II. PHONETICS (3 pts.

)
PART 1: Choose the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others.
Write your answers in numbered boxes 21-23. (1.5 pts.)
21. A. custom B. adjust C. frustrate D. costume
22. A. sympathise B. therefore C. although D. breathe
23. A. dimension B. tension C. confusion D. expansion

PART 2: Choose the word whose main stressed syllable is placed differently from the others.
Write your answers in numbered boxes 24-26. (1.5 pts.)
24. A. preservative B. significant C. comfortable D. reliable
25. A. community B. convenience C. enthusiasm D. understanding
26. A. represent B. determine C. coincide D. recommend
III. LEXICO-GRAMMAR (17 pts.)
PART 1: Use the words given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits
in the gap in the same line. Write your answers in numbered boxes 27-36. (5 pts.)
If you want to improve your overall level of fitness, running is one of the
best sports to choose. It can increase the (27)______ of your bones, it is STRONG
good for your heart, and it can help with weight (28)______. You will soon LOSE
begin to see a (29)______ improvement in your general health and if you SIGNIFY
are the sort of person who enjoys a challenge, then you could consider
making the (30)______ to run a marathon – a race of approximately 42 kilometres. DECIDE
Experienced runners and sports (31)______ say you should make a point of
INSTRUCT
having a physical check-up with your doctor before you start training.
Another (32)______ is that anyone who has an old back, knee or ankle
RECOMMEND
(33)______ should take extra care. You should never use running shoes
INJURE
which hurt your feet (34)______ after a long run. It is a good idea to start
COMFORT
by running slowly for about twenty minutes three times a week and
(35)______ increase the number of kilometres you run. You should find
GRADUAL
running long (36)______ gets progressively easier, and after a time, you
DISTANT
may feel that even a marathon will be possible.

PART 2: Choose the answer (A, B, C, or D) which best completes each sentence. Write your
answers in numbered boxes 37-50. (7 pts.)
37. Diseases began spreading in the ______ of the disaster.
A. wake B. awareness C. place D. way
38. Could you get an extra ______ of milk for me, please?
A. bar B. slice C. carton D. packet
39. His wife died last year and he still can’t ______ to terms with her death.
A. go B. get C. contribute D. come
40. I watched the street performers for a bit with a group of other ______.
A. observers B. onlookers C. witnesses D. viewers
41. Please don’t ______ it a miss if I make a few suggestions for improvements.
A. think B. assume C. take D. judge
42. Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
The news about toxic waste dumping aroused the anger of the many listeners of a news broadcast.
A. informed B. appeared C. provoked D. deceived
43. Sales of the toy dropped ______ sharply when the TV news reported that a child had swallowed part of
the toy and almost died.
A. off B. out C. over D. away
44. The water company will have to cut off water supplies while repairs to the pipes are ______.
A. turned up B. filled in C. carried out D. put on
45. We might be able to persuade more people to use the bus, but it is ______ impossible to stop people
from driving cars altogether.
A. absolutely B. highly C. very D. a little
46. ______, I think that banning smokers from public places is a very good idea.
A. Clearly B. Fortunately C. Justifiably D. Personally
47. Various societies define ______ in many rather complex ways.
A. that is successful B. that success is
C. what is success D. what success is
48. Not only ______ in the project, but he also wanted to become the leader.
A. did Jack involve B. had Jack been involved
C. Jack was involved D. was Jack involved
49. All of the sentences below use “the”. Which is the correct one?
A. The crime is a problem in many big cities. B. Can you pass the sugar please?
C. I love the skiing. D. My brother likes playing the sports.
50. We ______ today and I got into trouble because I hadn't done it.
A. had checked our homework B. were checked our homework
C. had our homework checked D. have our homework checking

PART 3: Each line of the passage has a word which should NOT be there. Identify and write them
in numbered boxes 51-60. (5 pts.)
Question A LONG WAIT
s
0. ..in… I thought I would let you know how much I enjoyed our holiday together in last week. The only
51. ........ trouble with enjoying yourself as much as we did is that the life can seem so dull afterwards.
52. ........ Things started to go wrong when I have got to the airport and was told my flight would be
53. ........ delayed for at least three hours. There was really nothing much to do but wait. I felt very hungry
54. ........ but I could not buy anything to eat as I had run out of money. Time passed over really slowly.
55. ........ After about two and a half hours there was an announcement to say us that there would be a
56. ........ further delay of up to more two hours, and passengers booked on the flight could order a free
57. ........ meal in the café. I joined up a long queue and had just been served when I heard another
58. ........ announcement telling passengers that the flight was now ready made for boarding. I had to leave
59. ........ my meal and rush quickly to the gate. There was yet another wait at the gate for half an hour but
60. ........ when we did eventually leave more than four hours late. It was not a very good end to what until
then had been a fantastic holiday.

IV. READING (30 pts.)

PART 1: Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space. Write
your answers in numbered boxes 61-70. (5 pts.)
TRAFFIC IN OUR CITIES
The volume of traffic in many cities in the world today continues to expand. This causes many problems,
including serious air pollution, lengthy delays, and the greater risk (61)______ accidents. Clearly, something
must be done, but it is often difficult to (62)______ people to change their habits and leave their cars at
home.
One possible (63)______ is to make it more expensive for people to use their cars by (64)______ charges
for parking and bringing in tougher fines for anyone who (65)______ the law. In addition, drivers could be
required to pay for using particular routes at different times of the day. This system, (66)______ as 'road
pricing', is already being introduced in a (67)______ of cities, using a special electronic card fixed to the
windscreen of the car.
Another way of (68)______ with the problem is to provide cheap parking on the (69)______ of the city, and
strictly control the number of vehicles allowed into the centre. Drivers and their passengers then use a special
bus service for the (70)______ stage of their journey.
61. A. of B. for C. about D. by
62. A. make B. arrange C. suggest D. persuade
63. A. approach B. manner C. custom D. style
64. A. enlarging B. increasing C. growing D. developing
65. A. crosses B. refuses C. breaks D. cracks
66. A. named B. seen C. called D. known
67. A. quantity B. number C. total D. sum
68. A. doing B. handling C. dealing D. solving
69. A. outskirts B. border C. outside D. limit
70. A. late B. end C. complete D. final

PART 2: Read the text below and think of the word that best fits each gap. Use only one word in
each gap. Write your answers in numbered boxes 71-80. (5 pts.)
RECYCLING

Recycling involves taking used materials and (71)______ them into new products. It is not a new concept:
people have been recycling for hundreds of years but (72)______ rising energy costs since the 1970s it has
become more (73)______ a necessity and is now common practice. The idea of recycling is to prevent waste
and (74)______ the consumption of new fresh raw materials.

The most common materials which are recycled are paper and glass. Some plastics, metals and textiles
(75)______ also be recycled as well as some electronic equipment. It is now typical to separate household
waste into materials (76)______ can and can't be recycled. Recycling points where glass, paper, etc. can
be taken to are now common sights in (77)______ major towns and cities.

In theory recycling seems obvious;(78)______, in practice it is not always cost-effective. Often the cost of
collection and transportation is greater than the cost of the energy (79)______. It also means there are
fewer jobs available in industries such as mining, (80)______ demand for raw materials is lower. As a result,
recycling is a controversial topic. However, with more government legislation and more incentives being
introduced recycling is clearly on the increase.

PART 3: Read the passage and do the tasks as directed. (13 pts.)
Crop-growing skyscrapers

By the year 2050, nearly 80% of the Earth's population will live in urban centres. Applying the most
conservative estimates to current demographic trends, the human population will increase by about three
billion people by then. An estimated 109 hectares of new land (about 20% larger than Brazil) will be needed
to grow enough food to feed them, if traditional farming methods continue as they are practised today. At
present, throughout the world, over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops is in use. Historically,
some 15% of that has been laid waste by poor management practices. What can be done to ensure enough
food for the world's population to live on?

The concept of indoor farming is not new, since hothouse production of tomatoes and other produce has
been in vogue for some time. What is new is the urgent need to scale up this technology to accommodate
another three billion people. Many believe an entirely new approach to indoor farming is required, employing
cutting-edge technologies. One such proposal is for the 'Vertical Farm'.

The concept is of multi-storey buildings in which food crops are grown in environmentally controlled
conditions. Situated in the heart of urban centres, they would drastically reduce the amount of transportation
required to bring food to consumers. Vertical farms would need to be efficient, cheap to construct and safe to
operate. If successfully implemented, proponents claim, vertical farms offer the promise of urban renewal,
sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (through year-round production of all crops), and the
eventual repair of ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal farming.

It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for granted. Along the
way, we despoiled most of the land we worked, often turning verdant, natural ecozones into semi-arid
deserts. Within that same time frame, we evolved into an urban species, in which 60% of the human
population now lives vertically in cities. This means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter from the
elements, yet we subject our food-bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and can do no more
than hope for a good weather year. However, more often than not now, due to a rapidly changing climate,
that is not what happens. Massive floods, long droughts, hurricanes and severe monsoons take their toll each
year, destroying millions of tons of valuable crops.

The supporters of vertical farming claim many potential advantages for the system. For instance, crops would
be produced all year round, as they would be kept in artificially controlled, optimum growing conditions.
There would be no weather-related crop failures due to droughts, floods or pests. All the food could be grown
organically, eliminating the need for herbicides, pesticides and fertilisers. The system would greatly reduce
the incidence of many infectious diseases that are acquired at the agricultural interface. Although the system
would consume energy, it would return energy to the grid via methane generation from composting non-
edible parts of plants. It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors,
ploughs and shipping.

A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is that the plants would require artificial light. Without it,
those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight and grow more quickly, reducing the
efficiency of the system. Single-storey greenhouses have the benefit of natural overhead light: even so, many
still need artificial lighting.

A multi-storey facility with no natural overhead light would require far more. Generating enough light could
be prohibitively expensive, unless cheap, renewable energy is available, and this appears to be rather a
future aspiration than a likelihood for the near future.

One variation on vertical farming that has been developed is to grow plants in stacked trays that move on
rails. Moving the trays allows the plants to get enough sunlight. This system is already in operation, and
works well within a single-storey greenhouse with light reaching it from above: it is not certain, however, that
it can be made to work without that overhead natural light.

Vertical farming is an attempt to address the undoubted problems that we face in producing enough food for
a growing population. At the moment, though, more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it
would have on the environment, particularly as regards the use of energy. While it is possible that much of
our food will be grown in skyscrapers in future, most experts currently believe it is far more likely that we will
simply use the space available on urban rooftops.

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each
answer. Write your answers in numbered boxes 81-87.
Indoor farming
81. Some food plants, including ______, are already grown indoors.
82. Vertical farms would be located in ______, meaning that there would be less need to take them long
distances to customers.
83. Vertical farms could use methane from plants and animals to produce ______.
84. The consumption of ______ would be cut because agricultural vehicles would be unnecessary.
85. The fact that vertical farms would need ______ light is a disadvantage.
86. One form of vertical farming involves planting in ______ which are not fixed.
87. The most probable development is that food will be grown on ______ in towns and cities.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? Write:
TRUE (T) if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE (F) if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN (NG) if there is no information on this
Write your answers in numbered boxes 88-93.

88. Methods for predicting the Earth's population have recently changed.
89. Human beings are responsible for some of the destruction to food-producing land.
90. The crops produced in vertical farms will depend on the season.
91. Some damage to food crops is caused by climate change.
92. Fertilisers will be needed for certain crops in vertical farms.
93. Vertical farming will make plants less likely to be affected by infectious diseases.
PART 4: Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the questions.
Write your answers in numbered boxes 94-100. (7 pts.)
TRAVELLING TO LEARN

Having decided in later life that it might actually be quite nice to master another language, rather than
dusting off my schoolgirl French, I opted for a clean break: Spanish. Three years of half-finished evening
classes later, thanks to the enthusiastic teacher's efforts I could order in a restaurant and ask directions, but
my conversational skills were limited to asking everybody how many brothers and sisters they had. The
only true way to master a language is to live and breathe it for a period of time. I toyed with the idea of
taking a language 'immersion' course abroad, but two little words always stopped me: home stay. Then I
saw that tour operator Journey Latin America had started offering Spanish courses in Peru, amongst other
places. The opportunity to realise two long-held ambitions in one holiday – to improve my Spanish and to
see Machu Picchu – proved irresistible.

My misgivings evaporate the moment I am met by my home-stay family, the Rojas, at Cusco airport. They
greet me warmly, like an old friend. Carlos is an optician and Carmucha owns a restaurant. With their four
children they live in a comfortable house right in the centre of town. Then I'm whisked off to a family
friend's birthday party, where I understand nothing apart from the bit where they sing 'Happy Birthday'.
By the end of the evening my face aches from holding an expression of polite, but uncomprehending
interest, and I fall into bed wondering what I've let myself in for.

The following morning, I'm off to school and get to know my new school chums. We're aged between 19
and 65, each spending up to a month studying before travelling around Peru. We had all clearly hit it off
with our new families, though one of us is a bit alarmed at the blue flame that jumps out of the shower
switch in the morning, one of us has a long bus ride in to the school, and another is disconcerted to find
that his host mother is actually six years younger than he is. We're all keen to meet our teachers and see
which class we'll be joining, but after sitting the placement test, we learn that as it's not yet high season
and the school is not too busy, tuition will be one-on-one. Although some find the prospect daunting, to
my mind, this is a pretty impressive ratio – though even in high season the maximum class size swells to
only four pupils.

As the week unfolds, I slip into a routine. Four hours of classes in the morning, back home for lunch, then
afternoons free for sightseeing. Cusco will supply anything it can to lure the feckless student away from his or her
homework. It's all too easy to swap verb conjugations for a swift beer in a bar, although it's at least three days
before anybody plucks up the courage to suggest that maybe we don't have to go back to our respective families
for dinner every night. Once the seed of rebellion has been planted we queue up like nervous teenagers outside
the phone box plucking up the courage to ring our 'Mums' and ask if we can stay out late – all the more strange
when you consider that our average age is probably thirty-three. But after one strangely unsatisfying restaurant
meal, I decide that true authenticity is back home at the dinner table with Carmucha.

As the week wears on, a strange thing starts to happen: the dinner-table chatter, which at first was so
much 'white noise', starts to have some meaning and, miraculously, I can follow the thread of the
conversation. What's more, I've started to dream in Spanish!

94. How did the writer feel after her courses of evening classes?
A. proud of what she'd learnt so far B. frustrated at her slow rate of progress
C. critical of the attitude adopted by her teacher D. unable to perform simple tasks in the language
95. What put the writer off the idea of doing an 'immersion' course?
A. having relatively little time to devote to it B. the thought of staying with a host family
C. her own lack of fluency in the language D. the limited range of locations available
96. The word 'misgivings' refers to the writer's
A. reasons for choosing Peru for her trip. B. first impressions of the city of Cusco.
 C. plans to do more than learn the language. D. doubts about her decision to come on the trip.
97. What did the writer discover when she met her fellow students?
A. Some were less happy with the arrangements than she was.
B. They would all be studying together for a fixed period.
C. Some were much older than the teachers at the school.
D. They did not all like their host families.
98. The word 'daunting' suggests that the writer's fellow students viewed one-to-one lessons as
A. a disappointing change of plan. B. good value for money.
C. an unexpected bonus. D. a difficult challenge.
99. A 'feckless' student is one who
A. plans study time carefully. B. is easily distracted from studying.
C. completes all homework efficiently. D. balances study with other activities.
100. How did the writer feel when her fellow students suggested a night out together?
A. embarrassed by their immaturity B. thinks her hosts are too rebellious
C. amused by their behaviour D. unwilling to take part

V. WRITING (30 pts.)

PART 1: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using
the word given. DO NOT CHANGE THE WORD GIVEN. You must use between TWO and FIVE
words, including the word given. (5 pts.)

101. Sally arrived late at the conference because her flight was delayed. (TIME)
 If Sally’s ……………………………………………………, she wouldn’t have arrived late at the conference.
102. Alex offered Cindy a lift on his new motorbike, but she didn’t accept. (TURNED)
 Cindy …………………………………………………… offer of a lift on his new motorbike.
103. Simon doesn’t object to his photograph appearing in the school brochure. (NO)
 Simon …………………………………………………… his photograph appearing in the magazine.
104. I find shopping on the Internet very boring. (GET)
I find …………………………………………………… shopping in the Internet.
105. Recycling old newspapers seems pointless to me. (POINT)
I can’t …………………………………………………… old newspapers.

PART 2: Rewrite the following sentences with the given beginning in such a way that their
meanings remain unchanged. (5 pts.)
106. It isn’t easy for Zoe to answer the telephone in Spanish.
 Zoe has ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……
107. Patty remembered to pack everything except her toothbrush.
 The only thing …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..….
108. The heavy rain made it impossible for us to have a picnic.
 Had ……………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….
109. These books are on loan from the British Council library.
 These books have ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………
110. She wasn’t used to driving on the left.
 She found ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….