yÓ+&ç‘√ ‘·j·÷¬s’+<√ n~ Hê #˚‘· ø=qã&ç+~.
4. You bought a car which is red in colour.
˙e⁄ ms¡T|ü⁄s¡+>∑T˝Àì ø±s¡Tì ø=Hêïe⁄.
5. Sita met me while I was reading.
H˚qT #·<äTe⁄‘·÷ ñ+&É>± d”‘· qqTï ø£*dæ+~.
3. Compound sentence :
F Compound sentence ˝À ¬s+&ÉT Main clause \T ñ+{≤sTT. ˇø=ÿø£ÿ clause øÏ ˇø=ÿø£ÿ verb #=|ü⁄Œq
ñ+{≤sTT. Ç$ ø±≈£î+&Ü yêø£´+˝À 'to-infinitive verbs' ≈£L&Ü ñ+&Ée#·TÃ. Bì˝À coordinating conjunctions
ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·ã&É‘êsTT.
Examples :
1. Ramesh was tired so he took rest.

s¡y˚Twt n\dü≥#Ó+<ë&ÉT ø±e⁄q n‘·&ÉT $ÁXÊ+‹ rdüT≈£îHêï&ÉT.
2. Uttara studied well but she failed.
ñ‘·Ôs¡ u≤>± #·~$+~ ø±˙ ÄyÓT $|òü\eTsTT´+~.
3. He got the phone call and started immediately.
n‘·&çøÏ bò˛Hé e∫Ã+~ eT]j·TT yÓ+≥H˚ n‘·&ÉT ãj·T\T<˚sê&ÉT.
4. They played well but didn't win.
yês¡T u≤>± Ä&Üs¡T ø±˙ yês¡T $»j·T+ bı+<ä˝Ò<äT.
5. Priyanka is weak so she could not do the work.
Á|æj·÷+ø£ ã\V”≤q+>± ñ+~ n+<äTe\q ÄyÓT Ä |üì #Ój·T´˝Òø£b˛sTT+~.

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TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES
á eT÷&ÉTs¡ø±\ yêø±´\q÷ conjunctions qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫ yê{Ï˝Àì phrase, clause \˝À e÷s¡TŒ\T ‘Ó∫Ã
ˇø£<ëì˝À qT+∫ eTs=ø£<ëì˝ÀìøÏ e÷s¡Ãe#·TÃ.
1. Simple sentence - Complex sentence :
F Simple sentence ˝Àì phrase qT ˝Ò<ë Adjective qT Sub-ordinate clause >± e÷]Ã Simple sentence qT
'Complex Sentence' >± e÷s¡Ãe#·TÃ.
Examples :
1. Being strong, Ganesh can lift the heavy box. (Simple)
ã\+>± ñqï+<äTq, >∑DÒwt Ä ãs¡TyÓ’q ô|f…ºqT m‘·Ô>∑\&ÉT.
As Ganesh is strong he can lift the heavy box. (Complex)
>∑DÒwt ã\+>± ñqï+<äT, n‘·&ÉT ãs¡TyÓ’q ô|f…ºqT m‘·Ô>∑\&ÉT.
2. Having heavy work, Priya could not come. (Simple)
n~Ûø£ |üì ñqï+<äTq Á|æj·T sê˝Òø£b˛sTT+~.
Priya who had heavy work, could not come. (Complex)
Á|æj·T, mes¡sTT‘˚ n~Ûø£|üìì ø£*Zñ+&˚<√ ÄyÓT sê˝Òø£b˛sTT+~.
3. I presented her a gold watch. (Simple)
H˚qT ÄyÓTøÏ ˇø£ ã+>±s¡T yêNì ãVüQø£]+#êqT.
I presented her a watch which was made of gold. (Complex)
H˚qT ÄyÓTøÏ ˇø£ ã+>±s¡+‘√ ‘·j·÷s¡sTTq yêNì ãVüAø£]+#êqT.
4. She sold her black car. (Simple)
ÄyÓT ‘·q q\¢ì ø±s¡Tì n$Tày˚dæ+~.
She sold her car which is black in colour. (Complex)
ÄyÓT ‘·q q\T|ü⁄s¡+>∑T˝À ñ+&˚ ø±s¡Tì n$Tày˚dæ+~.
5. In spite of her weakness, Swathi helped us. (Simple)
ÄyÓTøÏ ã\V”≤q‘· nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø° kÕ«‹ e÷≈£î düVü≤ø£]+∫+~.
Even Swathi was weak, she helped us. (Complex)
kÕ«‹ ã\V”≤q+>± ñqï|üŒ{ÏøÏ˙ ÄyÓT e÷≈£î düVü≤ø£]+∫+~.
II. Simple sentence - Compound sentence :
F Simple sentence ˝Àì phrase qT Main clause >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê Simple sentence ì 'Compound
sentence' >± e÷s¡Ãe#·TÃ.
Examples :
1. Having taken the money, the thief escaped. (Simple)
&ÉãT“ rdüTø√e&É+‘√H˚ Ä <=+>∑ bÕ]b˛j·÷&ÉT.
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The thief took the money and escaped. (Compound)
Ä <=+>∑ &ÉãT“ rdüTø=ì bÕ]b˛j·÷&ÉT.
2. Being poor, Padmaja requested you to help. (Simple)
ù|<ä<Ó’q+<äTq |ü<äà» ìqTï düVü‰j·T+#Ój·TéTì ÁbÕ]ú+∫+~.
Padmaja is poor so she requested you to help. (Compound)
|ü<äà» ù|<ä~ n+<äT#˚‘· ÄyÓT ìqTï düVü‰j·T+ #Ój·TéTì ÁbÕ]ú+∫+~.
3. On watching the murder. Kaveri informed the police. (Simple)
Ä Vü≤‘·´ #·÷&É&É+ e\q ø±y˚] b˛©düT\≈£î ‘Ó*|æ+~.
Kaveri watched the murder, so she informed the police. (Compound)
ø±y˚] Ä Vü≤‘·´qT #·÷dæ+~, ø±e⁄q ÄyÓT b˛©düT\≈£î ‘Ó*|æ+~.
4. In spite of his skill, he failed to repair the machine. (Simple)
n‘·ì~ HÓ’|ü⁄D´+ nsTTqq÷, n‘·&ÉT Ä j·T+Á‘êìï u≤>∑T#˚j·T&É+˝À $|òü\eTj·÷´&ÉT.
He has skill but he failed to repair the machine. (Compound)
n‘·ìøÏ HÓ’|ü⁄D´+ ñ+~ ø±˙ n‘·&ÉT Ä j·T+Á‘êìï u≤>∑T#˚j·T&É+˝À $|òü\eTj·÷´&ÉT.
5. Owing to illness, Kumari was admitted into hospital. (Simple)
»ãT“|ü&É&É+ e\q ≈£îe÷]ì ÄdüT|üÁ‹˝À #˚sêÃs¡T.
Kumari was ill so she was admitted into a hospital. (Compound)
≈£îe÷] »ãT“|ü&ç+~ ø±e⁄q ÄyÓTì ÄdüT|üÁ‹˝À #˚sêÃs¡T.
III. Complex sentence – Compound sentence :
F Complex sentence ˝Àì subordinate clause ì Main clause >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê complex sentence ì
Compound sentence >± e÷s¡Ãe#·TÃ.
Examples :
1. As he was rich, he used to spend a lakh per month. (Complex)
n‘·&ÉT <Ûäì≈£î&Ó’q+<äTq n‘·&ÉT HÓ\øÏ \ø£ås¡÷bÕj·T\T Ks¡TÃ#˚ùdyê&ÉT.
He was rich so that he used to spend a lakh per month. (Compound)
n‘·&ÉT <Ûäì≈£î&Ó’ ñ+&˚yê&ÉT ø±e⁄q n‘·&ÉT HÓ\øÏ \ø£ås¡÷bÕj·T\T Ks¡TÃ#˚ùdyê&ÉT.
2. Though Padmini is clever, she is simple. (Complex)
|ü~àì ‘Ó*yÓ’q<Ó’q|üŒ{ÏøÏ˙ ÄyÓT düs¡«kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± ñ+≥T+~.
Padmini is clever, yet (she) is simple. (Compound)
|ü~àì ‘Ó*yÓ’q~ nsTTqq÷ ÄyÓT düs¡«kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± ñ+≥T+~.
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3. Because I am unwell, I can't come. (Complex)
Hê≈£î u≤>∑T>± ˝Òq+<äTq, H˚qT sê˝ÒqT.
I am unwell so I can't come. (Compound)
Hê≈£î u≤>∑T>± ˝Ò<äT ø±e⁄q H˚qT sê˝ÒqT.
4. Even she sang well, she didn't get first prize. (Complex)
ÄyÓT u≤>± bÕ&çq|üŒ{Ïø° ÄyÓT yÓTT<ä{ÏãVüQeT‹ bı+<ä˝Ò<äT.
She sang well but she didn't get first prize. (Compound)
ÄyÓT u≤>± bÕ&ç+~ ø±˙ ÄyÓT yÓTT<ä{ÏãVüQeT‹ bı+<ä˝Ò<äT.
5. Prabhu went out after I came. (Complex)
H˚qT e∫Ãq ‘·s¡Tyê‘· Á|üuÛÑT ãj·T{ÏøÏ yÓfi≤¢&ÉT.
I came and later Prabhu went out. (Compound)
H˚qT e#êÃqT eT]j·TT ‘·sê«‘· Á|üuÛÑT ãj·T{ÏøÏ yÓfi≤¢&ÉT.
IV. Complex sentence – Simple sentence :
F Complex sentence ˝Àì sub-ordinate clause
ì phrase >± ø±˙ Adjective >± >±ì e÷s¡Ã&É+ e\q
complex sentence 'Simple sentence' >± e÷s¡T‘·T+~.
Examples :
1. As she has no work, she came to my house. (Complex)
ÄyÓTøÏ |üì˝Òq+<äTq ÄyÓT e÷ Ç+{ÏøÏ e∫Ã+~.
Having no work, she came to my house. (Simple)
|üì ˝Òq+<äTq ÄyÓT e÷ Ç+{ÏøÏ e∫Ã+~.
2. I met a beggar who was old. (Complex)
H˚qT me¬s’‘˚ eTTdü*yê&√ n{Ïº _#·Ã>±&çì ø£*XÊqT.
I met an old beggar. (Simple)
H˚qT ˇø£ eTTdü* _#·Ã>±&çì ø£*XÊqT.
3. Saraswathi bought you the book which is your favourite one. (Complex)
düs¡dü«‹ ˙e⁄ @<Ó’‘˚ u≤>± n_Ûe÷ìkÕÔy√ Ä |ü⁄düÔø±ìï ˙≈£î ø=qï~.
Saraswathi bought you your favourite book. (Simple)
düs¡dü«‹ ˙≈£î ˙ n_Ûe÷q|ü⁄düÔø±ìï ø=qï~.
4. Even Ravi is young, he could not do the work. (Complex)
s¡$ j·Te«qdüTú&Ó’q|üŒ{ÏøÏ˙ n‘·&ÉT Ä |üì #Ój·T´˝Òø£b˛j·÷&ÉT.
In spite of Ravi's youth, he could not do the work. (Simple)
s¡$~ j·Te«q+ nsTTq|üŒ{Ïø°, n‘·&ÉT Ä |üì #Ój·T´˝Òø£b˛j·÷&ÉT.
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5. Tell him where you live. (Complex)
˙e⁄ mø£ÿ&É ìedædüTÔHêïy√ n‘·ìøÏ #Ó|ü⁄Œ.
Tell him your residence. (= address) (Simple)
n‘·ìøÏ ˙ ìyêdüdüú\+ #Ó|ü⁄Œ.
V. Compound sentence – Simple sentence :
F Compound sentence ˝Àì ¬s+&ÉT main clause \˝À dü+<äsê“¤qT>∑TD+>± ˇø£<ëìì phrase >± e÷s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê
Compound Sentence qT 'Simple sentence' >± e÷s¡Ãe#·TÃ.
Examples :
1. Viswanath worked hard but he did not succeed. (Compound)
$X¯«Hê<∏é ø£wüº|ü&ç |üì#˚XÊ&ÉT ø±˙ n‘·&ÉT $»j·T+ bı+<ä˝Ò<äT.
In spite of Viswanath's hard work, he did not succeed. (Simple)
$X¯«Hê<∏é jÓTTø£ÿ |ü]ÁX¯eT ñqï|üŒ{ÏøÏ˙ n‘·&ÉT $»j·T+ bı+<ä˝Ò<äT.
2. Gita has a lot of money so she leads luxurious life. (Compound)
^‘· n‘·´~Ûø£ <Ûäq+ ø£*Z ñ+~ ø±e⁄q ÄyÓT $˝≤düe+‘· J$‘·+ >∑&ÉT|ü⁄‘·T+~.
Having a lot of money, Gita leads luxurious life. (Simple)
n‘·´~Ûø£ <Ûäq+ ø£*Zñqï+<äTq ^‘· $˝≤düe+‘· J$‘·+ >∑&ÉT|ü⁄‘·T+~.
3. Supriya is innocent so she was forgiven. (Compound)
düTÁ|æj·T ne÷j·T≈£îsê\T ø±e⁄q ÄyÓT ø£å$T+#·ã&ç+~.
Because of her innocence, Supriya was forgiven. (Simple)
düTÁ|æj·T~ ne÷j·Tø£‘·«+ nsTTq+<äTq ÄyÓT ø£å$T+#·ã&ç+~.
4. Mr. Rao is an honest man so he is respectable. (Compound)
sêe⁄>±s¡T ìC≤sTTr>∑\ eTìwæ ø±e⁄q Äj·Tq >ös¡$+|ü<ä–qyê&ÉT.
Being honest, Mr. Rao is respectable. (Simple)
ìC≤sTTr>± ñqï+<äTq sêe⁄>±s¡T >ös¡$+|ü<ä–qyês¡T.
5. The boy watched the horror movie and he got fever. (Compound)
Ä u≤\T&ÉT Ä uÛÑj·T+ø£s¡ dæìe÷ì #·÷XÊ&ÉT eT]j·TT n‘·&ÉT »«s¡+ bı+<ë&ÉT.
On watching the horror movie, the boy got fever. (Simple)
Ä uÛÑj·T+ø£s¡ dæìe÷ì #·÷&É&É+‘√ Ä u≤\T&ÉT »«s¡+ bı+<ë&ÉT.
VI. Compound sentence – Complex sentence :
F Compound sentence ˝Àì ¬s+&ÉT main clause \˝À ˇø£<ëìì dü+<äsê“¤qTkÕs¡+>± sub-ordinate clause >±
e÷s¡Ã&É+ <ë«sê Compound sentence qT 'Complex sentence' >± e÷s¡Ãe#·TÃ.
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Examples :
1. Ramu got good marks and so he was praised. (Compound)
sêeTT eT+∫ e÷s¡Tÿ\T bı+<ë&ÉT ø±e⁄q n‘·&ÉT bı>∑&Éã&Ü¶&ÉT.
Because Ramu got good marks, he was praised. (Complex)
sêeTT bı>∑&Éã&Ü¶&ÉT m+<äTø£q>± n‘·&ÉT eT+∫e÷s¡Tÿ\T bı+<ë&ÉT.
2. Do this work otherwise you will be punished. (Compound)
á |üìì #ÓsTT´ ˝Òq≥¢sTT‘˚ ˙e⁄ •øÏå+#·ã&É‘êe⁄.
If you don't do this work, you will be punished. (Complex)
˙e⁄ á |üìì #Ój·T´ø£b˛‘˚ ˙e⁄ •øÏå+|üã&É‘êe⁄.
3. He was playing the keyboard and I went there. (Compound)
n‘·&ÉT ø°uÀs¡T¶ yêsTTdü÷Ô ñHêï&ÉT eT]j·TT H˚qT nø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓfi≤¢qT.
While he was playing the keyboard, I went there. (Complex)
n‘·&ÉT ø°uÀs¡T¶ yêsTTdüTÔ+&É>± H˚qT nø£ÿ&çøÏ yÓfi≤¢qT.
4. She is rich so she gave one crore. (Compound)
ÄyÓT <Ûäqe+‘·Tsê\T, ø±e⁄q ÄyÓT ˇø£ ø√{Ï Ç∫Ãq~.
As she is rich, she gave one crore. (Complex)
ÄyÓT <Ûäqe+‘·Tsê˝…’q+<äTq, ÄyÓT ˇø£ ø√{Ï Ç∫Ã+~.
5. Complete your work or you won't be sent home. (Compound)
˙ |üìì |üP]Ô#ÓsTT´ ˝Ò<ë ˙e⁄ Ç+{ÏøÏ |ü+|üã&Ée⁄.
Unless you complete your work you won't be sent home. (Complex)
˙e⁄ ˙ |üì |üP]Ô#Ój·T´ø£b˛‘˚ ˙e⁄ Ç+{ÏøÏ |ü+|üã&Ée⁄.
Note : ˇπø yêø£´+˝À sub-ordinating conjunction qT eT]j·TT coordinating conjunction q÷ ≈£L&Ü ˇπø
ns¡ú+˝À ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·sê<äT.
Some more Examples :
1. In spite of his poverty, Prakash pays fee in time. (Simple)
n‘·ì~ ù|<ä]ø£+ nsTTqq÷ Á|üø±wt |ò”E düø±\+˝À #Ó*¢kÕÔ&ÉT.
Even though /Though/Although Prakash is poor, he pays fee in time. (Complex)
Á|üø±wt ù|<äyê&Ó’q|üŒ{ÏøÏ˙ n‘·&ÉT düø±\+˝À |ò”E #Ó*¢kÕÔ&ÉT.
Prakash is poor but he pays fee in time. (Compound)
Á|üø±wt ù|<äyê&ÉT ø±˙ n‘·&ÉT düø±\+˝À |ò”E #Ó*¢kÕÔ&ÉT.
2. She is too weak to walk. (Simple)
ÄyÓT q&Ée˝Òq+‘· ã\V”≤q+>± ñ+~.
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She is so weak that she can't walk. (Complex)
ÄyÓT #ê˝≤ ã\V”≤q+>± ñqï+<äTq ÄyÓT q&Ée˝Ò<äT.
She is very weak and therefore she can't walk. (Compound)
ÄyÓT #ê˝≤ ã\V”≤q+>± ñ+~ ø±ã{Ïº ÄyÓT q&Ée˝Ò<äT.
3. On seeing him, the bull pretended to be sleeping. (Simple)
n‘·ìï #·÷&É&É+‘√ Ä m<äT› ìÁ~düTÔqï≥T¢ q{Ï+∫+~.
When the bull saw him, it pretended to be sleeping. (Complex)
Ä m<äT› n‘·ìï #·÷dæq|ü⁄&ÉT n~ ìÁ~düTÔqï≥T¢ q{Ï+∫+~.
The bull saw him and pretended to be sleeping. (Compound)
Ä m<äT› n‘·ìï #·÷dæ ìÁ~düTÔqï≥T¢ q{Ï+∫+~.
4. Having two pens, she gave one to me. (Simple)
¬s+&ÉT ô|qTï\Tqï+<äTq ÄyÓT ˇø£{Ï Hê≈£î Ç∫Ã+~.
She who has two pens, gave one to me. (Complex)
¬s+&ÉT ô|qTï\Tqï ÄyÓT ˇø£{Ï Hê≈£î Ç∫Ã+~.
She has two pens so she gave one to me. (Compound)
ÄyÓTøÏ ¬s+&ÉT ô|qTï\T ñHêïsTT ø±e⁄q ˇø£{Ï Hê≈£î Ç∫Ã+~.
5. Opening his purse, he gave me a hundred rupees. (Simple)
|üs¡T‡ ‘Ós¡e&É+‘√H˚ n‘·&ÉT Hê≈£î e+<äs¡÷bÕj·T\T Ç#êÃ&ÉT.
When he had opened his purse, he gave me a hundred rupees. (Complex)
n‘·&ÉT n‘·ì |üs¡T‡ ‘Ó]∫q|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Hê≈£î e+<äs¡÷bÕj·T\T Ç#êÃ&ÉT.
He opened his purse and gave me a hundred rupees. (Compound)
n‘·&ÉT n‘·ì |üs¡T‡ ‘Ó]∫ Hê≈£î e+<äs¡÷bÕj·T\T Ç#êÃ&ÉT.
6. Without completion of that, you won't be allowed to go. (Simple)
n~ |üP]Ôø±≈£î+&Ü ˙e⁄ yÓfi¯¢&ÜìøÏ nqTeT‹+#·ã&Ée⁄.
Unless you complete that, you won't be allowed to go. (Complex)
˙e⁄ n~ |üP]Ô#Ój·T´q+‘·es¡≈£L ˙e⁄ yÓfi¯¢&ÜìøÏ nqTeT‹+#·ã&Ée⁄.
Complete that or you won't be allowed to go. (Compound)
<ëìï |üP]Ô#ÓsTT´ ˝Ò<ë ˙e⁄ yÓfi¯¢&ÜìøÏ nqTeT‹+#·ã&Ée⁄.
7. Feeling bored, Priya watched the movie. (Simple)
uÀs¡T>± ñqï+<äTq Á|æj·T dæìe÷ #·÷dæ+~.
As she felt bored, Priya watched the movie. (Complex)
ÄyÓTøÏ uÀs¡T>± ñqï+<äTq Á|æj·T dæìe÷ #·÷dæ+~.
Priya felt bored so she watched the movie. (Compound)
Á|æj·TøÏ uÀs¡T>± ñ+~ ø±e⁄q ÄyÓT dæìe÷ #·÷dæ+~.
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8. Having two wives, Rao struggles between them. (Simple)
Ç<ä›s¡T uÛ≤s¡´\Tqï+<äTq sêe⁄ yê] eT<Ûä´ Çã“+~ |ü&ÉT‘·T+{≤&ÉT.
As he has two wives, Rao struggles between them. (Complex)
n‘·ìøÏ Ç<ä›s¡T uÛ≤s¡´\Tqï+<äTq sêe⁄ yê] eT<Ûä´ Çã“+~ |ü&ÉT‘·T+{≤&ÉT.
Rao has two wives and so he struggles between them. (Compound)
sêe⁄øÏ Ç<ä›s¡T uÛ≤s¡´\THêïs¡T ø±e⁄q n‘·&ÉT yê] eT<Ûä´ Çã“+~|ü&ÉT‘·T+{≤&ÉT.
9. Soon after her coming in, all stood up. (Simple)
˝ÀìøÏ ÄyÓT sêø£‘√ yÓ+≥H˚ n+<äs¡÷ ˝Ò∫ ì\ã&Ü¶s¡T.
As soon as she came in, all stood up. (Complex)
ÄyÓT ˝À|ü*øÏ sê>±H˚ kÕ<ÛäýÓTÆq+‘· ‘=+<äs¡>±, n+<äs¡÷ ˝Ò∫ ì\ã&Ü¶s¡T.
She came in and at once all stood up. (Compound)
ÄyÓT ˝À|ü*øÏ e∫Ã+~ eT]j·TT ˇø£ÿkÕ]>± n+<äs¡÷ ˝Ò∫ ì\ã&Ü¶s¡T.
10. This problem is too critical to solve. (Simple)
á düeTdü´ kÕ~Û+#·˝Òq+‘· øÏ¢wüº‘·s¡yÓTÆq~.
This problem is so critical that we can't solve it. (Complex)
á düeTdü´ #ê˝≤ øÏ¢wüº‘·s¡yÓTÆq+<äTq eTq+ Bìì |ü]wüÿ]+#·˝ÒeTT.
This problem is very critical and, therefore, we can't solve it. (Compound)
á düeTdü´ #ê˝≤ øÏ¢wüº‘·s¡yÓTÆq~ ø±ã{Ïº eTq+ Bìì |ü]wüÿ]+#·˝ÒeTT.
11. Being clever, Swathi can answer any question. (Simple)
‘Ó*yÓ’q~ nsTTq+<äTq kÕ«‹ @ Á|üX¯ï¬ø’Hê düe÷<Ûëq$Te«>∑\<äT.
Swathi, who is clever, can answer any question. (Complex)
kÕ«‹ me¬s’‘˚ ‘Ó*yÓ’q<√ ÄyÓT @ Á|üX¯ï¬ø’Hê düe÷<Ûëq$Te«>∑\<äT.
Swathi, is clever so she can answer any question. (Compound)
kÕ«‹ ‘Ó*yÓ’q~ ø±e⁄q ÄyÓT @ Á|üX¯ï¬ø’Hê düe÷<Ûëq$Te«>∑\<äT.
12. Because of her richness, Swapna can buy anything. (Simple)
ÄyÓT jÓTTø£ÿ <Ûäìø£‘·«+ e\q dü«|üï @<Ó’Hê ø=q>∑\<äT.
As Swapna is rich, she can buy anything. (Complex)
dü«|üï <Ûäì≈£îsê˝…’q+<äTq ÄyÓT @<Ó’Hê ø=q>∑\<äT.
Swapna is rich so she can buy anything. (Compound)
dü«|üï <Ûäì≈£îsê\T ø±e⁄q ÄyÓT @<Ó’Hê ø=q>∑\<äT.
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13. Ramesh is too clever to be cheated (Simple)
s¡y˚Twt yÓ÷dü–+|üã&Éq+‘· ‘Ó*yÓ’qyê&ÉT.
Ramesh is so clever that he can't be cheated. (Complex)
s¡y˚Twt #ê˝≤ ‘Ó*yÓ’qyê&Ó’q+<äTq n‘·&ÉT yÓ÷dü–+|üã&É˝Ò&ÉT.
Ramesh is very clever so he can't be cheated. (Compound)
s¡y˚Twt #ê˝≤ ‘Ó*yÓ’qyê&ÉT ø±ã{Ïº n‘·&ÉT yÓ÷dü–+|üã&É˝Ò&ÉT.
14. Feeling unwell, Sowmya took rest. (Simple)
ÄyÓTøÏ u≤>± ˝Òq+<äTq kÂeT´ $ÁXÊ+‹ rdüT≈£î+~.
When sowmya felt unwell, she took rest. (Complex)
kÂeT´ ‘·q≈£î u≤>± ˝Òq≥T¢ nì|æ+∫q|ü⁄&ÉT $ÁXÊ+‹ rdüT≈£î+~.
Sowmya felt unwell so she took rest. (Compound)
kÂeT´ ‘·q≈£î u≤>±˝Òq≥T¢ nì|æ+∫+~ ø±e⁄q ÄyÓT $ÁXÊ+‹ rdüT≈£î+~.
15. She is too fat to run quickly. (Simple)
ÄyÓT ‘=+<äs¡>± |ü]¬>‘·Ô˝Òq+‘· ˝≤e⁄>± ñ+~.
She is so fat that she cannot run quickly. (Complex)
ÄyÓT #ê˝≤ ˝≤e⁄>± ñqï+<äTq ÄyÓT ‘=+<äs¡>± |ü]¬>‘·Ô˝Ò<äT.
She is very fat and therefore she cannot run quickly. (Compound)
ÄyÓT #ê˝≤ ˝≤e⁄>± ñ+~ ø±ã{Ïº ÄyÓT ‘=+<äs¡>± |ü]¬>‘·Ô˝Ò<äT.
16. Being difficult, I could not understand it. (Simple)
ø£wüº+>± ñqï+<äTq H˚qT Bìì ns¡ú+ #˚düTø√˝Òø£b˛j·÷qT.
As it was difficult, I could not understand it. (Complex)
Ç~ ø£wüº+>± ñqï+<äTq H˚qT Bìì ns¡ú+ #˚düTø√˝Òø£b˛j·÷qT.
It was difficult so I could not understand it. (Compound)
Ç~ ø£wüº+>± ñ+~ ø±ã{Ïº H˚qT Bìì ns¡ú+ #˚düTø√˝Òø£b˛j·÷qT.
17. They bought a big house. (Simple)
yês¡T ˇø£ ô|<ä› Ç+{Ïì ø=Hêïs¡T.
They bought a house which is big. (Complex)
yês¡T ô|<ä›>± ñqï≥Te+{Ï ˇø£ Ç+{Ïì ø=Hêïs¡T.
They bought a house and it is big. (Compound)
yês¡T ˇø£ Ç\T¢ ø=Hêïs¡T eT]j·TT n~ ô|<ä›~.
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18. Sagar has a blue bike. (Simple)
kÕ>∑sY ˇø£ ˙\+u…’ø˘ ø£*Z ñHêï&ÉT.
Sagar has a bike which is blue in colour. (Complex)
kÕ>∑sY ˙\+ s¡+>∑T˝À ñqï ˇø£ u…’ø˘ì ø£*Z ñHêï&ÉT.
Sagar has a bike and it is blue in colour. (Compound)
kÕ>∑sY ˇø£ u…’ø˘ì ø£*ZñHêï&ÉT eT]j·TT n~ ˙\+ s¡+>∑T˝À ñ+~.
19. You should study hard to pass. (Simple)
˙e⁄ bÕdt ne&ÜìøÏ ‘·|üŒø£ ø£wüº|ü&ç #·<äyê*.
Unless you study hard, you won't pass. (Complex)
˙e⁄ ø£wüº|ü&ç #·<äeq+‘·es¡≈£L ˙e⁄ bÕdt ø±e⁄.
You should study hard or else you won't pass. (Compound)
˙e⁄ ‘·|üŒø£ ø£wüº|ü&ç #·<äyê* ˝Ò<ë ˙e⁄ bÕdt ø±e⁄.
20. The tea is too hot to drink. (Simple)
Ä {° Á‘ê>∑˝Òq+‘· y˚&ç>± ñ+~.
The tea is so hot that we can't drink. (Complex)
Ä {° #ê˝≤ y˚&ç>± ñqï+<äTq eTq+ Á‘ê>∑˝ÒeTT.
The tea is very hot and so we can't drink. (Compound)
Ä {° #ê˝≤ y˚&ç>± ñ+~. ø±ã{Ïº eTq+ Á‘ê>∑˝ÒeTT.

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25. Letter-Writing (˝ÒU≤s¡#·q)
F ˇø£ düe÷#êsêìï Ç‘·s¡T\≈£î ‘Ó*j·TCÒj·T&ÜìøÏ 'Letters' nH˚$ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&É‘êsTT. ø=+‘·ø±\+ ÁøÏ‘·+ ã+<ÛäTe⁄\
eT<Ûä´q πøåeTdüe÷#êsê\qT ‘Ó\T|ü⁄ø√e&ÜìøÏ ≈£L&Ü letters ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚yês¡T. ø±˙ Á|üdüTÔ‘·ø±\+˝À düe÷#ês¡
kÕ<ÛäqeTT˝…’q f…*bò˛qT¢, yÓTTu…’˝Ÿ bò˛qT¢, yÓTùdCŸ\T, áyÓTsTT˝Ÿ\T e+{Ï$ n~Ûø£eTe&É+ #˚‘· letters jÓTTø£ÿ
ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+ ø=+#Ó+ ‘·–Z+<äH˚ #Ó|ü⁄Œø√yê*. ø±˙ n~Ûø±s¡|üPs¡«ø£+>±, yê´bÕs¡Ø‘ê´ eT]j·TT ñ<√´>∑dü+ã+~Û‘·+>±
nedüs¡eTj˚T´ düe÷#ês¡eTT\qT ˇø£] qT+∫ eTs=ø£]øÏ ‘Ó\T|ü⁄ø√e&ÜìøÏ eT]j·TT ÄVü‰«q|üÁ‹ø£\T>±q÷ letters qT
ñ|üjÓ÷–düTÔHêïs¡T. ø±e⁄q letters ˝Àì s¡ø±\qT eT]j·TT yê{Ïì Áyêùd$<ÛëHêìï düŒwüº+>± H˚s¡TÃø√yê*.
KINDS OF LETTERS
Letters ¬s+&ÉT s¡ø±\T. n$ :
1. Personal letters
2. Official letters
1. Personal letters :
≈£î≥T+ãdüuÛÑT´\≈£î, ã+<ÛäTe⁄\≈£î, ùdïVæ≤‘·T\≈£î, |ü]#·j·TdüTÔ\≈£î eT]j·TT Ä|ü⁄Ô\≈£î Áyêùd ñ‘·Ôsê\qT 'Personal
letters' nì n+{≤s¡T. M{Ï j·T+<äT ø π eå T düe÷#ês¡eTT\qT ‘Ó\T|ü⁄ø√e&É+ eT]j·TT n_Ûq+<äq\qT ‘Ó\T|ü&+É ‘√bÕ≥T>±
$wüj·÷ìï ‘Ó\T|ü&É+ »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~.
2. Official letters :
n~Ûø±s¡T\≈£î, dü¨<√´>∑T\≈£î, yê´bÕs¡uÛ≤>∑kÕ«eTT\≈£î yÓTT<ä˝…’q e´≈£îÔ\≈£î Áyêùd letters ì 'Official letters'
nì n+{≤s¡T. M{ÏjT· +<äT Äj·÷ ñ‘·sÔ e¡ TT\qT #·~y˚ e´≈£î\Ô ≈£î Äj·÷ ñ‘·sÔ e¡ TT\qT Áyêùd e´≈£î*Ô ï |ü]#·jT· +#˚dTü ø√e&É+,
düe÷#êsêìï kÕ<ÛäýÓTÆq+‘· ≈£î¢|üÔ+>± $e]+#·&É+ »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. ø±e⁄q á letters ˝Àì body ‘·≈£îÿe>± ñ+≥T+~.
Leave letters, Complaint letters, Invitation letters, Business letters eT]j·TT Application forms
e+{Ï$ á s¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~qy˚. á Letters >ös¡eÁ|ü<äyÓTÆq |ü<äC≤\+‘√ ñ+{≤sTT.
PARTS OF LETTERS AND STRUCTURE OF LETTERS (LETTERS j·T+<ä* uÛ≤>±\T)
Letters j·T+<äT eTTK´+>± '9' uÛ≤>±\T ø£ìŒdüTÔ+{≤sTT. n$.

1. Title
2. Heading
3. Salutation
4. Greeting word
5. Subject
6. Body of the letter
7. Conclusion
8. Subscription
9. Superscription

368
1. Title : Letter jÓTTø£ÿ dü«uÛ≤yêìï ã{Ïº letter øÏ ô|’uÛ≤>∑+˝À Áyêùd<ëìì 'Title of the letter' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Leave letter (ôd\e⁄ N{Ï)
2. Application form (<äs¡U≤düTÔ)
3. Invitation (ÄVü‰«q|üÁ‹ø£) etc.
2. Heading : Letter q+<äT ≈£î&çyÓ’|ü⁄q Áyêùd place eT]j·TT date \qT Ä letter jÓTTø£ÿ 'Heading' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Rajahmundry,
25th, July, 2012.
2. Vishakhapatnam,
06-06-2012.
3. Gokavaram,
May 5, 2011. etc.
3. Salutation : Letter q+<äT >∑\ From eT]j·TT To nÁ&Édt\qT Ä Letter jÓTTø£ÿ 'salutation' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Salutation ˝À kÕ<Ûës¡D+>± eTT+<äT 'To' nÁ&ÉdtqT Áyêdæ Ä ‘·sê«‘· 'From' nÁ&Édtì ÁyêkÕÔs¡T. Bì˝Àì From,
To \ Á|üø£ÿq @ $<ÛäyÓTÆq Punctuation marks ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·sê<äT.
Examples :
To
The Revenue Officer,
Gokavaram Mandal,
Gokavaram.
From
T. Prasad,
(S/o) Nageswara Rao,
T. Nagar,
Rajahmundry.
4. Greeting word : Letter qT n+<äTø=ì #·<äTe⁄‘·Tqï e´øÏÔì n_Ûq+~dü÷Ô Áyêùd |ü<ëìï 'Greeting word' nì
n+{≤s¡T. Bìì ≈£L&Ü salutation >± eéVü≤]kÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. Dear Rajesh, (Á|æj·TyÓTÆq sêCÒwt)
2. Respected sir, (>ös¡eÁ|ü<äyÓTÆq nj·÷´)
3. My dear mother (Hê Á|æj·TyÓTÆq ne÷à) etc.
5. Subject : Official letters $wüj·T+˝À Ä ‘·~‘·s¡ n~Ûø±s¡T\T Á|ür letter ì ≈£åîDí+>± #·<äe&ÜìøÏ yê]øÏ ‘·–q
düeTj·T+ ñ+&É<äT. n+<äTe\q yê]øÏ letter qT #·÷&É>±H˚ <ëì˝Àì $wüj·T+ ns¡úeTj˚T´˝≤ subject ì ÁyêkÕÔs¡T.
Subject ˝À letter jÓTTø£ÿ Á|ü<Ûëq $wüj·T+ Áyêj·Tã&ÉT‘·T+~. á Á|ü<Ûëq n+X¯yÓTÆq subject ì #·~$ Ä letter ì
yÓ+≥H˚ #·<äyê˝À ˝Ò<ë ‘·s¡Tyê‘· #·<äee#√Ã nH˚ düeTj·Tπø{≤sTT+|ü⁄qT Ä n~Ûø±s¡T\T #˚düT≈£î+{≤s¡T. á $<Ûä+>±
'subject' ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉT‘·T+~.
369
Examples :
1. A complaint about unexpected powercut. (}Væ≤+#·ì $<äT´‘Y ø√‘·qT >∑T]+∫ |òæsê´<äT)
2. An invitation to college anniversary function. (ø±˝Òõ j·÷ìes¡‡Ø |òü+ø£åHé≈£î ÄVü‰«q+)
6. Body of the letter : Letter

jÓTTø£ÿ |üP]Ô düe÷#êsêìï $e]dü÷Ô Áyêùd uÛ≤>±ìï 'Body of the letter' nì
n+{≤s¡T. Bìì 'Grammar' Ä<Ûës¡+>± ‘·|ü⁄Œ\T ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü Áyêj·÷*.
7. Conclusion : 'Body of the letter' qT Áyêdæq ‘·s¡Tyê‘· eTT–+|ü⁄ ø√s¡T‘·÷ Áyêùd word ì 'conclusion' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Bye (ôd\e⁄)
2. Thanking you, sir (ø£è‘·»„‘·\+&ç)
3. Thank you (ø£è‘·»„‘·\T) etc.
8. Subscription : Letter qT eTT–+#˚ eTT+<äT nq>± conclusion Áyêdæq ‘·s¡Tyê‘· MT dü+‘·ø£+ #˚ùd eTT+<äT Ä
letter qT #·~y˚ e´øÏÔøÏ MTs¡T @eTe⁄‘ês¡H˚ dü+ã+<Ûëìï ‘Ó*ù| word ì, MT dü+‘·ø±ìï ø£*|æ 'subscription' nì
n+{≤s¡T.
Examples :
1. Yours lovingly, (MT Á|æj·TyÓTÆq)
xxxxxxxxx
2. Your loving son, (˙ Á|æj·TyÓTÆq ø=&ÉT≈£î)
xxxxxxxxx
3. Yours faithfully, (MT ì»yÓTÆq)
xxxxxxxxx
4. Your sincere friend, (MT ì»yÓTÆq ùdïVæ≤‘·T&ÉT)
xxxxxxxxx
9. Superscription : Letter q+<äT postal usage ø=s¡≈£î ñ|üjÓ÷–+#˚ 'To' nÁ&Édtì Áyêj·÷*. Bìì letter ≈£î
yÓ\T|ü*øÏ e#˚Ã≥≥T¢ eT&ç#˚ $<Ûä+>± letter n&ÉT>∑TuÛ≤>∑+˝À ÁyêkÕÔs¡T. BìH˚ 'Superscription' nì n+{≤s¡T.
Superscription ˝Àì 'To' Á|üø£ÿq @ $<ÛäyÓTÆq Punctuation marks ì ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·≈£L&É<äT.
Examples :
To
N. Rajesh Kumar,
(S/o) Ram Kumar,
D.No. - 7/G,
Ramaiah street,
Vijayawada.
á uÛ≤>±\ jÓTTø£ÿ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑+ ¬s+&ÉT s¡ø±\ letters ˝Àq÷ ≈£L&Ü |üP]Ô>± ñ+&É<äT. nq>± ˇø£ s¡ø£+ letters ˝À
ø=ìï uÛ≤>±\qT eT]j·TT eTs=ø£ s¡ø£+ letters ˝À eT]ø=ìï uÛ≤>±\q÷ ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
370
1. Personal letter, n+<ä* uÛ≤>±\T eT]j·TT ìsêàD+ :
1. Heading : Bìì letter ˝À eTT+<äT>± letter jÓTTø£ÿ ≈£î&çy|
’Ó ⁄ü q ÁyêkÕÔsT¡ . Bì˝À letter qT mø£ÿ&çqT+∫ ÁyêdüTHÔ êïyÓ÷
Ä Á|ü<˚X¯+ ù|s¡T eT]j·TT @ ‘˚Bq Ä letter qT ÁyêdüTÔHêïyÓ÷ Ä ‘˚B ÁyêkÕÔeTT. Bì˝À K∫Ã‘·+>± Á|ü<˚X¯+ ù|s¡T
eTT+<äT Áyêdæ <ëì ÁøÏ+<äq ‘˚B yÓj·÷´*. Place ù|s¡T ∫es¡q Comma (,) qT ñ+#ê*. eT]j·TT date øÏ ∫es¡q
full stop (.) qT ñ+#ê*.
2. Greeting word : Letter #·~y˚ e´øÏÔì n_Ûq+~dü÷Ô 'Dear' qT Áyêdæ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· ˝…≥sY Áyêùd e´øÏÔøÏ Ä #·~y˚ e´øÏÔ
@eTe⁄‘ê&√ Ä relation ì Áyêj·÷*. á word øÏ ∫es¡q ‘·|üŒ≈£î+&Ü Comma (,) ì ñ+#ê*.
Examples :
1. Dear father, (Á|æj·TyÓTÆq Hêqï)

2. Dear Ravi, (Á|æj·TyÓTÆq s¡M !) etc.
Ç<˚ $<Ûä+>± relation kÕúq+˝À ù|s¡Tì ≈£L&Ü Áyêj·Te#·TÃ. á $<Ûä+>± ej·TdüT‡˝À ∫qïyê]øÏ Áyêùd≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT
ÁyêkÕÔs¡T.
Examples :
1. Dear Prema (Á|æj·TyÓTÆq Áù|eT)

2. Dear Kumar (Á|æj·TyÓTÆq ≈£îe÷sY) etc.
Ç<˚ $<Ûä+>± yÓTT<ä{À¢ 'my' ì #˚]Ã ≈£L&Ü Áyêj·Te#·TÃ.

Examples :
1. My dear mother (Hê Á|æj·TyÓTÆq neTà)
2. My dear sister (Hê Á|æj·TyÓTÆq #Ó*¢) etc.
Note : ‘·+Á&ç,
e÷ej·T´, ‘ê‘·j·T´ e+{Ï >ös¡eÁ|ü<äyÓTÆq e´≈£îÔ\≈£î letter qT Áyêùd≥|ü⁄&ÉT 'dear' ≈£î ã<äT\T
Respected ì ≈£L&Ü Áyêj·Te#·TÃ.
Examples :
1. Respected father (>ös¡e˙j·TT˝…’q Hêqï>±s¡T)
2. Respected uncle (>ös¡e˙j·TT˝…’q e÷eTj·T´>±s¡T) etc.
3. Body of the letter : Personal letter ˝À Body of the letter ˝À eTT+<äT>± πøåeTdüe÷#êsê\T ‘Ó\TbÕ*.
‘·s¡Tyê‘· $wüj·÷ìï ‘Ó*|æ ∫es¡q n+<ä]˙ n&ç–q≥T¢ n_Ûq+<äq\qT ‘Ó*|æ ∫es¡q fullstop (.) qT ñ+#ê*.
4. Conclusion : Body of the letter qT Áyêdæq ‘·s¡Tyê‘· letter ì eTT–dü÷Ô 'conclusion' ì Áyêj·÷*.
Personal letters ˝À conclusion >±
1. Thank you
2. Thanks
3. Bye e+{Ï words ˝Ò<ë
4. Have a nice day.
5. Take care of your health e+{Ï sentence \qT ≈£L&Ü ñ|üjÓ÷–düTÔ+{≤s¡T. Conclusion ∫es¡q
full stop (.) ì ñ+#ê*.
371
5. Subscription : Conclusion Áyêdæq ‘·s¡Tyê‘· ô|’q Áyêdæq 'heading' ≈£î ‹qï>± letter øÏ ÁøÏ+~ uÛ≤>∑+˝À
'Subscriptionì Áyêj·÷*.
Personal letters ˝À subscription ˝À
1. Yours lovingly,
2. Yours affectionately,
3. Yours sincerely etc e+{Ï |ü<ë\qT Áyêdæ M{Ï ÁøÏ+<ä dü+‘·ø£+ #Ój·÷´*.
(˝Ò<ë)
Subscription ˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï |ü<ä+>±
1. Your loving ____________ ,
2. Your affectionate ____________ , e+{Ï |ü<ë\qT Áyêdæ á U≤∞\˝À letter #·~y˚ e´øÏÔøÏ MTs¡T
@eTe⁄‘ês√ Ä relation ì Áyêj·÷*. Ä ‘·s¡Tyê‘· MT dü+‘·ø£+ #Ój·÷´*. Subscription ˝Àì yÓTT<ä{Ï word øÏ ∫es¡q
comma (,) ì, dü+‘·ø£+ ∫es¡q fullstop (.) ì ñ+#ê*.
6. Superscription : Letter |üPs¡ÔsTTq ‘·s¡Tyê‘· subscription øÏ ~>∑Te>± m&ÉeTyÓ’|ü⁄q superscription ì ÁyêkÕÔsT¡ .

Bì˝Àì Address ˝À yÓTT<ä{Ï nìï|ü<ë\≈£L commas (,) qT ñ+∫ ∫e] |ü<ëìøÏ full stop (.) qT ñ+#ê*.
á $<ÛäyÓTÆq ìj·Te÷\‘√ 'Personal letter' ì ÁyêkÕÔs¡T.
The Structure of a Personal Letter :
Heading
Greeting word (Saluation)

Body of the letter
Conclusion
Subscription
Superscription
á $<ÛäyÓTÆq qeT÷Hê Ä<Ûës¡+>± Personal letter ì Áyêj·÷*.

II. Official letter, n+<ä* uÛ≤>±\T eT]j·TT ìsêàD+ :
1. Title : Letter jÓTTø£ÿ dü«uÛ≤yêìï ã{Ïº title qT ÁyêkÕÔs¡T. Á|ür letter ≈£î title qT Áyêj·÷\ì ìj·TeT+ ˝Ò<äT. Title qT
Áyêdæq ‘·s¡Tyê‘· m˝≤+{Ï >∑Ts¡TÔq÷ ñ+#·sê<äT.
2. Heading : Letter q+<äT ≈£î&çyÓ’|ü⁄q Bìì ÁyêkÕÔs¡T. Bì˝Àì place ∫es¡q comma (,) ì, date ∫es¡q
full stop (.) ì ñ+#ê*
3. Salutation : Official letter q+<äT salutation qT Áyêj·÷*. Bì˝À eTT+<äT 'To' nÁ&ÉdtqT, ‘·s¡Tyê‘· 'From'
nÁ&ÉdtqT Áyêj·÷*. Bìì letter q+<äT Heading øÏ ~>∑Te>± m&ÉeTyÓ’|ü⁄q ÁyêkÕÔs¡T.
372
4. Greeting word : Letter #·~y˚e´øÏÔì n_Ûq+~dü÷Ô Greeting word ì Áyêj·÷*. Bìì letter ˝À subject øÏ
ÁøÏ+<äq Áyêj·÷*. Official letters ˝À greeting words >±
1. Respected sir, (>ös¡eÁ|ü<äyÓTÆq nj·÷´,)
2. Sir, (nj·÷´,)
3. Respected madam, (>ös¡eÁ|ü<äyÓTÆq ne÷à,)
4. Madam, (ne÷à,) etc. qT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T.
Greeting word qT Áyêdæq ‘·s¡Tyê‘· comma (,) ì ñ+#ê*.
5. Subject : Official letter ˝À e÷Á‘·y˚T 'subject' ì Áyêj·÷*. Bìì salutation øÏ ÁøÏ+<äq Áyêj·÷*. Bì ∫es¡q
full stop (.) qT ñ+#ê*.
6. Body of the letter : Official letter ˝À body ì kÕ<ÛäýÓTÆq+‘· ∫qï~>± Áyêj·÷*. $wüj·÷ìï dü÷{Ï>± ‘Ó\bÕ*.
Bì˝À letter qT Áyêùd e´øÏÔ eTT+<äT>± letter qT #·~y˚ e´øÏÔøÏ ‘·qqT ‘êqT |ü]#·j·T+ #˚düTø√yê*. Body ì
eTT–+∫q ‘·s¡Tyê‘· full stop (.) qT ñ+#ê*.
7. Conclusion : 'Body of the letter' qT Áyêdæq ‘·s¡Tyê‘· letter ì eTT–dü÷Ô conclusion ì Áyêj·÷*.
Official letter ˝À conclusion >±

1. Thank you, sir, (ø£è‘·»„‘·\T)
2. Thanking you, sir, (ø£è‘·»„‘·\T) e+{Ï yê{Ïì Áyêj·÷*. M{Ï ∫es¡q full stop (.) ì ñ+#ê*.
8. Subscription : Official letter ˝À ≈£L&Ü subscription qT Heading ≈£î ‹qï>± conclusion øÏ ÁøÏ+~uÛ≤>±q
ÁyêkÕÔs¡T. Official letter ˝À subscription ˝À
1. Yours faithfully,
2. Yours truly,
3. Yours sincerely,
4. Yours obediently, etc e+{Ï yê{Ïì ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T. M{ÏøÏ ∫es¡q comma (,) ì ñ+#·T‘ês¡T. Bì
ÁøÏ+<äq dü+‘·ø£+ #˚kÕÔs¡T. Bì‘√ subscription |üPs¡Ôe⁄‘·T+~.
á $<ÛäyÓTÆq ìj·Te÷\qT nqTdü]+∫ official letter ì ÁyêkÕÔs¡T.
The Structure of an Official Letter :
Title
Heading
Saluation
Subject
Greeting word
Body of the letter
Conclusion
Subscription
á qeT÷Hê Ä<Ûës¡+>± official letter ì Áyêj·Te˝…qT.

373
SAMPLE LETTERS (qeT÷Hê ˝ÒK\T)
1. Write a letter to your father requesting him to send you five hundred rupees to pay school fee.
Prakash Nagar,
24-10-2012.
Dear Dad,
I am safe here and hope the same with you. I am studying well. I got first rank in III unit
examination. Yesterday our principal sent a notice to pay examination fee on or before 5th of next
month. The examination fee is Rs. 500/- only. So I have to pay it. Please send me Rs. 500/- by
money order. I will be waiting for your Money Order.
Convey my regards to my mother and Padmini. Please take care of your health and the education
of sister.
Thank you,
Yours lovingly,
Vinay Kumar.
To
N. Shankara Rao,
(S/o) Ranga Rao,
Korukonda,
East Godavari District.
2. Write a reply to your friend's letter and thank him because he sent a gift on your birthday party.
Korukonda,
15-05-2012.
Dear Raj,
I am safe here and hope the same with you. I am studying well and wish you the same. I felt
very unhappy because of your absence at my birthday party. I got your letter and understood your
inconvenience to attend. Srinu presented your gift on behalf of you. The watch is very nice. I like it
so much. Thanks for your gift and I will come to your village next month. Let us enjoy ourselves
there for two days.
Convey my regards to the members of your family.
Bye,
Yours lovingly,
P. Suresh Kumar.
To
K. Rajasekhar,
(S/o) Prasada Rao,
D.No. 1-101/G,
Main Road, Rajahmundry.
374
3. Write an invitation letter to your District Collector to attend the Blood donation camp at your
college as chief guest.
Gajuwaka,
15-07-2012.
To
The District Collector,
Vishakhapatnam.
From
SMC Students Union,
SKGH College,
Vishakhapatnam.
Subject : Invitation to attend the blood donation camp as chief guest.
Respected sir,
I am Mr. Kumar, President of SMC union of SKGH college. On Independence Day, we want to conduct
a blood donation camp in our college. So we heartily invite you to be the chief quest at the camp.
Thanking you, sir,
Yours sincerely,
Students of SMC Union.
4. You are Mr. Naresh and MA Eng is your educational qualification, PGDCA is technical qualification.
You have two years' experience as English lecturer.
Apply for the post of an English lecture at Srinivasa College.
Gopalapuram,
15-12-2012.
To
The Principal,
Srinivasa College,
Devarapalli.
Sir,
I am Naresh, a post graduate at Gopalapuram. In response to your advertisement in Eenadu,
I am submitting my resume.
1. Name : Naresh, Kothapalli
2. Age : 25 years
3. Gender : Male
4. Educational Qualifications : M.A. English
5. Technical Qualifications : PGDCA
6. Address : (S/o) Rama Rao,
Gopalapuram,
West Godavari District,
Pin : 534316
7. Job applied for : English lecturer
8. Salary expected : Negotiable
I enclose the xerox copies of my certificates to this letter. If you give me a chance, I will prove
the best of my ability.
Thanking you, sir,
Yours sincerely,
K. Naresh
375
5. Write a letter to your brother describing the Independence Day celebrations at your school.
Kovvuru,
16-08-2012.
My dear brother,
I am safe here and hope the same with you. I am studying well. I am writing to you to explain
how the Independence Day has been celebrated at my school. Yesterday we celebrated it very
grandly. We invited our local MLA as chief guest. All of our guests gave their valuable speeches. Our
teachers conducted cultural activities. I also participated in them. We enjoyed it very well. Write to
me about your feelings about this. I will be waiting for your reply.
Convey my regards to our parents and sister.
Thank you,
Your loving brother,

Subhakar.
To
S. Prabhakar,
(S/o) Mahesh Kumar,
Guddigudem,
Gopalapuram Mandal,
West Godavari District,
Pin : 534 316.

376

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